Download DigitalTaxonomicGuide [Compatibility Mode]

Edward Barry
Marian High School
Framingham, MA
Summer 2010
Workshop
in Biology and
Multimedia
for High School
Teachers
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arkea.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:O._oeni.jpg
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg
Domain Eukarya
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Phylum
Dinoflagellata
Phylum
Ciliophora
Phylum
Phaeophyta
Kingdom
Protista
Red Algae
Phylum
Chlorophyta
Phylum
Rhodophyta
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Comète_échouée.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
WEEPING WILLOW
MOSS
Kingdom
Plantae
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mos.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Willow.jpg
Phylum
Anthophyta
Phylum
Pterophyta
Phylum
Cycadophyta
Phylum
Bryophyta
Phylum
Coniferophyta
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Phylum
Ginkgophyta
Phylum Basidiomycota
MUSHROOM
Phylum Zygomycota
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uni
dentified_Fungus_5621.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
SEAHORSE
Phyum Porifera
Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum Platyhenminthes
Phylum Mollusca
✔Class Gastropoda
✔Class Bivalvia
✔Class Cephalopoda
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Annelida
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Chilopoda
Class Crustacea
Class Insecta
Class Chelicerata
Phylum Echinodermata
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wi
ki/File:Hippocampus.jpg
Phylum Chordata
Class Chondrichthyes
Class Osteichthyes
Class Dipnoi
Class Amphibia
Class Reptilia
Class Aves
Class Mammalia
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
THERMOCOCCUS
Domain Archaea consists mainly of organisms that live in
extreme environments, where others cannot survive. These
organisms are prokaryotic, but have features that distinguish
them from the other domain of prokaryotes, Bacteria. Archaea
lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and can have branched
carbon chains in their membrane lipids of the phospholipid
bilayer. Most organisms making up Domain Archaea are small,
unicellular organisms. These organisms are believed to be very
similar to the prokaryotes that inhabited the Earth billions of
years ago.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thermococcus_gammatolerans.jpg
HALOBACTRERIA
∙prokaryotic, unicellular or colonial organisms
∙lack peptidoglycan in cell walls
∙may have branched carbon chains in their membrane lipids
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halobacteria.jpg
Sources:
http://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/202/ARCHAEA/
http://www.lycos.com/info/archaea--domain-archaea.html
http://classic.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Archaea/
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
E. COLI
Domain Bacteria is composed of microscopic prokaryotic bacteria,
usually unicellular. Many are decomposers, some are photo
synthesizers, and a few cause disease. Most bacteria cause disease
by producing serotoxins that harm human cells, while others cause
illness as a result of glycoproteins found on the outside of their
capsules. There are many shapes that bacteria can come in, but
three of the main ones are cocci, bacilli, and spirochete. Cocci are
spherical prokaryotic cells that are usually found in clusters or
colonies. Some cocci form chains. Bacilli are rod shaped cells that
are usually found individually, although a few form pairs, diplobacilli,
or chains, streptobacilli. Spirochetes are the last group. The bacteria
in this group are helically shaped and usually are found alone. The
cell walls of Bacteria, unlike the Archaea and the Eukarya, contain
peptidoglycan. Bacteria are sensitive to traditional antibacterial
antibiotics but are resistant to most antibiotics that affect Eukarya.
Bacteria contain rRNA that is unique to the Bacteria as indicated by
the presence molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of
Archaea and Eukarya
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:E-coli-in-color.jpg
STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIS
•Prokaryotic bacteria, usually unicellular
• 3 shapes: cocci, bacilli, and spirochete
•Decomposers, photo synthesizers, or cause disease
•Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
•Contain rRNA unique from Archaea and Eukarya
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Staphylococcus_epidermidis_lores.jpg
Links:
http://classic.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Bacteria/
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/3domain/3domain.html
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/zo150/mozley/domkingd.html
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
The Eukarya is the domain of eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells have their DNA organized into
chromosomes located in a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells
also have membrane-bound organelles such as
mitochondria, plastids, and lysosomes. Eukaryotic
plastids and mitochondria were evolved from
prokaryotic cells by a process called endosymbiosis.
Eukarya are more diverse than any other domain of
life. They can be Unicellular (some Protists and
yeasts), Colonial (some Protists) or Multicellular
(most Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia) organisms. All
eukaryotic organisms undergo cell division by
mitosis.
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Célula_Eucarionte.JPG
For additional information
http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/fawley/Bioweb2/diversity/domain/eukarya.htm
http://classic.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/
http://www.users.bigpond.com/wildlifebb/wildlife/tree/e/u/Eukarya.html
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Kingdom Protista
Members of Kingdom Protista are the most simple eukaryotes. Some
protists are mobile and carry out cellular respiration like animals while
some other protists perform photosynthesis like plants, but protists are
neither plants nor animals, and although some protists are fungus-like
they are not a fungus either. Protists can survive only in water-based
environments (Ex: fresh water, snow, damp soil). There are three major
groups of protists: algae, protozoa, and slime molds/fungus-like protists.
Most members are single-celled organisms, but the algae tend to be
multicellular. The advantage of mobility that most protists have is made
able by tail-like extensions in the form of flagella or cilia, and also by footlike extensions called pseudopodia. Some protists are heterotrophic while
others are autotrophic.
1
green algae
2
red
PROTIST COLLAGE
• Mobile and carry out cellular respiration like animals; perform
photosynthesis like plants; neither plants nor animals
• Survive only in aquatic environments
• Three major groups: algae, protozoa, slime molds/fungus-like
Additional Information
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Protist_collage.jpg
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/protista.htm
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trmar99.htm#protista
http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_8_protista/Protista.html
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
The dinoflagellates are a large group of Alveoles- single celled organisms (protists)
which are neither animals nor plants. Most are a major component of the marine
phytoplankton and their primary producers, but they are common in fresh water habitats
as well. Their populations are distributed depending on temperature, salinity, nutrients or
depth. About half of all dinoflagellates are photosynthetic (autotrophs), and these make
up the largest group of eukaryotic algae aside from the diatoms, being primary
producers makes them an important part of the aquatic food chain.
the geographic distributions of dinoflagellates can be important indicators of
environmental conditions not only for present day environments but also for ancient
ones. Fossilized dinoflagellate cysts are widespread in Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary
rocks
•The chloroplasts in most photosynthetic Dinoflagellates are bound by three membranes,
derived from some ingested algae and contain chlorophylls A and C and pigments such as
peridinin and fucoxanthin
KARENIA BREVIS
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karenia_brevis.jpg
•Most Dino are unicellular forms with two flagella
•Dino have complex cell coverings called amphiesma. In some forms these support
overlapping cellulose plates that make up sort of armor called the Theca.
