Download Chapter 14 Climate

Name
Due Date
Chapter 14 Climate
SECTION
14.1 What is climate?
In your textbook, read about climate and different types of climate data.
Write Climate or Weather next to each word.
1. Annual wind speed__________
35 points
2. Average ocean depth __________
3. Average precipitation __________
4. Average air temperature __________
5. Average thickness of atmosphere__________
6. One day’s temperature__________
7. How does latitude affect climate?
8. Explain how the presence of a large body of water can affect
climate.
9. Illustrate and describe how mountains affect climate.
Period
SECTION
14.2 Climate Classification
249 points
In your textbook, read about the Koeppen classification system.
Write the name of the types of climate in the Koeppen classification
system described by each group of terms below. Choose from the
following: dry climate, polar climate, mild climate, continental
climate, tropical climate.
1. Continental tropical air dominates, precipitation
is low, vegetation is scarce, solar radiation is
intense, and clouds are few
________________ 2. Located between the polar zones and the
tropics, violent weather changes occur and
summer and winter temperatures are extreme
________________ 3. Prevails in the southeastern United States,
summers are warm and muggy, and winters are
dry and cool
________________ 4. Mean temperature of warmest month is less than
10°C and precipitation is generally low
________________ 5. Characterized by constant high temperatures, up
to 600 cm of rain falls each year, and lush rain
forests predominate
________________
In your textbook, read about microclimates.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
heat island
microclimate
precipitation
temperatures
A localized climate that differs from the main regional climate is called a
10. Describe the effect that air masses can have on climate and
give an example.
(6)_________________ . A (7) ____________________ is a
place in a city where the climate is warmer than in the surrounding
countryside. This added heat can cause strong convection currents,
____________
increased cloudiness, and more total (8)____
.
Buildings can also change the surrounding climate by casting shadows that
lower (9)_________________.
Standard III Objective 3: Examine the natural and human-caused processes that cause Earth’s climate to change over intervals of time ranging from decades to millennia.
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Due Date
SECTION
14.3 Climatic Changes (natural)
35 points
In your textbook, read about different types of climatic changes.
For each statement below, write correct or incorrect. If the statement
is incorrect, use proofreading marks to make it correct. (9 points)
__________ 1. During ice ages, Earth’s climate was colder and
much of its surface was covered by vast sheets of ice.
__________ 2. Earth is currently experiencing a warm period
Period
In your textbook, read about why climatic changes occur.
Answer each question or complete each statement. (20 points)
10. English astronomer E. W. Maunder discovered that changes in Earth’s
climate have coincided with cycles of low activity for
11. The Maunder minimum is a cycle of low sunspot activity that corresponds
closely to which type of climatic episode?
between ice ages, called an interglacial period.
__________ 3. Seasons are short-term periods of climatic
change caused by regular variations in daylight, temperature, and the
curvature of Earth.
__________ 4. During El Niño, cold ocean currents along the
western coast of South America are replaced by warm waters from the
western Pacific.
__________ 5. El Niño can bring stormy weather to areas that
are normally dry and drought conditions to areas that are normally wet.
__________6. Some scientists think that changes in the angle
of Earth’s tilt caused ice ages.
__________ 7. Europe’s “Little Ice Age” of 1645 to 1716 is
believed to have been the result of an elongation of Earth’s orbit.
12. Climatic changes may be triggered by changes in Earth’s axis and
_______________.
13. Describe how the shape of Earth’s orbit changes over a 100 000-year
cycle.
14. When the Earth’s orbit elongates, Earth passes closer to the Sun and
climates become _______________.
15. When its orbit is more circular, Earth is farther from the Sun and its
climates become _______________.
16. Some scientists hypothesize that changes in the angle of Earth’s tilted
Answer the following questions. (6 points)
8. How does the tilt of the Earth affect climate?
axis cause _______________.
17. What could cause Earth to have warmer summers and colder winters in
the northern hemisphere for several thousand years?
9. How will seasons on Earth change when Earth’s axis points away
from Polaris and toward Vega in 14 000 years
18. What triggers a lowering of global temperatures caused by dust
blocking solar radiation?
