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Item Specifications for the Florida College Prep
Grammar Exit Exam
Conceptual and Organizational Skills (10 Questions)
• Identifies topic sentence or thesis
• Recognizes adequate support provided by generalized or specific
evidence
• Arranges idea and supporting details in a logical pattern
• Recognizes effective transitional devices within the context of a
passage
Mastery
Check Off
Word Choice Skills (4 Questions)
• Chooses appropriate word or expression in context
• Recognizes commonly confused or misused words or phrases
Sentence Structure Skills (10 Questions)
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Places modifiers correctly
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Uses coordination and subordination effectively
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Recognizes parallel structures
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Avoids fragments, comma splices, and run-ons
Grammar, Spelling, Capitalization, and Punctuation Skills (16
Questions)
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Uses standard verb forms
Avoids inappropriate shifts in verb tense
Maintains agreement between subject and verb
Maintains agreement between pronoun and antecedent
Avoids inappropriate pronoun shifts
Maintains clear pronoun reference
Uses proper case forms
Uses adjectives and adverbs correctly
Uses appropriate degree forms
Uses standard spelling
Uses standard punctuation
Uses standard capitalization
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Conceptual and Organizational Skills
Skill 1: Identifies topic sentence or thesis
Questions addressing this skill on the exit exam are presented by having the student read
passages that are missing the topic sentences. (Usually, two passages are given.) After
the passage, the student must choose the best topic sentence for the passage from a
multiple choice question.
Example:
1
_____________________________________________________. 2Jet
skiing is enjoyable because of the thrill of the speed and tricky maneuvers. 3There is
nothing like the rush of successfully banging over the wake created by other jet skiers.
4
Kayaking, on the other hand, is enjoyable because of the leisurely pace. 5One is never in
a hurry while kayaking, unless it is part of a competition. 6Another reason jet skiing is so
much fun is that it is a social sport. 7Usually a group of friends will jet ski together,
either riding doubles or using more than one jet ski. 8 Jet skiers like to show off for each
other.
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In contrast, kayaking is most often a solitary sport. 10 For that reason, kayaking is
very relaxing, allowing one to enjoy the scenery of nature or to spend time in reflection
and contemplation. 11 Finally, jet skiing usually takes place on a lake, inlet, or ocean, with
lots of other activities going on nearby.
12
The sounds of others laughing, squealing, and
having fun adds to the atmosphere of enjoyment.
13
Unlike jet skiing, kayaking many
times takes place in smaller waterways, such as creeks, canals, rivers or estuaries.
14
These places are mostly quiet, with the exception of the sounds of the native wildlife.
15
If I had to choose which water sport was my favorite, I’m not sure I could decide.
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1. Choose the best sentence for the topic of this paragraph to be inserted for
sentence number 1.
A. Many Floridians enjoy both jet skiing and kayaking.
B. Two water sports I enjoy, jet skiing and kayaking, are very different from
each other.
C. The younger crowd enjoys jet skiing while the older population enjoys
kayaking.
D. Jet skiing can be more dangerous than kayaking.
Analysis: When deciding on the correct topic sentence, you should first identify each
major supporting detail, signaled by a transition. The first transition in the paragraph
above (sentence 6), “Another reason,” signals the second supporting detail of the
paragraph. Once you have identified that detail, you can look to the previous sentences
and determine the first supporting detail. The third supporting detail is introduced by the
word “finally” in sentence 11. Each of these details is a reason why these sports are
enjoyable.
Choice A, “Many Floridians enjoy both jet skiing and kayaking,” at first glance
may look like a good choice for a topic sentence for this paragraph. The main problem,
however, is that “Floridians” are never mentioned in the paragraph. Another problem
with this sentence is that it ignores the relationship between sentences within each
supporting detail.
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Choice C, “The younger crowd enjoys jet skiing while the older population
enjoys kayaking,” may be an opinion or an assumption of some readers; it is not
supported by the details.
Choice D, “Jet skiing can be more dangerous than kayaking,” again may be an
opinion or an assumption of some readers, it is not supported by the details.
Choice B, “Two water sports I enjoy, jet skiing and kayaking, are very different
from each other,” is the correct choice. This choice establishes that both sports are
enjoyable and that the two sports differ from each other, exactly the information
illustrated by the details.
Skill 2: Recognizes adequate support provided by generalized or specific evidence
This skill is assessed by having the student identify a sentence within a passage that is not
supported by any examples or minor points of support.
Example:
1
Many students overlook the idea of majoring in education and becoming a
teacher. 2Although the reasons may not be obvious, there are several good reasons to
become a teacher. 3First of all, teaching is the ultimate profession; there would be no
other professions if there were no teachers. 4Teachers teach everyone: doctors, scientists,
lawyers, astronauts, athletes, psychologists-- even presidents. 5Teachers at any level can
inspire a student to reach for greatness. 6Secondly, teaching is a stable profession.
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Almost anywhere one chooses to live, there will be an opportunity for employment.
8
Moreover, in some areas of the country, such as desolate parts of Alaska or dangerous
inner cities where there is a teacher shortage, the state will pay incentives to attract
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teachers. 9Teaching is not a new profession that is a fad and will run its course; there will
always be teachers.
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Thirdly, teaching is a family friendly profession. 11 There are not
many careers one can have which mesh with children’s schedules as well as teaching
does.
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When children are off from school, so are teachers.
vacation together with such a schedule.
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Families can easily
Scheduling vacations can sometimes be
problematic, so using a travel agent is a good idea.
profession.
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Finally, teaching is a noble
Teaching allows one to perform with passion, connect with others in a
meaningful way, and replace ignorance with knowledge.
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Although some other
professionals witness their direct impact, few others are encouraged to be personally
involved with their patients, clients, customers, etc. 18 It is from this personal
involvement and awareness of results that teachers derive joy and satisfaction.
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Teaching is not a profession that will make one wealthy, at least not monetarily.
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Teaching is, however, a profession that enriches the soul.
Choose the sentence from the passage that is an irrelevant detail and/or lacks adequate
support as a detail.
