Download The core of the Sun is

The core of the Sun is
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
at the same temperature and density as the
surface.
at the same temperature but denser than the
surface.
hotter and denser than the surface.
constantly rising to the surface through
convection.
composed of iron.
Sunspots are cooler than the
surrounding solar surface
because
1. they are regions where convection
carries cooler material downward.
2. strong magnetic fields slow convection
and prevent hot plasma from entering
the region.
3. magnetic fields trap ionized gases that
absorb light.
4. there is less fusion occurring there.
5. mag
How does the Sun generate
energy today?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
nuclear fission
nuclear fusion
chemical reactions
gravitational contraction
gradually expanding in size
How do human-built nuclear
power plants on Earth generate
energy?
1.
2.
3.
4.
chemical reactions
nuclear fusion
nuclear fission
converting kinetic energy into
electricity
5. converting gravitational potential
energy into electricity
At the center of the Sun, fusion
converts hydrogen into
1. hydrogen compounds.
2. plasma.
3. radiation and elements like carbon
and nitrogen.
4. radioactive elements like uranium and
plutonium.
5. helium, energy, and neutrinos.
Suppose you put two protons near each
other. Because of the electromagnetic
force, the two protons will
1. collide.
2. remain stationary.
3. attract each other.
4. repel each other.
5. join together to form a nucleus.
Since all stars begin their lives with the same
basic composition, what characteristic most
determines how they will differ?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
location where they are formed
time they are formed
luminosity they are formed with
mass they are formed with
color they are formed with
A star's luminosity is the
1. apparent brightness of the star in our
sky.
2. surface temperature of the star.
3. lifetime of the star.
4. total amount of light that the star will
radiate over its entire lifetime.
5. total amount of light that the star
radiates each second.
The spectral sequence sorts
stars according to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
mass.
surface temperature.
luminosity.
core temperature.
radius.
Which of the following terms is given to a pair of
stars that appear to change positions in the sky,
indicating that they are orbiting one another?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
visual binary
eclipsing binary
spectroscopic binary
double star
none of the above
Which of the following best describes the
axes of a Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R)
diagram?
1. surface temperature on the horizontal
axis and luminosity on the vertical axis
2. mass on the horizontal axis and
luminosity on the vertical axis
3. surface temperature on the horizontal
axis and radius on the vertical axis
4. mass on the horizontal axis and ste
On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where
would we find stars that are cool and dim?
1.
2.
3.
4.
upper right
lower right
upper left
lower left
On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where
would we find red giant stars?
1.
2.
3.
4.
upper right
lower right
upper left
lower left
Which of the following statements about
comets and asteroids is true?
1. Only asteroids collide with Earth.
2. Comets are balls of ice and dust.
3. Most of the trillions of comets in our
solar system have tails.
4. All asteroids lie in the asteroid belt
between Mars and Jupiter.
5. There are about 1 million known
asteroids in the solar system
Why do asteroids and comets differ in
composition?
1. Asteroids formed inside the frost line,
while comets formed outside.
2. Asteroids and comets formed at
different times.
3. Comets formed from the jovian
nebula, while asteroids did not.
4. Comets are much larger than
asteroids.
5. Asteroids are much larger than c
If an object's velocity is
doubled, its momentum is
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
halved.
unchanged.
doubled.
quadrupled.
dependent on its acceleration.
You are standing on a scale in an
elevator. Suddenly you notice your
weight decreases. What do you conclude?
1. The elevator is accelerating upwards.
2. The elevator is moving at a constant
velocity upwards.
3. The elevator is accelerating
downwards.
4. The elevator is moving at a constant
velocity downwards.
5. Your diet is working.
What quantities does angular
momentum depend upon?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
mass and velocity
mass, velocity, and radius
force and radius
force, velocity, and radius
momentum and angular velocity
The amount of gravitational potential
energy released as an object falls
depends on
1. the distance it falls.
2. its speed at the time it begins falling.
3. the distance it falls and its speed at the
time it begins falling.
