Download Bicuspid Stenosis ↑ Left atrial ESV ↓ Left ventricular EDV ↑ Left

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Bicuspid Stenosis
↑ Left atrial ESV
↓ Left ventricular EDV
↑ Left atrial pressure
(11) Left atrial hypertrophy
Pulmonary hypertension
↓ Left ventricular filling
↑ Pulmonary hydrostatic pressure
↑ Afterload in right ventricle
(7) Enlarged right
ventricle
↓ Left ventricular
preload
(2) Orthopnea
↓ Left ventricular filling
(5) Pulmonary edema
↓ Surface area for
gas exchange
↓ Diffusion
↓ PO2
Hypoxia
↓ Stroke
volume
Bronchioconstriction
(4) Wheezing
↑ PCO2
(3) Dyspnea
(1) Shortness
of breath
(10) ↓ Blood
pressure
Hypercapnia
↓ Venous
return
(9) Tachycardia
↓ Cardiac
output
(8) ↑ Ventilation rate
(6) Edema
↑ Heart
rate
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