A. Sentence 20
B. Sentence 11
C. Sentence 7
D. Sentence 14
Analysis: If the irrelevant or under supported sentence doesn’t stand out with an initial
reading, go back through the passage and identify each major detail signaled by an
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appropriate transition. Check to see that each major point is followed by examples,
explanations, illustrations, or some other expansion of the idea. Next, check each minor
detail following the major details. This is where you may find a sentence that strays from
the topic or is not an adequate support for a major supporting detail. Compare the detail
to the topic sentence. If the detail goes outside the limitations of the topic sentence or
does not contain enough information to link it to the topic sentence, this is your irrelevant
or inadequate detail.
Choice A: Sentence 20 is the concluding sentence of the paragraph. This sentence is
also a reason for choosing teaching as a profession. This sentence is necessary to the
paragraph.
Choice B: Sentence 11 is a minor support for the major detail in sentence 10. This
sentence is adequate and relevant.
Choice C: Sentence 7 is a minor support for the major detail in sentence 6. This sentence
is adequate and relevant.
Choice D: Sentence 14 is not a relevant detail for support of the major detail in sentence
10. This sentence has nothing to do with the topic of teaching, and it attempts to take the
information in sentence 13 into a direction not encompassed by the topic sentence.
Choice D is the correct answer for this question.
Skill 3: Arranges ideas and supporting details in a logical pattern
This skill is assessed by giving the student a multiple choice of arrangements of sentences
in a passage. The first choice is usually taken from the passage as it was written and
indicates no change is necessary. The other three choices give various arrangements of
sentence order.
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Question: Using the passage from the last section, choose the option that presents
the most logical arrangement of detail sentences.
A. Secondly, teaching is a stable profession. Almost anywhere one chooses to
live, there will be an opportunity for employment. Moreover, in some areas of
the country, such as desolate parts of Alaska or dangerous inner cities where
there is a teacher shortage, the state will pay incentives to attract teachers.
Teaching is not a new profession that is a fad and will run its course; there
will always be teachers.
B. Almost anywhere one chooses to live, there will be an opportunity for
employment. Secondly, teaching is a stable profession. Moreover, in some
areas of the country, such as desolate parts of Alaska or dangerous inner cities
where there is a teacher shortage, the state will pay incentives to attract
teachers. Teaching is not a new profession that is a fad and will run its
course; there will always be teachers.
C. Teaching is not a new profession that is a fad and will run its course; there
will always be teachers. Secondly, teaching is a stable profession. Almost
anywhere one chooses to live, there will be an opportunity for employment.
Moreover, in some areas of the country, such as desolate parts of Alaska or
dangerous inner cities where there is a teacher shortage, the state will pay
incentives to attract teachers.
D. Secondly, teaching is a stable profession. Moreover, in some areas of the
country, such as desolate parts of Alaska or dangerous inner cities where there
is a teacher shortage, the state will pay incentives to attract teachers. Almost
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anywhere one chooses to live, there will be an opportunity for employment.
Teaching is not a new profession that is a fad and will run its course; there
will always be teachers.
Analysis: This passage must begin with the introduction of the second major supporting
detail because there are no more sentences in the paragraph supporting the first major
detail. This second major detail is signaled by the transition, “secondly.” Once this fact
is established, choices “B” and “C” are eliminated. Choice “D” is not correct because of
the order of the second and third sentences of the example. The second sentence
beginning with “moreover” is an elaboration of the sentence, “Almost anywhere one
chooses to live, there will be an opportunity for employment.” Thus, “moreover” is used
as the transition between the two sentences. This leaves “A” as the only possible correct
choice.
Skill 4: Recognizes effective transitional devices within the context of a passage
This skill is assessed by a multiple choice question giving students the opportunity to
choose the appropriate transition between sentences of a passage. The students must
identify the type of details presented in the passage: lists, examples, reasons, steps in a
process, etc. and choose the appropriate transition. (See the appendix for a review of
transitions.}
Example:
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The best way to plan for a dinner party is to be organized. 2First, make up the
guest list and establish a date and time when all guests can attend, and issue the
invitations. 3This should be done about two weeks before the party date. 4Next, plan the
menu. 5This should include appetizers, main course, side dishes, salad, bread, dessert, and
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beverages. 6Post the menu on the refrigerator door. 7After planning the menu, go through
the recipes being used for the meal and construct a grocery list. 8__________ turn your
attention to the table décor. 9Decide whether to use formal or casual table settings, which
table linens to use, and what sort of centerpiece should be used. 10If fresh flowers will be
needed, add them to the shopping list. 11About three days before the scheduled event,
double-check the confirmation from your guests. 12After getting the confirmation, go
shopping for the items on the list. 13When putting away the groceries, group them
according to how they are used in recipes. 14This will make things easier when you are
preparing the meal. 15The day before the party, clean the house and add festive touches
such as candles or fresh flowers around the house. 16Then, on the big day, set the table
first thing; then get out the recipe book and decide which foods will take the longest to
prepare, and fix them first. 17Things that need to be chilled should be fixed early and left
in the refrigerator for most of the day. 18As each dish is completed, scratch through it on
the list posted on the refrigerator. 19Save the things that should be served right from the
oven for last. 20When the last item is in the oven, take a few minutes to relax and freshen
up. 21Put on some soothing music and light the candles around the house. 22When the
doorbell rings, you'll be ready to greet your guests confidently, knowing that you've
prepared a wonderful evening for them.
Question: Choose the word that fits most appropriately in the blank in sentence 8.
A. Although
B. Moreover
C. Then
D. In like manner
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Analysis: This paragraph explains how to do something; therefore, the pattern of
organization for the paragraph is steps in a process. Steps in a process have to be done in
a certain order, so the details are arranged in chronological order.
Choice A is a contrast transition; therefore it is not appropriate for a process detail.
Choice B is an addition transition. Many of the addition and chronological order
transitions are the same, but “moreover” clearly indicates an addition of another idea
instead of an importance of sequence.
Choice D is a comparison transition; therefore, it is not appropriate for a process detail.
Choice C is a time order transition and appropriate for introducing this supporting detail
in the paragraph.
Transitions within the context of a sentence
To decide the correct choice of transition within a simple, compound, or complex
sentence, seek to understand the relationship of the ideas within the sentence.
