Download Chapter 1, section 3 – Experiments in Biology 1

Chapter 1, section 3 – Experiments in Biology
1. Define hypothesis and distinguish hypothesis from theory
2. Be able to identify the dependent variable and the independent variable in an experiment
3. What is a constant and a control? Why are they important in experiments?
Chapter 2 – Chemical Reactions
1. Distinguish between hydrogen bonds (weak attractions between hydrogen atoms and other atoms in a polar
molecule) and covalent bonds (strong attractions between atoms that share pairs of electrons)
2. List the 4 types of macromolecules found in all organisms
3. List the monomers of each type of macromolecule from the previous question
4. Distinguish between monomer and polymer
5. Know what a chemical reaction is, and be able to identify reactants and products
6. Define activation energy.
7. Explain how enzymes function in organisms.
8. What kind of molecule is an enzyme? Why is the shape of the enzyme important?
9. What molecule does an enzyme act upon?
10. What is the “lock-and-key” model of enzyme function?
11. What factors affect enzyme structure and function?
Chapter 3 – Cells
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What are the three components of the cell theory?
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Be able to identify, label, and state the function of all the eukaryotic organelles.
Describe the structure and function of the cell membrane.
What is the “fluid mosaic” model of the membrane?
Explain what is meant by selectively permeable (same as semipermeable).
Define diffusion.
Define osmosis.
What is a concentration gradient and why is it important for diffusion and osmosis?
Distinguish between active and passive transport.
What is a receptor? What is its function in the cell membrane?
Chapter 4 – Cellular Energetics / Photosynthesis / Cellular Respiration Review
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Define photosynthesis. What is its purpose?
Define cellular respiration. What is its purpose?
Where does each process occur in the cell (what organelles)?
What types of cells perform each process?
What are the reactants and products (write the complete chemical reaction for both processes and identify the
reactants and products of each reaction).
What is the primary pigment of photosynthesis? How does this pigment function in photosynthesis?
What are the two stages of photosynthesis? What are the major inputs and outputs of each stage?
What are the three stages of cellular respiration? What are the major inputs and outputs of each stage? Which
processes are anaerobic? Which processes are aerobic?
Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
10. What molecule is used as the energy of the cell? How does that molecule provide energy for cells to perform
work? What kinds of work do cells perform?
11. Describe the ATP/ADP cycle.
Chapter 5 – Cell Growth and Division
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What are the stages of the cell cycle? What are the main events that occur in each stage?
What are the main stages of mitosis (PMATC)? Be able to identify each stage in a diagram.
What is the purpose of mitosis?
What kinds of cells divide by mitosis?
How many chromosomes does the parent cell have if the cell is in a human? Is this number haploid or diploid?
How many cells are produced by mitosis? If they are human cells, how many chromosomes are in each cell?
Are the cells produced by mitosis diploid or haploid? Are they genetically identical or genetically different from
one another?
What are the levels of organization of multicellular life (section 5.5) from smallest to largest?
What is a stem cell?
What is differentiation? Why is it important for multicellular organisms?
Explain why mitosis produces all the cells of a multicellular organism, yet all the cells have different structures
and functions (e.g. liver cell, brain cell, muscle cell, blood cell, etc.)
Chapter 6 – Genetics and Meiosis
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Study ALL the vocab from this chapter – it is absolutely critical that you know and understand ALL these terms!
Are homologous chromosomes identical to each other? Explain.
Is a somatic cell diploid or haploid? Is a gamete diploid or haploid?
If an organism’s somatic cells have 14 chromosomes, how many chromosomes should be in its gametes?
What is meiosis? What is its purpose?
Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes. How many of each type of chromosome are found in
human cells?
What is fertilization? What happens to chromosome number during fertilization?
What are the stages of meiosis? What are the major events in each stage? Be able to identify the stages in a
diagram.
How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation in offspring? Hint: one way occurs in prophase I.
Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Which part of meiosis is more like mitosis – meiosis I or meiosis II?
Explain your answer.
What is genetics?
In a cross, parents each have two alleles for each gene, but each parent passes only one allele of each gene to
their offspring. Which of Mendel’s laws does this describe?
What does the term purebred mean in terms of genotype?
How do you know whether an allele is dominant or recessive?
What are the three possible genotypes? How does genotype determine phenotype, assuming the alleles exhibit
Mendelian dominance?
What is a gene? Where are genes located?
The F2 generation can have combinations of traits not shown together in a dihybrid cross of the F1 generation;
this describes which of Mendel’s laws?
What is the predicted phenotype ratio for a dihybrid cross that obeys Mendel’s law from the question above?
(Give the ratio and the phenotype descriptions).
Chapter 7 – Non-Mendelian Genetics
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What is a carrier?
What is a sex-linked gene? What chromosomes contain these genes?
If two alleles exhibit incomplete dominance, what is the phenotype of heterozygous individuals?
If two alleles exhibit codominance, what is the phenotype of heterozygous individuals?
What is a pedigree?
In a pedigree, who are the males and who are the females? Who are the individuals that have the trait being
studied?
Chapter 8 – DNA to Protein
1. What is the two-word term used to describe the structure of the DNA molecule?
2. What are the DNA base pair rules?
3. What is the name of the monomer that makes up the DNA polymer? What are the three parts of the DNA
monomer?
4. What type of bond holds nucleotides together that are on the same strand of the DNA?
5. What type of bond holds nucleotides together that are on opposite strands of the DNA?
6. What enzyme is responsible for DNA replication? What special ability does this enzyme have that prevents
some (but not all) mutations?
7. Explain what is meant by semiconservative.
8. What are the steps of the central dogma?
9. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?
10. What enzyme is responsible for transcription?
11. What are the base pair rules when a DNA template is used to make mRNA?
12. What is a codon?
13. What is the reading frame and why is it important?
14. What is the role of the start codon and the stop codon?
15. What is the anticodon? Why is it important?
16. What is a mutation? What causes mutations?
17. Distinguish between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation. Which type is generally more harmful?
18. Why are some mutations “silent”?
19. Why do mutations have to occur in gametes (or germ cells that give rise to gametes) in order to be inherited by
offspring?
20. Given a DNA sequence, be able to transcribe and translate that sequence. Given an mRNA sequence, be able to
translate that sequence. Given a protein (amino acid) sequence, be able to work backward and state the mRNA
and DNA sequences that code for that protein.