DINOPHYSIS ACUMINATA
Links:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/dinoflagellata.html
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopyuk.org.uk/mag/artsep01/dinof.html
http://www.mnh.si.edu/highlight/sem/dinoflagellates.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dinophysis_acuminata.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Phylum Ciliophora
STENTOR
Ciliophora are complex fresh or saltwater Protozoan that swim by beating their
cilia. Some species walk or jump by organizing into rows or clumps. They are
unicellular heterotrophs. Some feed on bacteria or other algae which are floating
in their vicinity, while others are carnivorous. They have two kinds of nucleimacronucleus and micronucleus. The larger macronucleus is used for
photosynthesis and other day to day activities. The micronucleus is used for
reproductive activities. Ciliates typically reproduce asexually, however some of
them exchange genetic information with other ciliate cells by conjugation, or
reproduce sexually. Ciliates have an organelle called a Trichocyst which can be
discharged from the cell to anchor the organism or to catch prey by paralyzing it
with the trichocyst’s poisonous tip. There are about 8,000 species of Ciliophora.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stentor.jpg
Unicellular heterotrophs with 2 nuclei- macronucleus and micronucleus
Asexual reproduction, conjugation, or sexual reproduction
Swim by beating cilia
Links:
http://library.thinkquest.org/27819/ch7_8.shtml
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0812249.html
http://qanda.encyclopedia.com/question/description-phylum-ciliophora-83669.html
PARAMECIUM
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paramecium.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Phaeophyta is a brown algae which gains its pigmentation from mostly,
fucoxanthin, chlorophyll a, c1, and c2. The waters that Phaeophyta are
found in is temperate, marine tidal zones. It is a microscopic seaweed, and is
photosynthetic. The Phaeophyta has a blade, a stipe, and a holdfast, but
has no roots, stems, leaves, or flowers. It is photosynthetic. Phaeophyta
are always multicellular and dominantly in the diploid state, or as a
sporophyte. Phaeophyta reproduce sexually and asexually with an alteration
of diploid and haploid generations. The cell walls of Phaeophyta are thick and
made up of cellulose and algin acid. They also store sulphated
polysaccharides.
both sexual and asexual reproduction
alternation of diploid and haploid generations
always multicellular
photosynthetic
BROWN ALGAE
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brown_algae_hi.jpg
Links:
http://academics.smcvt.edu/dfacey/AquaticBiology/Coastal%20Pages/Brown%20Algae.html
http://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/202/CHROMALVEOLATA/HETEROKONTAE/PHAEOPHYTA/default.htm
http://books.google.com/books?id=Sc4897dfM_MC&pg=PA278&lpg=PA278&dq=phylum+phaeophyta&source=bl&ots=n2cHwhMONN&sig=VncIGcguP8CiO0IvihMcj3x3kg&hl=en&ei=-XzFSY3eGJaMtgfMxeDJCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Phylum Rhodophyta
Rhodophyta is also known as red algae. They are considered to
be one of the primary producers, provider for structural habitat
for other marine organisms, and their important role in the
production and maintenance of coral reefs. They are a
eukaryotic group. Traits that are specific to Rhodophyta are an
absence of flagella and centrioles. They have floridean starch as
a storage product and the storage of starch in the cytoplasm.
Rhodophyta also have phycoerthrin, phycocyanin and
allophycocyanin as accessory pigments. They have unstacked
thylakoids in plastids, and no chloroplast endoplasmic
reticulum. Rhodophyta have the ability to secrete calcium
carbonate is a reason why they have better fossil records. They
are among one of the most ancient eukaryotic fossils.
Rhodophyta reproduce typically diplohaplontic (diploid and
haploid stages). They are mostly marine.
•
•
•
RED ALGAE
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RedAlgaeStamp.jpg
Rhodophyta is also known as red algae
Rhodophyta are an absence of flagella and centrioles
Rhodophyta also have phycoerthrin, phycocyanin and
allophycocyanin as accessory pigments
Links:
http://www.tolweb.org/Rhodophyta
http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/R
hodophyta.html
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/rhodophyta.html
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Green algae may be unicellular (one cell), multicellular (many cells), colonial
(living as a loose aggregation of cells) or coenocytic (composed of one large
cell without cross-walls; the cell may be uninucleate or multinucleate). They
have membrane-bound chloroplasts and nuclei. Most green are aquatic and
are found commonly in freshwater (mainly charophytes) and marine habitats
(mostly chlorophytes); some are terrestrial, growing on soil, trees, or rocks
(mostly trebouxiophytes). Some are symbiotic with fungi giving lichens.
Others are symbiotic with animals, e.g. the freshwater coelentrate Hydra has
a symbiotic species of Chlorella as does Paramecium bursaria, a protozoan.
A number of freshwater green algae (charophytes, desmids and Spirogyra)
are now included in the Charophyta (charophytes), a phylum of
predominantly freshwater and terrestrial algae, which are more closely
related to the higher plants than the marine green algae belonging to the
Chlorophyta (known as chlorophytes).
GREEN ALGAE (SEAWEED)
• Chlorophyll a and b
• Store starch
• Can be unicellular, multicellular or colonial
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seaweed_colors.jpg
Links:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html
http://www.ohio.edu/plantbio/vislab/algaeimage/Chlorophyta.htm
http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Chlorophyta/Chlorophyta.html
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellular organisms that are
photosynthetic. The organisms that make up this kingdom
have cell walls that are made of cellulose. They contain both
organs and organ systems and are found in both terrestrial
and aquatic environments. They can reproduce both
asexually and sexually, depending on the species.
Chlorophyll gives the organisms in this kingdom their green
color, and light energy is captured by the chlorophyll. This
kingdom consists of over 250,000 species.