Example: ____________________ it was hot in coastal Virginia in August, Bernie
always wore his black overcoat and gray knit cap.
Question: Choose the appropriate transition for the blank.
A. Since
B. Because
C. Just as
D. Although
Analysis: The reader should use common sense and his/her experiences to help
determine a relationship between ideas. From the information in the sentence, we know
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the weather is hot, and someone is wearing winter clothing. It is not common to wear
winter clothing in the hot temperatures of August. In fact, most people wear just the
opposite type of clothing. If something is the opposite of what is expected, then a
contrast is being presented. The fact that Bernie is wearing an overcoat and cap in
August is the opposite of what we would expect. The only transition that indicates
contrast is D. A and B indicate cause/effect, and C indicates comparison. The correct
answer is D.
Word Choice Skills (4 Questions)
Skill 1: Chooses appropriate word or expression in context
Assessment of this skill is presented in multiple choice questions. The student should be
careful to avoid clichés, slang, or informal language. At the opposite end of the
spectrum, students should also avoid word choices sounding like legalese or stilted,
unnatural vocabulary.
Example: _________________________________ when I found the clearance sale.
Question: Choose the best word to fill in the blank.
A. I felt very fortunate
B. I really lucked out
C. Pennies fell from heaven
D. I was stoked
Analysis:
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Choice B is informal language. This choice is also an idiom, a combination of words
whose meaning has little to do with the meaning of the individual words. B is not a
correct word choice.
Choice C is an old cliché. Clichés are worn out, over used expressions. C is not the
correct word choice.
Choice D is contemporary slang. Slang is not acceptable in formal, academic writing. D
is not the correct word choice.
Choice A is neither slang nor informal. The wording is straightforward and concise. A is
the correct word choice.
Example: Anton went home early yesterday because __________________________.
Questions: Choose the best word choice to fill in the blank.
A. he was wiped out
B. he felt under the weather
C. he was sick as a dog
D. he felt ill
Analysis: Choices A and C are more obviously informal and cliché, but students may be
tempted to choose B rather than D because D looks too simple to be correct. Choice B is
actually a cliché, as well. It may seem acceptable because we hear it so often. Choice D
is neither informal nor cliché. D is concise and direct. Choice D is the correct answer.
Skill 2: Recognizes commonly confused or misused words or phrases
This skill is assessed by students choosing the correct word for the context of a sentence.
The types of words tested in this section are words and phrases such as to vs. too, there
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vs. their, could have vs. could of, accept vs. except, then vs. than, where vs. were, affect
vs. effect, and so on. (see the appendix to review a comprehensive list of easily confused
words)
Example: We ____________ changed our plans if we had known about the traffic
delay.
Question: Choose the correct word/words to fill in the blank.
A. could of
B. could have
Analysis: Notice the word after the blank: changed. This is a past tense verb. Verbs
ending in ed often need helping verbs. Could have changed is the entire verb phrase in
this sentence. Of is a preposition, so it can’t be used as part of a verb phrase. Students
often incorrectly write could of for could have because they are choosing based on what
they hear. The contraction for could have is could’ve. Could’ve sounds like could of, so
students easily confuse the two. The correct answer is choice B.
Example: Lynette consistently wins more races ________ Michelle.
Question: Choose the correct word/words to fill in the blank.
A. than
B. then
Analysis: Than and then sound very much alike. Sound rarely determines correct word
choice, though. Than is a word demonstrating comparison—taller than, shorter than,
longer than, smarter than, etc. Then is a time signal word. Then is a transition used in a
narrative or process paragraphs to show progression of time or progression from step to
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step. The sentence above compares the number of races won by Lynette to the number of
races won by Michelle. The correct word that indicates comparison is choice A.
Mastery Check
Parts 1 & 2
Directions: Read the entire passage carefully and then answer the questions. (Note:
Intentional errors may have been included in this passage.)
1____________________________________________. 2The
simple acts of
dialing or answering a telephone may take a driver’s eyes away from traffic signals or
other cars. 3In addition, involvement in a complex or emotional conversation can slow a
driver’s response time just when fast action is needed to avoid an accident. 4Last week,
for example, I was behind a man using his car phone. 5 As he drove and talked, I could
see him gesturing wildly, obviously agitated with the other caller, which had a direct
effect on his driving. 6His speed constantly changed, slowing down and then increasing
as his car drifted back and forth, crossing two lanes of traffic on a street frequented by
school children. 7These children need to be more careful. 8_____, because the man was
clearly not in full control of his driving, he was dangerous. 9My experience is not
isolated; a study by the Foundation for Traffic Safety has discovered that car phones are
far more distracting to drivers than listening to the radio or talking to a passenger.
10With
additional studies in progress, voters will soon be able to demand legislation restricting
the use of car telephones to passengers or to drivers when the vehicles are not in motion.
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1. Which of the following sentences, when inserted in the blank labeled number 1 is the
best main idea or topic sentence for the passage?
A. Voters must immediately demand legislation that prohibits the dangerous practice
of using car telephones while vehicles are in motion.
B. Drivers who use car phones pose a serious threat to other drivers and pedestrians.
C. Drivers of automobiles should only be allowed to use car telephones when a pay
phone is not available.
D. Drivers using car telephones are a threat to school children.
2. Which sentence provides specific support for sentence 5 in the passage?
A. The simple acts of dialing or answering a telephone may take a driver’s eyes away
from traffic signals or other cars (sentence 2)
B. In addition, involvement in a complex or emotional conversation can slow a
driver’s response time just when fast action is needed to avoid an accident
(sentence 3)
C. His speed constantly changed, slowing down and then increasing as his car drifted
back and forth, crossing two lanes of traffic on a street frequented by school
children. (sentence 6)
D. Because the man was clearly not in full control of his driving, he was dangerous.
(sentence 7)
3. Which numbered sentence is least relevant to the passage?
A. sentence 7
B. sentence 8
C. sentence 9
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D. sentence 10
4. Which word or phrase, if inserted in the blank in sentence 8, would make the
relationship of the ideas in sentences 6 and 8 clearer?
