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Technology: Shaping Our World Chapter 8. Machines—Terms and Definitions Friction: a force that acts like a brake on moving objects. Gear: a rotating wheel-like object with teeth around its rim; they are used to transmit force to other gears with matching teeth. Hydraulics: the study and technology of the actions and reaction of liquids at rest and in motion. Inclined plane: a simple machine in the form of a sloping surface or ramp, used to move a load from one level to another. Lever: a simple machine, consisting of a bar and fulcrum (pivot point), that can be used to increase force or decrease effort needed to move a load. Linkage: a system of levers used to transmit motion. Machine: a device that does some kind of work by changing or transmitting energy. Mechanical advantage: in a simple machine, the ability to move a large resistance by applying a small effort. Mechanism: a way of changing one kind of effort into another kind of effort. Moment: the turning force acting upon a lever, determined by the effort times the distance of the effort from the fulcrum. Pneumatics: the study and technology of the characteristics of gases. Power: the rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is converted from one form to another or transferred from one place to another. Pressure: the effort applied to a given area. Pulley: a simple machine in the form of a wheel with a groove around its rim to accept a rope, chain, or belt; it is used to lift heavy objects. Screw: a simple machine that is an inclined plane wrapped in the form of a cylinder. Torque: a measure of turning effort. Wedge: a simple machine that consists of two inclined planes placed back-to-back. Wheel and axle: a simple machine that is a special kind of lever; effort applied to the outer edge of the wheel is transmitted through the axle. Work: measurement of the amount of effort needed to change one kind of energy into another; the result of a force applied on an object and the object’s movement in the direction of the force applied on the object. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.