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Battle of Appomattox Court House
Battle of Appomattox Court House
The Battle of Appomattox Court House, fought on the morning of April 9, 1865, was the final engagement of
Confederate States Army General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union
Army under Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, and one of the last battles of the American Civil War. Lee, having abandoned
the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, after the Siege of Petersburg, retreated west, hoping to join his army
with the Confederate forces in North Carolina. Union forces pursued and cut off the Confederate retreat. Lee's final
stand was at Appomattox Court House, where he launched an attack to break through the Union force to his front,
assuming the Union force consisted entirely of cavalry. When he realized that the cavalry was backed up by two
corps of Union infantry, he had no choice but to surrender. The signing of the surrender documents occurred in the
parlor of the house owned by Wilmer McLean on the afternoon of April 9. On April 12, a formal ceremony marked
the disbandment of the Army of Northern Virginia and the parole of its officers and men, effectively ending the war
in Virginia.
Background
The final campaign for Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederate States of America, began when the
Federal Army of the Potomac crossed the James River in June 1864. The armies under the command of Lt. Gen.
Ulysses S. Grant laid siege to Petersburg and Richmond, intending to cut the two cities' supply lines and force the
Confederates to evacuate. Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee waited for an opportunity to leave the Petersburg lines,
aware that the position was untenable, but Union troops made the first move. On April 1, 1865, Maj. Gen. Philip
Sheridan's cavalry turned Lee's flank at the Battle of Five Forks. The next day Grant's army achieved a decisive
breakthrough, effectively ending the Petersburg siege. With supply lines cut, Lee's men abandoned the trenches they
had held for ten months and evacuated on the night of 2nd to the 3rd of April.[1]
Lee's first objective was to reassemble and supply his men at Amelia Courthouse. His plan was to link up with Gen.
Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee and go on the offensive after establishing defenses on the Roanoke River.
When the troops arrived at Amelia on April 4, however, they found no provisions. Lee sent wagons out to the
surrounding country to forage, but as a result lost a day's worth of marching time.[1] The army then headed west to
Appomattox Station, where a supply train awaited him. Lee's army was now composed of the cavalry corps and two
small infantry corps.
En route[2] to the station, on April 6 at Sayler's Creek, nearly one fourth of the retreating Confederate army was cut
off by Sheridan's cavalry and elements of the II and VI Corps. Two Confederate divisions fought the VI Corps along
the creek. The Confederates attacked but were driven back, and soon after the Union cavalry cut through the right of
the Confederate lines. Most of the 7,700 Confederates surrendered, including Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell and eight
other generals.[3] The delay prevented Lee from reaching the station by late afternoon on April 8, allowing Sheridan
to reach the station that evening, where he captured Lee's supplies and obstructed his path.[4]
Following the minor battles of Cumberland Church and High Bridge, on April 7 Grant sent a note to Lee suggesting
that it was time to surrender the Army of Northern Virginia. In a return note, Lee refused the request, but asked
Grant what terms he had in mind.[5] On April 8, Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. and Brevet Maj. Gen. George
Armstrong Custer captured and burned three supply trains waiting for Lee's army at the Battle of Appomattox
Station. Now both the Army of the Potomac and the Army of the James were converging on Appomattox.
With his supplies at Appomattox destroyed, Lee now looked west, to the railway at Lynchburg, where more supplies
awaited him. While the Union Army was closing in on Lee, all that lay between Lee and Lynchburg was Union
cavalry. Lee hoped to break through the cavalry before infantry arrived. He sent a note to Grant saying that he did
not wish to surrender his army just yet but was willing to discuss how Grant's terms would affect the Confederacy.
Grant, with a throbbing headache, stated that "It looks as if Lee still means to fight."[6] The Union infantry was close,
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Battle of Appomattox Court House
but the only unit near enough to support Sheridan's cavalry was Maj. Gen. John Gibbon's XXIV Corps of the Army
of the James. This corps traveled 30 miles (50 km) in 21 hours to reach the cavalry. Maj. Gen. Edward O. C. Ord,
commander of the Army of the James, arrived with the XXIV Corps around 4:00 a.m. while the V Corps of the
Army of the Potomac was close behind. Sheridan deployed three divisions of cavalry along a low ridge to the
southwest of Appomattox Court House.
