Download Atoms of ethylene sp2-Hybridization of carbon Acetylene is a linear

Atoms of ethylene
sp2-Hybridization of carbon
Figure 1.24
Figure 1.25
sp-Hybridization of carbon
Acetylene is a linear molecule
Figure 1.29
Figure 1.28
O
HO
H
VSEPR - Prediction of molecular geometry
CO
HO
H
O
H
CH3 COOH
NCH3
OH
CH2
Gibberellic Acid
HO
morphine
HC C
OOCNH2
sp3 - Tetrahedral geometry, 4 σ electron pairs, no π bonds
sp2 - Trigonal planar, 3 σ electron pairs, 1 π bond
sp - Linear geometry, 2 σ electron pairs, 2 π bonds
O
H3C
OH
H3C
O
CH2
O
CH3
OH
H3C
CH3
H3C CH3
OH
N
CH3
HO
O
CH3
O
OCH3
O
CH3
O
In each case the hybridization model is used to explain
the molecular orbitals involved.
The sigma (σ) bonds dictate molecular geometry and try
to get as far away as possible from each other.
CH3
OH
CH3
1
Functional group classifications
Chapter 2 - Alkanes
Classification of hydrocarbons: aliphatic or aromatic
Aliphatic (“fat”)
Aromatic (“smell”)
Alkanes, alkenes,
Arenes - benzenes,
alkynes
polyaromatics
Classifications are old but still useful for organizing
families of compounds
Simple Alkanes
Structural Isomers
C4H10 n-butane
Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
C4H10 isobutane
Propane (C3H6)
C5H12
C5H12
C5H12
n-pentane
isopentane
Neopentane
Careful with drawing chains!
CH3CHCH2CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3CHCH2CH3
CH3
CH3CH2CHCH3
CH3CH2CHCH3
CH3
CH3
CH2CH2CH3
CH3
All the same compound
Table 2.2 – need to know names up to C12
2
IUPAC Rules and how to apply them
Hexane (IUPAC); n-hexane (common)
Rules:
• Find the longest continuous carbon chain
• Identify substituent groups attached to the chain
Longest chain - hexane
substituent - methyl
• Number the chain so as to keep numbers small
position on chain - 2
• Write the name in the following format:
2-methylhexane not 5-methylhexane
Numerical location - [substituent(s)][parent alkane]
3,4-dimethylheptane
e.g. 2,3-dimethylheptane
Alkyl Substituents
Replace -ane ending with -yl
H
C C
H
Primary (1o)
C
C C
H
Secondary (2o)
CH3
CH3CH2CH2Propyl group
CH3CH
isopropyl group
1-methylethyl
C
C C
C
Tetriary (3o)
CH3
H3C C
CH3
t-Butyl group
1,1-dimethylethyl
3