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2402 LECTURE PRACTICE EXAM 4
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
1) A major function of surfactant is to increase_____.
a) pulmonary compliance
b) alveolar surface tension
c) the work of breathing
d) the tendency of the lungs to collapse
e) to increase ERV
2) With the Bohr Effect, more oxygen is released because____.
a) a decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
b) a decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
c) a increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
d) and increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
3) The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is_____.
a) hypoxia
b) acidosis
c) alkalosis
d) increase in carbon dioxide
e) A and C are correct
4) Possible cause of generalized hypoxia include_____.
a) obstruction of the esophagus
b) getting very cold
c) too little oxygen in the atmosphere
d) hyperpnea
e) presence of a few collapsed alveoli
5) The nose serves all the following functions except_____.
a) a passageway for air movement
b) warming the air
c) humidifying the air
d) cleansing the air
e) as the initiator of the cough reflex
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6) Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?
a) 20% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma
b) 7-8% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
c) The chloride shift mechanism enhances CO2 transport
d) Carbonic anhydrase is responsible for bonding CO2 to hemoglobin
e) CO 2 binds to the heme when this is not bound to O2
7) The ________regulates smoothing of transitions from inspiration to expiration.
a) pontine respiratory group
b) ventral respiratory group (VRG)
c) dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
d) cerebral cortex
e) the midbrain
8) The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are____.
a) the smooth muscles of the lung
b) the diaphragm and the intercostals muscles alone
c) the visceral pleura and the changing volume of the lungs
d) surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
e) the amount of surfactant secreted
9) Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
a) a decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation
b) a lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate
ventilation
c) surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension
d) paralysis of the thoracic muscles will increase ventilation
e) as alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required
10) Type I pneumocyte cells secrete_____.
a) surfactant
b) angiotensin converting enzyme
c) a phospholipid that decreases surface tension in the alveoli
d) a protein that increases lung compliance
e) A and C are correct
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Matching questions:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
a forced inspiration followed by a forced expiration
maximum amount of air the lungs can hold
volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
amount of air remaining in the lung after a forced expiration
measured amount of gas expelled after a deep inspiration followed by a forced
and rapid expiration
11) Functional residual capacity (FRC)
12) Vital capacity (VC)
13) Forced vital capacity (FVC)
14) Residual volume (RV)
15) Total lung capacity (TLC)
16) The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane
is_____.
a) the design and size of the podocytes
b) the glomerular hydrostatic pressure
c) the Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
d) the glomerular osmotic pressure
e) the Bowman’s’ capsule osmotic pressure
17) The macula densa cells respond to______.
a) changes in glucose amount in the tubules
b) ADH
c) aldosterone
d) renin
e) changes in solute content of the filtrate
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18) Select the correct statement about the nephrons.
a) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule has simple squamous epithelium.
b) The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted
tubule.
c) Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the parietal layer of the
glomerular capsule.
d) The nephron extends from the glomerulus to the collecting ducts.
e) The macula densa releases ANP when the blood volume is increased.
19) In the loop of Henle___.
a) the ascending segment is freely permeable to water
b) the descending segment is permeable to water
c) the ascending segment is impermeable to ions
d) the descending segment is permeable to ions
e) A and B
20) The renal artery branches into many arteries when inside of the kidney. The correct
sequence of branches would be_____.
1. segmental
2. arcuate
3. interlobular (cortical radiate)
4. interlobar
a) 4, 2, 3, 1
b) 4, 1, 3, 2
c) 1, 4, 2, 3
d) 1, 2, 4, 3
e) 2, 1, 3, 4
21) The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin_______.
a) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated
b) when the pH of the urine decreases
c) after the ingestion of very salty food
d) by a decrease of K level in the blood
e) by a decrease in the blood pressure
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22) Blood vessels in the renal column are called____.
a) interlobular (cortical radiate)
b) segmented
c) arcuate
d) interlobar
e) vasa recta
23) The filtration membrane includes all the following except______.
a) the cuboidal cells of the PCT
b) the podocytes
c) the podocyte’s basement membrane
d) the endothelial cells of the glomerulus
e) the glomerulus’ basement membrane
24) If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?
a) The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered.
b) Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.
c) Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the
convoluted tubules.
d) The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in healthy adults.
e) Most of the glucose is secreted in the tubules.