A. First
B. On the other hand
C. In contrast
D. Therefore
Directions: choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no error
exists, choose “No change is necessary.”
5. Before you leave Mrs. Mauzy’s party tonight, I advice you to compliment the hostess
on her seven-course meal.
A. advise
B. complement
C. coarse
D. No change necessary
6. Choose the most effective word or phrase within the context suggested by the
sentence.
Because the professor was lecturing about __________________ concepts for the
final exam, the students tried to write down every word he said.
A. essential
B. believable
C. pedestrian
Answers: B,C, A, D, A, A
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Sentence Structure Skills (10 questions)
Skill 1: Places modifiers correctly
This skill is assessed through multiple choice questions. The student will need to identify
two types of modifier errors: dangling modifiers and misplaced modifiers. Two points to
remember are there must be a word in the sentence that is being modified, and the
modifier must be placed in the sentence as closely as possible to the word it modifies.
Modifying phrases that have no word in the sentence to modify are dangling modifiers
Example: Driving up the coast, the scenery was beautiful. Driving up
the coast is the modifying phrase. What is it modifying? Who was
driving? There is no word in the sentence being modified. The correction
for this error would be Driving up the coast, I enjoyed the beautiful
scenery.
Modifying phrases that are placed too far from the word being modified appear to modify
the wrong word in the sentence. These errors are misplaced modifiers.
Example: An elegant dinner of prime rib and lobster was served to the
guests on expensive china. On expensive china is the modifying phrase.
What is it modifying? Were the guests on expensive china? This error
can be corrected by moving the modifying phrase. An elegant dinner of
prime rib and lobster was served on expensive china to the guest. Or The
guests were served an elegant dinner of prime rib and lobster on
expensive china.
Question: Choose the sentence that uses modifiers correctly.
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A. The Johnsons watched the soccer players warming up sitting in lawn chairs on
the sidelines.
B. The Johnsons watched the soccer players sitting in lawn chairs on the
sidelines warming up.
C. The Johnsons on the sidelines watched the soccer players warming up sitting
in lawn chairs.
D. Sitting in lawn chairs on the sidelines, the Johnsons watched the soccer
players warming up.
Analysis: The modifying phrase is sitting in lawn chairs on the sidelines. Obviously
soccer players who are warming up are not sitting in lawn chairs on the sidelines. The
Johnsons is what is being modified. The only sentence choice that puts the modifying
phrase next to the words being modified is D.
Question: Choose the sentence that uses modifiers correctly.
A. Dazed and confused, I was brought to my senses by the ambulance sirens.
B. The ambulance sirens, dazed and confused, brought me to my senses.
C. While dazed and confused, the ambulance sirens brought me to my senses.
D. Dazed and confused, the ambulance sirens brought me to my senses.
Analysis: Choices B, C, and D either have no word for the modifying phrase to modify,
or the structures lead the reader to believe the ambulance sirens were dazed and confused.
None of those choices is correct. Choice A correctly puts the modifying phrase, dazed
and confused, next to the word I, which is being modified.
Skill 2: Uses coordination and subordination effectively
This skill is assessed by multiple choice questions.
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Coordination is the joining of two ideas of equal importance into a compound sentence.
Coordinating conjunctions and, but, or, nor, for, yet, and so are used to join the two
sentences.
Example: The game ended, and the fans went wild.
Subordination is demonstrating the relationship between ideas by using subordinating
conjunctions, such as if, while, since, because, although, to construct a complex sentence.
(For a comprehensive list of subordinating conjunctions, see the appendix.)
Example: The fans went wild because the Jaguars won.
Sentences using coordination and subordination effectively improve writing style and
clarify relationships between ideas.
Question: Choose the sentences that are expressed correctly and effectively.
A. My daughter was eight years old, and my grandmother was ninety-two years
old, so we stitched a quilt together.
B. Because my daughter was eight years old and my grandmother was ninetytwo years old, we stitched a quilt together.
C. When my daughter was eight years old and my grandmother ninety-two years
old, we stitched a quilt together.
D. We stitched a quilt together, and my daughter was eight years old, and my
grandmother was ninety-two years old.
Analysis: Choice A uses only coordination, suggesting the ideas linked are equal. The
second coordinating conjunction misrepresents the relationship between ideas. Choice A
is incorrect.
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Choice B uses subordination, but it is used incorrectly. The relationship between the
ideas is not a cause/effect relationship.
Choice D uses only coordination and presents the ideas as equal. The construction of the
sentence is stringy and awkward.
Choice C uses both subordination and coordination and correctly shows the time
relationship between the ideas. Choice C is correct.
Skill 3: Recognizes parallel structures
Parallel lines mirror each other. In writing, parallel ideas mirror each other in structure.
In other words, when more than one idea is presented, all of the ideas should be in the
same grammatical form.
Example: My goals are to finish college, to get a job, and to buy a home.
All three goals are presented in infinitive phrases; the ideas are parallel.
Example: My perfect mate will be a good listener, a compassionate friend, and a
reliable partner.
Correct parallelism is used here as all three characteristics are presented as adjective
noun, adjective noun, and adjective noun.
Question: Choose the sentence that is correct in structure.
A. The best choice of action when someone offends you is stepping away
emotionally from the situation, give the person the benefit of the
doubt, and to confront the person with a calm demeanor.
B. The best choice of action when someone offends you is stepping away
emotionally from the situation, giving the person the benefit of the
doubt, and to confront the person with a calm demeanor.
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C. The best choice of action when someone offends you is to step away
emotionally from the situation, give the person the benefit of the
doubt, and confronting the person with a calm demeanor.
D. The best choice of action when someone offends you is to step away
emotionally from the situation, to give the person the benefit of the
doubt, and to confront the person with a calm demeanor.
Analysis: Choice A presents the three ideas with an ing form of a verb, a present tense
verb, and an infinitive phrase. To be parallel, all three ideas must be in the same
grammatical form.
Choice B puts two of the three ideas in the same grammatical form, but all three must be
in the same form to be parallel.
Choice C also puts two of the three ideas in the same grammatical form, but all three
must be in the same form to be parallel.
Choice D puts all three ideas into infinitive phrases—parallel structure. This choice is
correct.
