Download 4.03-4.04 Endocrine System PPP

Endocrine System
Watch Youtube Video
Listing The Glands
https://youtu.be/NINaidIdt4M
Endocrine System

The endocrine system is the collection of glands that
produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth
and development, tissue function, sexual function,
reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.

The endocrine system is made up of the pituitary
gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid
glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in
females) and testicles (in males),
Watch Youtube Video
Intro to Endocrine System….
https://youtu.be/gH8dGK7s6lY
Function of endocrine system
Endocrine glands - Secrete chemicals
(hormones) directly into bloodstream.
- Ductless glands
(Exocrine glands - Secrete substance through a duct
i.e. Sweat, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas glands.)
Hormones = chemical substances that
coordinate and direct target organ cells (only
specific cells respond to specific organs)
Watch Youtube Video
Endocrine System Animation….
https://youtu.be/gjmS4_7kvDM
Glands Work by Negative
Feedback
Drop in hormone level triggers chain reaction:
1. Blood level of hormone falls
2. Brain gets message and sends out hormone
to stimulate gland
3. Gland secretes more hormone
4. When blood levels of hormone increase, the
brain hormones stop
Watch Youtube Video
Hormones-Target cells & negative
feedback
https://youtu.be/tN78hYn3ehc
Nervous Control

In some cases, sympathetic nervous system
causes direct release of hormone from gland
i.e.
stress may cause the adrenal medulla to
secrete adrenaline
Pituitary Gland -
Known as “Master
Gland”
-Tiny – size of a grape
-Found in Cranial cavity
at Base of brain
-Connected to
hypothalamus
-Divided into Anterior /
Posterior lobes
Anterior Pituitary Lobe
secretes hormones:
GH – Growth hormone (somatotropin) responsible for
growth and development
Prolactin – develops breast tissue, stimulates
production of milk after childbirth
TSH – Thyroid stimulating hormone – stimulates
thyroid cells to produce thyroid hormone = thyroxine
(low TSH treated with synthroid)
Anterior Pituitary cont’d
ACTH – Adrenocortiocotropic hormone – stimulates
adrenal cortex (assists body’s ability to cope with stress)
FSH – Follicle stimulating hormone – stimulates growth
of follicle and production of estrogen in females and
sperm in males
LH – Luteinizing hormone – stimulates ovulation and
formation of corpus luteum, which produces
progesterone in females & causes interstitial cells in
the testes to secrete testosterone in makes
Posterior Pituitary Lobe Secretes:
-Vasopressin – converts to ADH (antidiuretic
hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney
to concentrate urine and preserve water in
the body
-Oxytocin – released during childbirth causing
contractions of the uterus
Watch Youtube Video
Pituitary Gland….
https://youtu.be/ZfDXSKhNS4I
Watch Pituitary Video above…
Thyroid Gland
1. Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue.
2. On either side of larynx, in front of the
trachea.
3. H-shaped.
Thyroid Gland produces Hormones:
-Thyroid stimulating hormone (stimulates
cellular metabolism) – Main hormone
Thyroxine – controlled by secretion of TSH –
controls rate of metabolism
-Calcitonin – controls calcium ion
concentration in the body – prevents
hypercalcemia (causes removal of excess calcium in the blood to be
stored in the bones)
Watch Youtube Video
Thyroid Animation….
https://youtu.be/qjHwOnV9K8A
Parathyroid Glands
4 glands size of a grain
of rice
Attached to posterior thyroid
Produce parathormone
which helps control blood
calcium, prevents
hypocalcemia (causes breakdown of
bone to release calcium into the blood)
Watch Youtube Video
Parathyroid & hyperparathyroid….
https://youtu.be/sD9st1ZPFrQ
Thymus Gland
Endocrine and lymphatic organ
Behind (posterior) sternum, above and in front
of heart
Begins to disappear at puberty
Produces Thymosin – reacts upon lymphoid
tissue to produce T-lymphocytes (plays a role in
development & function of immune system)
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Glands – above kidneys
Adrenal cortex secretes
corticosteroids (antiinflammatory hormones) and
small amt sex hormones which
are called Androgens – (“Male sex
hormones” in both sexes)
Adrenalin (epinephrine) – hormone
from adrenal medulla, powerful
cardiac stimulant, “fight or flight”
hormone – response to stress
Watch Youtube Video
Adrenal Glands…….
https://youtu.be/06jbq3bxKE0
Gonads-ovaries in female and testes in male
OVARIES: Produces Estrogen – Development of
female reproductive organs, secondary sex
characteristics (breasts, pubic hair, menstrual
cycle)
&
Produces Progesterone – Plays a part in the
menstrual cycle
TESTES: Male Reproductive Organs- Produces
Testosterone – Develops secondary sex
characteristics (chest & pubic hair, deep voice,
increased muscle mass)
Watch Youtube Video
…..
Pancreas
Located in abdominal cavity below the stomach
Works as an Endocrine and Exocrine Gland
(as Exocrine gland it is part of digestive system)
Contains Islets of Langerhans – Which produces
Insulin
(Insulin promotes utilization of glucose by the cellswhich lowers blood sugar levels)
Watch Youtube Video
Pancreas…….
https://youtu.be/1l2GTGEwZOY
Endocrine Disorders –
DwarfismAll dwarfs are short (adult height of 4 feet 10 inches or less), but different
types of dwarfism have different causes and different physical traits.
-Hypofunction of
pituitary in childhood
-Small size, but body proportions
and intellect normal ……..People with
achondroplasia have an average-size torso (the upper body) but
noticeably shorter arms and legs. Their heads are usually larger
than average, with a prominent forehead. Their fingers are typically
short.
-Sexual immaturity
Rx – Early diagnosis, injection of
growth hormone
Gigantism
Gigantism :
Hyperfunction of pituitary –
Too much growth hormone
In preadolescence causing
Overgrowth of long bones
leads to excessive tallness
Watch Youtube Video
Gigantism……
https://youtu.be/Rf-lcBzZwC4
Acromegaly
Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth
hormone in adulthood
Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and
feet. Attacks cartilage – so the chin
protrudes - lips, nose and extremities
enlarge.
Rx – drugs to inhibit growth hormone –
radiation
Acromegaly
Before
After
Acromegaly
Watch Youtube Video
Acromegaly
https://youtu.be/1MJTkz02SaM
Watch Youtube Video
Hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid gland
Too much thyroxin leads to
enlargement of gland
Symptoms – Consuming large
quantities of food but lose
weight – nervous irritabilityGoiter – Enlargement of
gland &
Exophthalmos – Bulging of
eyeballs
Trt – Partial or total removal of
gland, drugs to reduce that
include thyroxine radiation
Hypothyroidism
Not enough thyroxine
May be due to lack of iodine
(causing a simple goiter which is
when gland enlarges to compensate
for lack of iodine in diet) – fixed
with iodized salt
Other cause – inflammation of
thyroid which destroys the ability of
the gland to make thyroxine
Symptoms – Dry, itchy skin; dry and
brittle hair, constipation, muscle
cramps at night.
Watch Youtube Video
Hyperthyroidism vs Hypothyroidism….
https://youtu.be/RbNzgm8Alhc
Tetany- tonic muscle spasms
In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium
levels affect functions of nerves causing
spasms or twitching of the nerves
Symptoms – Convulsive twitching or seizures
develop, person can die of spasms in the respiratory
muscles
Rx – Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone.
Watch Youtube Video
Tetany…hypocalcemia
https://youtu.be/hOzOCNCfa_Y
Addison’s Disease


