Download The Scientific Revolution Guided Reading Activity 17-1 1 7 -1

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Guided Reading Activity 17-1
The Scientific Revolution
DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions as you read Section 1.
1. What did the writings of Ptolemy and Archimedes make obvious?
2. What new invention helped to spread new scientific ideas quickly and easily?
3. Where is Earth placed in the universe according to the Ptolemaic system?
4. Contrary to Ptolemy, what did Copernicus argue concerning the construction of the
universe?
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5. What discoveries did Galileo make using a telescope?
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6. Why did the Church order Galileo to abandon the Copernican idea of the nature of the
universe?
8. What did William Harvey’s observations and experiments show?
9. What field of science in Germany provided opportunities for women?
10. What did René Descartes emphasize and assert?
11. Who developed the scientific method?
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7. What did Isaac Newton define in his first book, The Principia?
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Guided Reading Activity 17-2
The Enlightenment
DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 2.
The (1)
was an eighteenth-century philosophical move-
ment of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the achievements of the
(2)
Revolution. (3)
and (4)
, natural law, hope,
were common words to the thinkers of the
Enlightenment.
Montesquieu’s analysis of the system of checks and (5)
through separation of powers was his most lasting contribution to political thought.
Voltaire was especially well-known for his criticism of (6)
and
Enlightenment was the (7)
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his strong belief in religious toleration. Diderot’s most famous contribution to the
, or Classified Dictionary of the
The (8)
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Sciences, Arts, and the Trades.
, a French group, were interested in identifying the
natural economic laws that governed human society. They believed the state should
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not interrupt the free play of natural economic forces by imposing government
(9)
on the economy. This doctrine became known as
(10)
, meaning “to let do.”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued for a social (11)
between
the government and the people. Through a social contract, an entire society agrees to
be (12)
(13)
by its general will. The English writer Mary
advanced the strongest statement for the rights of women.
Many Enlightenment philosophes (14)
the Christian
churches. But many people also sought a deeper personal (15)
to God. (16)
proved that the need for spiritual experience had
not been eliminated by the eighteenth-century search for reason.
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Guided Reading Activity 17-3
The Impact of the Enlightenment
DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 3.
I. Enlightenment thought influenced European
in the eighteenth
century.
A. Frederick II of
was well-versed in the ideas of the
Enlightenment.
B. Joseph II of Austria said, “Philosophy is the
of my empire.”
C. Catherine II of Russia said Diderot’s
theories “would have
turned everything in my kingdom upside down.”
II. The philosophes
war as a foolish waste of life and resources.
A. In 1740 a major war broke out in connection with the succession to the
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throne.
B. The
Years’ War had three major areas of conflict: Europe, India,
and North America.
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C. The struggle between Britain and France in the rest of the world, known as the
, was fought in India and North America.
III. The Enlightenment brought important changes in art,
, and
A. By the 1730s, a new artistic style known as
had spread over
Europe.
B. Eighteenth-century Europe produced some of the world’s most enduring
.
1. Johann Sebastian
was one of the greatest composers of all
time.
2. Wolfgang Amadeus
C. European
was a true child prodigy of the age.
began to choose realistic social themes over the past
century’s focus on heroic deeds and the supernatural.
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literature.
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Guided Reading Activity 17-4
The American Revolution
DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 4.
1. The United Kingdom of
came into existence in 1707, when the
governments of England and Scotland were united.
2. By 1757 Britain controlled
English colonies on the eastern coast of
the present United States.
3. After the Seven Years’ War, British leaders wanted to get new
from the colonies.
4. In 1765 Parliament imposed the
, which required legal documents
to carry a stamp showing that a tax had been paid to
.
.
6. On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress approved the
.
7. When General Cornwallis was forced to surrender to the American and French forces
at
8. The
, the British decided to end the war.
, signed in 1783, recognized the
of the
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American colonies and granted American control of territory to the
River.
9. The proposed Constitution created a
system, in which the
national and state governments shared power.
10. The
guaranteed freedom of religion, speech, press, the right to
bear arms, and trial by jury.
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and
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5. Fighting finally erupted between colonists and the British army in April 1775 in