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Download Life Cycles of Stars
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THE LIFE CYCLES OF STARS MAIN SEQUENCE GIANT/SUPERGIANT SUPERNOVA BLACK HOLE Composition is > 98% hydrogen and helium. 1/3 of the hydrogen is converted to helium. Massive stars are capable of producing heavier elements, like iron, through fusion. Outer layers of hydrogen and helium are ejected along with some heavier elements. A star's core collapses into extremely dense matter. Even light cannot escape the gravitational pull. OR NEUTRON STAR A star's core collapses into a dense mass of neutrons. 10–150 solar masses significant loss of mass All but 10% of the original mass is ejected 3 solar masses or larger 1.4–3 solar masses 90% of lifespan 10% of lifespan seconds 1070 years 1033–1045 years Spica, Theta Orionis C Betelgeuse, Rigel Cassiopeia A, Kepler's Supernova Cygnus X-1, Sagittarius A Circinus X-1, The Mouse HIGH MASS STARS RETURN TO NEBULAE BORN IN NEBULAE Gas clouds collapse and matter accumulates on a protostar. Matter expelled from stars can eventually accumulate into new star-forming nebulae. TIME MASS High-mass stars live for one million to tens of millions of years while low-mass stars, like our Sun, live for tens of millions to trillions of years. LOW MASS STARS MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT PLANETARY NEBULA WHITE DWARF BLACK DWARF Composition is > 98% hydrogen and helium. 1/3 of the hydrogen is converted to helium. Expending hydrogen in their cores, these stars extend their outer layers and can grow to > 100 times their main sequence size. The outer layers of gas are ejected while the star's core contracts into a white dwarf. This star core is typically composed of carbon and oxygen. Neon, magnesium, and helium are possible. A hypothetical remnant of a cooled white dwarf, the Universe's existence is too short to prove its existence. .08–10 solar masses 99% of original mass All but 5-15 % of the original mass is ejected 5%–15% of original mass < 1.4 solar masses 90% of lifespan 10% of lifespan tens of thousands of years 1015 - 1025 years 1033–1045 years Sun, Altair Aldebaran, Arcturus M27, NGC 40 Mira B, Sirius B