∙photosynthetic
∙reproduce through asexual and sexual
reproduction
∙consist of cell walls that are made up of cellulose
PLANTS
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plants_diversity.jpg
Links:
1.http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/life/plantae.html
2.http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/plantae.html
3.http://danmarkltd.tripod.com/taxonomy/id1.html
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Phylum Anthophyta are flowering plants. Members of
Anthophyta produce seeds and fruit. A fruit develops when the
flower is pollinated. Seed develops inside the endosperm of
fruit. The fruit’s endosperm tissue nourishes embryo. Ovules
develop within ovary of carpel. In Anthophyta, female and male
gametophytes are part of the flower. Some species have
separate flowers for each gametophyte. Sperm are always nonmotile and come in the form of pollen spores. Anthophyta have
various mechanisms of pollination and seed dispersal such as
animals, insects, or wind. Petals are specialized leaves with
bright colors and shapes that help attract pollinators Stamens
produce microspores that give rise to pollen grains. Carpels are
where megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes are
made. A sticky stigma covers the tip of the carpel and receives
pollen. Female gametophytes are housed in the ovule of a
carpel. Anthophyta have double fertilization. In the Ovule, one
sperm fuses with the egg. The other sperm fuses with the polar
nuclei. The first gives rise to an embryo. The latter creates the
endosperm.
• double fertilization
• separate gametophytes
• pollination
• endosperm provides nourishment to embryo
•Seed develops inside the endosperm of fruit
BUTTERFLY WEED
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Butterfly_Weed_Whol
e_Flowering_Plant_1676px.jpg
For More Information:
http://faculty.baruch.cuny.edu/jwahlert/bio1003/anthophyta.html
http://www.smccd.net/accounts/leddy/anthophyta.htm
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/daehler/biol172/lectures/outline05.htm
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
The phylum Pterophyta is a group of non-seed plants and is part of the
plant kingdom. Vegetatatively, the Pterophyta are a diverse group of
plants with true leaves, roots and stems. While arborescent [tree-like]
species exist, no living fern demonstrates true secondary growth. Roots
are adventitious. They may be either homosporous and exosporic or
heterosporous and endosporic. Ferns typically have subterranean stems
called Rhizomes. Some species have stolons. Most species are Terrestrial
but some are Epiphytic [live attached to other organisms] and a few are
Aquatic. The structure of the spore, sporangium and sorus are all
important taxonomic features. In the typical life cycle, the large, leafy
fern sporophyte alternates with a small, flat green gametophyte, called a
prothallus. The main difference from the pterophyta and other phyla is
that fern sporophytes have megaphylls, a relatively large leaf with a web
of veins.
FERN w/ SPORES
• ferns
• non-seed plants
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tree_Fern_Spores.jpg
• true leaves, roots and stems and no secondary growth
• alternation of generations in life cycle
Links:
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/Systematics/Phyla/Pterophyta/Pterophyta.html
http://hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/svp2.htm
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/bot311/bot311-00/CellTissOrgan/Pterophyta.htm
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Division Cycadophyta
Members of Phylum Cycadophyta have palm-like leaves and large seeds in
the forms of cones. These pollen and seed cones can be up to three feet
long and 90 pounds in weight, therefore cycads are the largest in all conebearing plants. These plants grow slowly. They live in tropical, subtropical,
and warm temperate areas. They have a short and unbranched trunk.
Cycads are pollinated by insects.
CYCAD
• Have a short, unbranched trunk with large, palm-like leaves coming
out of the top
• Have large seeds in the form of cones
• Grow very slowly
Additional Information
http://kidsresearchexpress.blogspot.com/2008/07/cycad.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Encephalartos_lebomboensis_-_Lebombo_cycad_-_desc-fruiting_stalk.jpg
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/cycadophyta/cycads.html
http://www.plantapalm.com/Vce/intro/fossilspast.htm
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
MOSS LIFE CYCLE
Bryophytes are all embryophytes ('land plants') that are non-vascular:
they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack
vascular tissue that circulates liquids. They neither have flowers nor
produce seeds, reproducing via spores. There are two basic categories
of sexuality in bryophytes: Dioecious bryophytes produce only
antheridia (male organs) or archegonia (female organs) on a single
plant body. Monoecious bryophytes produce both antheridia and
archegonia on the same plant body. Some bryophyte species may be
either monoecious or dioecious depending on environmental
conditions. Other species grow exclusively with one type of sexuality.
Dispersal in bryophytes is via spores; they neither have flowers nor
produce seeds. Bryophytes do produce gametes that fuse to form a
zygote, which in turn develops into an embryo, but this is not contained
in a seed as in gymnosperms and angiosperms.
• Photosynthetic, non-vascular plants; clear alternation of generations
•Dominant gametophyte generation; conspicuous gametophyte generation
•Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte structure for existence
•Reproduction via spores
•Rhizoids
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moss_life_Cycle.jpg
LIVERWORT
Links:
http://hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/liver2.htm
http://www.perspective.com/nature/plantae/bryophytes.html
http://kaimaibush.co.nz/bryophyta/bryo_frameset.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MarchantiophytaSp.NonDéterminéeFL3.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Division Coniferophyta
Conifers are the largest gymnosperms. They are considered gymnosperms
because they have seeds exposed on cones. They are woody plants, and
most are evergreens. They produce ovules that mature into seeds. The
ovules and seeds are then found on the upper surface of scale structures.
These scale structures are often clustered into “cones.” Conifers produce
abundant secondary xylem. There are more than 550 species within the
phylum coniferophyta. They are dioecious or monoecious plants. Pollen is
produced in pollen cones, and all conifers are wind pollinated. Sperm is
carried directly to the egg by way of pollen tube. There are many Conifers
found in the New England area.
MISC. CONIFERS
Gymnosperms that produce ovules exposed on cones
Wind pollinated
Dioecious or Monoecious plants
For Additional Information
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conifer_forest.jpg
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/systematics/Phyla/Coniferophyta/Coniferophyta.html
http://www.uvawise.edu/natural_sciences/localflora/coniferophyta.html
http://www.discoverlifeinamerica.org/atbi/species/Plantae/Coniferophyta/index.shtml
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Ginkgophyta, commonly known as Ginkgo or the maidenhair tree,
is a seed-bearing plant. Ginkgo biloba is the only living species of
this phylum. It is known to be a living fossil and does not exist much
in nature. Ginkgophyta have fan shaped leaves and hair-like veins.
The stems undergo a great amount of secondary growth producing
a surplus of secondary xylem. Ginkgophyta is a dioecious species.
