Download How are humans like other life? 11/16/2015

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• Computer/Research Tuesday --> Thursday this week
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How are humans like other life?
Sub-question: How does life maintain homeostasis through change?
Essential Question:
ID CCSS STANDARDS:
7.S.1.1.2 Determine how small systems contribute to the function of the whole.
7.S.1.6.6 Communicate and defend scientific procedures and explanations.
9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:
Muscles make up the bulk of the body and account
for one-third of its weight. Their ability to contract
and relax not only enables the body to move, but
also provides the force that pushes substances, such
as blood and food, through the body.
MUSCLE TYPES
A muscle is an organ that can contract in a
coordinated fashion and includes muscle tissue,
blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue. Recall
that the human body has three types of muscle
tissues: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Skeletal muscle is responsible for moving parts of the
body, such as limbs, truck, and face. Skeletal muscle
tissue is made up of elongated cells called muscle
fibers. Each muscle fiber contains many nuclei and is
crossed by light and dark stripes, called striations.
Because their contractions can usually be consciously
controlled, skeletal muscles are described as
voluntary muscles.
Smooth muscle forms the walls of the stomach, intestines, blood vessels, and other internal
organs. Individual smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped, have a single nucleus, and
interlace to form sheets. Notice that smooth muscles lacks the striations found in skeletal
muscles, and are surrounded by connective tissue that is not united to form tendons as it
does in skeletal muscles. Because most of its movements cannot be consciously controlled,
smooth muscle is referred to as involuntary muscle.
ID CCSS STANDARDS:
7.S.1.1.2 Determine how small systems contribute to the function of the whole.
7.S.1.6.6 Communicate and defend scientific procedures and explanations.
9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.
Cardiac muscle makes up the walls of the heart. Cardiac muscle shares some characteristics
with both skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. As with skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle tissue
is striated; as with smooth muscle, it is involuntary and each cell has one nucleus.
MUSCLE MOVEMENT OF BONES
Generally, skeletal muscles are attached to one end of a bone, stretch across a joint, and are
fastened to a point on another bone. Muscles are attached to the outer membrane of a
bone either directly or by a tough fibrous cord of connective tissue called a tendon.
The point where the muscle attaches to the stationary bone – in this case, the scapula – is
called the origin. The point where the muscle attaches to the moving bone – in this case the
radius – is called the insertion.
For example, one end of the large bicep muscle in the arm is connected by tendons to the radius in the forearm, while the other
end of the muscle is connected to the scapula in the shoulder. When the bicep muscle contracts, the forearm flexes upward while
the scapula remains stationary.
ID CCSS STANDARDS:
7.S.1.1.2 Determine how small systems contribute to the function of the whole.
7.S.1.6.6 Communicate and defend scientific procedures and explanations.
9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:
The adult body consists of approximately 206 bones, which are organized into an internal
framework called the skeleton. The variation in size and shape among the bones that make
up the skeleton reflects their different roles in the body.
THE SKELETON
The human skeleton is composed of two parts –
the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
The bones of the skull, ribs, spine, and sternum
form the axial skeleton. The bones of the arms
and legs, along with the scapula, clavicle, and
pelvis, make up the appendicular skeleton.
FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Provide shape and support
Enables body to move
Protects internal organs
Produces red blood cells
Stores material – mainly Calcium (Ca) – until
the body needs it.
JOINTS
The place where two bones meet is known as a joint. Three major kinds of joints are found
in the human body – fixed, semimovable, and moveable. Joints, such as the knee, are often
subjected to a great deal of pressure and stress, but their structure is well suited to meet
these demands.
As in all movable joints, the parts that come in contact with each
other are covered with cartilage, which protects the bones from
friction. Tough bands of connective tissue, called ligaments, hold
the bones of the joints in place. The surface of the joints secret a
lubricating substance, called synovial fluid, helps to protect the
ends of the bones from damage by friction.
ID CCSS STANDARDS:
7.S.1.1.2 Determine how small systems contribute to the function of the whole.
7.S.1.6.6 Communicate and defend scientific procedures and explanations.
9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.
TYPES OF JOINTS:
FIXED JOINTS
• Prevents movement.
• Found in skull. Securely connect the 22 bony
plates to allow no movement.
• Small amount of connective tissue absorb
impact to prevent fracturing.
SEMIMOVABLE JOINTS
• Permits limited movement
• Found in spine & rib cage.
•Hold bones in vertebral column in place & allow bending/twisting.
• Tough, spongy discs compress to absorb shock that could damage
the fragile spine.
MOVABLE JOINTS
• Enables body to perform a wide variety of activities.
• Found in everywhere in body.