Battle
April 9
At dawn on April 9, the Confederate Second Corps under Maj. Gen.
John B. Gordon attacked Sheridan's cavalry and quickly forced back
the first line under Brevet Brig. Gen. Charles H. Smith. The next line,
held by Brig. Gens. Ranald S. Mackenzie and George Crook, slowed
the Confederate advance.[7] Gordon's troops charged through the Union
lines and took the ridge, but as they reached the crest they saw the
entire Union XXIV Corps in line of battle with the Union V Corps to
their right. Lee's cavalry saw these Union forces and immediately
withdrew and rode off towards Lynchburg.[8] Ord's troops began
The reconstructed McLean House (brick house on
advancing against Gordon's corps while the Union II Corps began
right)
moving against Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps to the northeast.
Colonel Charles Venable of Lee's staff rode in at this time and asked
for an assessment, and Gordon gave him a reply he knew Lee did not want to hear: "Tell General Lee I have fought
my corps to a frazzle, and I fear I can do nothing unless I am heavily supported by Longstreet's corps." Upon hearing
it Lee finally stated the inevitable: "Then there is nothing left for me to do but to go and see General Grant and I
would rather die a thousand deaths."[1]
Many of Lee's officers, including Longstreet, agreed that surrendering the army was the only option left. The only
notable officer opposed to surrender was Longstreet's chief of artillery, Brig. Gen. Edward Porter Alexander, who
predicted that if Lee surrendered then "every other [Confederate] army will follow suit."
At 8:00 a.m., Lee rode out to meet Grant, accompanied by three of his aides.
Grant received Lee's first letter on the morning of April 9 as he was traveling to meet Sheridan. Grant recalled his
migraine seemed to disappear when he read Lee's letter,[9] and he handed it to his assistant Rawlins to read aloud
before composing his reply:
General, Your note of this date is but this moment, 11:50 A.M. rec'd., in consequence of my having passed
from the Richmond and Lynchburg road. I am at this writing about four miles West of Walker's Church and
will push forward to the front for the purpose of meeting you. Notice sent to me on this road where you wish
the interview to take place.[10]
Grant's response was remarkable in that it let the defeated Lee choose the place of his surrender.[10] Lee received the
reply within an hour and dispatched an aide, Charles Marshall, to find a suitable location for the occasion. Marshall
scrutinized Appomattox Court House, a small village of roughly twenty buildings that served as a waystation for
travelers on the Richmond-Lynchburg Stage Road.[11] Marshall rejected the first house he saw as too dilapidated,
instead settling on the 1848 brick home of Wilmer McLean. McLean had lived near Manassas Junction during the
First Battle of Bull Run, and had retired to Appomattox to escape the war.[12]
With gunshots still being heard on Gordon's front and Union skirmishers still advancing on Longstreet's front, Lee
received a message from Grant. After several hours of correspondence between Grant and Lee, a cease-fire was
enacted and Grant received Lee's request to discuss surrender terms.
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Battle of Appomattox Court House
3
Surrender
Dressed in an immaculate uniform, Lee waited for Grant to arrive.
