Download Principles of Learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning, and

Principles of Learning: Classical and
Operant Conditioning, and Social
Learning
Psychology I
Mrs. Hart
Behaviorism and
Learning
• Behaviorism is a theory of
learning based on the idea
that all behaviors are
acquired through
conditioning, and that these
behaviors can be measured,
trained, and changed.
• Only observable behaviors
are studied, as thoughts,
emotions, and moods are too
subjective.
Behaviorism and Learning
• Learning is a permanent change in a behavioral
tendency that results from experience.
• Conditioning occurs through interaction with the
environment.
Classical Conditioning
• Discovered by Ivan Pavlov
• Occurs though associations between an environmental
stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
• Conducted experiments using dogs to test his theories.
Classical Conditioning: The Process
•
•
•
•
•
Neutral stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Unconditioned response (UR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response (CR)
Example
•
•
•
•
•
A young child who reaches out and touches a hot
stove with a light on above it, is burned and cries.
Afterwards, every time she sees the stove light on,
she whimpers.
NS:
US:
UR:
CS:
CR:
Example Answers
•
•
•
•
•
NS: light on over the stove
US: hot stove with light on over it
UR: crying
CS: stove with light on over it
CR: whimpering
Principles of Classical Conditioning
• Acquisition – response happens gradually
• Generalization – response is similar to a range of
similar stimuli
• Discrimination – response is different to similar
stimuli
• Extinction – gradual disappearance of a conditioned
response
• Spontaneous recovery – reappearance of a
conditioned response to conditioned stimulus
Operant Conditioning
• Theory put forth by B.F.
Skinner that explained how
we acquire a range of learned
behaviors exhibited each day.
• Type of learning that occurs
through rewards and
punishments for behavior.
• Association is made between a
behavior and a specific
consequence for the behavior.
• Uses reinforcement to teach
or change desired behavior.
Reinforcement
• A stimulus, positive or negative, that follows a
response and increases the likelihood the response is
repeated.
 Positive reinforcement
 Negative reinforcement
Schedule of Reinforcement
• Continuous – reinforcer is
received each time a
participant shows desired
behavior.
• Partial – rewards are given
for some responses, but not
each response, every time.
 fixed ratio schedule
 variable ratio schedule
 fixed interval schedule
 variable interval schedule
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teLoN
YvOf90
Shaping
• Calculated reinforcement of
behavior
• Rewards for old behavior
discontinued as progress is
made towards new desired
behavior.
• Skinner’s experiments with
rats (Skinner Box)
Chaining
• Behavior chains are a part of almost everything we
do, eating, getting dressed, etc.
• Each “link” of a chain serves as a signal for the next
step or action in the chain.
• Chaining is the reinforcement of successive
elements of a behavior chain.
Social Learning
• Occurs when an individual observes and
imitates the behavior of others.
• Classified as either cognitive (latent or
learned helplessness) or modeling.
Cognitive Learning
• Focuses on how information is
obtained, processed, and organized
• Concerned with mental processes
in learning.
• Latent learning: “hidden learning”
that’s only obvious when a reward
is offered; not immediately
observable.
• Learned helplessness: after several
failed attempts at something, the
belief that the situation is
uncontrollable.
Modeling
• Copying what other’s are doing, although no real
learning takes place (We see, so we do.)
• Imitation after watching someone do something,
that the observer couldn’t do before.
• Disinhibition occurs when an observer sees a
someone engage in a threatening activity without
being punished, then engages in the same behavior
his or herself.
Behavior Modification
• Application of learning
principles to change
someone’s actions and
feelings.
• Modeling, operant
conditioning, and
classical conditioning
are all used in behavior
modification.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOFlT2opl
YA