• 6 types Include:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Hinge (knee/elbow)
Ball-and-socket (shoulder/pelvis)
Pivot (neck/elbow)
Saddle (base of thumb)
Gliding/Plane (foot/spine)
Ellipsoid (neck)
ID CCSS STANDARDS:
7.S.1.1.2 Determine how small systems contribute to the function of the whole.
7.S.1.6.6 Communicate and defend scientific procedures and explanations.
9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
The blood transports oxygen from the lungs to cells
and carries carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs.
It is the function of the respiratory system to
exchange gases with the cardiovascular system and
the ambient air.
RESPIRATION
The respiratory system involves both external
respiration and internal respiration. External
respiration is the exchange of gases between the
atmosphere and the blood. Internal respiration is
the exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body. Once oxygen is in the
cells, the cells use it to break down glucose and make ATP by the process of aerobic (cellular)
respiration. Excess carbon dioxide produced as a waste product of cellular respiration is
toxic to cells and is removed from the cells by internal respiration.
THE LUNGS
The lungs are the site of gas exchange between the
atmosphere and the blood. Notice in the figure that
the right lung has three divisions, or lobes. It is slightly
heavier than the two-lobed left lung, which makes
room for the heart. The lungs are located in the
thoracic cavity, bounded by the rib cage and the
diaphragm.
ID CCSS STANDARDS:
7.S.1.1.2 Determine how small systems contribute to the function of the whole.
7.S.1.6.6 Communicate and defend scientific procedures and explanations.
9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.
THE PATH OF AIR
Refer to the figure to trace the path of air flow from the atmosphere to the capillaries in the
lungs. External respiration begins at the mouth and at the nose. Air filters through the small
hairs of the nose and passes into the nasal cavity, located above the roof of the mouth. In
the nasal cavity, mucous membranes warm and moisten the air, which helps prevent damage
to the delicate tissues that form the respiratory system. The walls of the nasal cavity are
also lined with cilia. These cilia trap particles that are inhaled and are eventually swept into
the throat, there they are swallowed.
The moistened, filtered air then moves into the throat, or pharynx (FER-inks), a tube at the
back of the nasal cavities and mouth. The pharynx contains passageways for both food and
air. When food is swallowed, a flap of cartilage, called the epiglottis, presses down and
covers the opening to the air passage. When
air is being taken in, the epiglottis is in an
upright position, allowing air to pass into a
cartilaginous tube called the windpipe, or
trachea (TRAY-kee-uh). The trachea is about 10
to 12 cm long and has walls lined with ciliated
cells that trap inhaled particles. The cilia
sweep the particles and mucus away from the
lungs and toward the throat.
At the upper end of the trachea is the
voicebox, or larynx (LER-inks). Sounds are
produced when air is forced past two ligaments
– the vocal cords – that stretch across the
larynx. The pitch and volume of the sound
produced varies with the amount of tension on
the vocal cords and on the amount of air being
forced past them.
The trachea then branches into two bronchi (BRAHN-kie) (singular bronchus), each of which
leads to a lung. The walls of the bronchi consist of smooth muscle and cartilage and are
lined with cilia and mucus. Within the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller and smaller
ID CCSS STANDARDS:
7.S.1.1.2 Determine how small systems contribute to the function of the whole.
7.S.1.6.6 Communicate and defend scientific procedures and explanations.
9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.
tubes. The smallest of these tubes are called bronchioles, which are also lined with cilia and
mucus. Eventually the bronchioles end in clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli (al-VEE-oh-LIE)
(singular, alveolus). A network of capillaries surrounds each alveolus, as the figure displays.
All exchange of gases in the lungs occurs in the alveoli. To facilitate in the exchange, the
surface are of the lungs is enormous. A healthy lung contains nearly 300 million alveoli and
has a total surface area of about 70 m2 – about 40 times the surface area of the skin.
MECHANISM OF BREATHING
Breathing is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs. Inspiration (inhalation), as
shown in the figure, is the process of taking air into the lungs. When you take in a deep
breath, your chest expands as muscles contract to move the ribs up and outward. At the
same times, your diaphragm, a large skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from
the abdominal cavity, flattens and pushes down on the abdomen. Muscles in the abdominal
wall in turn relax. This action provides room for the flattened diaphragm.
During expiration (exhalation), the process of releasing air from the lungs, the reverse
movements take place.
ID CCSS STANDARDS:
7.S.1.1.2 Determine how small systems contribute to the function of the whole.
7.S.1.6.6 Communicate and defend scientific procedures and explanations.
9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.
ID CCSS STANDARDS:
7.S.1.1.2 Determine how small systems contribute to the function of the whole.
7.S.1.6.6 Communicate and defend scientific procedures and explanations.
9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.