Male Ginkgo are more favorable because female Ginkgo trees produce
butyric acid in the fruit which gives off an unfavorable odor. The
megasporangiate trees have two ovules. Only one of these two ovules
is expected to develop into a mature seed. Microsporangiate trees
release pollen that is taken by the wind to fertilize the
megasporangiates.
GINKO TREE
Dioecious species
Only has one living fossil species
Female Ginkgo release butyric acid which releases
a foul odor.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ginko_bilboa_%27King_of_Dongting%
27_(Ginkgoaceae)_tree.JPG
Links:
http://www.uvawise.edu/natural_sciences/localflora/Ginkgophyta.html
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/systematics/Phyla/Ginkgophyta/Ginkgophyta.html
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio111/gymnosperms.htm
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Kingdom Fungi
Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption. Fungi digest their food by
secreting hydrolytic enzymes called exoenzymes into their surroundings. There
are decomposer/saprobes, parasite, and mutualistic fungi. Saprobic fungi break
down and absorb nutrients from non living organic material. Parasitic fungi
absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts. Multualistic fungi absorb nutrients
from a host organism but also help the organism. Some fungi exist as single
cells and are known as yeast. Many fungi are multi-cellular. Bodies of fungi
typically form a network of hyphae( tiny filaments composed of tubular cell wall).
Fungi cell walls have chitin( strong, flexible nitrogen containing polysaccharide)
in stead of cellulose. Fungal hyphae form an interwoven mass called a
mycelium that surrounds and infiltrates the material which the fungus feeds.
•
•
•
Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption.
There are 3 categories fungi are divided into by the way they digest their food
;decomposer/saprobes, parasitic, and Multualistic.
Bodies of fungi typically are formed by a network of hyphae.
POLYPORE (stalkless mushroom)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mushroomy_Log.JPG
Additional Information:
•http://www.perspective.com/nature/fungi/
•http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Life/fungi.htm
•http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0504.htm
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Basidiomycota is a phylum of fungi that makes up around 37%
of the “true Fungi.” This phylum includes jelly fungi, shelf
fungi, puffballs, stinkhorns, mushrooms, bird’s nest fungi, and
the rusts and the smuts. Basidiomycota consists of about
30,000 species. These organisms obtain nutrients by decaying
dead organic material, such as wood and leaf litter.
Basidiomycota may be asexual or sexual, and also may be
multicellular or unicellular. These organisms are located in just
about all terrestrial environments and are also found in
freshwater and marine environments.
∙reproduce both sexually and asexually
∙obtain nutrition by decaying dead organic materials
∙found in virtually all terrestrial environments, and
also in freshwater and marine habitats
CHICKEN OF THE WOODS
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chkofthewoods.jpg
Sources:
1.http://tolweb.org/Basidiomycota
2.http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/54995/Basidiomycota
3.http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Fungi/Basidiomycota_Phylum.asp
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Zygomycota are microscopic fungi. This phylum reproduces
asexually by producing sporangiospores within a special sac
called the sporangium or by sexual reproduction via zygospores
following gamete fusion. Zygomycota produce cell walls
containing chitin, chitosan, and polyglucuronic acid . Members of
this phylum form hyphae which are generally coenocytic because
they lack cross walls or septa. They are heterotrophic and
typically grow inside their food, dissolving the substrate with
extracellular enzymes, and taking up nutrients by absorption.
Zygomycota function as decomposers in soil and dung, thereby
playing a significant role in the carbon cycle. Flagellated spores
are absent in this phylum.
• reproduces asexually or sexually
• they lack cross walls or septa
• typically grow inside their food and
uptake nutrients by absorption
•function as decomposers in soil and dung
• no Flagellated spores
PHYCOMYCES
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phycomyces4.jpg
Links:
•http://tolweb.org/Zygomycota
•http://www.clt.astate.edu/mhuss/phylum_zygomycota.htm
•http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Fungi/Zygomycota_Phylum.asp
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Animals are Multicellular and Mitochondrial. These cells are
organized into tissues that make up different organs and organ systems.
Animal cells lack the rigid cell walls that characterize plant cells. Most
animals are diploid, meaning that the cells of adults contain two copies
of the genetic material. All animals are heterotrophs, meaning that
they must obtain energy and nourishment by consuming other
organisms. In addition, all animals require oxygen for their metabolism
, can sense and respond to their environment, and have the capacity to
reproduce sexually (though many reproduce asexually as well). During
their development from a fertilized egg to adult, all animals pass
through a series of embryonic stages as part of their normal life cycle.
Animal phyla are classified according to certain criteria, including the
type of coelom, symmetry, body plan, and presence of segmentation.
ANIMALS
•Multicellular
•Mitochondrial
•Heterotrophs
•Develops through embryonic stages
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Animalia_diversity.jpg
Links:
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/life/animalia.html&edu=high
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Animalia.html
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trnov01.htm
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Phylum Porifera
1 tube sponge
Porifera are usually marine, but some live in fresh-water. They have cellular-level
organization; this means that their cells are specialized to perform different tasks.
They are also multicellular but have few organs and no tissues. They have a
system of pores in which water may pass through with the help of flagella that
are attached to certain cells called choanocytes. These choanocytes are also used
to help porifera bring in food. Members of Phylum Porifera are supported by
structures made up of spicules and protein collagen. Reproduction can be either
sexual or asexual. For protection, they usually contain harmful, toxic substances
to avert predators. These sponges can also house other organisms because of
their stable and porous characteristics. They are all sessile.
CHIMNEY SPONGE
• Most are marine but some live in freshwater
• Multicellular, with few tissues and no organ
• Have pores and choanocytes to move water through the pores
3 phakellia sponge
• Sexual or asexual reproduction
• May contain harmful toxins to ward off predators
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chimney_sponge.jpg
Additional Information
http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/porifera.html
http://infusion.allconet.org/webquest/PhylumPorifera.html
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/porifera/porifera.html
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
The Phylum Cnidaria includes such diverse forms as jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, and
corals. Cnidarians are radially or bilaterally symmetric. They have achieved the tissue level
of organization, in which some similar cells are associated into groups or aggregations called
tissues, but true organs do not occur. Cnidarian bodies have two or sometimes three layers.
A gastrovascular cavity (coelenteron) has a single exterior opening that serves as both
mouth and anus. Often tentacles surround the opening. Some cells are organized into two
simple nerve nets, one epidermal and the other gastrodermal, that help coordinate muscular
and sensory functions. Cnidarians have two basic body forms, medusa and polyp.
