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Medical Terminology II
Study Guide Unit 6
Chapters 18 – Endocrine System
1. Provide the meaning of the combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes in the chapter.
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2. Define the following anatomy and physiology terms:
adenohypophysis – anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
adrenal cortex – outer section (cortex) of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone
and sex hormones
adrenal glands – two small glands, one on top of each kidney; they secrete steroids and
corticosteroids
adrenal medulla – inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and
norepinephrine
homeostasis –constancy of the internal environment
hormones – chemical messengers
hypophysis – the pituitary gland
islets of Langerhans – specialized hormone producing cells
neurohypophysis – posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
ovaries – located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsible for egg production and
estrogen and progesterone secretion
parathyroid gland – four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland
pineal gland – located in the central portion of the brain that secretes melatonin
pituitary – located at the base of the brain in the sella tucica composed of an anterior lobe and
a posterior lobe
testes – two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of the male; responsible for sperm production
and testosterone secretion
thyroid gland – located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine
3. State the gland that secretes, and the action of each of the following hormones:
adrenocorticotropic hormone – stimulates adrenal cortex especially cortisol secretion;
secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
calcitonin – lowers blood calcium; secreted by the thyroid gland
catecholamines – chemicals derived from amino acids
epinephrine – adrenaline; increases heart rate; secreted by the adrenal medulla
glucagon – produced by the islets of Langerhans the helps in the regulating of blood glucose
(sugar) levels – increases blood sugar in the body
glucocorticoid –steroid hormone that influences on metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins
gonadocorticoid – includes FSH and LH hormones
insulin – produced by the islets of Langerhans that helps regulate blood glucose (sugars)
levels in the body – decreases blood sugar in the body
lutenizing hormone – promotes ovulation; testosterone secretion; secreted by the anterior
pituitary gland
melanocyte-stimulating hormone – stimulate the production and release of melanin by
melanocytes in skin and hair; secreted by the pituitary gland
mineralcorticoid – corticosteroid secreted by the adrenal cortex – major one is aldosterone –
regulates the concentration of mineral salts (electrolytes) in the body
norepinephrine – sympathomimetic
oxytocin – stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth
parathyroid hormone – increases blood calcium – secreted by the parathyroids
prolactin – promotes growth of breast tissue & milk secretions – secreted by the anterior lobe
of the pituitary gland
somatotropin (growth) hormone – GH – increases bone and tissue growth – secreted by the
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
thyroid stimulating hormone – TSH – stimulates thyroid gland and thyroxine secretion –
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
thyroxine – increases metabolism in body cells – secreted by the thyroid gland
triiothyonine – increases metabolism in body cells – secreted by the thyroid gland
vasopressin (antidiuretic) hormone – stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules;
secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
4. Briefly describe the following pathological conditions:
acromegaly – enlargement of the extremities caused by hypersecretion of the anterior
pituitary after puberty
Addison disease – hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex; malaise, weakness, muscle
atrophy, sever loss of fluids and electrolytes
adenomatous goiter – hyperplasia occurs as well as nodules and andenomas
adrenal virilism – excessive secretion of adrenal androgens
Cushing syndrome – group of symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal
cortex; obesity, moonlike fullness of the face, excess deposition of fat in the thoracic
region
diabetes insipidus – insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormones (vasopressin)
diabetes mellitus – lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch,
and fat metabolism in cells
Type I – onset usually in childhood – insulin dependent
Type II – usually older patients with obesity – not as insulin dependent
dwarfism - congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism
endemic goiter – occurs in certain regions & peoples where there is a lack of iodine in the diet
exophthalmos – protrusion of the eyeballs caused by swelling of tissue behind the eyeball;
occurs in hyperthyroidism
gigantism – hypersecretion of growth hormone from anterior lobe of the pituitary gland before
puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues
goiter – enlargement of the thyroid gland
Graves disease – most common form of hyperthyroidism
hyperinsulinism – excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia
hyperparathyroidmism – excessive production of parathormone
hypoparathyroidism – deficient production of the parathyroid hormone
hypothyroidism – underactivity of the thyroid gland
myxedema – advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood
panhypopituitarism – all pituitary hormones are deficient
syndrome of inappropriate ADH – excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone
tetany – constant muscle contraction
thyroid carcinoma – cancer of the thyroid gland
thyrotoxicosis – overactivity of the thyroid gland
5. Briefly describe the following laboratory tests and clinical procedures:
fasting blood sugar – measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least
4 hours
radioactive iodinine uptake – radioactive iodine is administered orally, and its uptake by the
thyroid gland is imaged to assess thyroid funciton
thyroid function test – measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream
thyroid scan – a scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland after
intravenous administration of a radioactive (technetium) compound
6. Provide the meaning of the following abbreviations:
ACTH – adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH – antidiuretic hormone, also called vasopressin
BMR – basal metabolic rate
DI – diabetes insipidus
DM – diabetes mellitus
FBS – fasting blood sugar
FSH – follicle-stimulating hormone
GH – growth hormone
IDDM – insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus – type 1 diabetes
K+ - potassium – an important electrolyte
Na+ - sodium – an important electrolyte
NIDDM – non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus – type 2 diabetes
PTH – parathyroid hormone
T3 - triiodothyronine
T4 – thyroxine
TSH – thyroid stimulating hormone; thyrotropin
7. Word list. Apply the following terms by writing them correctly in a sentence and spelling them
correctly.
acromegaly – enlargement of the extremities caused by hypersecretion of the anterior
pituitary after puberty
adrenopathy – any disease of the adrenal gland
diabetes insipidus – insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormones (vasopressin)
diabetes mellitus – lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar,
starch,and fat metabolism in cells
glycosuria – excretion of glucose into the urine
homeostasis – constancy of the internal environment
hypercalcemia – condition of excessive calcium in the blood
hyperglycemia – condition of excessive sugar in the blood
hypokalemia – condition of low potassium
ketoacidosis – fats are improperly burned, leading to an accumulation of ketones and acids in
the body
myxedema – advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood
polydipsia – condition of excessive thirst
somatotropin – growth hormone
thyrotoxicosis – overactivity of the thyroid gland
vasopressin – antidiuretic