Download Chapter 52 1. What are the different levels of ecological research? 2

 Chapter 52 1. What are the different levels of ecological research? 2. How do interactions between organisms and the biotic and abiotic environment influence their spatial distribution? 3. What factors cause lake stratification? How does stratification influence the distribution and abundance of species in lakes? 4. What are the major features of aquatic biomes? 5. How do precipitation and temperature determine terrestrial biomes? Chapter 53 1. You have decided to estimate the number of crayfish in Connely’s Run in Radford. You capture and mark 100 crayfish. The next day you go back and capture 200 crayfish, and discover that 25 of them are marked. What is your estimated population size. 2. What are the three patterns of dispersion, and what causes them in nature? 3. What are the three types of survivorship curve, and what species tend to show each type? 4. How do tradeoffs influence life history traits? Give an example. 5. Why is the logistic growth model more likely to be found in natural populations than the exponential model? 6. What factors lead to density dependent population regulation? 7. What is age structure and how does it influence predictions of future population growth? Chapter 54 1. What are the different types of interspecific interactions? 2. Distinguish a dominant species from a keystone species. How do both types of species affect the structure of food webs? 3. What are the bottom‐up and top‐down models of community organization? How does inquiry 54.19 relate to these two models? 4. What are examples of disturbance. How does disturbance influence species diversity? How does disturbance influence succession? 5. How do latitudinal gradients and area effects influence community diversity? Chapter 55 1. What are producers, consumers and decomposers, and how do they relate to the different trophic levels of ecosystems? 2. What is GPP and NPP? How are these concepts related to biomass? 3. (a) What is the experimental evidence demonstrating that iron is a limiting nutrient in marine ecosystems? (b) What is the experimental evidence demonstrating that nitrogen is a limiting nutrient in marine ecosystems? 4. What is trophic efficiency, how is it measured, and what is its relation to (a) energy pyramids and (b) biomass pyramids? 5. Why are the following cycles important: water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus? Outline them, and understand what each arrow represents. 6. What are the major take‐home lessons from the research done at Hubbard Brook? 7. Outline the negative impacts humans have had on ecosystems in the following issues: ozone depletion, global warming, pollution, acid precipitation. For each issue, describe how humans have caused the problem, and then discuss which actions, if any, have been enacted to address the problem. 8. What is a fundamental difference between how energy and nutrients move around in ecosystems? Chapter 56 1. What are three levels of biodiversity, and how are they different from each other? 2. What are three major threats to biological diversity, and give an example of each. 3. What processes can lead to an extincxtion vortex, and how do they interact? 4. Globally, where are biodiversity hotspots? 5. How has Costa Rica embraced the concept of a zoned reserve? 6. Distinguish bioremediation from biological augmentation. Chapter 22 1. What were the similarities and differences among how Aristotle, Linnaeus, Lamarck and Darwin understood the relationships among organisms? 2. What is an adaptation? Give two examples of adaptation from your readings. 3. Explain Darwin’s two main ideas from “On the Origin of Species”. 4. What are the observations and inferences of Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Apply these observations and inferences to one of the adaptations you described in answer to question # 2. 5. How do fossils, homologies and biogeography provide evidence that life has evolved. Give an example of each type of evidence. Chapter 24 (only need to read pages 487‐ 498) 1. How do microevolution and macroevolution differ? 2. How are prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers different from each other? Distinguish each type of barrier, and give an example of each. 3. What are the four types of species concepts? What are the advantages and drawbacks of each species concept? 4. Answer the “what if” question from the inquiry experiment on page 495. 5. Outline the processes of sympatric and allopatric speciation. Why is allopatric speciation more likely to occur? Chapter 36 1. What adaptations in plants maximize light capture? 2. What adaptations in plants maximize water acquisition? 3. How do solute potential and pressure potential influence water potential. How does water potential influence the movement of water within a plant? 4. How do xylem cells facilitate long‐distance transport in a plant? 5. How does a plant regulate the opening and closing of stomata. Why is this regulation important to a plant? 6. Compare and contrast the forces that move xylem sap and phloem sap over long distances. Chapter 37 1. Explain how cation exchange occurs between the soil and root hairs. What environmental factors (of the soil) influence the rate of cation exchange? 2. What if question on page 789. 3.What are the essential macronutrients, and what do they do for the plant? 4. How do bacteria affect plant growth via their role in the nitrogen cycle? 5. What role do fungi play in plant nutrition? Chapter 40 1. How do physical laws influence an animal’s ability to exchange materials with the environment? 2. What role does feedback play in maintaining homeostasis? 3. What are endothermy and ectothermy, and how do they relate to homeothermy and poikilothermy? What are the advantages and disadvantages of homeothermy and poikilothermy? 4. What factors influence how much energy an animal uses? Chapter 42 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of open vs. closed circulatory systems? 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of open vs. closed circulatory systems? 3. Outline the mechanism of blood flow in mammals. How does this correspond to the systolic and diastolic blood pressure? 4. How does blood pressure vary as blood flows through the capillary network? How does this variation in blood pressure interact with osmotic pressure to control the exchange of materials between the capillaries and the interstitial fluid? 5. Describe the countercurrent gas exchange system in fish. 6. How does negative feedback influence breathing in mammals? 7. What is the Bohr shift, how does it work, and how is it adaptive? Chapter 51 1. Distinguish between questions of proximal and ultimate cause. How can these distinctions help us to understand the behavior of the red‐crowned crane? 2. Discuss Peter Berthold’s study of differences in migratory orientation in blackcap chickadees. 3. What are the different types of mating systems? What factors lead to the evolution of these different types of mating systems? 4. How can the concept of inclusive fitness account for the evolution of altruistic social behavior in animals? 5. What if question 51.5 # 3.