Skill 4: Avoids fragments, comma splices, and run-ons.
This skill is assessed by giving the student a passage that may or may not contain an
error. Students decide at which point in the sentence the error occurs or if no change is
necessary. The strategy to use for this section of the test is first to look for subordinate
conjunctions. If a passage begins with a subordinate conjunction, is should be connected
to an independent clause to be a complete sentence instead of a fragment. E.G. Because
the Jaguars won, the fans were elated. Secondly, check for coordinating conjunctions. If
the coordinating conjunction is joining two complete thoughts, a comma must come
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before the conjunction to avoid a run-on. E.G. The kittens were scurrying under foot, and
the children were screaming upstairs. Next, look for subjective case pronouns. Often a
pronoun will be the subject of a second independent clause. This independent clause
must be joined with more than a comma to avoid a comma splice.
E.G. Rhonda is a successful triathlete; she has won more than eight competitions.
Example: Even though the hurricane hit south of Tampa. ATampa residents experienced
flooding Band power outages; therefore, Cmany employees were unable to get to work.
Question: Choose the option that corrects the error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A..Tampa, Tampa
B. flooding, and power
C. therefore many
D. No change necessary
Analysis: Choice B adds a comma between flooding and power. These are not items in a
series, nor does the conjunction separate two independent clauses. Choice B does not
correct an error.
Choice C removes the comma after the conjunctive adverb therefore. The comma after
therefore is correct. Choice C does not correct an error.
Choice A inserts a comma after and introductory subordinate clause. Introductory
subordinate clauses need to be set off with a comma. Choice A is correct.
Example: A hot A air baloon flew low over our mountain B cottage, and we could see the
passenger waving to C us; but we couldn’t hear what he was shouting.
Question: Choose the option that corrects the error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
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A. hot air balloon, flew
B. cottage and
C. us, but
D. No change necessary.
Analysis: Choice A inserts a comma where no comma is necessary. There is
never a single comma between a subject and a verb. Choice A is incorrect.
Choice B eliminates a necessary comma before a coordinating conjunction
separating two independent clauses. Choice B is incorrect.
Choice C removes the semi-colon and adds a necessary comma before a
coordinating conjunction to separate two independent clauses. Choice C is the
correct answer.
Mastery Check
Part 3
Directions: Choose the sentence in which the modifiers are correctly placed.
A. We ate fried chicken after the soccer game, which was greasy and tasteless.
B. We ate fried chicken, which was greasy and tasteless, after the soccer game.
C. After the soccer game, which was greasy and tasteless, we ate fried chicken.
Directions: Choose the sentence in which the modifiers are correctly placed.
A. While Robin was riding her new surfboard, a shark bit her ankle.
B. While riding her new surfboard, the shark bit Robin’s ankle.
C. Robin’s ankle, while riding her new surfboard, was bitten by a shark.
Directions: Choose the sentence that has no errors in structure.
A. Computers are capable of programming, remembering, scanning, and they can
sort information.
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B. Computers are capable of programming, remembering, scanning and able to
sort information.
C. Computers are capable of programming, remembering, scanning, and sorting
information.
Directions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions(s).
If no error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
Donald and Jim sailed down the Niagara River in a new sailboat, since they were new to
the area, they did not realize they were headed for the falls.
A. sailboat, but since
B. sailboat, however since
C. sailboat, on the contrary, since
D. No change necessary
Because Beatrice saw cockroaches climbing up the wall and bits of food stuck on the
badly washed dinner plates she refused to eat dinner at her little brother’s apartment.
A. plates, she
B. plates; she
C. plates. She
D. No change necessary
Directions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portion(s). If
no error exists, choose “No change is necessary.”
My Amother, who is the world’s biggest clean Bfreak. Believes two things: all germs
deserve Cannihilation, and bleach is more valuable than champagne.
A. mother who
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B. freak, believes
C. annihilation and
D. No change is necessary
Answers: B, A, C, A, A, B
Grammar, Spelling, Capitalization, and Punctuation Skills
(16 questions)
Skill 1: Uses standard verb forms
This skill is assessed by a multiple choice question. Portions of a sentence are
underlined, and the student must choose the answer that corrects an error in the sentence
or choose no change necessary. Knowledge of correct present, past, and future tense
verbs is required. (See the appendix for a comprehensive standard verb form chart.)
Example: When the dog come sniffing around our backpacks last night, she was
looking for food.
Question: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A. had come sniffing
B. sniffing
C. came sniffing
D. No change necessary
Analysis: Choice A is not correct because had come sniffing is in the past perfect tense,
a tense used to show which action of two happened first in the past. Only past tense is
required in this sentence. Choice A is incorrect.
25
Choice B is not correct because it eliminates part of the verb. The sentence needs the
past tense form of come. Choice B is not correct.
Choice C is correct in using came, the past tense form of the verb come.
Example: Since my mom has not been feeling well, she has layed down after lunch
every day this week.
Question: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A. has lain
B. has laid
C. lays
D. no change necessary
Analysis: To be reclined in a bed is to lie down. The past tense of lie is lay, and the past
participle form of the verb is has lain.
Choice B is incorrect because laid means to place, not to recline.
Choice C is incorrect because lays also means to put, not to recline.
Choice A is correct because it correctly uses has lain as the present perfect tense of the
verb.
Skill 2: Avoids inappropriate shifts in verb tense
This skill is assessed by multiple choice questions. Shifts in verb tense usually occur
when informal, conversation-like vocabulary is used. Keep tenses consistent. If the
sentence begins with a past tense verb, other subsequent verbs should remain in the past
tense unless the time of the action actually changes.
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Example: As the rain lightly A pelted the window panes, Rene B sleeps soundly, and
C
dreamed of pleasant, far away places.
Question: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A. had pelted
B. slept
C. will be dreaming
D. no change necessary
Analysis: First thing to notice in this question is that two of the verbs are in the same
tense: pelted and dreamed. Most likely, that tense is the correct tense for all verbs in the
sentence.
Choice A changes the verb to the past perfect tense. The past perfect tense is not needed
because this action did not take place before another action that happened in the past.
Choice A is not correct.