Standard III Objective 3: Examine the natural and human-caused processes that cause Earth’s climate to change over intervals of time ranging from decades to millennia.
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SECTION
Due Date
14.4 The Human Factor
40 points
In your textbook, read about the greenhouse effect and global warming.
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in
Column B. (5 points)
Column A
Column B
______ 1. One possible effect of global warming
a. greenhouse effect
Period
In your textbook, read about human impacts on climate.
In the space at the left, write correct if the statement is correct; if the
statement is incorrect, change the italicized word or phrase to make
it correct. (10 points)
__________ 10. The burning of fossils releases the greenhouse gas
Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
______ 2. The main source of Earth’s energy
b. carbon dioxide
__________11. Automobile exhaust and industrial emissions are major
________3. Natural heating of Earth’s surface
c.
sources of carbon dioxide.
caused by certain atmospheric gases
d. flooded coastal cities
__________12. The mass removal of trees, or desertification, plays a
________ 4. A rise in global temperatures
e.
role in increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
global warming
the Sun
________ 5. A major greenhouse gas
__________13. Trees decrease atmospheric levels of carbon
dioxide by using the gas during photosynthesis.
__________14. Because global warming is linked to human
Answer each question or complete each statement. (20 points)
1. Illustrate and describe the greenhouse effect?
activities, maintaining those activities could work to reduce their
impact.
__________15. During the past 200 years, there has been a gradual
increase in world air pressure levels.
2. Even though most scientists agree that global warming is occurring,
what do they disagree most about?
16. Describe three ways that individuals can combat global warming. (5 points)
8. What do some scientists hypothesize that an increase in atmospheric
carbon dioxide may cause?
9. Describe some of the effects of the trend in global-warming.
20 points
Standard III Objective 3: Examine the natural and human-caused processes that cause Earth’s climate to change over intervals of time ranging from decades to millennia.
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Due Date
El Niño—A Warm Ocean Current
From the fall of 1997 through the spring of 1998, the weather across the United States, and
the rest of the world, was highly unusual. Tornadoes devastated parts of Florida. The upper
Midwest enjoyed a mild winter. The West Coast braced for floods and mudslides. Australia
and Indonesia faced droughts and brush fires. All of these unusual weather patterns could be
traced to one event—El Niño.
El Niño is a warm current in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America. El Niño is a
Spanish term that means the Christ child. Peruvian sailors gave this name to the current
because it usually appears during the Christmas season. An El Niño occurs when the easterly
trade winds over the central and western Pacific Ocean weaken. Normally, these trade winds
blow off the coast of South America to the west. These winds push the warm ocean water at
the surface toward the western part of the Pacific Ocean near Australia and Indonesia. As the
warm water evaporates, clouds form that bring rain to Indonesia and Australia. The water
that is blown westward is replaced by an
upwelling of cold water along the coast of
South America. This cold water is full of
food and nutrients for fish and other marine
animals.
During an El Niño, the easterly trade winds
blowing off the coast of South America
weaken, and the warm water flows back
toward the east. The upwelling of cold water
along the coast of South America stops.
Since the warm water is moving eastward,
the clouds form much farther east. These
clouds bring rain to the coasts of North and
South America, leaving Australia and
Indonesia with droughts.
An El Niño occurs every three to seven years
and is sometimes followed by a La Niña, a
cold ocean current. El Niño is not just a
recent event. Historical records show
occurrences of El Niños as early as 1567.
Answer the following.
1. What causes an El Niño to occur?
2. Identify the climate factors that change during an El Niño.
Period
SECTION 26.3 Human Impact on Air Resources
In your textbook, read about air pollution.
Use each of the terms from the box.
