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SECOND SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE All the information below can be found in your notes or textbook. Remember this is only a guide. There will be questions on the exam that are not mentioned on this handout. Not all of the ideas mentioned on this guide will be on the test. Evolution: Sections 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 11.5, 11.6, 12.2 (pg 362), 12.3, 12.4 (pg 373) A. Definitions 1. Species 9. Radiometric dating 17. Extinction 2. Acquired 10. Homologous 18. Adaptive radiation Inheritance structures 19. Punctuated equilibrium 3. Natural selection 11. Analogous structures 20. Speciation 4. Variation 12. Biogeography 21. Types of Isolation 5. Adaptation 13. Vestigial structures 22. Gene flow 6. Fitness 14. Divergent evolution 23. Nebula 7. Fossil record 15. Convergent evolution 24. Endosymbiosis 8. Superposition 16. Coevolution B. Be able to explain the process of how natural selection works…not just its definition. a. What are the four factors? b. Explain how resistant organisms supports natural selection C. Be able to explain how the following topics support the theory of evolution 1. Fossils a. Be able to explain how radiometric dating provides the age of fossils. 2. Homologous structures 3. Vestigial structures 4. Biochemistry 5. Embryological development 6. Missing Links D. How does convergent and divergent evolution differ? E. How is gene flow reduced/stopped by the various types of isolation? F. Be able to explain the nebula hypothesis. G. Be able to explain the conditions on early Earth. H. What was the importance of Miller & Urey’s famous experiment? Ecology: Sections, 13.1-13.6 (omit pages 398-400), 14.1, 14.2, 14.5, 16.1-16.5 A. Definitions: 1. Ecology 2. Population 3. Community 4. Ecosystem 5. Biome 6. Biosphere 7. Biotic factors 8. Abiotic factors 9. Keystone species 10. Producer 11. Consumer 12. Autotrophs 13. Chemotrophs 14. Heterotrophs 15. Trophic level 16. Detritivore 17. Decomposer 18. Omnivore 19. Carnivore 20. Specialist 21. Generalist 22. Nitrogen fixation 23. Habitat 24. Niche 25. Competitive exclusion principle 26. Competition 27. Predation 28. Symbiosis 29. Succession 30. Pioneer species 31. Climax community 32. Carrying capacity 33. Ecological footprint 34. Indicator species 35. Biomagnification B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. How are the levels of ecology organized within the biosphere? Know how to read a food web and food chain. Examine your textbook for diagrams. Be able to identify the different trophic levels within an ecosystem. Be able to identify stages/steps/examples of the various biogeochemical cycles discussed in 13.5 Be able to identify the different types of symbiosis. From the beginning, be able to describe the stages of primary succession. From the beginning, be able to describe the stages of secondary succession. Be able to explain the causes, effects, and solutions to: 1. Global warming 4. Acid rain 2. Ozone layer depletion 5. Biomagnification 3. Smog/ozone 6. Exotic species introduction Physiology: Ch 28 (sections 1-3), Ch 29 (sections 1-3, 6), Ch 30 (section 5), Ch 31 (sections 1, 2, 4), Ch 34 (sections 1-3) A. Definitions: 1. Determination 12. Synapse 23. Puberty 2. Differentiation 13. Neurotransmitters 24. Fertilization 3. Tissues 14. Glands 25. Menstruation 4. Organs 15. Hormones 26. Ovulation 5. Organ systems 16. Platelets 27. Menopause 6. Homeostasis 17. Plasma 28. Zygote 7. Feedback 18. Pathogens 29. Blastocyst 8. Thermoregulation 19. Phagocyte 30. Endometrium 9. Neurons 20. Antibodies 31. Placenta 10. Dendrites 21. Antigens 11. Axon 22. Vaccination B. How does a disruption of homeostasis lead to diabetes? C. What are stem cells? What is their importance to medical research? D. Know the levels of cellular organization within the body. E. Know the different types of tissue within the body. F. Know the four basic components of the human Control System. G. How does positive and negative feedback differ? H. Nervous System a. What is the function of the nervous system? b. Know the types & parts of a neuron. c. What happened during an action potential? d. Know the parts of the eye if given a description and/or diagram. e. How is an action potential created in the eyes, ears, mouth, and nose? f. Know the different types of receptors. I. Endocrine System a. What is the function of the endocrine system? b. How do steroid and nonsteroid hormones differ? c. Be able to identify the various glands of the endocrine system and explain what they do. J. Blood a. Know the functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. b. Know the characteristics of blood groups A, B, AB, and O. c. Know the characteristics of Rh factors. d. Be able to identify if blood transfusions will be successful if given a patient and a donor. K. Immune System a. What is the function of the immune system? b. What roles do the following play? i. The skin iii. White blood cells ii. Mucus membranes iv. Defense proteins L. Reproduction a. Be able to identify parts of the male reproductive system and describe their functions. b. Be able to identify parts of the female reproductive system and describe their functions. c. Understand the roles of hormones in sexual maturity. d. Be able to explain the pathway that sperms travels as it exits the penis. e. Be able to explain the pathway that an egg travels during the menstrual cycle. f. Be able to describe the three stages of the menstrual cycle. g. Be able to describe the events of the three trimesters of pregnancy. h. Summarize sexually transmitted diseases and know what types of contraception can reduce risks of transmission. Taxonomy: Sections 17.1, 17.2, 18.2, 18.4, 19.1, 19.5 A. Classification a. Vocabulary i. Taxonomy v. Cladistics ii. Taxon vi. Cladogram iii. Binomial nomenclature vii. Derived characters iv. Phylogeny b. Be able to interpret information from a cladogram (phylogenetic tree) like the one below. 1) What does a pigeon & lizard have in common? 2) What are 4 characteristics of a chimp? c. What are the seven levels of classification and how to interpret relationships from these levels? B. Viruses a. Vocabulary i. Bacteriophages ii. Prophage b. Why do some people consider viruses alive? Why do some not consider them alive? c. How does the lytic and lysogenic cycle differ? What role does of reverse transcriptase play? d. Be able to explain what happens during the five stages of the lytic and lysogenic cycles. C. Bacteria a. Vocabulary i. Obligate anaerobe iv. Plasmid ii. Facultative aerobe v. Conjugation iii. Obligate aerobe vi. Binary fission b. Be able to describe common bacteria characteristics: respiration, reproduction, feeding c. Which cell parts (organelles) do bacteria cells have? What is the function of these parts? d. Be able to label diagrams of bacteria cells similar to page 557. e. Know how Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria differ. D. Protista a. Know the subcategories of protists and characteristics and examples of each. b. Know why protists are difficult to classify. E. Fungi a. Vocabulary i. Hyphae iv. Mychorrhizae ii. Mycelium v. Sporangia iii. Fruiting body b. Know the anatomy of fungi. c. Know the subcategories of fungi and characteristics and examples of each. d. Be able to describe common fungi characteristics: reproduction, feeding e. Know the life cycles of club fungi and bread molds.