Choice C changes the tense to the future tense. The actual time of the action doesn’t shift
in this sentence, so a shift in tense is not necessary.
Choice B changes the tense to the past tense, the same tense as the other two verbs in the
sentence. Choice B is correct.
Skill 3: Maintains agreement between subject and verb
This skill is assessed in a multiple choice question. Singular subjects must have singular
verbs; plural subjects must have plural verbs. Helpful tips-- Remember to correctly
identify the subject of the sentence by ignoring prepositional phrases and information
within commas. Compound subjects joined by and take a plural verb. In sentences
27
where the compound subject is joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the closer
subject. All words ending in one, thing, or body are always singular.
Example: When the winters Aare mild in the mountains of Montanna, the reduced
amount of snow Bmelting in the spring Ccause summer droughts.
Question: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A. is
B. that melt
C. causes
D. no change necessary
Analysis: Choice A changes the verb to singular. The subject, winters, is plural. A plural
subject requires a plural verb. Choice A is not correct.
Choice B contains a verb form that is not the verb of the sentence. Choice B is incorrect.
Choice C changes the verb to singular, making it agree with the singular subject, amount.
Skill 4: Maintains agreement between pronoun and antecedent
This skill is assessed by multiple choice questions. Singular antecedents agree with
singular pronouns; plural antecedents agree with plural pronouns. The antecedent is the
word the pronoun refers back to in the sentence. Antecedents and pronouns also must
agree in gender.
E.G. Bob left his coat. The twins pack their own lunches. Each of the girl scouts
brought her canteen.
The antecedent will never be in a prepositional phrase of between commas.
Example: Beth told her sister Laura that A they shouldn’t go jet skiing. Laura
agreed because Bshe was still sunburned from
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C their
previous trip to the lake.
Question: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A. she
B. they
C. her
D. No change necessary
Analysis: Choice A is not correct because the pronoun she would have an ambiguous
reference. Would she refer to Beth or to Laura? Choice A is not correct.
Choice B is not correct because it would create a subject/verb agreement error in
addition to causing the pronoun to disagree in number with the antecedent, Laura.
Choice B is incorrect.
Choice C is correct because it agrees with the antecedent Laura. They would be correct
only if the antecedent in the sentence were both Beth and Laura. Choice C is correct.
Skill 5: Avoids inappropriate pronoun shifts
This skill is assessed by multiple choice questions. Most pronoun shift errors occur by the
writer shifting into the second person by using the pronoun you. If a passage begins in
the first person (I, me my, mine), the passage should remain in the first person. If a
passage begins in the second person (you, your, yours), it should remain in the second
person. If a passage begins in the third person, it should remain in the third person. The
third person remains objective. E.G. Students often have difficulty paying for college;
therefore, they should begin saving in high school. “ Students often have difficulty
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paying for college; therefore, you should begin saving in high school,” would be incorrect
because the pronoun shifts to second person when the antecedent is in the third person.
Example: The teacher told Vincent, “File all the old assignments before A you leave,
so B he will be ready to start on C our new assignment tomorrow morning.”
Question: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A. he leaves
B. you
C. his
D. no change necessary
Analysis: Choice A is incorrect because changing you to he creates a pronoun with no
reference. Who is he?
Choice C is incorrect because it also creates a pronoun with no reference. Who is he?
Choice B is correct because the teacher is speaking to Vincent. The teacher would
logically address Vincent as you. Choice B is correct.
Skill 6: Maintains clear pronoun reference
This skill is assessed by multiple choice questions. Pronouns must have an antecedent,
and the antecedent must be clear. The problem normally occurs in one of two instances:
1)the pronoun it is used when there is no antecedent before the pronoun in the sentence
and 2)Two words are possible antecedents, but neither is the clear antecedent. E.G. It
says in the paper we may get rain. What does it refer to? No antecedent is there. Johnna
told her boss she was diligent. What is the antecedent of she? Is it Johnna or boss? It’s
impossible to tell, so this is a pronoun reference error.
Example: We took Shawna to the new arcade to try some of the kiddie games, but it
was a disaster because she cried all afternoon.
30
Question: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A. the arcade was
B. the games were
C. our trip was
D. no change necessary
Analysis: The underlined portion contains the pronoun it. What does it refer to? What
was a disaster? Choice A indicates the arcade was a disaster. This is not correct.
Choice B indicates the games were a disaster. This is not correct.
Choice C indicates the trip was a disaster. This is the correct answer.
Example: After scrambling to arrive on time, Melissa and Brenda were late for the
meeting. Melissa told Brenda she could not be late again.
Question: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A. we
B. “I can not be late again.”
C. Her
D. No change necessary
Analysis: Choice A creates an incorrect verb tense. This answer is incorrect
Choice B clears up the confusion of the antecedent by using dialogue. Choice B is
correct.
Choice C creates a pronoun case error. Choice C is incorrect.
Skill 7: Uses proper case forms
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This skill is assessed by multiple choice questions. Errors most often occur when
choosing between a subjective case and objective case pronoun. Subjects and subject
complements are subjective case pronouns, and direct objects, indirect objects, and
objects of the preposition are objective case pronouns.
Helpful tip: To avoid pronoun case errors, find the verb of the sentence first. Identify the
verb as action or linking. If the verb is a linking verb and the pronoun in question
immediately follows the linking verb, choose subjective case. If the pronoun choice is
not immediately following a linking verb, next find the subject of the verb. If the subject
is the pronoun in question, use subjective case. Use objective case for everything else.
Example: Him and me plan to go fishing this weekend.
Question: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A. He and I
B. Him and I
C. He and me
D. No change necessary
Analysis: The portion of the sentence underlined is the subject. (Who plan to go fishing?)
Since the pronouns in question are in the subject spot in the sentence, subjective case
pronouns must be used.
Choice A supplies both subjective case pronouns. This choice is correct.
Choice B combines an objective and a subjective case pronoun for the subject; this choice
is incorrect.
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Choice C also combines a subjective and an objective case pronoun for the subject; this
choice is incorrect.
Skill 8: Uses adjectives and adverbs correctly
This skill is assessed by multiple choice questions.