Adrenal glands don’t produce enough cortisol
or aldosterone (steroid hormones)
Sxs – muscle weakness, darkening of skin
(hyperpigmentation), salt craving, irritability,
hair loss, depression, weight loss, n/v/d,
hypoglycemia, low BP
Watch Youtube Video
Addison’s Disease….
https://youtu.be/qqgIYDKd75E
Watch Youtube Video
Cushings Symdrom….
https://youtu.be/xwblUKoRMbA
https://youtu.be/Z2vS7sVvx0o
Watch Youtube Video
Diabetes…..
https://youtu.be/4EEtubB74lM
Watch Youtube Video
Diabetes Mellitus
Cause – Decreased secretion of insulin
Symptoms – Polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia,
weight loss, blurred vision, and possible
diabetic muscles.
If not treated, excess glucose in blood
(hyperglycemia) and secreted in urine
(glycosuria)
If too much insulin given, blood sugar can get
too low (hypoglycemia) and person can
develop insulin shock.
Type II diabetes is not insulin-dependent –
Most common, usually familial, occurs later
in life, usually treated with diet.
Test for diabetes – Blood sample at home,
normal blood sugar is 80-100 mg. –
screening=urinalysis (to check for sugar
in urine)
Hyperglycemia
(High Blood Glucose)
Causes: Too much food, too little
insulin or diabetes medicine, illness
or stress.
Onset: Gradual, may progress to
diabetic coma.
Symptoms: Extreme thirst, frequent
urination, dry skin, hunger, blurred
vision, drowsiness, and nausea.
What can you do? Take blood
glucose tests, and if over 250 mg/dL
for several tests, call your doctor.
Hypoglycemia
(Low Blood Glucose)
Causes: Too little food, too much insulin or diabetes medicine, or extra exercise.
Onset: Suddon, may progress to insulin shock.
Symptoms: Shaking, fast heartbeat, sweating, anxious, dizziness, hunger,
impaired vision, weakness fatigue, headache, and irritablility.
What can you do? Drink ½ glass of orange juice or skim milk, or eat several hard
candies, test your blood glucose; if symptoms don’t stop call your doctor, within 30
minutes after symptoms go away, eat a light snack (a ½ peanut butter or meat
sandwich and a ½ glass of mik.
Watch Youtube Video
Diabetes….
https://youtu.be/NazZCu1lwOE
Endocrine Terminology
1. Thyroxine – Regulates body metabolism
2. Adrenalin – Stimulates the heart to beat faster
3. Parathyroid – Regulates use of calcium
4. Parathormone – Control use of calcium phosphorus
5. Insulin – Secreted by pancreas
6. Calcitonin – Affects neuromuscular functioing, blood clotting,
and holds cells together
7. Estrogen – Governs reproduction and fertility
8. Oxytocin – Causes the uterus to contract during labor
9. Gonad – Sex gland
10. ATCH – Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland
11. Acromegaly – Enlargement of bones of the extremities.
12. Adenectomy – Removal of any gland.
Endocrine Terminology Cont.
13. Adrenogenic – Originating in the adrenals.
14. Dwarfism – Condition of being abnormally small.
15. Endocrine – Ductless; to secrete within.
16. Exocrine – To secrete through a duct.
17.Goiter – Enlarged thyroid gland.
18. Goitrogens – Any substance that causes a goiter.
19. Parathyrotoxicosis – Poisonous condition of the parathyroid.
20. Pinealoma – Tumor of the pineal gland.
21. Pituitarigenic – Originating in the pituitary.
22. Thyroadenitis – Inflammation of the thyroid gland.
Watch Youtube Video
Crashcourse- Review Endocrine
System….
https://youtu.be/WVrlHH14q3o