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Nanotechnology
Research and technology development at the atomic,
molecular or macromolecular levels, in the length scale of
approximately 1 – 100 nanometer range, to provide a
fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at
the nanoscale and to create and use structures, devices and
systems that have novel properties and functions because of
their small and/or intermediate size.
The Scale of Things
The Smaller, the Better
Ist –transistor
Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain
Ist –integrated circuit
Kilby
New Phenomena → New Functionalities
be
ha
vi
or
Resistor
Current
O
hm
’s
Macroscopic World
Voltage
Macroscopic World
D
is
cr
et
e
be
ha
vi
or
Current
Voltage
From Atom to Crystal Solid
Atomic energy level
f
d
p
s
Ele
ct r
on
clo
uds
Molecular orbitals
C60
Na
no
Ap
pr
oa
ch
Emerging
quantum phenomena
Solid energy band
EF
Au
“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” --- R. Feynman
Quantum Corral
Nanostructure ------ the nature
home of quantum phenomena in
which
electrons
express
themselves as waves
“Nanotechnology has given us the
tools … to play with the ultimate toy
box of nature  atoms and molecules.
Every is made from it … The
possibilities to create new things
appear limitless.”
 Horst Stormer
Writing with atoms
Natural Nanotechnology
Learn from nature
Capable of directing its own synthesis
Cellular Nanotech
2.5 nm
The
F1-ATPase
complex inside cells
enables to produce
the molecular fuel for
cellular activities
Take a breath
Move a muscle
Live another second
Actin filament
Streptavidin
F1-ATPase
Fuel Rotor
His-tag
Coverslip with Ni-NTA
Natural Nanotechnology
Learn from nature
Photosynthesis: Nano-biotech for harvesting solar energy
Chlorophyll in cells
Much
of
the
photosynthesis
that
powers forests unfolds
inside tiny cellular power
houses called chloroplasts,
containing
nanoscale
molecular
machinery
arranged inside stacked
structures that covert light
and carbon dioxide into
biochemical energy.
Nanoscale Manipulation and Characterization
Conceptual design of the combined scanning electron
microscope (SEM), scanning tunneling microscope (STM),
and atomic force microscope (AFM) instrument with nano
manipulators for studies of transport in nanostructures
E-beam from SEM
tip
/A F
M
ST
Piezo transducer
Manipulator #2
ip
Mt
Piezo transducer
Piezo transducer
Manipulator #1
STM
/A F
M
STM: Peek Atoms & Electron Waves
s
m
o
t
A
Atomic stadi
um
Ele
ctr
on
sea
Electron density of states
Si(111)
Fe on Cu(111)
Be(0001)
Nano-Architecture: Atomic Engineering
STM can do more than just
peek in on previously
hidden nanoscale objects,
they can manipulate atoms,
fabricate nanostructurs and
Nano quantum dots
characterize their novel
properties. Molecular beam
epitaxy is an another game
for nano architecture.
Atom spray painting
Nano Chinese poem
Polystryrene network
Nano wires
Quantum Transport in Nanostructure
• Attain a fundamental understanding
of nanoscale phenomena, particularly
collective behaviors
Single-molecular transport
source
electrode
nanotube
molecule
drain
electrode
• Combine expertise in materials science,
biology, chemistry, physics, engineering,
and computation
silico
n oxi
de
silico
n gat
e
Nanotube transistor
• Tailor materials at the nanoscale,
i.e., on atomic and molecular level,
for desired structure/functionalities
From Spintronics to Quantum Computing
Spin valve & transistor
R
ON “1”
OFF “0”
• Provide high density memory
technology
($100 billion RAM market)
• Go beyond the limits of
semiconductor technology
• Joint venture between computer
science and quantum physics
100Gb/in2 Read head
1M bit GMR memory chip (1999)
Atom-by-Atom Chemistry: Artificial Structures
Drag 18 atoms of cesium to bond with
18 atoms of iodine and this is what
you get. This is the beakerless,
nanotechnology
way
of
doing
chemistry — you put the atoms where
you want them and where physics will
let you.
Molecular Self-Assembly
Superlight
Superhard
Superstrong
Superconducting
Hydrogen filter
Carbon nanotubes: the inside Story
Molecular Nanoelectronics
Molecules get wired with carbon
nanotubes as a molecular-scale version
of functioning circuits, raising hopes for
a new world of nanoelectronics
(A scientific breakthrough, 2001)
Nano Biotechnology
Many
functionalized
carbon nanotubes can be
used
as
DNA
sensor/sequencer.
High
throughput
DNA
sequencing
can
be
accomplished
using
nanotube sensor array.
•
•
•
Biological sensor technology; Nano sequencing and labeling
DNA nanoparticles for the delivery of genetic materials, nonviral gene vectors`
Drug development and delivery on practice of medicine
Nano Machines
A
single-molecular
rotor
(hexa-tert-butyl decacyclene)
operating
within
a
supramolecular
bearing
imaged
with
scanning
tunneling microscope.
• Integrate nanotechnology in microsystems
• Develop useful nanotech robotic systems
for health and health science, etc
Atom man
Future Applications
Examples:
Nanoscale layers and dots for computer memory devices
Nanomaterials for new generation of laser, optoelectronics
Materials with a combination of strength, toughness, and lightness
Smart materials for smokeless industry
Nanostructured catalysts
Chemical and bio-detectors, nanosensors
Advanced gene/drug delivery systems
Selective membranes for toxic/waste and environmental control
Artificial photosynthesis systems for clean energy
Tiny robotic systems for healthcare and space exploration
“Never has such a comprehensive technology promised to change
so much so fast…Inevitably nanotech will give people more time,
more value for less cost and provide for a higher quality of
existence” ---- James Canton, president of the Ins. of Global Future
Polymer Nanoswitchs (FIU)
Vinylidene Fluoride
Copolymer
STM tip
STM tip induces
polymer domain flipping
ch
t
i
w
s
ole
p
i
d
o
Nan
Nanodomains exhibit as switches, similar to spin valves.
Advanced Characterization
Sr2RuO4
STM Characterization
O
Sr/Ca
Ru
20 nm × 20 nm
HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8
r
o
t
uc
d
n
o
c
er
p
Su
STM image
Materials “Tailoring” (FIU)
is
es
nth
Sy
De
sig
n
Characterization
Artificial structured growth → Searching new functionality!
Sky is the limit !
Nanotechnology is the builder’s final frontier