Grant, whose headache had ended when he received Lee's note, arrived
in a mud-spattered uniform—a government-issue flannel shirt with
trousers tucked into muddy boots, no sidearms, and with only his
tarnished shoulder straps showing his rank.[13] It was the first time the
two men had seen each other face-to-face in almost two decades.[14]
Suddenly overcome with sadness, Grant found it hard to get to the
point of the meeting and instead the two generals briefly discussed
their only previous encounter, during the Mexican-American War. Lee
brought the attention back to the issue at hand, and Grant offered the
same terms he had before:
Federal soldiers at the courthouse, April 1865
In accordance with the substance of my letter to you of the 8th inst., I propose to receive the surrender of the
Army of N. Va. on the following terms, to wit: Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate. One
copy to be given to an officer designated by me, the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may
designate. The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the Government of the
United States until properly exchanged, and each company or regimental commander sign a like parole for the
men of their commands. The arms, artillery and public property to be parked and stacked, and turned over to
the officer appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers, nor their
private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to their homes, not to be
disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may
reside.[15]
The terms were as generous as Lee could hope for; his men would not be
imprisoned or prosecuted for treason.[16] In addition to his terms, Grant also
allowed the defeated men to take home their horses and mules to carry out the
spring planting and provided Lee with a supply of food rations for his starving
army; Lee said it would have a very happy effect among the men and do much
toward reconciling the country.[17] The terms of the surrender were recorded in a
document completed around 4 p.m., April 9.[18][19][20] As Lee left the house and
rode away, Grant's men began cheering in celebration, but Grant ordered an
immediate stop. "I at once sent word, however, to have it stopped," he said. "The
Confederates were now our countrymen, and we did not want to exult over their
downfall."[21] Custer and other Union officers purchased from McLean the
furnishings of the room Lee and Grant met in as souvenirs, emptying it of
furniture. Grant soon visited the Confederate army, then he and Lee sat on the
McLean home's porch and met with visitors such as Longstreet and George
Pickett before the two men left for their capitals.[22]:375
Flag used by the Confederacy to
On April 10, Lee gave his farewell address to his army.[23] The same day a
surrender
six-man commission gathered to discuss a formal ceremony of surrender, even
though no Confederate officer wished to go through with such an event. Brig.
Gen. Joshua L. Chamberlain was the Union officer selected to lead the ceremony, and later he reflected on what he
witnessed on April 12, 1865, and wrote a moving tribute:
The momentous meaning of this occasion impressed me deeply. I resolved to mark it by some token of
recognition, which could be no other than a salute of arms. Well aware of the responsibility assumed, and of
the criticisms that would follow, as the sequel proved, nothing of that kind could move me in the least. The act
Battle of Appomattox Court House
4
could be defended, if needful, by the suggestion that such a salute was not to the cause for which the flag of
the Confederacy stood, but to its going down before the flag of the Union. My main reason, however, was one
for which I sought no authority nor asked forgiveness. Before us in proud humiliation stood the embodiment
of manhood: men whom neither toils and sufferings, nor the fact of death, nor disaster, nor hopelessness could
bend from their resolve; standing before us now, thin, worn, and famished, but erect, and with eyes looking
level into ours, waking memories that bound us together as no other bond;—was not such manhood to be
welcomed back into a Union so tested and assured? Instructions had been given; and when the head of each
division column comes opposite our group, our bugle sounds the signal and instantly our whole line from right
to left, regiment by regiment in succession, gives the soldier's salutation, from the "order arms" to the old
"carry"—the marching salute. Gordon at the head of the column, riding with heavy spirit and downcast face,
catches the sound of shifting arms, looks up, and, taking the meaning, wheels superbly, making with himself
and his horse one uplifted figure, with profound salutation as he drops the point of his sword to the boot toe;
then facing to his own command, gives word for his successive brigades to pass us with the same position of
the manual,—honor answering honor. On our part not a sound of trumpet more, nor roll of drum; not a cheer,
nor word nor whisper of vain-glorying, nor motion of man standing again at the order, but an awed stillness
rather, and breath-holding, as if it were the passing of the dead!
— Joshua L. Chamberlain, Passing of the Armies, pp. 260-61
At the surrender ceremonies, about 28,000 Confederate soldiers passed by and stacked their arms.[24][25]
Panoramic image of the reconstructed parlor of the McLean House. Ulysses S. Grant sat at the simple wooden table
on the right, while Robert E. Lee sat at the more ornate marble-topped table on the left.