Reproduction in polyps is by asexual budding (polyps) or sexual formation of gametes
(medusae, some polyps). Cnidarian individuals may be monoecious or dioecious. The result
of sexual reproduction is a planula larva, which is ciliated and free-swimming. A nematocyst
discharges when a prey species or predator comes into contact with it, driving its threads
with barb and poison into the flesh of the victim by means of a rapid increase in hydrostatic
pressure. Hundreds or thousands of nematocysts may line the tentacles or surface of the
cnidarian. They are capable even of penetrating human skin, sometimes producing a painful
wound or in extreme cases, death.
ANEMONE
• Have nematocysts {stinging cells} that eject barbed threads
tipped with poison
•Thousands of marine species some are found in rivers and fresh
water lakes
•Four major classes: ANTHOZOA [coral, anemones];
CUBOZOA [box jellies]; HYDROZOA [hydroids, fire corals];
SCYPHOZOA [true jellyfish]
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Actiniaria.JPG
Link:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/cnidaria.html
http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/cnidaria.html
http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Invertebrates/Facts/cnidarians/default.cfm
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes are also known as flatworms. They are
bilaterally symmetrical. They have a defined head and
tail. Platyhelminthes have a central nervous system
contains a brain and nerve cells. They have a cluster of
light sensitive cells called eyespots. They have three
layers of tissues with organs and organelles.
Platyhelminthes bodies’ have no internal cavity. They
have a blind gut which is that they have only one
opening which serves as their mouth and anus. They are
generally dorso-ventrally flattened. Platyhelminthes are
hermaphrodites but produce sexually mostly.
PSEUDOBICEROS HANCOCKANUS
•
•
•
Platyhelminthes are also known as flatworms
Platyhelminthes have a central nervous system contains
a brain and nerve cells.
Platyhelminthes bodies’ have no internal cavity
Additional Information:
•http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/platyhelminthes.htm
•http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.htm
l
•http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pl
atyhelminthes.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pseudobiceros_hancockanus.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Bilaterally symmetrical. Body has more than two cell layers, tissues
and organs. Body without cavity. Body possesses a through gut
with mouth and anus. Body monomeric (single part) and highly
variable in form, may possess a dorsal or lateral shells of protein
and calcareous spicules. Has a nervous system with a circumoesophagal ring, ganglia and paired nerve chords. Has an open
circulatory system with a heart and an aorta. Has gaseous
exchange organs called ctenidial gills. Has a pair of kidneys.
Reproduction normally sexual. Feed a wide range of material. Live
in most environments.
• Aquatic or terrestrial
• Open circulatory system
• Soft, single main section to body
GARDEN SNAILS
Links:
http://tolweb.org/Mollusca
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/mollusca.php
http://www.wetwebmedia.com/mollusca.htm
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mollusc_garden_snails_20070712_0113.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
The Class Gastropoda includes the snails and slugs. Most
gastropods have a single, usually spirally coiled shell into which the body
can be withdrawn, but the shell is lost or reduced some important groups.
Gastropods are characterized by "torsion," a process that results in the
rotation of the visceral mass and mantle on the foot. The result is that the
mantle cavity, including anus, lies in the anterior body, over the head and
mouth, and the gut and nervous system are twisted. Many snails have an
operculum, a horny plate that seals the opening when the snail's body is
drawn into the shell. The head is usually well developed, bearing eyes
and tentacles, and the foot is flattened to a creeping sole. The foot which
is used for "creeping" locomotion in most species. In some, it is modified
for swimming or burrowing. Most gastropods have a well-developed head
that includes eyes, 1-2 pairs of tentacles, and a concentration of nervous
tissue. Some Gastropods are hermaphroditic. Hermaphroditic forms
exchange bundles of sperm to avoid self-fertilization. Gastropod feeding
habits are extremely varied, although most species make use of a radula
in some aspect of their feeding behavior. Some graze. Some browse.
Some feed on plankton. Some are scavengers and some are active
carnivores.
• torsion
•flattened foot used for movement by creeping
• some are hermaphroditic
• concentration of nervous tissue
• varied habitats
For More Information:
VARIOUS GASTROPOD SHELLS
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apogastropoda_various.jpg
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gastropoda.html
http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/Courses/Tatner/biomedia/units/moll6.htm
http://www.oceaninn.com/guides/mollusks.htm
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Class Bivalvia is a group of mollusks that differ considerably from the
ancestral mollusk. Members of this class have a shell that is divided in two
along a dorsal midline, and held together by a hinge with interdigitating
teeth and a flexible ligament. The two valves close together by contraction
of the adductor muscles. The shell encompasses a body that is compressed
laterally (from the side) and has an extended dorsi-ventral axis and a
reduced lateral axis. This compression of the body is seen in changing the
foot from a broad, flat, creeping structure to a tapering, blade-like structure
for digging. All bivalves are aquatic, with the majority of types living in
shallow marine waters. There is however a single group of freshwater forms,
the Unionoidea. A few types, such as the common scallops and file shells
can swim through the water for short distances by clapping the valves
together strongly. Most bivalves are filter feeders, but some are scavengers
or even predators.
• All are aquatic
GIANT CLAM
• Two-valve shell, attached by a hinge,
which protects the soft animal inside
• Shell can be used to swim or dig
• Most are filter feeders
For additional information
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_clam_komodo.jpg
http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~biol240/labs/lab_18molluscs/pages/bivalves.html
http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Molluscs/Bivalvia/Bivalvia.html
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bivalvia.html
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Class Cephalopoda
1 giant squid
Organisms in Class Cephalopoda are invertebrates. All cephalopods live
only in marine environments. Cephalopoda means “head foot” and
cephalopods also have the most complex brain of an invertebrate. They
are characterized most distinctly by a large, merged head and foot, with
a ring of tentacles or arms surrounding the head. All cephalopods are
carnivorous. Their digestive tract consists of three parts: esophagus,
stomach, and cecum. Movement occurs by using jet propulsion, but the
“legs” can also be used to walk along the ocean floor. Some cephalopods
can change color or pattern rapidly when in danger.