4. neither the distance it falls nor its
speed at the time it begins falling.
Which of the following statements
correctly describes the law of conservation
of energy?
1. An object always has the same amount of
energy.
2. Energy can change between many different
forms, such as potential, kinetic, and
thermal, but it is ultimately destroyed.
3. The total quantity of energy in the universe
never changes.
4. The fact that you can fuse hydrogen into
helium to produce energy means that helium can
be turned into hydrogen to produce energy.
According to what we now know from
Newton's laws, which of the following best
explains why Kepler's second law is true?
1. A planet's total orbital energy must be
conserved as it moves around its orbit.
2. Orbits must be elliptical in shape.
3. Gravity is an inverse cube law.
4. This effect happens because of the
influence of other planets on a
particular planet's orbit.
The mass of Jupiter can be
calculated by
1. measuring the orbital period and distance of
Jupiter's orbit around the Sun.
2. measuring the orbital period and distance of
one of Jupiter's moons.
3. measuring the orbital speed of one of
Jupiter's moons.
4. knowing the Sun's mass and measuring
how Jupiter's speed changes during its elliptical
orbit around the Sun.
The frequency of a wave is
1. the number of peaks passing by any
point each second.
2. measured in cycles per second.
3. measured in hertz (Hz).
4. equal to the speed of the wave
divided by the wavelength of the
wave.
5. all of the above
The wavelength of a wave is
1. how strong the wave is.
2. the distance between a peak of the
wave and the next trough.
3. the distance between two adjacent
peaks of the wave.
4. the distance between where the wave
is emitted and where it is absorbed.
5. equal to the speed of the wave times
the
When an atom loses an
electron, it becomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
sublimated.
dissociated.
ionized.
an isotope.
a plasma.
How can an electron in an atom lose
energy to go from a higher energy level
to a lower energy level?
1. It loses kinetic energy.
2. It releases a light equal in energy to its
own energy drop.
3. It absorbs a light equal in energy to its
own energy drop.
4. It loses gravitational potential energy.
5. It exchanges gravitational potential
energy for kinetic energy.
Everything looks red through
a red filter because
1. the filter emits red light and absorbs
other colors.
2. the filter absorbs red light and emits
other colors.
3. the filter transmits red light and
absorbs other colors.
4. the filter reflects red light and
transmits other colors.
Which of the following statements about
X rays and radio waves is not true?
1. Neither X rays nor radio waves can
penetrate Earth's atmosphere.
2. X rays have shorter wavelengths than radio
waves.
3. X rays and radio waves are both forms of
light, or electromagnetic radiation.
4. X rays have higher frequency than radio
waves.
5. X rays have higher energy than radio waves.
We can see each other in the classroom
right now because we
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
emit thermal radiation.
emit visible light.
emit infrared light.
reflect visible light.
reflect infrared light.
If you heat a gas so that collisions are continually
bumping electrons to higher energy levels, when
the electrons fall back to lower energy levels the
gas produces
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
thermal radiation.
an absorption line spectrum.
an emission line spectrum.
X rays.
radio waves.
Where does nuclear fusion
occur in the Sun?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
on the surface
anywhere below the surface
in its core
just above the visible surface
all of the above
Which planet has the highest average
surface temperature, and why?
1. Mercury, because it is closest to the
Sun
2. Mercury, because of its dense carbon
dioxide atmosphere
3. Venus, because of its dense carbon
dioxide atmosphere
4. Mars, because of its red color
5. Jupiter, because it is so big
Which planet has a ring
system?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
All of the above
Which of the following is not a
characteristic of the inner planets?
1. They are relatively smaller than the
outer planets.
2. They all have solid, rocky surfaces.
3. Their orbits are relatively closely
spaced.
4. They all have substantial
atmospheres.
5. They have very few, if any, satellites.
The farthest bright galaxies that modern
telescopes are capable of seeing are up to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1 million light years
away
10 million light years
away
1 billion light years
away
10 billion light years
away
1 trillion light years
away
Earth is made mostly of metals and rocks.