Aftermath
While General George Meade reportedly shouted that "it's all over" upon hearing the surrender was signed, Grant
was aware that only a single army had given up. Roughly 175,000 Confederates remained in the field. Many of these
were scattered throughout the South in garrisons while the rest were concentrated in three major Confederate
commands.[21][26] Just as Porter Alexander had predicted, it was only a matter of time before the other Confederate
armies began to surrender. As news spread of Lee's surrender, other Confederate commanders realized that the
strength of the Confederacy was fading, and decided to lay down their own arms. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army in
North Carolina, the most threatening of the remaining Confederate armies, surrendered to Maj. Gen. William T.
Sherman at Bennett Place in Durham, North Carolina on April 26. General Taylor surrendered his army at
Citronelle, Alabama in early May followed by General Edmund Kirby Smith surrendering the Confederate
Battle of Appomattox Court House
5
Trans-Mississippi Department in May near New Orleans, Louisiana. Brig. Gen. Stand Watie surrendered the last
sizable organized Confederate force on June 23, 1865.[27]
There were several more small battles after the surrender, with the Battle of Palmito Ranch commonly regarded as
the final military action of the Confederacy.
Lee never forgot Grant's magnanimity during the surrender, and for the rest of his life would not tolerate an unkind
word about Grant in his presence. Likewise, General Gordon cherished Chamberlain's simple act of saluting his
surrendered army, calling Chamberlain "one of the knightliest soldiers of the Federal army."[28]
References in popular culture
• James Thurber, himself the grandson of a Union veteran, wrote a humorous short story, "If Grant Had Been
Drinking at Appomattox," which was collected in the anthology, The Middle-Aged Man on the Flying Trapeze,
and again later in The Thurber Carnival.
• In the 1960s television series F Troop, it was this battle at which Private Wilton Parmenter accidentally led a
cavalry charge in the wrong direction - towards the enemy. On his way to pick up his commanding officer's
laundry, Parmenter sneezed and a small squadron of Union cavalry mistook his sneeze for the sounding of a
charge and they followed him. For his actions, he was decorated for bravery, promoted to Captain, and given
command of Fort Courage.
• Appomattox is briefly mentioned in the song "Wreck of the Sultana" by singer-songwriter Cory Branan. The song
depicts the events of the SS Sultana soon after the Civil War had concluded.
Civil War commemorative stamps
During the Civil War Centennial, the United States Post Office
issued five postage stamps commemorating the 100th
anniversaries of famous battles, as they occurred over a four year
period, beginning with the Battle of Fort Sumter Centennial issue
of 1961. The Battle of Shiloh commemorative stamp was issued in
1962, the Battle of Gettysburg in 1963, the Battle of the
Wilderness in 1964, and the Appomattox Centennial
commemorative stamp in 1965.
Notes
[1] Williams.
[2] 'Washington State University web site' (http:/ / public. wsu. edu/ ~brians/
errors/ inroute. html) citing Brians, Paul. Common Errors in English Usage:
The Book (2nd Edition). William, James & Co.: Wilsonville, Oregon, 2009.
ISBN 978-1-59028-207-6: "En route is a French phrase meaning “on the way,”
as in “En route to the gallows, Lucky was struck by lightning.” Don’t anglicize
this expression as “in route.”"
[3] Salmon, pp. 477-80.
[4] Lee, p. 387.
[5] Salmon, pp. 484-87.
[6] Korn, p. 137.
[7] Salmon, p. 490.
[8] Korn, p. 139.
[9] Winik, p. 181.
[10] Winik, p. 182.
[11] Winik, p. 183.
[12] Winik, p. 184.
U.S. Postage Stamp, 1965 issue, commemorating the
centennial anniversary of the Confederate surrender at
Appomattox Court House.
Battle of Appomattox Court House
[13] Smith, pp. 403-404.
[14] Winik, 184.
[15] Winik, 186–187.
[16] Winik, 188.
[17] Winik, 189.
[18] Davis, p. 387.
[19] Calkins, p. 175, says Lee and Marshall left the McLean House "some time after 3:00 in the afternoon."