25) If the Transport maximum (Tm) for a particular amino acid is 110 mg/100 ml and the
concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/ 100 ml, the amino acid_______.
a) will appear in the urine
b) will be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells
c) will be actively secreted into the filtrate
d) will be reabsorbed by secondary active transport
e) will be completely filtrated in the glomerulus
26) No output of urine is called_____.
a) disuria
b) renal calculi
c) renal cast
d) nocturia
e) anuria
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27) The________mechanism is the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract
when stretched.
a) renin
b) sympathetic
c) myogenic
d) tubular reabsorption
e) neural
28) The most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid is_____.
a) phosphate
b) chloride
c) sodium
d) potassium
e) magnesium
29) Hypoproteinemia causes______.
a) weight gain
b) nerve damage
c) respiratory acidosis
d) tissue edema
e) metabolic alkalosis
30) Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone promotes______,
a) atrial contraction
b) activation of renin-angiotensin mechanism
c) lowering of blood pressure and volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
d) blood pH stability
e) sodium reabsorption in the DCT
31) Extracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the following except_____.
a) cellular cytoplasm
b) blood plasma
c) CSF
d) interstitial fluid
e) lymph
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32) The regulation of potassium balance____.
a) includes renal secretion, but never absorption
b) is accomplished mainly by the liver
c) is not linked to sodium balance
d) involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium
e) involves ADH-induced secretion of potassium
33) A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates and abnormally high value.
This patient presents______.
A) metabolic alkalosis
B) respiratory alkalosis
C) metabolic acidosis
D) respiratory acidosis
34) A patient had 10 episodes of vomiting and you sent his blood for analysis. What lab
results would you expect and what problem the patient is probably showing?
a) high blood pH and metabolic acidosis
b) low blood pH and respiratory acidosis
c) low blood pH and respiratory alkalosis
d) high blood pH and metabolic alkalosis
e) low blood pH and metabolic alkalosis
35) Electrolyte balance_____.
a) refers to the phosphate balance in the body
b) is usually difficult to correct
c) can be disrupted because water is not free to move between cells and capillaries
d) refers to protein balance in the body
e) my be disturbed due to higher loss of electrolytes on hot days
36) Identify the only right statement below.
a) Na is the main intracellular cation and potassium the main extracellular cation.
b) Fluid exchange between compartments is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic
pressures.
c) About 2/3 of the body water is found in the blood plasma.
d) Most of the potassium filtered by the glomerulus is found in the urine.
e) Most of the chloride is secreted by the DCT.
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37) _______is a very effective buffer system found only in the urine and ICF.
a) bicarbonate
b) carbonic acid
c) phosphate
d) protein
e) A and B
Matching Questions:
a) Hypernatremia
b) Hypermagnesemia
c) Hypocalcemia
d) Hypokalemia
e) Hyponatremia
38) Calcium depletion.
39) Sodium excess.
40) Potassium depletion.
41) Magnesium excess.
42) Sodium depletion
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2402 LECTURE PRACTICE EXAM 4 ANSWERS:
1) A
2) B
3) D
4) C
5) E
6) C
7) A
8) D
9) E
10) B
11) C
12) A
13) E
14) D
15) B
16) B
17) E
18) A
19) B
20) C
21) E
22) D
23) A
24) B
25) A
26) E
27) C
28) B
29) D
30) C
31) A
32) D
33) A
34) D
35) E
36) B
37) C
38) C
39) A
40) D
41) B
42) E
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