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Pharmacology in Sport Stimulant Amphetamine use in high intensity exercise athletes Stimulants and Amphetamines In the context of sport, stimulants are defined as: “…a stimulating agent of the central nervous system (CNS), affecting mood, alertness, locomotion and appetite, or targeting the sympathetic nervous system causing particularly cardiovascular actions.” 1 Stimulants can have medical pharmacological benefits, but in the sporting arena, an unfair advantage can be attained through use. A total of 62 stimulants (61 chemical entities) are listed in the World AntiDoping List, banned only in competition, with amphetamines and there derivatives included. 1 Amphetamine action has both physiological and perceived psychological effects on the athlete. 1Docherty, Points need to be concise in this genre of communication. Avoid writing in whole paragraphs, and definitely avoid direct quotes. The two articles that were being studied were not introduced – could use them to introduce specific biology and research related to your topic. J.R., 2008. Br. J. of Pharm., 154: 606-622 Amphetamine Action Amphetamines are classified as indirect acting sympathomimetic CNS stimulants. 1 Inducing the release of noradrenaline (NA) from nerve terminals, which then act on adrenoceptors. 1 NA is from the class catecholamine, secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to short term stresses.2 Catecholamine: a class of neurotransmitters and hormones synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine. 2 (Lluka, 2012, Lecture series Module 2:Lecture 3) •Physiological •Increased muscles •Dilation blood flow to skeletal of pupils •Reduced salivary gland secretion •Relaxation •Increases of lung bronchi heart rate •Suppresses •Inhibits responses: digestion pancreas activity •Conversion by the liver of glycogen to glucose •Stimulates the adrenal medulla Mimicking the bodies ‘Fight or Flight’ response. 2 Again, this could have been wirtten more concisely. The dot points for 2Campbell 2 et al., 2009 physiological responses of NA is good and what is expected. The diagram, while useful, was not referred to and explained. Could have added an explanation of dopamine here as well. Athlete use uncovered … Psychological advantage vs Physiological advantage. No link between socio-demographic characteristics or level of education amongst users. Increased incidence of combined amphetamine and illicit drug use … such as steroids. Implications for extended drug action in the exercised individual. Dosage levels … less is more. References needed. Key argument of other research article not listed. Some points are quite broad (dosage levels and psychological vs physiological) and could have been specified further. Weightlifters …Who is using? Aim: To investigate the prevalence and associated factors of amphetamine use in body builders. 3 843 male weightlifters between the age of 16-40years, from randomly selected gymnasia, were interviewed between November 2007 and January 2008. 3 Participants completed 45 minute structured questionnaires examining: Social and demographic characteristics Sporting activity patterns Substance abuse history3 This slide is written concisely and easy to follow. Amphetamine use included amphetamines and derivatives. 3Angoorani et al., 2012. Arch. Med. Sci., 8, 2: 362-367 Amphetamine … Increasing dopamine levels? Aim: Examine the influence of chronic exercise on the striatal dopamine (DA) outflow induced by both a low and high single dose of amphetamine (AMPH). 4 Dopamine: neurotransmitter from the class catecholamine. 2 Male rats were randomly allocated to one of 6 groups: With Chronic Exercise Saline (0.9% NaCl solution) 5mg-1 AMPH 30mg-1 AMPH 4 Without Chronic Exercise Saline (0.9% NaCl solution) 5mg-1 AMPH 30mg-1 AMPH An intercerebral guide cannula was implanted, under and anaesthetic, in all subjects 4 days pre-solution administration. 4 Dialysiate samples collected at 30 minute intervals for 6 hours before and after the intraperitoneal solution administration. 4 The amphetamine used was d-amphetamine sulphate. Good use of table here 4Marques et al., 2008, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1139 : 222-231 Weightlifters … information out of the gymnasium 13.3% of the sample group reported amphetamine use. 3 Age not a factor in determining risk of use. 3 19.6% of amphetamine users concurrently using steroids. 3 Good use of figure from article. Excellent to see you have highlighted the relevant points on the table to make it easier. Less is more! 5mg-1 AMPH Training delayed the peak extracellular DA effect. 4 DA levels were measurable for a longer period (30 min) in the group with exercise. 4 DA levels were not significantly different between the 2 groups. 4 Great use of figures from articles. For this slide, the title (which has occurred before, is not really informative with respect to the purpose of the slide – be more specific. Saline (0.9% NaCl solution) & 30mg-1 AMPH Groups with and without chronic exercise is significantly different between treatments. 4 Saline groups were not significantly different. 4 Differences between 30mg-1 AMPH groups, with and without exercise, at 0.5 h and1.0 h. 4 The Mental Edge Regardless for the reason of in-competition amphetamine doping, stimulant drugs allow the athlete to gain a mental and physical advantage. Amphetamine use increases the incidence of athletes simultaneously using additional illicit drugs, such as steroids. Regular physical activity and lower doses of amphetamine administration leads to extended and higher levels of extracellular dopamine levels. Due to the nature of amphetamine action, high intensity exercises are at greater risk of athlete abuse. This could have been written more concisely. The last two point could have been expanded upon. What does increased extracellular DA do? Slide formatting issue here – always use your entire slide. This sort of formatting is really only appropriate for the title slide. (www.freedomdrugrehab.com) Impact on Society The increased pressure for athletes, at all levels of competition, to consume drugs to match those using. The increase in society acceptance of drug use. No discriminating factors between sociodemographic characteristics or level of education amongst users.