[20] Eicher, The Longest Night, p. 819 says "the surrender interview lasted until about 3:45 p.m."
[21] Winik, 191.
[22] Keegan, John (2009). The American Civil War: A Military History. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-27314-7.
[23] Eicher, The Longest Night, p. 820 says that Lee's General Orders No. 9 was read to the troops, but not by Lee.
[24] Winik, p. 197.
[25] Eicher, The Longest Night, p. 821 says 26,765 captured Confederates were paroled at Appomattox Court House. Calkins, p. 187, says 1,559
cavalrymen turned in their weapons on April 10, on p. 188, 2,576 artillerymen surrendered on April 11, and, on p. 192, 23,512 infantry
surrendered on April 12, for a total of 27,647.
[26] Korn, p. 155.
[27] Long, p. 693.
[28] Gordon, p. 444.
References
• Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches kreigs-lexikon, (1618-1905) (http://books.google.com/
books?id=Eo4DAAAAYAAJ). Stern.
• Calkins, Chris. The Appomattox Campaign, March 29 – April 9, 1865. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books,
1997. ISBN 978-0-938289-54-8.
• Chamberlain, Joshua L., The Passing of Armies: An Account of the Final Campaign of the Army of the Potomac,
Bantam reprint, 1992, ISBN 0-553-29992-1.
• Davis, Burke. To Appomattox: Nine April Days, 1865. New York: Eastern Acorn Press reprint, 1981. ISBN
0-915992-17-5. First published New York: Rinehart, 1959.
• Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.
ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
• Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.
ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
• Freeman, Douglas S., R. E. Lee, A Biography (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/
Robert_E_Lee/FREREL/home.html) (4 volumes), Scribners, 1934.
• Gordon, John B., Reminiscences of the Civil War (http://books.google.com/books?id=7mIUAAAAYAAJ),
Charles Scribner's Sons, 1904.
• Grant, Ulysses S., Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (http://www.bartleby.com/1011/), Charles L. Webster &
Company, 1885–86, ISBN 0-914427-67-9.
• Korn, Jerry, and the Editors of Time-Life Books, Pursuit to Appomattox: The Last Battles, Time-Life Books,
1987, ISBN 0-8094-4788-6.
• Lee, Fitzhugh, General Lee; Great Commanders (http://books.google.com/books?id=1lnMl1UDhnkC), D.
Appleton and Company, 1894.
• Long, E. B. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971.
OCLC 68283123.
• Salmon, John S., The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide, Stackpole Books, 2001, ISBN 0-8117-2868-4.
• Smith, Jean Edward, Grant, Simon and Schuster, 2001, ISBN 0-684-84927-5.
• Williams, Joe (2004-09-22). "The Appomattox Campaign; March 29 - April 9, 1865" (http://www.nps.gov/
apco/appomattox-campaign.htm). National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
• Winik, Jay, April 1865: The Month That Saved America, HarperCollins, 2002, ISBN 0-06-093088-8.
• National Park Service Battle Summary (http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/va097.htm)
6
Battle of Appomattox Court House
• CWSAC Report Update (http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/CWSII/VirginiaBattlefieldProfiles/Aldie to Auburn
II.pdf)
Further reading
• Catton, Bruce, A Stillness at Appomattox, Doubleday and Company, 1953, ISBN 0-385-04451-8.
• Marvel, William, A Place Called Appomattox, University of North Carolina Press, 1999, ISBN
978-0-8078-2568-6.
• Marvel, William, Lee's Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox, University of North Carolina Press, 2002, ISBN
978-0-8078-5703-8.
External links
• Battle of Appomattox Court House: Battle maps, photos, history articles, and battlefield news (CWPT) (http://
www.civilwar.org/battlefields/appomattox-courthouse.html)
• Confederate Surrender at Appomattox (http://www.footnote.com/image/4346760), Virginia, April 10, 1865.
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File:McLean House, Appomattox Court House, Virginia.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:McLean_House,_Appomattox_Court_House,_Virginia.jpg License:
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