CUTTLEFISH INTERACTING
• Invertebrates
• Live only in water
• Have a ring of tentacles or arms around their head
• Move by jet propulsion
Additional Information
3 blue-ringed octopus
http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/
http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/animals1/cephalopod/cephalopod.html
http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb102/lab_2/307em-cephalo.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia_Aquarium_-_Cuttlefish_Jan_2006.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Phylum Nematoda
Nematodes are bilaterally symmetrical. Their outer layer is a strong, flexible,
noncellular layer called a cuticle. The cuticle is secreted by and covers the
epidermal cells. Under the epidermal cells are muscle cells. They run in
longitudinal direction only. Nematodes have a simple nervous system. They
move by contraction of longitudinal muscles. Most are dioecious. Males use
specialized copulatory spines to open females reproductive tract and inject
sperm into them. Development of fertilized eggs is direct.
C. ELEGANS
Surrounded by cuticle
Muscles run only in longitudinal direction- move by contraction
Reproduce sexually
For Additional Information
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nematoda.html
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/nematodes.htm
http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/nematoda.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enlarged_c_elegans.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Annelids have ring-like external bands along their muscular body wall that
coincide with internal partitions dividing their bodies into segments. Annelida
are bilaterally symmetrical and vermiform. Their body cavity is a true coelom (a
fluid filled body cavity). Annelids bodies are divided into three regions a
prostomium (the first body segment in annelids), segments (the majority of their
body), and pygidium (the posterior body region). The youngest parts of an
annelid are most posterior. Annelids have a nervous system with an anterior
nerve ring, ganglia, and a ventral nerve chord. Annelids have a closed
circulatory system. They reproduce sexually and some are hermaphroditic.
Annelids are divided into three subphyla Polychaeta( where the majority of
annelids are), Oligochaeta (earthworms etc.) and Hirudinea (leeches).
•
Annelids bodies are divided into three regions a prostomium (the first body
segment in annelids), segments (the majority of their body), and pygidium (the
posterior body region).
•
Annelids have a nervous system with an anterior nerve ring, ganglia, and a
ventral nerve chord.
•
Annelids are divided into three subphyla Polychaeta( where the majority of
annelids are), Oligochaeta (earthworms etc.) and Hirudinea (leeches).
LEECH
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leech_blutegel.jpg
Additional Information:
http://www.tolweb.org/Annelida
http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/annelida.html
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/annelida/annelida.html
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
ARTHROPODS
Phylum Arthropoda consists of crustaceans, insects, spiders,
and their relatives. It’s name means “jointed foot,” as all of
these organisms have. This is the most numerous phylum of all
living organisms, both by number of species and number of
individuals. Organisms making up Arthropoda have segmented
bodies, surrounded by an exoskeleton that consist of chitin and
other chemicals. All have the body segments of a head, thorax,
and abdomen. Most organisms in the phylum have a pair of
compound eyes, and one to several eyes.
∙insects, crustaceans, spiders, centipedes, and
scorpions
∙have segmented bodies, containing of at least a head,
thorax and abdomen
∙surrounded by exoskeleton
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arthropoda.jpg
Sources:
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arthropoda.html
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio106/arthrpod.htm
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/arthropoda.html
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Class Chilopoda is made up of centipedes.
They are carnivorous. Centipedes can run fast and can bite.
Members of Chilopoda feed on soil invertebrates such as
earthworms and terrestrial insects and sometimes plants.
Their bodies are made up of a chain of many, up to 177,
flattened segments, each except the one behind the head
and last two bearing a single pair of legs. Most are small, but
a few attain up to 10 inches in length. They have antennae.
The appendages of the first body segment have been
modified to form large, poisonous fangs that are used to
capture prey. All are terrestrial but require moist
microhabitats such as leaf litter, under logs or rocks.
Fertilization is internal, with spermatophore transferred in
ways similar to many arachnids. Centipedes lay eggs, which
in some species are carefully brooded by the female. When
they hatch, the young resemble miniature adults.
HOUSE CENTIPEDE
• carnivorous
• lay eggs
• have poisonous fangs
•All are terrestrial
• require moist habitats
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scutigera_coleoptrata.JPG
For Additional Information:
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chilopoda.html
http://bugguide.net/node/view/20
http://www.earthlife.net/insects/chilopod.html
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Most are aquatic and of these, the majority are marine but some are
found in fresh water. All have two pairs of antennae, a pair of
mandibles, a pair of compound eyes (usually on stalks), and two pair of
maxillae on their heads, followed by a pair of appendages on each body
segment. Crustaceans respire via gills. Like other arthropods, all have a
hard but flexible exoskeleton. Most crustaceans are free-living, but
some are sessile and a few are even parasitic. Most use their maxillae
and mandibles to take in food. Most are filter feeders. The walking
legs, including specialized chelipeds, may be used to help capture prey.
Some crustaceans filter tiny plankton or even bacteria from the water;
others are active predators; while still others scavenge nutrients from
detritus. Most have male and female reproductive organs in separate
animals.
VARIOUS CRUSTACEANS
• All have two pairs of antennae, a pair of mandibles, a pair of
compound eyes, two pair of maxillae on their heads and a pair of
appendages on each body segment.
• All respire via gills
• Most are filter feeders
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crustacea.jpg
• Male and female reproductive organs in separate animals
For additional information
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Crustacea.html
http://www.ent.iastate.edu/dept/courses/ent201/arthropoda/classcrustacea.html
http://zoology.muohio.edu/crist/Zoo312/Crustaceans.html
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Class Insecta
Insects live in almost all terrestrial and freshwater habitats; a few species are
even marine. The members of Class Insecta have a very wide range of body
shape and size, but they normally do not grow to a very large size. They
have a body that is separated into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen.
Usually, they also have rather large eyes and a pair of antennae on the top
of their head. In addition to that, insects typically have two pairs of wings
which are extended from their body wall, and three pairs of legs. Insects
breathe through a tracheal system and they have spiracles as well as finely
branched tubules that carry gases directly to the metabolizing tissues.
Aquatic insect forms typically exchange gasses through their body wall, or
they have a pair of gills. Most fertilization is internal.