Where did this material come from?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
It was produced in the
Big Bang.
It was created by
chemical reactions in
interstellar space.
It was produced by
nuclear fusion in stars.
It was made by our Sun.
It was made by nuclear
fission of uranium and
other radioactive
materials
Suppose we look at a photograph of many galaxies.
Assuming that all galaxies formed at about the same
time, which galaxy in the picture is the youngest?
1. the one that is
farthest away
2. the one that is
reddest in color
3. the one that is
bluest in color
4. the one that is
closest to us
5. the one that
appears smallest in
size
Our solar system is located in
the center of the Milky Way
Galaxy.
1. True
2. False
Which of the following statements about the
celestial equator is true at all latitudes?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
It lies along the band of light
we call the Milky Way.
It represents an extension of
Earth's equator onto the
celestial sphere.
It cuts the dome of your local
sky exactly in half.
It extends from your horizon
due east, through your zenith,
to your horizon due west.
It extends from your horizon
due north, through your
zenith, to your horizon due
south.
If it is midnight in New York,
it is
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
daytime in Sydney,
Australia.
midnight in Sydney,
Australia.
midnight in Los
Angeles.
midday in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil.
midnight everywhere.
Orion is visible on winter evenings
but not summer evenings because of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
interference from the full
moon.
the tilt of Earth's axis.
the location of Earth in its
orbit.
the precession of Earth's
axis.
baseball on television.
If the Moon is setting at 6 A.M., the
phase of the Moon must be
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
first quarter.
third quarter.
full.
new.
waning crescent.
At approximately what time would a
full moon be on your meridian?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6 A.M.
9 A.M.
noon
6 P.M.
midnight
Which of the following statements about
the Moon is true?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Moon goes through a
cycle of phases because it
always has the same side
facing Earth.
If you see a full Moon from
North America, someone
in South America would
see a new moon.
The Moon's distance from
Earth varies during its
orbit.
The Moon is visible only at
night.
The side of the Moon
facing away from Earth is
in perpetual darkness.
What effect or effects would be most
significant if the Moon's orbital plane were
exactly the same as the ecliptic plane?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Solar eclipses would
be much rarer.
Solar eclipses would
be much more
frequent.
Total solar eclipses
would last much
longer.
both 1 and 3
both 2 and 3
What happens during the apparent
retrograde motion of a planet?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The planet rises in the west
and sets in the east.
The planet appears to move
eastward with respect to the
stars over a period of many
nights.
The planet moves backward
through the sky.
The planet moves backward
in its orbit around the Sun.
The planet moves through
constellations that are not part
of the zodiac.
We can't detect stellar parallax with naked-eye
observations. Which of the following would
make parallax easier to observe?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
increasing the size of Earth's
orbit
speeding up Earth's orbital
motion
slowing down Earth's orbital
motion
Speeding up the precession
of Earth's axis
getting away from
streetlights
Why did Ptolemy have the planets orbiting
Earth on "circles upon circles" in his model of
the universe?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
to explain why more distant
planets take longer to make a
circuit through the constellations
of the zodiac
to explain the fact that planets
sometimes appear to move
westward, rather than eastward,
relative to the stars in our sky
to explain why the Greeks were
unable to detect stellar parallax
To properly account for the
varying distances of the planets
from Earth
To explain why Venus goes
through phases as seen from
Earth
He developed a system for predicting
planetary positions that remained in use for
some 1,500 years.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tycho Brahe
Copernicus
Kepler
Galileo
Ptolemy
He discovered that the orbits
of planets are ellipses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tycho Brahe
Copernicus
Kepler
Galileo
Ptolemy
One of the "nails in the coffin" for the
Earth-centered universe was
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
the retrograde motion of
the planets.
the phases of the Moon.
eclipses of the Sun.
Galileo's observation of
stars in the Milky Way.
Galileo's observations of
the moons of Jupiter.