Adjectives modify nouns and
pronouns; adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. Usually, adjectives are
found before the words they modify. In the case of the predicate adjective, the adjective
follows the linking verb and describes the subject. E.G. The overstuffed pillow is soft.
Soft describes pillow; therefore it is an adjective. Adverbs most often modify verbs and
tell how something was done. E.G. The student studied diligently before the exam. How
did the student study? The correct form of the word must be used for the adjective and
adverb. E.G. He is a diligent student. He studies diligently. Notice that the adjective and
adverb forms of the word are different.
Example: The meal was very good. You did real well preparing for the dinner
party. The house looked very lovely this evening.
Questions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A. very well
B. really well
C. very well
D. no change necessary
Skill 9: Uses appropriate degree forms
This skill is assessed by multiple choice questions. Using the appropriate degree means
choosing the correct word to represent a comparison. When two things are being
compared, the superlative form (adding er as the word ending) or the word more is used.
E.G. Lucy is more dependable than John.
Lucy is smarter than John. When more
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than two things are being compared, the superlative form (adding est as the word ending)
or the word most is used. E.G. Lucy is the most dependable person in her class.
Lucy
is the smartest student in her class.
Example: If we rearrange the furniture and paint the room a lighter color, the room
will look more bigger.
Question: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A. Biggest
B. Most big
C. Bigger
D. No change necessary
Analysis: In this sentence, how the room will look is being compared to how it looks
now. Since only two things are being compared, the comparative form is needed.
Choice A is the superlative form. Choice A is incorrect.
Choice B is incorrect because instead of adding an er or est ending, most is used.
Choice C is correct. The comparative bigger is used to compare two things.
Skill 10: Uses standard spelling correctly
This skill is assessed by multiple choice questions. The most common types of spelling
errors tested those governed by specific spelling rules. E.G. I before E except after C and
in words like neighbor and weigh. Double the final consonant before adding a suffix to
a one syllable word ending in a single consonant preceded by a short vowel: digging,
batting, running.
Example: When you Arecieve the Btickets from the Gator box office, call us to let us
know Cwhere we will be sitting.
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Questions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A. receive
B. tikets
C. were
D. no change necessary
Analysis: Choice A is correct. The e follows the c.—I before E, except after c.
Choice B is incorrect. Ticket is spelled correctly in the sentence.
Choice C is incorrect. Were is a verb.
Skill 11: Uses standard punctuation
This skill is assessed by multiple choice questions. This skill includes the use of
apostrophes, commas, colons, semi-colons, periods, and question marks.
Example: With impressive Aefforts, the rescue workers lifted the girl from the well B
and saved the girl’s life; cwhich elated the girl’s parents.
Question: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A. efforts the rescue
B. well, and saved
C. life which elated
Analysis: Choice A is not correct because an introductory prepositional phrase should be
set off by a comma.
Choice B is not correct because a comma is not needed with a conjunction joining a
compound verb.
Choice C is correct because a semicolon is not used to separate an independent clause to
a dependent clause.
Example: The boy’s room in the attic is ample for all four of them and their storage
trunks.
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Question: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A. boys’ room
B. ample, for
C. them, and their
E. No change necessary
Analysis: Choice A is correct. The context of the sentence indicates there are four boys;
therefore, boys’ is a plural possessive.
Choice B is incorrect. No comma is needed between the predicate adjective and the
preposition.
Choice C is incorrect. No comma is needed before the conjunction in a compound object
of the preposition.
Skill 12: Uses standard capitalization
This skill is assessed by a multiple choice question. All proper nouns and proper
adjectives should be capitalized. Capitalization errors occur frequently when titles are
involved. The title for a family member (uncle, mother, father,etc.) should be capitalized
if the title is being used in place of the person’s name or if it used in conjunction with the
person’s name, is capitalized. E.G. We invited Uncle Harry to the party. I love Grandpa.
I’ll ask Mother if I may go to the party. When the possessive pronoun my is used before
the title, the title is not capitalized. E.G. My uncle is coming to the party. I love my
grandpa. I’ll ask my mother if I may go to the party.
Example: In the fall, we will register for the French class offered at 8:00 AM, french
2021.
Question: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portions. If no
error exists, choose “No change necessary.”
A. Fall
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B. french
C. French 2021
D. No change necessary
Analysis: Choice A is incorrect. Seasons are not capitalized.
Choice B is incorrect. Proper adjectives should be capitalized.
Choice C is correct. Titles of courses followed by numbers should be capitalized.
Mastery Check
Part 4
Directions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portion(s). If
no error exists, choose “No change is necessary.”
Between my brother and me, I am the taller.
A. tallest
B. most tall
C. most tallest
D. No change is necessary.
Directions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portion(s). If
no error exists, choose “No change is necessary.”
Sam’s classmates are sponsering him for class president.
A. spansering
B. sponsoring
C. sponsorring
D. No change is necessary.
Directions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portion(s). If
no error exists, choose “No change is necessary.”
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The Washington Monument, built after the White House, is located North of the Potomac
river.
A. Washington monument
B. White house
C. north
D. No change is necessary.
Directions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portion(s). If
no error exists, choose “No change is necessary.”
Almost all cats, whether wild or Adomestic, are solitary Bcreatures however, house cats
can live peacefully together in confined Careas if they are well fed.
A. domestic; are
B. creatures; however
C. areas; if
D. No change is necessary
Directions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portion(s). If
no error exists, choose “No change is necessary.”
My brother Ahas wanted to be a pilot all of his life. He Bhas taken many flying lessons,
and next week, he Cwill receive his license.
A. had wanted
B. had taken
C. received
D. No change is necessary.
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Directions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portion(s). If
no error exists, choose “No change is necessary.”
Since a hurricane was Aapproaching, many people headed for local Bshelters, then they
settled in for a scary Cnight and soothed their crying children.
A. approaching. Many
B. shelters. Then
C. night, and
D. No change is necessary
Directions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portion(s). If
no error exists, choose “No change is necessary.”
Sometimes I crave food swimming in grease then I eat in the college cafeteria.
A. grease, then
B. grease and then
C. grease; then
D. No change is necessary.
Directions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portion(s). If
no error exists, choose “No change is necessary.”