Clean air is essential to life on Earth. But human
activities put many types of pollution into the air we
breathe. The reaction of sunlight on an atmosphere full of
pollution causes a yellow-brown haze called
photochemical smog. The major chemical in this
pollutant is a gas molecule with three oxygen atoms called
_________
(1)
. Air pollutants also occur in the
form of particles of materials such as ash and dust called
_________ __________
(2)
. The
largest source of air pollution in the United States is the
exhaust from motor vehicles that burn the fossil fuel called
acid precipitation
greenhouse gases
particulate matter
carbon dioxide
global warming
stratosphere
volcanic eruptions
ultraviolet
gasoline
ozone
oil
______________. Another large source of pollution is
electric power plants that burn coal and (4) _____. Air pollution does
(3)
not come only from human activities. Natural phenomena such as forest
_______ _______ can also cause air pollution.
(6) _____________ ________ in Earth’s atmosphere
fires and (5)
help it retain heat released from Earth’s surface. However, the burning of
fossil fuels has increased the concentration of the most important of these
_________ ________. Scientists hypothesize
that the increase in this and other such gases has caused (8) _______
__________ which is a rise in Earth’s average surface
gases, (7)
3. How would an El Niño affect the fishing industry in South America?
temperature. The use of chemicals called CFCs has also contributed to air
pollution. CFCs rise into the atmosphere and break down ozone molecules
4. Why do countries in the western Pacific, such as Australia and Indonesia,
in the (9)
experience droughts during an El Niño?
______________. The ozone layer protects Earth
from the Sun’s harmful (10)__________ radiation. Precipitation
with a pH of less than 5.0 is (11) _______ __________.
5. Does El Niño cause a permanent change in the climate? Explain.
Standard III Objective 3: Examine the natural and human-caused processes that cause Earth’s climate to change over intervals of time ranging from decades to millennia.
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Name
Reviewing Vocabulary
Due Date
50 points
Period
Understanding Main Ideas
Write a sentence to compare and contrast each pair or group of related
terms. Underline each word as you use it in the sentence.
1. climate, normal
Answer the following questions. Use detailed sentences.
1. How can the periodic change in the shape of Earth’s orbit cause a change
in climate?
2. tropics, temperate zones, polar zones
2. Compare and contrast a continental and a polar climate.
3. microclimate, heat island
3. List several natural cycles that could cause climatic change on Earth.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. greenhouse effect, global warming
Thinking Critically
4. Explain how a huge volcanic eruption can cause a change in Earth’s
climate. Describe the change.
Answer the following questions. Use detailed sentences.
1. Why would knowing the climate of an area be important for architects?
Explain your answer.
2. Explain how an area in the tropics might typically experience abundant
snowfall.
5. Explain how the greenhouse effect influences Earth’s climate.
3. How would seasonal climatic changes be different if Earth were not tilted
on its axis?
6. List two major reasons for climate variation.
4. Why might temperature data recorded inside a large city be inaccurate for
a rural region located just a few kilometers outside the city?
Standard III Objective 3: Examine the natural and human-caused processes that cause Earth’s climate to change over intervals of time ranging from decades to millennia.
page 5
Name
Applying Scientific Methods
Due Date
Period
20 points
The graphs below compare the annual average temperature and
4. Describe the temperature and precipitation for City Y.
5. Based on the yearly data, classify the climate of City Y. Explain your
answer.
6. If graphs were to show temperature and precipitation for a city in a dry
climate, how would the data differ?
7. In which climate would City Y be located if its average yearly
temperature was below 0 degrees C and its annual precipitation was
less than 2 cm? Explain your answer.
precipitation of two cities, City X and City Y.
Use them to answer the questions.
8. Contrast the vegetation you might find in or around City X and City Y.
1. Describe the temperature and precipitation for City X.
2. Based on the yearly data, classify the climate of City X. Explain your
answer.
9. Based on what you know about world geography, which major cities
are likely to be City X and City Y?
3. Based on your answer to question 2, on what part of Earth’s surface is
City X probably located?
Standard III Objective 3: Examine the natural and human-caused processes that cause Earth’s climate to change over intervals of time ranging from decades to millennia.
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Name
Due Date
Core Meteorology: Climates
Chapter 1 What Are Climates? (6 points)
1.
60 points
_____________________ is the air we breathe and medium we live in.
2. ______________________________ is what’s happening in the atmosphere.
3. ________________________ is a pattern over time.