WEAVER ANTS
• Can live in most terrestrial and freshwater habitats, and occasionally
even in marine habitats
• Body separated into three parts: head, thorax, abdomen
• Have a pair of antennae, two pairs of wings, and three pairs of legs
• Reproduce mostly through internal fertilization
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oecophylla.jpg
Additional Information
http://www.livescience.com/insects/
http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=24.25.298
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/Zoology/Insects/ClassInsecta/ClassInsecta.htm
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Chelicerata is a subphylum of the phylum Arthropoda. The Chelicerata can be defined as those
arthropods with the anterior-most appendages as a pair of small pincers (chelicerae) followed
usually by pedipalps and four pairs of walking legs, and with the body divided into two parts: the
prosoma (corresponding approximately to the cephalothorax of many crustaceans and the
opisthosoma or abdomen). There are never antennae or mandibles (lateral jaws). The
Chelicerata has three classes: the enormous group Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions,
and related forms); the Pycnogonida (sea spiders or nobody-crabs); and the Merostomata
(including the Xiphosurida or horseshoe crabs). Both Merostomata and Pycnogonida are marine,
but the enormous numbers and varied forms of the Arachnida are almost entirely terrestrial. The
respiratory structures of chelicerates include gills, book-lungs, and tracheae. Sexes are normally
separate, with genital openings at the anterior end of the opisthosoma. Some mites and other
small chelicerates are omnivorous scavengers, but the majority of species of larger chelicerates
are predaceous carnivores at relatively high trophic levels in their particular ecotopes.
HORSESHOE CRAB
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Horseshoe_crabs,_Great_Bay,_NH.jpg
• The chelicerata are unable to ingest solids; so they drink blood
or inject saliva to dissolve their prey;
• The legs on the prosoma are adapted for walking or
swimming;
• Most are terrestrial, with only four marine species left
ARACHNID
Links:
http://livelikedirt.blogspot.com/2009/11/sundy-inverts-arthropods-part-5.html
http://www.servinghistory.com/topics/Cheliceriformes
http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/metazoa/arthropoda/cheliceriformes/
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arachnida_Richard_Bartz.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Phylum Echinodermata
Echinoderms are a marine group found in all oceans. They are derived from
sessile ancestors, yet they are motile. They have a water vascular system with a
network of radial canals extending through each of the extensions of the animal.
They have a decentralized nervous system. They have a simple hemal/
excretory system. They usually have two separate sexes- not hermaphrodites.
Their reproduction varies from being free spawning and indirect development to
brooding and direct development. Adults have a penta-radial body organization.
BRITTLESTAR on SPONGE
Water vascular system
Decentralized nervous system
Simple hemal/ excretory system
For Additional Information
1.
http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/echinoderms.html
2.
http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/courses/Tatner/biomedia/units/echi1.htm
3.
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/phylum_echinodermata.htm
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sponge_Brittle_Stars.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Phylum Chordata
Phylum chordata includes well known vertebrates for example birds, fish, amphibians, and
humans. All chordates share a set of traits, although many species only possess some of
these traits only during embryonic development. All chordates are deuterostomes,
meaning that the anus develops before the mouth in early embryonic stages. The four key
characters of chordates are ; a notochord, a dorsal , hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or
clefts, and a muscular post anal tail. A notochord is a longitudinal flexible rod located
between the digestive tube and the nerve cord. The nerve chord of a chordate embryo
developed from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube located dorsal to the notochord.
Hollow nerve cord is unique to chordates. Pharyngeal clefs are grooves that develop into
slits that open to the outside of the body, Pharyngeal slits allow water entering the mouth
to exit the body without passing the entire digestive tract. There are three subphyla:
Urochordata, (a marine group commonly known as "sea squirts" or tunicates. They are
hermaphroditic which mean they have both sets of sex organs. They reproduce sexually
and asexually.) Cephalochordata, ( also known as lancelet, but they have no complex
sense organs) and
•
•
•
E.O. WILSON
Vertebrata.
Phylum chordate includes well known vertebrates for example birds, fish, amphibians, and humans
The four key characters of chordates are ; a notochord, a dorsal , hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or
clefts, and a muscular post anal tail.
There are three subphyla: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata
Additional Information:
•http://www.tolweb.org/Chordata/2499
•http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chordata/chordata.html
•http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/chordates.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:E._O._Wilson_standing,_October_16,_2007.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Class Chondrichthyes contains sharks, rays and skates. The
organisms that make up this class have skeletons that are made
up of cartilage, instead of being made up of bone. They have five
to seven gill slits on each side of their bodies and two pairs of
fins. They lack scales and swim bladders. Some of the organisms
in this class give live birth, while others will produce egg sacs.
These organisms have poor eye sight, but to make up for it, they
have a lateral line system of sensory organs running down the
side of their body that can detect small changes in water
pressure, which allows them to know when fish are swimming
by.
UNK. STING RAY
∙skeleton made of cartilage, rather than bone
∙may give live birth or produce egg sac
∙have lateral line system of sensory organs to detect pressure
changes in the water
Sources:
http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Tree_of_Life/PhylumChordata/ClassChondrichthyes.htm
http://www.woodbridge.tased.edu.au/MDC/Species%20Register/class_chondrichthyes.htm
http://www.nvcc.edu/home/sotsuka/taxonomy/taxon/chordata/chondrichthyes.htm
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taeniura_lymma_060417w.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Class Osteichthyes is comprised of “bony” fish. The skeleton of
theses fish is made of bone, Other structural feature in bony fish is the operculum,
a flap on each side of the head that covers the gills. A special organ called a swim
bladder housed under the bony skeleton is a gas filled chamber that allows the
bony fish to remain floating in the water. A bony fish is able to breathe without
swimming simply by moving the operculum. Most bony fish are carnivorous. Few
are herbivores that feed on algae and aquatic plants and only some are filter
feeders. These fish have paired fins, many teeth, and numerous vertebrae. Most
species have dermal scales and mucous glands in the skin. Circulation consists of
a two chambered heart, arterial and venous systems, and four pairs of aortic
arches. These fish contain a nervous system of brain with small olfactory lobes,
cerebrum, and large optic lobes. Most bony fish are ray-finned fish, meaning that
they have thin, flexible skeletal rays. Lobe-finned fish, the other type of bony fish,
have muscular fins supported by bones. Only one species lobe-finned fish, the
coelacanth, still lives. Bony fish are all aquatic and majorities live in salt-water
environments. Most species produce eggs. Fertilization is external.