One of my neighbors collects used furniture. She thinks that the price of new furniture is
too high. On weekends she still enjoyed repairing and refinishing her old bargains.
A. was enjoying
B. enjoys
C. had enjoyed
D. No change is necessary.
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Directions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portion(s). If
no error exists, choose “No change is necessary.”
Because students were carelessly throwing chewed gum on the sidewalks or putting Ait
under Btheir desks, the college administration decided that Cthey should ban the sale of
this product in the bookstore.
A. them
B. its
C. it
D. No change is necessary.
Directions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portion(s). If
no error exists, choose “No change is necessary.”
My sister, as well as my brother, Aattend the same college that I Bdo, which Ckeeps me
from getting homesick.
A. attends
B. does
C. keep
D. No change is necessary.
Directions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portion(s). If
no error exists, choose “No change is necessary.”
Every Thanksgiving, my family meets at AGrandma’s house to eat Aunt Mable’s stewed
Bcranberies’,
Uncle John’s smoked turkey, and Cousin Mildred’s pumpkin Cpies.
A. Grandmas
B. Cranberries
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C. Pie’s
D. No change is necessary.
Directions: Choose the option that corrects an error in the underlined portion(s). If
no error exists, choose “No change is necessary.”
Some of the essays that one of the students have written are very well done.
A. has written
B. having written
C. has writing
D. No change is necessary.
Answers: D, B, C, B, D, B, C, B, C, A, B, A
Appendix
Review of transitions
Time Transitions
first
as
second
now
then
until
41
since
later
next
while
after
when
soon
finally
before
during
Addition Transitions
one
first of all
in addition
furthermore
first
also
next
last of all
second
another
moreover
finally
Contrast Transitions
but
however
on the other hand
in contrast
instead
even though
yet
still
although
Comparison Words
like
just as
in like manner
as
likewise
in the same way
as if
equally
just like
similarly
as well
Illustration Words
for example
to illustrate
once
for instance
such as
including
Cause and Effect Words
because
the result was
therefore
since
if…then
thus
reason
so
as a result
Easily Confused Words
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accept, except
Accept means "to receive". Example: Please accept my gift.
Except means "not including". Example: I brought all the gifts except yours.
advice, advise
Advice is an "opinion about what should be done". Example: She gives good advice.
Advise means "to recommend". Example: Please advise me on what to do.
affect, effect
Affect means "to influence". Example: Do not let the loss affect you.
An effect is "a result". Example: The loss did not have an effect on me.
all ready, already
All ready means "everything is ready". Example: We are all ready to move.
Already means "previously". Example: We already moved our things yesterday.
choose, chose
Choose means "to select". Example: Today, I will choose a new house.
Chose is the past tense of choose. Example: Yesterday, I chose a new house.
complement, compliment
Complement means "to make complete". Example: This hat will complement my new
dress.
A compliment is something said in praise. Example: Thank you for the compliment
about my dress.
it's, its
It's is the short form of "it is". Example: It's in the dog house.
Its is a pronoun that shows ownership or possession. Example: The dog has its own
house.
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loose, lose
Loose means "not tight". Example: My pants are loose.
Lose means "to be defeated or no longer have". Example: I do not want to lose the game.
past, passed
Past means "gone by" or "history". Example: The car drove past my house.
My past is very interesting.
Passed is the past tense of pass. Example: We passed the truck earlier.
principal, principle
A principal is the head of a school. Example: The principal spoke to us today.
A principle is an important fact or law. Example: The principle of democracy is
important to Canadians.
than, then
Than means "in comparison with". Example: He is bigger than me.
Then means "next". Example: After going home, he then started his assignment.
their, there, they're
Their is a form of "they" that shows ownership. Example: Their flowers are on the table.
There describes where something is. Example: The flowers are there on the table.
They're is a short form of "they are". Example: They're going to buy flowers.
to, too, two
To means "in the direction of". Example: He went to the store.
Too means "also". Example: He went to the store, too.
Two is a number. Example: Two of my friends went to the store.
weather, whether
Weather means "conditions outdoors". Example: The weather is terrible.
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Whether is an expression of choice between two options. Example: I do not know
whether I will stay home or go to school.
your, you're
Your is a form of "you" that shows ownership. Example: Your car is new.
You're is a short form of "your are". Example: You're going to the store.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
After
if
though
Although
if only
till
as
in order that
unless
as if
now that
until
as long as
once
when
as though
rather than
whenever
because
since
where
before
so that
whereas
even if
than
wherever
even though
that
while
Verbs
Present tense
Past tense
arise
be
bear
begin
bite
blow
break
bring
buy
arose
was/were
bore
began
bit
blew
broke
brought
bought
Past participle
(has, have)
arisen
been
borne
begun
bitten/bit
blown
broken
brought
bought
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catch
choose
come
creep
dive
do
drag
draw
dream
drink
drive
drown
eat
fall
fight
fly
forget
forgive
freeze
get
give
go
grow
hang
hide
know
lay
lead
lie
light
lose
prove
ride
ring
rise
run
see
seek
set
shake
sing
sink
sit
speak
spring
steal
sting
strike
swear
swim
swing
take
tear
throw
uses
caught
chose
came
crept
dived/dove
did
dragged
drew
dreamed/dreamt
drank
drove
drowned
ate
fell
fought
flew
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
hid
knew
laid
led
lay
lit
lost
proved
rode
rang
rose
ran
saw
sought
set
shook
sang
sank
sat
spoke
sprang
stole
stung
struck
swore
swam
swung
took
tore
threw
used
caught
chosen
come
crept
dived
done
dragged
drawn
dreamt
drunk
driven
drowned
eaten
fallen
fought
flown
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
got/gotten
given
gone
grown
hung
hidden
known
laid
led
lain
lit
lost
proved/proven
ridden
rung
risen
run
seen
sought
set
shaken
sung
sunk
sat
spoken
sprung
stolen
stung
struck
sworn
swum
swung
taken
torn
thrown
used
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wake
wear
write
woke/waked
wore
wrote
woken/waked/woke
worn
written
Mastery section questions were taken from Practice Form Z of the Florida College Basic
Skills Exit Test.
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