4. List some differences between the climates of Nebraska and Florida.
Chapter 2 Climates - Climates and People (4 points)
1. Why are climates important to humans?
2. What are some effects of shifting climates?
Chapter 3 Measuring Global Temperatures and Precipitation (12 points)
1. Climate study started around _________________years ago when scientists around the
world started keeping records - measuring ______________ and ________________ over the
course of days, months and years
2. Using the data collected over time, climatologists put together a pattern to represent the
___________________ at each of these weather stations
3. Weather data gathering began in ____________ and the first weather balloon launch was
________________
4. The invention of the _________________ in 1930 made weather data gathering from balloons even
easier.
5. In 1960 the first weather ______________, TIROS was launched from Cape Canaveral
6. Today 187 nations and territories participate in gathering information in many ways, including
____________________, ______________ systems, weather _____________, airplanes,
ships, and _____________________.
Chapter 4 Climates and Weather Extremes (7 points)
1. Hundred years of weather data showed both ________________ and _________________ varied
a great deal over the planet, not only in averages, but in extremes.
2. The hottest temperature in the world ever recorded was El Azizia in Libya –____________ degrees
Fahrenheit on Sept. 13, 1922
3. The coldest temperature ever ____________ degrees below zero Fahrenheit at Vostok, Antarctica, on
July 21, 1983.
4. Weather extremes such as these play a major role in the _______________ of biomes to climates
5. The west coast of Chile experiences no ______________ for years on end, while Ketchikan,
Alaska, once received 202 inches in a single year; and Mt. Baker in the state of Washington nearly
100 feet of snow in 1998
6. What climatologists found when they analyzed all that data from the thousands of weather stations
is that ________________ of precipitation and temperature emerged.
Standard III Objective 3: Examine the natural and human-caused processes that cause Earth’s climate to change over
intervals of time ranging from decades to millennia.
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Name
Due Date
Chapter 5 Core Meteorology: Climates - Climate Types (12 points)
1. In the early part of the 20th -century, geographers and ecologists began to notice an interesting pattern:
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
_______________ repeated themselves.
Eventually, it became possible to map the Global distribution of what is now called _______________.
In 1928 German ecologist and climatologist, Vladimir Koppen, discovered there was a relationship
between ecosystems and ___________________.
______________ revolutionized the study of climates when he proposed a classification system,
identifying five basic climate types:
Starting at the equator, there is the _________________ climate designation.
Next is the dry type subdivided into ____________ and arid ___________
7. Then come the mesothermal or mid latitude climates, which include the _____________ climates
8. Closer to the ____________________ regions are the microthermal or severe middle latitude
climates; they have cold winters and range from warm to cool summers
9. The last of Koppen’s climate types he called polar; these climates have very cold winters and no true
summer and they divide into the Arctic ____________ and _____________ ice sheet
10. Later a sixth category was added for highlands and _________________chains such as the
Rocky Mountains and the Himalayas
Chapter 6 Core Meteorology: Climates and Biomes (13 points)
1. _______________ come into existence as a result of climates. Biomes are the largest scale
groupings of interconnected animal and plant species Within each biome there are many smaller
ecosystems and microenvironments
2. Describe flora (plants) and fauna (animals) that live in each biome listed.
tundra
boreal forests
American grassland
American chaparral biome
America's Desert Southwest
tropical rainforest biome
Chapter 7 Climate Change and Biomes (4 points)
1. At one time the Arctic Climate extended all the way down into the middle of the
_________________________ during the middle of the last ice age
2. The arid, cold Rocky Mountain region was once a _______________________
3. When climates change rapidly, mass ____________________ occur
4. Climate change is often led by a shift in weather ____________________ long before the
average change occurs
Chapter 8 Climate Change and People (2 points)
The rise in____________________ is producing a general warming in the lower atmosphere as
result of the ___________________ effect, and it is now predicted that climates will once again
begin to shift across the globe
Standard III Objective 3: Examine the natural and human-caused processes that cause Earth’s climate to change over
intervals of time ranging from decades to millennia.
page 8