•Fertilization is external
•Have gills, bone skeleton, and swim bladder
•Either ray-finned or lobe-finned
•Most live in salt water
•Have a nervous system of brain
SEA HORSE
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hippocampus.jpg
For More Information:
http://www.woodbridge.tased.edu.au/MDC/Species%20Register/class_osteichthyes.htm
http://www.nvcc.edu/home/sotsuka/taxonomy/taxon/chordata/osteichthyes.htm
http://www.fernbank.edu/stt/VertBio/pages/Osteichthyes/osteichthyes.htm
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Dipnoi are bony fishes of the southern hemisphere. They are a group of
fish commonly known as the lungfish. Their "lung" is a modified swim
bladder, which in most fish is used for buoyancy in swimming, but in the
lungfish also absorbs oxygen and removes wastes. Modern lungfish in
Africa and South America are able to survive when their pools dry up by
burrowing into the mud and sealing themselves within a mucous-lined
burrow. During this time, they breathe air through their swim bladder
instead of through their gills, and reduce their metabolic rate dramatically.
These fish will even drown if they are kept underwater and not allowed to
breathe air. They are sometimes classified as an order of Crossopterygii.
They have so many unusual characteristics that zoologists initially had a
difficult time determining if they were fish, amphibians or reptiles. For
example, the African and South American lungfish have larvae with
external gills like some of the amphibians do.
SOUTH AM. LUNGFISH
•Lungfish
•Bony fishes
•Have a swim bladder and can breathe through it instead of
their gills when water is scarce
•Absorbs oxygen and removes wastes
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lepidosiren_paradoxa.jpg
For additional information
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/subclass+Dipnoi
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/sarco/dipnoi.html
http://people.clemson.edu/~jwfoltz/wfb300/subjects/dipnoi/dipnoi.htm
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Class Amphibia
Class Amphibia contains all members of tetrapods that do not have
amniotic eggs. Amphibians generally spend most of their life on land, but
some do not have the ability to leave water. One main reason that some
amphibians spend a majority of their life in water is so that they may
reproduce. They release eggs which are then undergo external fertilization.
Some amphibians do reproduce internally, though. A few characteristics of
amphibians are: dorsal nerve cord, gills (which are usually replaced by
lungs in the adult stage), notochord , and a post anal tail which changes
stages through life. They also have very thin, scale-less skin. Also, they are
exothermic. Amphibians have a three-chambered heart with two atria and
one ventricle. Amphibian eggs have no shell and instead are covered in
gelatinous layers. The larval stage may last from ten days to over twenty
years.
FIRE SALAMANDER
2 salamander
• Can reproduce internally or externally
• Have either lungs or gills for life on land or in water
• Unable to regulate body temperature
3 caecilian
• Eggs covered in gelatinous layers
• Three groups: Anura, Urodela, and Gymnophiona
Additional Information
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Feuer_Salamander_2.jpg
http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/animals1/amphibian/amphibia.html
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibintro.html
http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/bio/amph/main/clasamph.htm
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Class Reptilia
Reptiles are cold-blooded vertebrates with scales. Due to their cold blood, they can’t
regulate body temperature so to warm up they seek the sun, and to cool down they
seek shelter. However, they don’t need much food to maintain a steady body
temperature, so they can live in areas with sparse vegetation. Reptiles have legs that
are either short or not there, and reptiles are found everywhere in the world except
polar regions and mountain tops. Most reptiles lay hard-shelled, amniotic eggs, but
some give birth to live young. The eggs of reptiles are different from those of
amphibians because they are leathery instead of jelly-encased. There is no larval
stage with reptiles. Most reptiles reproduce sexually, yet some reproduce through
parthogenesis, or reproducing without mating.
RHINOCEROS IGUANA
Cold blooded vertebrates with scales
Most lay hard-shelled eggs, yet some give birth
Usually reproduce sexually, but sometimes through parthogenesis
No larval stage
For Additional Information
1.
http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/bio/reptile/main/reptilia.htm
2.
http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/animals1/reptile/reptile.html
3.
http://home.earthlink.net/~itec/Reptilia.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RhinoIguanaMay07Pedernales.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
Aves, commonly known as birds, consist of about 9,000 species.
Aves reproduce sexually, and the eggs are fertilized within the
Reproductive tract of the females. The eggs produced are amniote
eggs, and usually lay high off the ground out of reach of predators.
Unique to Aves is a “one-way” breathing system. This “one-way”
breathing is due to the blood flow and air flow moving in opposite
directions. Aves are vertebrates of which most fly, or have ancestors
who flew. All Aves derive from a common ancestor. They have light,
strong, hollow bones and powerful muscles needed for flight. Aves
are covered in feathers with a horny beak and no teeth.
BLUE JAY
“one-way” breathing system
reproduce sexually producing an egg outside the body
light bones for easy flight
Additional Information Sites
1. http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/biogeog/SCLA1858.htm
2. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aves.html
3. http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/animal_4.htm
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cyanocitta-cristata-004.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers
All mammals share at least three characteristics not found in other animals: 3 middle ear bones, hair, and the
production of milk by modified sweat glands called mammary glands. The three middle ear bones: the hammer,
anvil, and stirrup, function in the transmission of vibrations from the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the inner
ear. Hair has several functions, including insulation, color patterning, and aiding in the sense of touch. All female
mammals produce milk from their mammary glands in order to nourish newborn offspring. Thus, female mammals
invest a great deal of energy caring for each of their offspring, a situation which has important ramifications in
many aspects of mammalian evolution, ecology, and behavior. The smallest mammals are found among the
shrews and bats; and can weigh as little as 3 grams. The largest mammal, and indeed the largest animal to ever
inhabit the planet, is the blue whale, which can weigh 160 metric tons. Mammals have evolved to exploit a large
variety of ecological niches and life history strategies and have evolved numerous adaptations to take advantage
of different lifestyles. mammals that fly, glide, swim, run, burrow, or jump have evolved morphologies that allow
them to locomote efficiently; mammals have evolved a wide variety of forms to perform a wide variety of functions.
Care by males often involves defending a territory, resources, or the offspring themselves. Males may also
provision females and young with food. Mammalian young are often born in an altricial state, needing extensive
care and protection for a period after birth. Some mammals, however, are born well-developed and are able to
locomote on their own soon after birth.
BALUGA WHALES
• Have 4-chambered heart, diaphragm and large cerebral cortex
• Most terrestrial, some marine
• have mammary glands for nourishing young
• Hair hair/fur or some derivation
Links:
http://www.earthlife.net/mammals/welcome.html
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mammal.html
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/mammals/
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Baluga_Whales.jpg
Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers