Download Reptiles and Amphibians - Pet Industry Association of Australia

STANDARDS & GUIDELINES
FOR BEST PRACTICE
TRADING IN
REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS
Page | 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ..............................................................................................................................................................................................6
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................7
Reptile & Amphibian Housing & Husbandry .....................................................................................................................................9
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................9
WHS ..............................................................................................................................................................................................9
Security.........................................................................................................................................................................................9
Sourcing Animals ........................................................................................................................................................................10
Sale of Animals ...........................................................................................................................................................................10
Transportation............................................................................................................................................................................10
Behaviour ...................................................................................................................................................................................10
Behavioural Enrichment .............................................................................................................................................................10
Reptile and amphibian physical needs .......................................................................................................................................11
Reptile and amphibian behavioural needs .................................................................................................................................11
Enclosures/Housing ....................................................................................................................................................................11
Indoor Enclosures .......................................................................................................................................................................12
Reptile Housing ..........................................................................................................................................................................12
Venomous Snakes ...........................................................................................................................................................................12
Food and water ..........................................................................................................................................................................13
Suitable water and food dishes ..................................................................................................................................................13
Storage of Foods.........................................................................................................................................................................14
Presentation of foods .................................................................................................................................................................14
Captive Diets ...................................................................................................................................................................................14
Frogs...........................................................................................................................................................................................14
Turtles ........................................................................................................................................................................................14
Lizards ........................................................................................................................................................................................14
Snakes ........................................................................................................................................................................................15
Crocodiles ...................................................................................................................................................................................15
Vitamin and mineral supplements ............................................................................................................................................15
Outdoor Enclosures ........................................................................................................................................................................15
Health Care and Record Keeping ....................................................................................................................................................16
Hygiene ...........................................................................................................................................................................................16
Waste ..............................................................................................................................................................................................16
Veterinary Care ...............................................................................................................................................................................16
Euthanasia ......................................................................................................................................................................................17
Lighting ...........................................................................................................................................................................................17
Hospital and Quarantine Facilities ..................................................................................................................................................18
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
Page |2
Zoonotic Diseases ...........................................................................................................................................................................18
Minimum Enclosure Standards for Reptiles & Amphibians Pt 1 .....................................................................................................20
Snakes ........................................................................................................................................................................................20
Venomous Snakes ......................................................................................................................................................................24
Lizards ........................................................................................................................................................................................28
Geckos ........................................................................................................................................................................................29
Skinks..........................................................................................................................................................................................31
Dragons ......................................................................................................................................................................................34
Monitors .....................................................................................................................................................................................36
Legless Lizards ............................................................................................................................................................................38
Freshwater Turtles .....................................................................................................................................................................39
Frogs ...........................................................................................................................................................................................41
Crocodiles ...................................................................................................................................................................................42
Reptile and Amphibian Outdoor Enclosure Recommendations .....................................................................................................44
Snakes ........................................................................................................................................................................................45
Geckos ........................................................................................................................................................................................46
Skinks..........................................................................................................................................................................................48
Dragons ......................................................................................................................................................................................49
Monitors .....................................................................................................................................................................................51
Legless Lizards ............................................................................................................................................................................54
Turtles ........................................................................................................................................................................................55
Reptile and Amphibian Enclosure Recommendations Pt 2 .............................................................................................................57
Snakes ........................................................................................................................................................................................57
Venomous Snakes ......................................................................................................................................................................58
Lizards ........................................................................................................................................................................................58
Freshwater Turtles .....................................................................................................................................................................59
Frogs ...........................................................................................................................................................................................60
Crocodiles ...................................................................................................................................................................................60
Reptile and Amphibian Outdoor Enclosure Recommendations .....................................................................................................61
Snakes ........................................................................................................................................................................................61
Geckos ........................................................................................................................................................................................61
Skinks..........................................................................................................................................................................................61
Dragons ......................................................................................................................................................................................62
Monitors .....................................................................................................................................................................................62
Legless Lizards ............................................................................................................................................................................62
Turtles ........................................................................................................................................................................................63
Reptiles and Amphibians on the States and Territories of Aust Trading List ..................................................................................64
Appendix 1 – States & Territories of Aust Reptile & Amphibian Licencing Systems .......................................................................68
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
Page |3
Appendix 2 – Reptile Specimen Card ..............................................................................................................................................71
Appendix 3 – Reptile and Speciment Food & Slough Chart ............................................................................................................72
Appendix 4 – Stock Movements .....................................................................................................................................................73
Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................................................75
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
Page |4
Disclaimer
The information contained in this publication are the Standards & Guidelines for Best Practice (SGBP)
defined by the Pet Industry Association of Australia (PIAA). Users are reminded that compliance with these
Standards & Guidelines is a requirement of Membership of the PIAA.
New versions of these Standards & Guidelines may be issued from time to time. It is the responsibility of
users to ensure the version of the Standards & Guidelines for Best Practice on which they rely is current by
checking it is the latest version available on the PIAA website.
Compliance
Compliance of the Association’s National Code, Standards & Guidelines for Best Practice does not remove
the need to abide by the requirements of all local, state and commonwealth legislation and codes of
practice including the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Acts and any other laws such as Local Government
Acts and National Parks and Wildlife Acts in all states and territories.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
Page |5
Preface
The Pet Industry Association (PIAA) Standards & Guidelines for Best Practice – Trading in Reptiles and
Amphibians outline the principles that every Association member involved in the trading of reptiles and
amphibians must use to protect the welfare of the animals in their care. By adhering to the Standards &
Guidelines for Best Practice people involved in this industry are demonstrating to the general community
their concern for the welfare of the animals in their care.
When humans manipulate or limit an animal’s choices in relation to its physical or social environment, the
welfare of that animal must be considered. Humans have a duty of care towards these animals, and the
greater the level of control of an animal or intervention with its environment the greater the
responsibilities become.
Animal welfare can be thought of as the way an animal’s health, safety and wellbeing are affected by its
physical and social environment. Health and behaviour indicators provide information about how an animal
is responding to a situation, thus enabling us to make informed decisions relating to the animal’s welfare.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
Page |6
Introduction
Introduction
In the last 20 years there has been a significant increase in the keeping of reptiles and
amphibians in captivity in Australia. The following is an overview of current States and
Territories of Australia regarding the trading list, and recommendations for enclosures sizes.
The recommended enclosure sizes have been a compromise between two opposing forces in
enclosure size determination. The most important factor in any reptile and amphibian
husbandry is providing the correct thermal environment. The importance of correct and
appropriate temperatures to cater for individual needs of each species and each animal
cannot be understated, and is far more important than any enclosure parameter. This is
actually an inverse relationship between enclosure size and temperature. This is because the
larger an enclosure is, the more difficult it is to obtain optimal temperature.
This recommendation describes a suggested practice for the care and housing of reptiles and
amphibians, taking into consideration scientific information and accumulated experience.
These recommended minimum enclosure sizes have been developed to find the suitable
balance between optimal temperature, enclosure sizes, animal welfare needs, public
perception and the aesthetics of the enclosure within a pet shop as a display. It is important to
note that reptiles and amphibians kept according to this recommendation are for short-term
stay. Recommended enclosure, housing and husbandry are for medium term holding.
The following steps were followed to produce this document.





Step 1: Required the sourcing of available documents to assist in writing this
recommendation. These documents included:
Native reptile and amphibian species list from States and Territory government agencies.
Animal Welfare Code of Practice, Animals in Pet Shops for States and Territory.
Standards for exhibiting reptiles, Exhibited Animals Protection Act (EAPA), New South Wales
(NSW) Department of Primary Industries. Code of Practice for the Private Keeping of
Reptiles.
Guidelines for showing reptiles and amphibians from a number of reptile and frog societies
and clubs.
Current reptile and amphibian literature relating to information and species husbandry and
housing.
Step 2: Meetings with pet industry representatives, pet shop owners and captive animals
representatives from States and Territories was integral. Many people who were consulted
had decades of knowledge and experience in keeping and trading reptiles and amphibians.
Visits to pet shops in Western Australia, Victoria, NSW, Queensland and the Australian Capital
Territory (ACT) provided great insight and a platform for the development of this
recommendation. Reptile and amphibian standards, species lists, enclosure sizes and numbers
of reptiles and amphibians kept per enclosure were gathered and reviewed. A number of
shops assisted by placing reptile and amphibian species in a variety of enclosure sizes to gauge
what are acceptable standards to assist in the development of categories and numbers for this
recommendation.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
Page |7
Step 3: Welfare: Reptile and amphibian welfare, health and safety, physical and behaviour
requirements were of high priority. Reptile and amphibian Fright, Flight and Fight (FFF) zones
were considered, along with inter and intra-specific housing, indoor enclosures, and
suspended and outdoor style housing. Reptile and amphibian suitability to captivity, reptiles
and amphibians on the exempt species list, easy to keep species, hard to keep species, and
sensitive species were considered. Public perception was taken into account in preparing
enclosure
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
Page |8
Reptile and Amphibian Housing & Husbandry
Introduction
The aim of this section is to provide a recommendation in key areas for the housing and
husbandry of reptiles and amphibians for all parties trading in reptiles and amphibians
throughout Australia. Please be guided by your home State or Territory government agency’s
legislation and guidelines for keeping. There are a large number of current and informative
reptile and amphibian publications on the market that can assist with housing and husbandry.
(Please refer to Bibliography on page 72 and 73).
Work Health and Safety (WHS)
It is recommended that stores trading in reptiles and amphibians undertake all reasonable
measures to ensure the health and safety of staff and manage all relevant workplace risks.
This can include sick or injured staff members who require medical attention, and the risk
associated with zoonotic disease by those in direct contact with animals.
In order to provide a safe and healthy environment, each store must have WHS processes and
procedures in place to comply with relevant State and Territory legislation. Such processes
and procedures include the following documentation.
fety Inspection Checklist Template
Depending on staffing levels, there must be the appropriate number of properly trained staff
members to meet particular State and Territory requirements for first aid, fire and emergency
situations. Please refer to State and Territory regulatory bodies to determine appropriate
levels.
Security
Premises and animal enclosures must be secure against unwanted animals, persons or pests
at all times. It is recommended that stores must be able to be reasonably secured to prevent
access to the premises outside trading hours, including outdoor enclosures. Enclosures must
be securely fastened outside trading hours to the extent required to avoid escape. All external
openings must prevent escape of animals or easy removal of products or equipment without
authorisation. Adequate security must be in place to ensure the safety of staff, the public and
all animals on the premises.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
Page |9
Venomous snakes must be housed in lockable, escape-proof enclosures at all times. All
categories of venomous snakes must also be held within a locked, escape-proof room that
prevents unauthorised entry.
Sourcing Animals
It is recommended that the person in charge of trading in reptiles and amphibians purchase
animals from licensed, reliable and responsible PIAA breeders. New owners who have
purchased a reptile or amphibian should be encouraged to keep in contact with the store to
ensure the animal is being cared for correctly or if the new owner has any questions to ask
about the animal.
Sale of Animals
It is recommended that the person in charge of trading in reptiles and amphibians only sell to
people who are licensed or meet State or Territory licensing requirements.
Transportation
Legislation and codes of practice for the transportation of animals are applicable in some
States and Territories in Australia and must be complied with when transporting animals.
When transporting reptiles and amphibians to and from the store, staff must ensure that the
animals are contained safely within appropriate enclosures so as to reduce any injury to the
animal. Animals being transported by road must have sufficient fresh air and not be left
unattended in closed/locked vehicles. On longer journeys, animals must be checked and given
water if required every two hours. Those trading in reptiles and amphibians that are required
to transport animals by air must use a recognised pet/animal transport agent complying with
the International Air Transport Association (IATA) regulations for the transport of animals.
Transportation vehicles and transport enclosures/crates must be cleaned and disinfected after
each use to prevent disease.
Behaviour
It is recommended that two or more species can be housed together (refer to Reptile and
Amphibian Enclosure Recommendations Part 2 for increased area for each additional cm2 per
animal) so long as none of the species are likely to prey on, or cause serious injury to the
others, be aggressive or consistently deny others access to food, water or shelter. All grouped
animals need to be monitored for aggression, competition or predation.
Behavioural enrichment
Where possible, it is recommended that reptiles and amphibians be provided with
behavioural enrichment. To do this, firstly reptile and amphibian physical and behavioural
needs must be considered. These are as follows:
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 10
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reptile and amphibian physical needs
Food: Is there a variety of food and what is the frequency of feeding?
Waste production: How do reptiles and amphibians produce their droppings? How often,
and how to dispose of the droppings?
Water: Is there fresh drinking water, and what is the size of the water bowl given and other
water bodies?
Shelter: Is there somewhere to sleep, stay dry and warm?
Space: Has enough space and furniture been provided to encourage natural behaviour?
Appropriate substrate: What types of substrate material should be used? For example,
breeder’s choice cat litter pellets, aspen, gravel, zeolite or sand?
Temperature: What is a suitable temperature for a reptile or amphibian?
Heating and lighting: What heating and lighting is best suited for the reptiles and
amphibians?
Ventilation/airflow: How much ventilation is available? All reptiles need ventilation research how much, and where you should position the ventilation in the exhibit.
Appropriate source of UV lights/bulbs that are changed at least annually.
Reptile and Amphibian behavioural needs
Foraging: Searching for food. Keepers often give the snake the rat straight away. Try
encouraging the snake to look for its food.
Exploring: Searching, not just for food.
Resting: Places where your reptile can rest away from the public.
Socialising: Interacting with other reptiles or amphibians of the same kind.
Reproducing: It is important to note that reptiles and amphibians kept according to this
recommendation are of short term holding. Breeding is not recommended under these
holding terms, but optional for pet shop owners to use their own discretion.
Enclosures/Housing
Based on the findings, indoor enclosures are to be constructed to a standard that maintains a
high level of security, safety and wellbeing of the reptile and amphibian being housed. An
enclosure should be designed to be keeper friendly so it can be serviced safely and regularly.
Many reptile species (such as large pythons and monitors) can apply considerable pressure on
enclosure fixtures including glass. This may result in the displacement of enclosure furnishings
and/or the opening of lids and doors. Considerable pressure can cause glass to crack or
shatter. When selecting glass consider other pressures such as water pressure and the weight
of any enclosure furnishings and substrates. Strong glass with a minimum panel thickness of
6mm should be used - with the option to use laminated or even toughened glass for extra
strength.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 11

An enclosure must be escape-proof.

An enclosure must be made safe for the reptile to occupy by excluding hazards that have the
potential to harm it.

An enclosure must be designed and/or positioned so as to prevent the reptile from coming
into physical contact with wild animals, pests, domestic pets, and unauthorised persons.

When different species of reptiles are housed together, they must be compatible.
Indoor Enclosures
Reptiles and amphibians require an enclosure that provides appropriate environmental
conditions for the species being housed. They must be provided with temperature gradients,
humidity levels and light cycles that are appropriate to the species (i.e. allows normal physical
and behavioural needs). Indoor enclosure walls, floors and fittings must be constructed from
impervious materials that can be easily cleaned.
Enclosure surfaces, edges and ventilation grates that are accessible by the reptile should be
smooth to prevent injury. Enclosure doors need to be fitted with a locking mechanism for
enclosure security. Ventilation holes need to be provided and designed and secured so that
the reptile cannot escape.
Reptile housing
Reptile housing is very similar in the fundamentals of enclosure design and set up for all
species. For example, a secure enclosure with a heat source, thermostat, thermometer, water
bowl, somewhere to hide, enclosure furniture, substrate, and ultraviolet light if required.
However, with the wide variety of reptile species now available to licensed keepers, there can
be very specific housing requirements for specific species. Commercially sold reptile
enclosures are available in timber, plastic or glass. It is essential that after choosing an
appropriate enclosure that a heat source is added to allow thermoregulation. It is a
requirement that a thermostat is attached to the enclosure’s heat source to guarantee the
setting of specific temperatures for individual animals can be achieved. The combination of a
thermostat and thermometer work together to ensure a suitable heat source is provided for
reptiles and amphibians. The selection of substrates and furniture can be varied for individual
species. Ensure that before housing any reptile or amphibian species, you research the species
to be kept and know its housing and husbandry needs!
Venomous Snakes
Security must be of the highest priority. Ensure all venomous snake enclosures remain
locked at all times, except for cleaning and feeding times. An enclosure housing venomous
snakes must be labelled with a venomous snake sign. Venomous snake keepers must be
suitably trained and hold a current first aid certificate. All Categories of venomous snakes
must also be held within a locked, escape-proof room, which prevents unauthorised entry.
Responsible venomous snake sales are only to owners who are licensed, trained and certified
to hold such snakes.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 12
Food and Water
Reptiles and amphibians must receive a balanced and complete diet that allows them to
maintain good health and growth, recognising the physiological status and special needs of
differing ages and species. Clean, fresh water must be available for all animals at all times at a
temperature and quality that meets the animal’s needs. Containers must be readily accessible
to animals and positioned to avoid spillage and reduce the contamination by faeces. Avoid any
food or water containers being directly under a heat source, unless the aim is to place a water
container closer to the heat source to achieve a higher humidity. Ensure enclosure furniture
and perching is not directly above a water container. The larger the enclosure and overall
floor area (refer to Reptile and Amphibian Enclosure Recommendations Part 2) the greater the
opportunity is to provide ample opportunity to place food and water containers appropriately.
Reptile and amphibian food and water requirements vary enormously. Before acquiring any
reptile species, ensure that you research the species to be kept and know its daily food and
water needs. A water bowl should always be provided for all animals. Water bowls should be
cleaned regularly and refilled with fresh clean water. The shingleback lizard Tiliqua rugosus for
example, only requires a small water bowl and generally drinks water once a week.
Consideration must be given to the size and depth of the bowl. Snakes often need a larger and
deeper water bowl as they can often soak before shedding. Take caution, some lizards may
drown in a water bowl that is too deep.
Suitable Water & Food Dishes
All food and water dishes should be easy to clean and sterilise. Separate bowls for each
enclosure must be provided. Stainless steel or plastic dishes are usually best overall. Dishes
should be thoroughly cleaned after every feed and not re-used to feed other animals later on.
This is of course especially important for animals in quarantine situations.
Some reptiles and amphibians do not necessarily need a food dish as they eat their food
whole or whilst submersed in water.
Water dishes should be shallow enough for any reptile or amphibian to get out of if required.
Many reptiles cannot swim and may drown in such situations. Some reptiles require large
bodies of water to feed, swim, or completely immerse in during hot or dry weather. This
should always be provided where possible. Some reptiles will not actively drink at all and will
get their fluids from the foods that they eat. However, many will drink from water bowls,
ponds or droplets on foliage. Many also benefit from additional moisture during times of
shedding.
All equipment used in the food preparation for reptiles and amphibians should always be
clean, and even sterilised where required. Some food items may need to be defrosted before
feeding, and this should be done naturally, and never in a microwave oven or in hot to warm
water to speed up the thawing process. Fish can be gently defrosted using cold tap water, but
rats, mice, rabbits and chickens for example, should always be defrosted slowly, naturally and
fed at room temperature.
When providing water for amphibians, all water used must be de-chlorinated by aging it for
24-48 hours. Alternatively, you can use commercially prepared water conditioners, which are
available from retail stores.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 13
Storage of Foods
All fruit and vegetables should be stored effectively, usually in a fridge at 4°C. Rats, mice,
chicken, fish, and prawns for example, should be stored in a freezer and thawed as required in
a refrigerator overnight. When using freshly killed foodstuffs, food should be presented to
the reptiles and amphibians within an hour of euthanasia.
Presentation of Foods
Fruits and vegetables can be offered in dishes, chopped, diced or blended, depending upon
the species being fed. Live insects can be released into enclosures so that animals can catch
them, or many reptiles and amphibians will accept insects from tweezers. Foliage and flowers
can be offered on the branch as most of the species that consume these have large strong
jaws to tear them off.
A reptile’s willingness to feed in captivity can be determined by the animal feeling
comfortable in the environment provided. A settling in period of two weeks may be needed
for newly acquired reptiles. Always maintain detailed feeding records for your reptile ensuring
your animal is being fed correctly. Refer to Appendices 2, 3 and 4 for examples of reptile and
amphibian record keeping documents.
The natural diet and metabolic rate (activity rate) varies considerably from one reptile and
amphibian to another. Winter (June to August) is the time most reptiles and amphibians
experience a cooling off period. The reptile and amphibian metabolism rate slows and
brumation takes place. Throughout the brumation state reptiles and amphibians can survive
without food for the winter season. However, a bowl of water must be provided.
Captive Diets
Frogs: Frogs are insect eaters. Suitable insects, depending on the size of the frog may include:
crickets, grasshoppers, houseflies, cockroaches (woodies), blowflies, beetles, moths,
earthworms, silkworms, day old mice and occasionally, mealworms. Frogs are active at night.
Feed frogs three to four times weekly.
Turtles: Always feed turtles in, or adjacent to water, as they may need to submerse
themselves in water in order to feed. The preferred food of freshwater turtles is ground beef,
liver, heart, raw fish crickets, cockroaches, grasshoppers, earthworms, silkworms, blood
worms, raw fish (invertebrates to be fed live or thawed and preferably whole), yabbies and
fish pellets. Some species will eat water plants and a variety of green vegetables. A vitamin
and mineral supplement powder is required for an all meat diet. Hatchlings may be fed every
second day. Adults fed twice weekly.
Lizards: Lizards have a large range of food preferences. Insects make up a large proportion of
a lizard’s diet. Mealworms, crickets, grasshoppers, silkworms, cockroaches, fruit flies, maggots
and moths are a natural part of their diet. Ensure your insect supply is pesticide free. A
vitamin and mineral supplement powder is required for an all meat diet. A variety of fruits and
vegetables may also be fed. Many lizards will accept canned dog and cat food or commercially
sold food through pet shops. Lizards have a higher metabolic rate than snakes and therefore
generally feed far more frequently than snakes. Some small species of lizards such as dragons
and monitors may require food daily. Larger species can be fed one to two times weekly. The
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 14
most important things to do are to establish a feeding routine, stick to it and keep records.
Note: Many dragon, monitor and skink species can be territorial or aggressive by nature.
Observe and monitor behaviour of grouped lizard species for any signs of aggression,
particularly around feeding time.
Snakes: Snakes are predators and will feed on a wide range of birds, mammals and reptiles.
Prey items are either killed by venom, suffocated or swallowed alive. After overpowering their
food, all snakes swallow food whole. In captivity, rodents are usually fed as a preferred food
source. When feeding snakes, a good guide for choosing the size of the food item for the size
of the snake is to select a rodent that has the same size head as the snake as this will allow the
snake to stretch and modify its skull and jaws enough to consume its prey. Obtain food from a
reliable source or breed your own rodents. Ensure food is pesticide free. Separate snakes prior
to feeding if housed together. It is important to establish a feeding routine with snakes, as
adults only require one meal two times weekly, once a week or once a fortnight. Snakes and
crocodiles will usually take whole foods such as mice, rats, chickens or rabbits from large
tongs or other feeding implements.
Crocodiles: Crocodiles will usually take food in pieces or chunks such as mice, rats, chicken,
fish or rabbit from large tongs or other feeding implements.
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements: Vitamin and mineral supplements are of benefit for frogs,
turtles, lizards and crocodiles. For frogs, sprinkle calcium/vitamin powder in a take away
container and add insects. For turtles, lizards and crocodiles, sprinkle calcium/vitamin powder
on food or inject liquid supplements into the food items.. Read and follow the instructions on
the supplement container. Humidity: The amount of moisture in the air is influenced by the
presence of drinking water, the body of water and the live plants within the enclosure. It can
also be influenced by ventilation offered, surrounding temperatures and humidity. Investigate
your chosen reptile and amphibian and the humidity required. Species that have originated
from the tropical rainforest of Queensland will require a humid environment, whereas desert
species thrive in a drier environment though may need microclimates where increased
humidity is found especially around the time of shedding.. The use of different sized water
bowls and mist spraying in summer or around slough time can assist in the control of
humidity. A commercially made humidity controller should be placed in the enclosure to
provide an accurate reading.
Outdoor enclosures: This is required for pet stores, because many in Northern Australia use
outdoor housing.
OUTDOOR ENCLOSURES ARE NOT RECOMMENDED FOR HOUSING REPTILES AND
AMPHIBIANS
With exceptions, in the right climatic region, correct aspect, a well-insulated hide and
provisions of a heat source in an outdoor enclosure, reptiles can be kept outdoors. It is not
recommended to keep frogs outside for the following reasons: predation on frogs kept
outdoors is common, exposure to disease and pathogens, lack of suitable location to meet
housing requirements, and almost impossible to observe captive frogs in an outdoor housing
environment.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 15
An outdoor enclosure must consider aspect and location, be designed and managed to
account for the full range of seasonal weather variation, and risks from domestic and wild
predators and potential pest infestations. If a reptile is to be housed in an outdoor enclosure,
the temperature, humidity and lighting regime must be similar to that occurring in its natural
range. It is recommended that an outdoor enclosure be raised above ground level to provide
sufficient drainage to prevent the accumulation of water. An outdoor enclosure must be
designed and situated so that the reptile is provided with sufficient sunlight in cooler months
and shade in warmer months. Depending on your location and the ability for a reptile to
achieve its preferred body temperature, supplement heating may be required. An outdoor
enclosure must provide locations where the reptile can find shelter from weather conditions
such as heat, cold and rain. For terrestrial species this must include a range of shelters or hide
boxes, which are permanently dry. The ability to keep reptiles outdoors can be restricted to
warmer, temperate and tropical climates. Additionally, reptiles may not be able to be kept
outdoors during the colder seasonal months. The types of outdoor enclosures can range from
suspended enclosures, aviaries, enclosed pits, screen mesh enclosure or fine wire 6.5mm x
6.5mm enclosure and indoor/outdoor combined enclosures. All of these options have merit,
but careful consideration must be given to the selection of an outdoor enclosure, as it needs
to be based on the individual requirements for the animal being housed.
Health Care and Record keeping: It is recommended that staff are familiar with signs of
common and zoonotic diseases of reptiles and amphibians. The monitoring of health and
wellbeing of animals should be carried out daily. Maintain detailed records of your reptiles
and amphibians to ensure that each specimen being fed is cared for correctly (refer to
Appendices 2, 3 and 4). List feeding dates, food offered, acceptance or refusal of food, skin
shed, medical treatment, observed mating, and record length and weight. These records are
essential in monitoring the health of animals in your store.
Hygiene: It is recommended that all reptiles and amphibians enclosures must be checked, and
then cleaned daily if required. The frequency of checking and cleaning may increase
depending on the species. Cleaning and disinfection chemicals and materials must be chosen
on the basis of their suitability, safety to humans and animals, and effectiveness. They must
be used only in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Before new animals are
introduced, vacant enclosures must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. The Material
Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all chemicals held must be available to staff.
Waste: Waste material including faeces, litter, uneaten foods, disposable food containers and
bedding, aquarium waste water and substrates must be disposed of promptly and hygienically
in accordance with requirements of local government authorities.
Veterinary Care: It is recommended that the person in charge of trading in reptiles and
amphibians establish an agreement with one or more local veterinarians and any other
suitably qualified person who are able to attend to animal emergencies or sick animals and to
advise on management and disease prevention measures. Sick or injured reptiles and
amphibians must be kept isolated and animals kept away from public view and not offered for
sale.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 16
Euthanasia of reptiles and amphibians must be performed only by a veterinary surgeon or a
person who is an authorised euthanasia technician.
Lighting
Like the need for the provision of appropriate heating for reptiles the need for adequate and
appropriate lighting for reptiles cannot be over-emphasised. The following factors need to be
considered:

The species being housed

The type of light required e.g. UVB, UVA, visible light

The photoperiod i.e. how long the lights should be on and off

The design of the enclosure
All reptiles benefit from being exposed to a daylight cycle that reflects their natural exposure.
In many cases this can be simply achieved by fitting timers to light fixtures to provide light for
12-14 hours a day. Similarly reptiles and amphibians should not be exposed to light for 24
hours a day. A period of darkness is essential for their wellbeing and to minimse stress. This
includes exposure to so called “red lights” overnight. A common misconception is that reptiles
are unable to see this type or colour of light and so these lights are suitable for 24-hour use.
This is not true and such lights should not be used overnight. An excellent alternative would
be to use a low wattage ceramic heat emitter to provide overnight an overnight heat source.
Many species of reptiles benefit and in fact require exposure to ultraviolet light (UV).
Specifically they require exposure to UVB light. UVB light is of a specific wavelength that
promotes the formation of vitamin D in the animals’ skin which can then be used to absorb
calcium from the diet. Failure to provide such light can result in the development of a
condition called Secondary Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism (commonly referred to as
“Metabolic Bone Disease”. Young, growing animals are particularly prone to this condition.
It is generally regarded that most, if not all, species of turtle and lizard, should be provided
with UVB lighting, even for the probable short period of time that the animal(s) are to be
retained in the store. There is mounting evidence that even nocturnal species such as many of
the geckos, can also show improved health with even minimal exposure to this type of light.
The provision of UVB light to snake is one of continual debate. Studies have shown that some
species respond favourably to exposure while in other species it has been shown to have no
apparent affect. As a general recommendation UVB lighting should be provided to snake if the
enclosure design and construction allows for it. With this in mind though it is still prudent to
allow snakes to experience a normal daylight cycle of visible light.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 17
When using UVB lighting it is also important to consider
 The age of the light. UVB-producing lights degrade with time and as such need to be
replaced as per the manufacturer’s guidelines


The distance from the light to the animal. UVB light follows a mathematical principle
called the “inverse square law”. This basically means that the further away from the light
the animal is the less UVB it is exposed to. With this is mind light should be chosen and
positioned so that the animal gains appropriate exposure. As an example an enclosure
should not be so tall that no UVB light reaches an animal that spends all of its time on the
bottom of the enclosure. Branches and other climbing furniture should be provided so as
to allow the reptile or amphibian to be able to regulate it’s own exposure
UVB safety. UV light is considered hazardous and some lights have been shown to produce
dangerous levels of UV light if faulty. People working with these lights should minimise
their exposure where possible and ensure they light are producing appropriate levels of
UV light via the use of equipment such as UV meters.
Hospital and Quarantine Facilities
All sick animals should be removed from display and housed in a separate hospital enclosure
to allow adequate monitoring and treatment. These animals should be attended to last to
avoid any cross-contamination with healthy animals in the store.
If deemed necessary any sick animals should be examined and treated by a veterinarian
experienced with reptiles and amphibians
All new acquisitions should be housed away from displayed animals until such time that an
adequate quarantine period has been observed. This length of time will depend upon:

The species involved

The possible diseases and illnesses that could potentially be carried by the species in
question

The source of the animals. Stores should only purchase animals from known breeders with
a good reputation.

The degree of risk that the store wishes to take. In an ideal world animals may be kept in
quarantine for extended periods of time (e.g. in excess of two years for pythons) but is a
retail situation this unrealistic. As such stores need to develop a policy for quarantine
based on what they feel is adequate for their situation and reputation. They need to be
aware of the potential pathogens (e.g. mites, viruses etc.), their biology and what steps
can be undertaken to minimise the risks.
Zoonotic Diseases
Zoonotic diseases are those diseases that can be transferred from animals to humans.
Unfortunately there are several potentially zoonotic diseases that can be carried by reptiles
and amphibians. These include but are not limited to Salmonella, mycobacteria and
Cryptosporidia.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 18



Adequate hygiene is essential when handling reptiles and amphibians. It is imperative that
hands should be washed after handling such animals. Hands and fingers should not be
placed in the mouth after handling.
Equipment, utensils and food related tools should never be prepared or cleaned in the
vicinity of where human food is prepared or consumed.
People with conditions that result in an immunocompromised state (e.g. receiving
chemotherapy, HIV) and children under 5 years of age should have minimal exposure to
reptiles and amphibians to decrease the risk of zoonotic disease transmission.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 19
Minimum Enclosure Standards for
Reptiles and Amphibians Part 1
Enclosure Category 1 - Snakes
Description 1A Snakes: Small species, hatchlings and juveniles less than <35cm in length
Category
1A Snakes:
State or
Common Name
Territory
VIC, ACT, NSW, QLD, NT, WA &
SA
Children's
Python
Small Blotched
Python
Pygmy Python
Scientific Name
Numbers Comments
Per Cage
Refer to Reptile and Amphibian
Enclosure Recommendations
Part 2 for increased area for
each additional animal (cm2).
Antaresia childreni
1
Antaresia maculosa
1
Antaresia perthensis
1
Stimsons
Antaresia stimsoni
1
Python
Description: 1B Snakes: Small species, hatchlings and juveniles greater than >35cm and less than
<75cm in length
1B Snakes:
VIC, ACT, NSW, QLD, NT, WA &
SA
Children's
Python
Small Blotched
Python
Pygmy Python
Antaresia childreni
1
Antaresia maculosa
1
Antaresia perthensis
1
Black-headed
Python
Woma Python
Aspidites
melanocephalus
Aspidites ramsayi
1
Water Python
Liasis fuscus
1
Northern Tree
Snake
Common or
Green Tree
Snake
Olive Python
Dendrelaphis
calligastra
Dendrelaphis
punctulata
1
Liasis olivaceus
olivaceus
Liasis olivaceus
baroni
Morelia amethistina
1
Morelia spilota
bredli
Morelia carinata
1
Morelia spilota
cheynei
1
Pilbara Olive
Python
Scrub Python
Centralian
Carpet Python
Rough-scaled
Python
Jungle Carpet
Python
1
1
1
1
1
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 20
South Western
Carpet
Coastal Carpet
Python
Inland Carpet
Python
Diamond
Python
North Western
Carpet Python
Green Python
Morelia spilota
imbricata
Morelia spilota
mcdowelli
Morelia spilota
metcalfei
Morelia spilota
spilota
Morelia spilota
variegata
Morelia virdis
1
Slatey-grey
Snake
Keelback
Stegonotus
cucullatus
Tropidonophis mairii
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Description: 1C Snakes: Greater than >75cm and less than <100cm in length
Category
1C Snakes:
State or
Territory
VIC,ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA &
SA
Common Name
Children's
Python
Small Blotched
Python
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
1
Antaresia childreni
1
Antaresiamaculosa
Stimsons Python
Black-headed
Python
Woma Python
Antaresia Stimsoni
Aspidites
melanocephalus
Aspidites ramsayi
1
Water Python
Liasis fuscus
1
Northern Tree
Snake
Common or
Green Tree
Snake
Olive Python
Dendrelaphis
calligastra
Dendrelaphis
punctulata
1
Liasis olivaceus
olivaceus
Liasis olivaceus
baroni
Morelia amethistina
1
Morelia spilota bredli
1
Morelia spilota
imbricata
Morelia carinata
1
Pilbara Olive
Python
Scrub Python
Centralian
Carpet Python
South Western
Carpet
Rough-scaled
Python
Comments
1
1
1
1
1
1
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 21
Jungle Carpet
Python
South Western
Carpet
Coastal Carpet
Python
Morelia spilota
cheynei
Morelia spilota
imbricata
Morelia spilota
mcdowelli
1
Diamond Python
Morelia spilota spilota
1
North Western
Carpet Python
Green Python
Morelia spilota
variegata
Morelia virdis
1
Green Python
Morelia virdis
1
Slatey-grey
Snake
Keelback
Stegonotus cucullatus
1
Tropidonophis mairii
1
1
1
1
Description 1D Snakes: greater than >100cm and less than < 140cm in length
Category
1D
Snakes:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Children's
Python
Small Blotched
Python
Scientific Name
Numbers
per cage
1
Antaresia childreni
1
Antaresia maculosa
Stimsons Python
Black-headed
Python
Woma Python
Antaresia Stimsoni
Aspidites
melanocephalus
Aspidites ramsayi
1
Water Python
Liasis fuscus
1
Northern Tree
Snake
Common or
Green Tree
Snake
Olive Python
Dendrelaphis
calligastra
Dendrelaphis
punctulata
1
Liasis olivaceus
olivaceus
Liasis olivaceus baroni
1
Morelia amethistina
1
Morelia spilota bredli
1
Morelia carinata
1
Morelia spilota
cheynei
Morelia spilota
imbricata
Morelia spilota
mcdowelli
Morelia spilota
metcalfei
1
Pilbara Olive
Python
Scrub Python
Centralian
Carpet Python
Rough-scaled
Python
Jungle Carpet
Python
South Western
Carpet
Coastal Carpet
Python
Inland Carpet
Python
Comments
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 22
Diamond Python
Morelia spilota spilota
1
North Western
Carpet Python
Green Python
Morelia spilota
variegata
Morelia virdis
1
Slatey-grey
Snake
Stegonotus cucullatus
1
1
Description 1E Snakes: greater than >140cm and less than < 300cm in length
Category
1D
Snakes:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, NT, WA
& SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Black-headed
Python
Woma Python
Aspidites
melanocephalus
Aspidites
ramsayi
Liasis fuscus
1
Liasis olivaceus
olivaceus
Liasis olivaceus
baroni
Morelia
amethistina
Morelia spilota
bredli
Morelia carinata
1
Morelia spilota
cheynei
Morelia spilota
imbricata
Morelia spilota
mcdowelli
Morelia spilota
metcalfei
Morelia spilota
spilota
Morelia spilota
variegata
Morelia virdis
1
Stegonotus
cucullatus
1
Water Python
Olive Python
Pilbara Olive
Python
Scrub Python
Centralian Carpet
Python
Rough-scaled
Python
Jungle Carpet
Python
South Western
Carpet
Coastal Carpet
Python
Inland Carpet
Python
Diamond Python
North Western
Carpet Python
Green Python
Slatey-grey Snake
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Description: 1F Snakes: Greater than >300cm in length
Category
1D Snakes:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
per cage
Aspidites
melanocephalus
Liasis olivaceus
olivaceus
1
Comments
Common Name
Black-headed
Python
Olive Python
1
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 23
Pilbara Olive
Python
Scrub Python
Centralian Carpet
Python
Coastal Carpet
Python
Diamond Python
North Western
Carpet Python
Liasis olivaceus
baroni
Morelia
amethistina
Morelia spilota
bredli
Morelia spilota
mcdowelli
Morelia spilota
spilota
Morelia spilota
variegata
1
1
1
1
1
1
Enclosure Category 2 – Venomous Snakes
Description 2A Venomous Snake: Small species, hatchlings and juveniles less than <50cm
in length
Category
2A
Venomous
Snakes
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Common Death
Adder
Northern Death
Adder
Pilbara Death
Adder
Desert Death Adder
Brown Tree Snake
Acanthophis
antarcticus
Acanthophis
praelongus
Acanthophis
wellsi
Acanthophis
pyrrhus
Boiga irregularis
Lowland
Copperhead
Eastern Small-eyed
Snake
Yellow-faced Whip
Snake
Stephen's Banded
Snake
Black Tiger Snake
Austrelaps
superbus
Cryptophis
nigrescens
Demansia
psammophis
Hoplocephalus
stephensii
Notechis ater
1
Tiger Snake (all
taxa)
Notechis
scutatus (all
taxa)
Parademansia
microlepidotus
Oxyuranus
scutellatus
Parasuta
flagellum
Pseudechis
australis
Pseudechis
butleri
1
Fierce Snake
Taipan
Little Whip Snake
Mulga Snake
Spotted Mulga
Snake (Butler’s
Black snake)
Numbers Comments
per cage
Refer to Reptile and Amphibian
Enclosure Recommendations Part
2 for increased area for each
additional animal (cm2).
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 24
Red-bellied Black
Snake
Dugite
Speckled Brown
Snake
Western Brown
Snake (Gwardar)
incl Southern
Central Australia
variety and Tropical
Northern Australia
variety
Eastern Brown
Snake
Curl Snake
Pseudechis
porphyriacus
Pseudonaja
affinis
Pseudonaja
guttata
Pseudonaja
mengdeni
including
Pseudonaja
aspidorhyncha &
Pseudonaja
nuchalis
Pseudonaja
textilis
Suta suta
1
1
1
1
1
1
Description 2B Venomous Snake: Greater than >50cm and less than <80cm in length
Category
2B
Venomous
Snakes
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
per cage
Common Death
Adder
Northern Death
Adder
Pilbara Death
Adder
Desert Death Adder
1
Brown Tree Snake
Acanthophis
antarcticus
Acanthophis
praelongus
Acanthophis
wellsi
Acanthophis
pyrrhus
Boiga irregularis
Lowland
Copperhead
Eastern Small-eyed
Snake
Yellow-faced Whip
Snake
Stephen’s Banded
Snake
Black Tiger Snake
Austrelaps
superbus
Cryptophis
nigrescens
Demansia
psammophis
Hoplocephalus
stephensii
Notechis ater
1
Tiger Snake (all
taxa)
Notechis
scutatus (all
taxa)
Parademansia
microlepidotus
Oxyuranus
scutellatus
Pseudechis
australis
Pseudechis
butleri
1
Pseudechis
porphyriacus
1
Fierce Snake
Taipan
Mulga Snake
Spotted Mulga
Snake(Butler’s
Black snake)
Red-bellied Black
Snake
Comments
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 25
Dugite
Speckled Brown
Snake
Western Brown
Snake
(Gwardar),including
Southern Central
Australia variety
and Tropical
Northern Australia
variety
Eastern Brown
Snake
Pseudonaja
affinis
Pseudonaja
guttata
Pseudonaja
mengdeni,
including
Pseudonaja
aspidorhyncha &
Pseudonaja
nuchalis
1
Pseudonaja
textilis
1
1
1
Description 2C Venomous Snake: Greater than >80cm and less than <120cm in length
Category
2C
Venomous
Snakes
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
per cage
Common Death
Adder
Northern Death
Adder
Pilbara Death
Adder
Desert Death Adder
1
Brown Tree Snake
Acanthophis
antarcticus
Acanthophis
praelongus
Acanthophis
wellsi
Acanthophis
pyrrhus
Boiga irregularis
Lowland
Copperhead
Eastern Small-eyed
Snake
Yellow-faced Whip
Snake
Stephen’s Banded
Snake
Black Tiger Snake
Austrelaps
superbus
Cryptophis
nigrescens
Demansia
psammophis
Hoplocephalus
stephensii
Notechis ater
1
Tiger Snake (all
taxa)
Notechis
scutatus (all
taxa)
Parademansia
microlepidotus
Oxyuranus
scutellatus
Pseudechis
australis
Pseudechis
butleri
1
Pseudechis
porphyriacus
Pseudonaja
affinis
1
Fierce Snake
Taipan
Mulga Snake
Spotted Mulga
Snake(Butler’s
Black snake)
Red-bellied Black
Snake
Dugite
Comments
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 26
Speckled Brown
Snake
Western Brown
Snake
(Gwardar),including
Southern Central
Australia variety
and Tropical
Northern Australia
variety
Eastern Brown
Snake
Pseudonaja
guttata
Pseudonaja
mengdeni,
including
Pseudonaja
aspidorhyncha &
Pseudonaja
nuchalis
1
Pseudonaja
textilis
1
1
Description 2D Venomous Snake: Greater than >120cm in length
Category
2D
Venomous
Snakes
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, NT, WA
& SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
per cage
Brown Tree Snake
Boiga irregularis
1
Black Tiger Snake
Notechis ater
1
Tiger Snake (all
taxa)
Notechis
scutatus (all
taxa)
Parademansia
microlepidotus
Oxyuranus
scutellatus
Pseudechis
australis
Pseudechis
butleri
1
Pseudechis
porphyriacus
Pseudonaja
affinis
Pseudonaja
guttata
Pseudonaja
mengdeni,
including
Pseudonaja
aspidorhyncha
& Pseudonaja
nuchalis
1
Pseudonaja
textilis
1
Fierce Snake
Taipan
Mulga Snake
Spotted Mulga
Snake(Butler’s
Black Snake)
Red-bellied Black
Snake
Dugite
Speckled Brown
Snake
Western Brown
Snake (Gwardar),
including
Southern Central
Australia variety
and Tropical
Northern
Australia variety
Eastern Brown
Snake
Comments
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 27
Enclosure Category 3 – Lizards
Description 3A Geckos: Small species, hatchlings and juveniles Less than <12cm snout to
vent length (SV) small housing category
Category
3A Geckos:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Marbled Gecko
Christinus
marmoratus
Diplodactylus
byrnei
Diplodactylus
conspicillatus
Diplodactylus
granariensis
Diplodactylus
tessellatus
Diplodactylus
vittatus
Gehyra australis
1
Gehyra
variegata
Heteronotia
binoei
Heteronotia
spelea
Lucasium
damaeum
Nephrurus asper
1
Nephrurus
laevissimus
Nephrurus levis
1
Nephrurus milii
1
Starred Knobtailed Gecko
Marbled Velvet
Gecko
Southern Spotted
Velvet Gecko
Rough-throated
Leaf-tail Gecko
Southern Leaftailed Gecko
North Spiny-tailed
Gecko
Jewelled Gecko
Nephrurus
stellatus
Oedura
marmorata
Oedura tryoni
1
Saltuarius
salebrosus
Saltuarius swaini
1
Strophurus
ciliaris
Strophurus elderi
1
Southern Spiny-
Strophurus
1
Pink-blotched
Gecko
Fat-tailed Gecko
Western Stone
Gecko
Tessellated Gecko
Eastern Stone
Gecko
Northern Dtella
Tree Dtella
Bynoe's Gecko
Desert Cave
Gecko
Beaded Gecko
Spiny Knob-tail
Gecko (Rough)
Pale Knob Tailed
Gecko
Smooth Knobtailed Gecko
Barking Gecko
Numbers Comments
Per Cage
Refer to Reptile and Amphibian
Enclosure Recommendations Part 2
for increased area for each
additional animal (cm2).
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 28
tailed Gecko
Golden-tailed
Gecko
intermedius
Strophurus
taenicauda
1
Description 3B Geckos: Greater than >12cm less than <25cm snout to vent length (SV)
medium housing category
Category
3B Geckos:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Marbled Gecko
Christinus
marmoratus
2 subadults, 1
adult or up
to 6
juveniles
Pink-blotched
Gecko
Fat-tailed Gecko
Diplodactylus
byrnei
Diplodactylus
conspicillatus
Diplodactylus
granariensis
Dilodactylus
tessellatus
Diplodact
ylus
vittatus
Gehyra australis
As above
Gehyra
variegata
Heteronotia
binoei
Heteronotia
spelea
Lucasium
damaeum
Nephrurus asper
As above
Nephrurus
laevissimus
Nephrurus levis
As above
Nephrurus milii
As above
Nephrurus
stellatus
Oedura
marmorata
Oedura tryoni
As above
Saltuarius
salebrosus
Saltuarius swaini
As above
Strophurus
ciliaris
Strophurus elderi
As above
Western Stone
Gecko
Tessellated Gecko
Eastern Stone
Gecko
Northern Dtella
Tree Dtella
Bynoe's Gecko
Desert Cave
Gecko
Beaded Gecko
Spiny Knob-tail
Gecko (Rough)
Pale Knob Tailed
Gecko
Smooth Knobtailed Gecko
Barking Gecko
Starred Knobtailed Gecko
Marbled Velvet
Gecko
Southern Spotted
Velvet Gecko
Rough-throated
Leaf- tail Gecko
Southern Leaftailed Gecko
North Spiny-tailed
Gecko
Jewelled Gecko
Comments
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 29
Southern Spinytailed Gecko
Golden-tailed
Gecko
Strophurus
intermedius
Strophurus
taenicauda
As above
As above
Description 3C Geckos: Greater than >12cm less than <25cm snout to vent length (SV)
medium housing category
Category
3C Geckos:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Marbled Gecko
Christinus
marmoratus
4 subadults, 2
adult or up
to 6
juveniles
Pink-blotched
Gecko
Fat-tailed Gecko
Diplodactylus
byrnei
Diplodactylus
conspicillatus
Diplodactylus
granariensis
Dilodactylus
tessellatus
Diplodact
ylus
vittatus
Gehyra australis
As above
Gehyra
variegata
Heteronotia
binoei
Heteronotia
spelea
Lucasium
damaeum
Nephrurus asper
As above
Nephrurus
laevissimus
Nephrurus levis
As above
Nephrurus milii
As above
Nephrurus
stellatus
Oedura
marmorata
Oedura tryoni
As above
Saltuarius
salebrosus
Saltuarius swaini
As above
Strophurus
ciliaris
As above
Western Stone
Gecko
Tessellated Gecko
Eastern Stone
Gecko
Northern Dtella
Tree Dtella
Bynoe's Gecko
Desert Cave
Gecko
Beaded Gecko
Spiny Knob-tail
Gecko (Rough)
Pale Knob Tailed
Gecko
Smooth Knobtailed Gecko
Barking Gecko
Starred Knobtailed Gecko
Marbled Velvet
Gecko
Southern Spotted
Velvet Gecko
Rough-throated
Leaf- tail Gecko
Southern Leaftailed Gecko
North Spiny-tailed
Gecko
Comments
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 30
Jewelled Gecko
Strophurus elderi
As above
Southern Spinytailed Gecko
Golden-tailed
Gecko
Strophurus
intermedius
Strophurus
taenicauda
As above
As above
Description 3 Skinks: Small species, hatchlings and juveniles less than <20cm total length
Category
3D Skinks:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers Comments
Per Cage
Refer to Reptile and Amphibian
Enclosure Recommendations Part 2
for increased area for each
additional animal (cm2).
Eastern Threelined Skink
Red-throated
Skink
Major Skink
Acritoscincus
duperreyi
Acritoscincus
platynota
Bellatorias frerei
Sandhill Ctenotus
(Brook’s Striped
Skink)
Ocellated Skink
Ctenotus brooksi
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Regal Skink
(Eastern Desert
Ctenotus)
Eastern Striped
Skink
Sandplain
Ctenotus
(Schomburgk’s
Skink)
Pink-tongued
Lizard
Cunningham's
Skink
Hosmer's Skink
Ctenotus
pantherinus
Ctenotus regius
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Ctenotus
robustus
Ctenotus
schomburgkii
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Cyclodomorphus
gerrardii
Egernia
cunninghamii
Egernia hosmeri
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
Desert Skink
Egernia inornata
King's Skink
Egernia kingii
Land Mullet
Egernia major
Masked Rock
Skink
South-Western
Crevice Egernia
Black Rock Skink
Egernia
margaretae
Egernia
margaretae
Egernia saxatilis
Gidgee Skink
Egernia stokesii
Tree Skink
Egernia striolata
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 31
Whites Skink
Egernia whitii
Narrow-banded
Sand Swimmer
Broad-banded
Sand Swimmer
Eastern Water
Skink
Southern Water
Skink
Eremiascincus
fasciolatus
Eremiascincus
richardsonii
Eulamprus quoyii
Bougainville's
Skink
Burrowing Skink
Eulamprus
tympanum
tympanum
subspecies only
Hemiergis
decresiensis
Hemiergis
peronii
Lampropholis
delicata
Lampropholis
guichenoti
Lerista
bougainvillii
Lerista picturata
Adelaide Snakeeye Skink
Dwarf Skink
Morethia
adelaidensis
Menetia greyii
Boulenger's Skink
Morethia
boulengeri
Pseudemoia
entrecasteauxii
Pseudemoia
spenceri
Tiliqua
multifasciata
Tiliqua
nigrolutea
Tiliqua occipitalis
Three toed Earless
Skink
Four-toed Earless
Skink
Garden Skink
Grass Skink
Southern Grass
Skink
Spencer's Skink
Centralian Bluetongued Lizard
Blotched Bluetongued Lizard
Western Bluetongued Lizard
Shingle-Back
Lizard
Eastern Bluetongued Lizard
Tiliqua rugosus
Tiliqua
scincoides
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
Description 3E Skinks: Small species, hatchlings and juveniles greater than >20 and less
than <40cm (SV) length
Category
State or
Territory
3E Skinks:
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Number
Per Cage
Major Skink
Bellatorias frerei
1 subadult or
up to 6
Comments
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 32
juveniles
Ocellated Skink
As above
Eastern Striped
Skink
Pink-tongued
Lizard
Cunningham's
Skink
Hosmer's Skink
Ctenotus
pantherinus
Ctenotus
robustus
Cyclodomorphus
gerrardii
Egernia
cunninghamii
Egernia hosmeri
King's Skink
Egernia kingii
As above
Land Mullet
Egernia major
As above
South-Western
Crevice Egernia
Black Rock Skink
Egernia
margaretae
Egernia saxatilis
As above
Gidgee Skink
Egernia stokesii
As above
Tree Skink
Egernia striolata
As above
Eastern Water
Skink
Centralian Bluetongued Lizard
Blotched Bluetongued Lizard
Western Bluetongued Lizard
Shingle-Back
Lizard
Eastern Bluetongued Lizard
Eulamprus quoyii
As above
Tiliqua
multifasciata
Tiliqua
nigrolutea
Tiliqua occipitalis
As above
Tiliqua rugosus
As above
Tiliqua
scincoides
As above
As above
As above
As above
Social species
As above
As above
Social species
As above
As above
Description 3F Skinks: Greater than >40 and less than <80cm total length
Category
State or
Territory
3F Skinks:
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Number
Per Cage
Major Skink
Bellatorias frerei
1 adult or
up to 6
juveniles
Pink-tongued
Lizard
King's Skink
Cyclodomorphus
gerrardii
Egernia kingii
As above
Land Mullet
Egernia major
As above
Centralian Bluetongued Lizard
Blotched
Bluetongued Lizard
Western
Bluetongued Lizard
Shingle-Back
Lizard
Eastern
Bluetongued Lizard
Tiliqua
multifasciata
Tiliqua
nigrolutea
Tiliqua occipitalis
As above
Tiliqua rugosus
As above
Tiliqua
scincoides
As above
Comments
As above
As above
As above
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 33
Description 3G Dragons: Less than <30cm total length
Category
State or
Territory
3G Dragons
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Number
Per Cage
Comments
Refer to Reptile and Amphibian
Enclosure Recommendations Part 2
for increased area for each
additional animal (cm2).
Gilbert's Dragon
Lophognathus
gilberti
Long-nosed Water
Dragon
Frilled Lizard
Lophognathus
longirostris
Chlamydosaurus
kingii
Ctenophorus
cristatus
Ctenophorus
decresii
Ctenophorus
fionni
Ctenophorus
fordi
Ctenophorus
isolepis
Ctenophorus
nuchalis
Ctenophorus
pictus
Ctenophorus
reticulatus
Ctenophorus
vadnappa
Ctenphorus fordi
Crested Dragon
Tawny Dragon
Peninsula Dragon
Mallee Military
Dragon
Central Military
Dragon
Central Netted
Dragon
Painted Dragon
Western Netted
Dragon
Red-barred
Dragon
Mallee Dragon
Boyd's Forest
Dragon
Southern
Rainforest Dragon
Gippsland Water
Dragon
Eastern Water
Dragon
Eastern Bearded
Dragon
Black Soil Bearded
Dragon (henry
lawsoni)
Western Bearded
Dragon
Central Bearded
Dragon
Lined Earless
Dragon
Eyrean Earless
Dragon
3 adults
or 10
juveniles
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
Hypsilurus boydii
As above
Hypsilurus
spinipes
Physignathus
lesueurii howittii
Physignathus
lesueurii
Pogona barbata
As above
Pogona
henrylawsoni
As above
Pogona minor
As above
Pogona vitticeps
As above
Tympanocryptis
lineata
Tympanocryptis
tetraporophora
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 34
Description 3H Dragons: Greater than >30cm and less than <50cm total length
Category
State or
Territory
3H Dragons
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Number
Per Cage
Comments
Refer to Reptile and Amphibian
Enclosure Recommendations Part 2
for increased area for each
additional animal (cm2).
Gilbert's Dragon
Lophognathus
gilberti
2 adults
or up to 5
juveniles
Long-nosed Water
Dragon
Frilled Lizard
Lophognathus
longirostris
Chlamydosaurus
kingii
Ctenophorus
cristatus
Ctenophorus
decresii
Ctenophorus
fionni
Ctenophorus
fordi
Ctenophorus
isolepis
Ctenophorus
nuchalis
Ctenophorus
pictus
Ctenophorus
reticulatus
Ctenophorus
vadnappa
Ctenphorus fordi
As above
Hypsilurus boydii
As above
Hypsilurus
spinipes
Physignathus
lesueurii howittii
Physignathus
lesueurii
Pogona barbata
As above
Pogona
henrylawsoni
As above
Pogona minor
As above
Pogona vitticeps
As above
Crested Dragon
Tawny Dragon
Peninsula Dragon
Mallee Military
Dragon
Central Military
Dragon
Central Netted
Dragon
Painted Dragon
Western Netted
Dragon
Red-barred
Dragon
Mallee Dragon
Boyd's Forest
Dragon
Southern
Rainforest Dragon
Gippsland Water
Dragon
Eastern Water
Dragon
Eastern Bearded
Dragon
Black Soil Bearded
Dragon (henry
lawsoni)
Western Bearded
Dragon
Central Bearded
Dragon
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
Description 3I Dragons: Greater than >50 and less than <90cm total length
Category
3I Dragons:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Comments
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 35
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Frilled Lizard
Chlamydosaurus
kingii
1 adult or
up to 6
juveniles
Boyd's Forest
Dragon
Gippsland Water
Dragon
Eastern Water
Dragon
Western Bearded
Dragon
Central Bearded
Dragon
Hypsilurus boydii
As above
Physignathus
lesueurii howittii
Physignathus
lesueurii
Pogona minor
As above
Pogona vitticeps
As above
As above
As above
Description 3J Monitors: less than <30cm total length
Category
3J
Monitors:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers Comments
Per Cage
Refer to Reptile and Amphibian
Enclosure Recommendations Part 2
for increased area for each
additional animal (cm2).
Ridge-tailed
Monitor
Varanus
acanthurus
2 subadults, 1
adult or
up to 3
juveniles
Short-tailed
Pygmy Monitor
Stripe-tailed
Monitor
Pygmy Mulga
Monitor
Sand Monitor
Varanus
brevicauda
Varanus
caudolineatus
Varanus gilleni
As above
Varanus gouldii
As above
Mangrove
Monitor
Merten's Water
Monitor
Mitchell's Water
Monitor
Yellow-spotted
Monitor
Heath Monitor
Varanus indicus
As above
Varanus
mertensi
Varanus
mitchelli
Varanus
panoptes
Varanus
rosenbergi
Varanus scalaris
As above
Varanus spenceri
As above
Storr's Monitor
Varanus storri
As above
Black-headed
Monitor
Varanus tristis
As above
Spotted Tree
Monitor
Spencer's Monitor
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
Description 3K Monitors: Greater than >30cm and less than <60cm total length
Category
3L
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT, NT,
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Comments
:
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 36
Monitors:
WA & SA
Ridge-tailed
Monitor
Varanus
acanthurus
1 adult or
up to 6
juveniles
Stripe-tailed
Monitor
Pygmy Mulga
Monitor
Perentie
Varanus
caudolineatus
Varanus gilleni
As above
Varanus
giganteus
Varanus gouldii
As above
Varanus indicus
As above
Varanus
mertensi
Varanus
mitchelli
Varanus
panoptes
Varanus
rosenbergi
Varanus scalaris
As above
Varanus spenceri
As above
Storr's Monitor
Varanus storri
As above
Black-headed
Monitor
Lace Monitor
Varanus tristis
As above
Varanus varius
As above
Sand Monitor
Mangrove
Monitor
Merten's Water
Monitor
Mitchell's Water
Monitor
Yellow-spotted
Monitor
Heath Monitor
Spotted Tree
Monitor
Spencer's Monitor
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
As above
Description 3L Monitors: Greater than >60cm and less than <120cm total length
Category
3K
Monitors:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Comments
:
Ridge-tailed
Monitor
Short-tailed
Pygmy Monitor
Perentie
Sand Monitor
Mangrove
Monitor
Merten's Water
Monitor
Mitchell's Water
Monitor
Yellow-spotted
Monitor
Heath Monitor
Spotted Tree
Monitor
Spencer's Monitor
Varanus
acanthurus
Varanus
brevicauda
Varanus
giganteus
Varanus gouldii
1
Varanus indicus
1
Varanus
mertensi
Varanus
mitchelli
Varanus
panoptes
Varanus
rosenbergi
Varanus scalaris
1
Varanus spenceri
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 37
Storr's Monitor
Varanus storri
1
Black-headed
Monitor
Lace Monitor
Varanus tristis
1
Varanus varius
1
Description 3M Monitors: Greater than >120cm total length
Category
3M
Monitors:
State or
Territory
NT, SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Perentie
1
Sand Monitor
Varanus
giganteus
Varanus gouldii
Yellow-spotted
Monitor
Spencer's Monitor
Varanus
panoptes
Varanus spenceri
1
Lace Monitor
Varanus varius
1
Comments
1
1
Description 3N Legless Lizards: Less than <30cm total length
Category
3N Legless
Lizards:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers Comments
Per Cage
Refer to Reptile and Amphibian
Enclosure Recommendations Part 2
for increased area for each
additional animal (cm2).
Southern Legless
Lizard
Delma australis
2 adults
or up to 6
juveniles
Olive Legless
Lizard
(Inornate Legless
Lizard)
Adelaide Snakelizard
Burton's SnakeLizard
Common Scalyfoot
Western Hooded
Scaly-foot
Eastern Hooded
Scaly-foot
Delma inornata
As above
Delma molleri
As above
Lialis burtonis
As above
Pygopus
lepidopodus
Pygopus
nigriceps
Pygopus
schraderi
As above
As above
As above
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 38
Description 3O Legless Lizards: Greater than >30cm and less than <70cm total length
Category
3O Legless
Lizards:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Olive Legless
Lizard
(Inornate Legless
Lizard)
Adelaide Snakelizard
Burton's SnakeLizard
Common Scalyfoot
Western Hooded
Scaly-foot
Eastern Hooded
Scaly-foot
Delma inornata
3 adults
or up to
10
juveniles
Delma molleri
As above
Lialis burtonis
As above
Pygopus
lepidopodus
Pygopus
nigriceps
Pygopus
schraderi
As above
Comments
As above
As above
Enclosure Category 4 - Freshwater Turtles Minimum 1800 sqcm
Description 4A Freshwater Turtles: 0-10cm Carapace length
Category
4A
Freshwater
Turtles:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Pig-nosed Turtle
Carettochelys
insulpta
Chelodina
longicollis
Chelodina
expansa
Chelodina
oblonga
Chelodina
rugosa
Chelodina
steindachneri
Elseya dentate
Common Longnecked Turtle
Broad-shelled
River Turtle
Oblong Turtle
Northern Snakenecked Turtle
Steindachner’s
Turtle
Northern
Snapping Turtle
Saw-shelled Turtle
Mary River
Tortoise
Krefft’s River
Turtle
Murray Shortnecked Turtle
Painted Turtle
(Jardine River
Turtle only)
Numbers Comments
Per Cage
Refer to Reptile and Amphibian
Enclosure Recommendations Part 2
for increased area for each
additional animal (cm2).
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Elseya
latisternum
Elusor macrurus
10
Emydura krefftii
10
Emydura
macquarii
Emydura
subglobosa
subglobosa
10
10
10
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 39
Description 4B FreshwaterTurtles: Greater than >10cm and less than <20cm Carapace
length
Category
4B
Freshwater
Turtles:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Pig-nosed Turtle
Carettochelys
insulpta
Chelodina
longicollis
Chelodina
expansa
Chelodina
oblonga
Chelodina
rugosa
Chelodina
steindachneri
Elseya dentate
6
Elseya
latisternum
Elusor macrurus
6
Emydura krefftii
6
Emydura
macquarii
6
Common Longnecked Turtle
Broad-shelled
River Turtle
Oblong Turtle
Northern Snakenecked Turtle
Steindachner’s
Turtle
Northern
Snapping Turtle
Saw-shelled Turtle
Mary River
Tortoise
Krefft's River
Turtle
Murray Shortnecked Turtle
Comments
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Description 4C Freshwater Turtles: Greater than >20cm Carapace length
Category
4C
Freshwater
Turtles:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Pig-nosed Turtle
Carettochelys
insulpta
Chelodina
longicollis
Chelodina
expansa
Chelodina
oblonga
Chelodina
rugosa
Chelodina
steindachneri
Elseya dentate
3
Elseya
latisternum
Elusor macrurus
3
Emydura krefftii
3
Common Longnecked Turtle
Broad-shelled
River Turtle
Oblong Turtle
Northern Snakenecked Turtle
Steindachner’s
Turtle
Northern
Snapping Turtle
Saw-shelled Turtle
Mary River
Tortoise
Krefft's River
Comments
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 40
Turtle
Murray Shortnecked Turtle
Painted Turtle
(Jardine River
Turtle only)
Emydura
macquarii
Emydura
subglobosa
subglobosa
3
3
Enclosure Category 5 - Frogs
Description 5A Frogs: Less than <6cm snout to vent length (SV)
Category
5A Frogs:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Water-holding
Frog
Southern Smooth
Froglet
Western Spotted
Frog
Brown Striped
Frog
Green Tree Frog
Cyclorana
platycephala
Geocrinia laevis
Heleioporus
albopunctatus
Limnodynastes
peronii
Litoria caerulea
6
Blue Mountains
Tree Frog
Eastern Dwarf
Tree Frog
Dainty Green Tree
Frog
Giant Tree Frog
Litoria citropa
6
Litoria fallax
6
Litoria gracilenta
6
Litoria
infrafrenata
Litoria lesueuri
6
Western Green
Tree Frog
Narrow-fringed
Frog
Peron's Tree Frog
Litoria moorei
6
Litoria nudidigita
6
Litoria peronii
6
Leaf Green Tree
Frog
Magnificient Tree
Frog
Whistling Tree
Frog
Great Barred Frog
Litoria
phyllochroa
Litoria splendida
6
Litoria verreauxii
6
Mixophyes
fasciolatus
Mixophyes
iteratus
Neobatrachus
sudelli
Paracrinia
haswelli
6
Leseur's Frog
Giant Barred Frog
Common
Spadefoot Toad
Haswell's Frog
Numbers Comments
Per Cage
Refer to Reptile and Amphibian
Enclosure Recommendations Part 2
for increased area for each
additional animal (cm2).
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Description 5B Frogs: Greater than >6cm and less than <12cm snout to vent length (SV)
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 41
Category
5B Frogs:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Water-holding
Frog
Western Spotted
Frog
Brown Striped
Frog
Green Tree Frog
Cyclorana platycephala
6
Heleioporus
albopunctatus
Limnodynastes peronii
6
Litoria caerulea
6
Blue Mountains
Tree Frog
Giant Tree Frog
Litoria citropa
6
Litoria infrafrenata
6
Leseur's Frog
Litoria lesueuri
6
Western Green
Tree Frog
Magnificient Tree
Frog
Great Barred Frog
Litoria moorei
6
Litoria splendida
6
Mixophyes fasciolatus
6
Giant Barred Frog
Mixophyes iteratus
6
Comments
6
Enclosure Category 6 - Crocodiles
Description 6A Crocodiles: Freshwater Crocodiles less than <30 cm total length
Category
6A:
State or
Territory
NT, SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Freshwater
Crocodile
Crocodylus johnstoni
1
Minimum
water depth:
20cm
Freshwater
Crocodile
Crocodylus johnstoni
6
Minimum
water depth:
30cm
Freshwater
Crocodile
Crocodylus johnstoni
1
Minimum
water depth:
40cm
Freshwater
Crocodiles:
less than <30
cm,
individual
housing
6B:
Numbers Comments
Per Cage
Refer to Reptile and
Amphibian Enclosure
Recommendations Part 2
for increased area for each
additional animal (cm2).
NT, SA
Freshwater
Crocodiles:
less than <30
cm, multiple
numbers
6C:
Freshwater
Crocodiles:
greater than
>30 less than
<60 cm
6D:
NT, SA
NT, SA
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 42
Freshwater
Crocodiles:
greater than
>60 cm less
than <100cm
6E:
Freshwater
Crocodile
Crocodylus johnstoni
1
Minimum
water depth:
50cm
Freshwater
Crocodile
Crocodylus johnstoni
1
Minimum
water depth:
50cm
NT, SA
Freshwater
Crocodiles:
greater than
>100cm
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 43
Reptile and Amphibian Outdoor Enclosure
Recommendations
Outdoor Enclosure Category 7 - Snakes
Description 7A Snakes: Greater than >80cm and less than <120cm in length
Category
7A Snakes:
State
or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Children's Python Antaresia childreni
Small
Blotched
Python
Antaresia maculosa
Numbers Comments
per cage
Note: The keeping of
Reptiles and Amphibians
outdoors COMES WITH
BIG WARNINGS (refer to
Housing and Husbandry
section).
2
2
Pygmy Python
Antaresia perthensis
2
Stimsons Python
Black-headed
Python
Woma Python
Antaresia Stimsoni
Aspidites melanocephalus
2
Aspidites ramsayi
2
Water Python
Liasis fuscus
2
Northern
Tree
Snake
Common
or
Green Tree Snake
Olive Python
Dendrelaphis calligastra
2
Dendrelaphis punctulata
2
Liasis olivaceus olivaceus
2
Pilbara
Olive
Python
Scrub Python
Liasis olivaceus baroni
2
Morelia amethistina
2
Centralian Carpet
Python
Rough-scaled
Python
Jungle
Carpet
Python
South
Western
Carpet
Coastal
Carpet
Python
Inland
Carpet
Python
Diamond Python
Morelia spilota bredli
2
Morelia carinata
2
Morelia spilota cheynei
2
Morelia spilota imbricata
2
Morelia spilota mcdowelli
2
Morelia spilota metcalfei
2
Morelia spilota spilota
2
North
Western
Carpet Python
Green Python
Morelia spilota variegata
2
Morelia spilota virdis
2
Slatey-grey Snake
Stegonotus cucullatus
2
Keelback
Tropidonophis mairii
2
2
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 44
Description 7B Snakes: Greater than >120 and less than <180cm in length
Category
7B
Snak
es:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers Comments
per cage
Note: The keeping of
Reptiles and Amphibians
outdoors COMES WITH
BIG WARNINGS (refer to
Housing and Husbandry
section).
2
Black-headed
Python
Woma Python
Aspidites melanocephalus
Aspidites ramsayi
2
Water Python
Liasis fuscus
2
Northern Tree
Snake
Common or
Green Tree Snake
Olive Python
Dendrelaphis calligastra
2
Dendrelaphis punctulata
2
Liasis olivaceus olivaceus
2
Pilbara Olive
Python
Scrub Python
Liasis olivaceus baroni
2
Morelia amethistina
2
Centralian Carpet
Python
Rough-scaled
Python
Jungle Carpet
Python
South Western
Carpet
Coastal Carpet
Python
Inland Carpet
Python
Diamond Python
Morelia spilota bredli
2
Morelia carinata
2
Morelia spilota cheynei
2
Morelia spilota imbricata
2
Morelia spilota mcdowelli
2
Morelia spilota metcalfei
2
Morelia spilota spilota
2
North Western
Carpet Python
Green Python
Morelia spilota variegata
2
Morelia spilota virdis
2
Slatey-grey Snake
Stegonotus cucullatus
2
Description 7C Snakes: Greater than >180 and less than <300cm in length
Category
7C Snakes:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
per cage
Black-headed
Python
Woma Python
Aspidites melanocephalus
2
Aspidites ramsayi
2
Water Python
Liasis fuscus
2
Olive Python
Liasis olivaceus olivaceus
2
Pilbara Olive
Liasis olivaceus baroni
2
Comments
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 45
Python
Scrub Python
Morelia amethistina
2
Centralian Carpet
Python
Rough-scaled
Python
Jungle Carpet
Python
South Western
Carpet
Coastal Carpet
Python
Inland Carpet
Python
Diamond Python
Morelia spilota bredli
2
Morelia carinata
2
Morelia spilota cheynei
2
Morelia spilota imbricata
2
Morelia spilota mcdowelli
2
Morelia spilota metcalfei
2
Morelia spilota spilota
2
North Western
Carpet Python
Green Python
Morelia spilota variegata
2
Morelia spilota virdis
2
Slatey-grey Snake
Stegonotus cucullatus
2
Description 7D Snakes: Greater than >300cm in length
Category
7D Snakes:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, NT, WA
& SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
per cage
Black-headed
Python
Olive Python
Aspidites melanocephalus
2
Liasis olivaceus olivaceus
2
Pilbara Olive
Python
Scrub Python
Liasis olivaceus baroni
2
Morelia amethistina
2
Centralian Carpet
Python
Coastal Carpet
Python
Diamond Python
Morelia spilota bredli
2
Morelia spilota mcdowelli
2
Morelia spilota spilota
2
North Western
Carpet Python
Morelia spilota variegata
2
Comments
Outdoor Enclosure Category 8 - Geckos
Description 8A Geckos: Small species, hatchlings and juveniles less than <25cm snout to
vent length (SV)
Category
8A Geckos:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Marbled Gecko
Christinus marmoratus
Pink-blotched
Gecko
Diplodactylus byrnei
Numbers Comments
Per Cage
Note: Screen mesh
enclosure or fine wire
6.5mm x 6.5mm enclosure
(refer to Housing and
Husbandry section).
2
2
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 46
Fat-tailed Gecko
Diplodactylus
conspicillatus
Diplodactylus
granariensis
Diplodactylus tessellatus
2
Eastern Stone
Gecko
Northern Dtella
Diplodactylus vittatus
2
Gehyra australis
2
Tree Dtella
Gehyra variegata
2
Bynoe's Gecko
Heteronotia binoei
2
Desert Cave
Gecko
Beaded Gecko
Heteronotia spelea
2
Lucasium damaeum
2
Spiny Knob-tail
Gecko (Rough)
Pale Knob Tailed
Gecko
Smooth Knobtailed Gecko
Barking Gecko
Nephrurus asper
2
Nephrurus laevissimus
2
Nephrurus levis
2
Nephrurus milii
2
Starred Knobtailed Gecko
Marbled Velvet
Gecko
Southern Spotted
Velvet Gecko
Rough-throated
Leaf-tail Gecko
Southern Leaftailed Gecko
North Spiny-tailed
Gecko
Jewelled Gecko
Nephrurus stellatus
2
Oedura marmorata
2
Oedura tryoni
2
Saltuarius salebrosus
2
Saltuarius swaini
2
Strophurus ciliaris
2
Strophurus elderi
2
Southern Spinytailed Gecko
Golden-tailed
Gecko
Strophurus intermedius
2
Strophurus taenicauda
2
Western Stone
Gecko
Tessellated Gecko
2
2
Description 8B Geckos: Greater than >25cm snout to vent length (SV)
Category
8B Geckos:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Marbled Gecko
Christinus marmoratus
Pink-blotched
Gecko
Fat-tailed Gecko
Diplodactylus byrnei
6
Diplodactylus
conspicillatus
Diplodactylus
granariensis
Diplodactylus tessellatus
6
Western Stone
Gecko
Tessellated Gecko
Numbers Comments
Per Cage
Note: Fine wire 6.5mm x
6.5mm enclosure (refer to
Housing and Husbandry
section).
6
6
6
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 47
Eastern Stone
Gecko
Northern Dtella
Diplodactylus vittatus
6
Gehyra australis
6
Tree Dtella
Gehyra variegata
6
Bynoe's Gecko
Heteronotia binoei
6
Desert Cave
Gecko
Beaded Gecko
Heteronotia spelea
6
Lucasium damaeum
6
Spiny Knob-tail
Gecko (Rough)
Pale Knob Tailed
Gecko
Smooth Knobtailed Gecko
Barking Gecko
Nephrurus asper
6
Nephrurus laevissimus
6
Nephrurus levis
6
Nephrurus milii
6
Starred Knobtailed Gecko
Marbled Velvet
Gecko
Southern Spotted
Velvet Gecko
Rough-throated
Leaf-tail Gecko
Southern Leaftailed Gecko
North Spiny-tailed
Gecko
Jewelled Gecko
Nephrurus stellatus
6
Oedura marmorata
6
Oedura tryoni
6
Saltuarius salebrosus
6
Saltuarius swaini
6
Strophurus ciliaris
6
Strophurus elderi
6
Southern Spinytailed Gecko
Golden-tailed
Gecko
Strophurus intermedius
6
Strophurus taenicauda
6
Outdoor Enclosure Category 9 - Skinks
Category
Category
9A Skinks:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Major Skink
Bellatorias frerei
6
Ocellated Skink
Ctenotus pantherinus
6
Eastern Striped
Skink
Pink-tongued
Lizard
Cunningham's
Skink
Hosmer's Skink
Ctenotus robustus
6
Cyclodomorphus gerrardii
6
Egernia cunninghamii
6
Egernia hosmeri
6
King's Skink
Egernia kingii
6
Land Mullet
Egernia major
6
Comments
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 48
South-Western
Crevice Egernia
Black Rock Skink
Egernia margaretae
6
Egernia saxatilis
6
Gidgee Skink
Egernia stokesii
6
Tree Skink
Egernia striolata
6
Eastern Water
Skink
Centralian Bluetongued Lizard
Blotched Bluetongued Lizard
Western Bluetongued Lizard
Shingle-Back
Lizard
Eastern Bluetongued Lizard
Eulamprus quoyii
6
Tiliqua multifasciata
6
Tiliqua nigrolutea
6
Tiliqua occipitalis
6
Tiliqua rugosus
6
Tiliqua scincoides
6
A social
species
Description 9B Skinks: Greater than >40 and less than <80cm total length
Category
9B Skinks:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Major Skink
Bellatorias frerei
4
Pink-tongued
Lizard
King's Skink
Cyclodomorphus gerrardii
4
Egernia kingii
4
Land Mullet
Egernia major
4
Centralian Bluetongued Lizard
Blotched Bluetongued Lizard
Western Bluetongued Lizard
Shingle-Back
Lizard
Eastern Bluetongued Lizard
Tiliqua multifasciata
4
Tiliqua nigrolutea
4
Tiliqua occipitalis
4
Tiliqua rugosus
4
Tiliqua scincoides
4
Comments
Outdoor Enclosure Category 10 - Dragons
Description 10A Dragons: Less than <30cm total length
Category
10A
Dragons:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common
Name
Scientific Name
Numbers Comments
Per Cage
Refer to Reptile and
Amphibian Enclosure
Recommendations.
4
Gilbert's Dragon
Lophognathus gilberti
Long-nosed Water
Dragon
Frilled Lizard
Lophognathus longirostris
4
Chlamydosaurus kingii
4
Crested Dragon
Ctenophorus cristatus
4
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 49
Tawny Dragon
Ctenophorus decresii
4
Peninsula Dragon
Ctenophorus fionni
4
Mallee Military
Dragon
Central Military
Dragon
Central Netted
Dragon
Painted Dragon
Ctenophorus fordi
4
Ctenophorus isolepis
4
Ctenophorus nuchalis
4
Ctenophorus pictus
4
Western Netted
Dragon
Red-barred
Dragon
Mallee Dragon
Ctenophorus reticulatus
4
Ctenophorus vadnappa
4
Ctenphorus fordi
4
Boyd's Forest
Dragon
Southern
Rainforest Dragon
Gippsland Water
Dragon
Eastern Water
Dragon
Eastern Bearded
Dragon
Black Soil Bearded
Dragon (henry
lawsoni)
Western Bearded
Dragon
Central Bearded
Dragon
Lined Earless
Dragon
Eyrean Earless
Dragon
Hypsilurus boydii
4
Hypsilurus spinipes
4
Physignathus lesueurii
howittii
Physignathus lesueurii
4
Pogona barbata
4
Pogona henrylawsoni
4
Pogona minor
4
Pogona vitticeps
4
Tympanocryptis lineata
4
Tympanocryptis
tetraporophora
4
4
Description 10B Dragons: Greater than >30cm and less than <50cm total length
Category
10B
Dragons:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Gilbert's Dragon
Lophognathus gilberti
6
Long-nosed Water
Dragon
Frilled Lizard
Lophognathus longirostris
6
Chlamydosaurus kingii
6
Crested Dragon
Ctenophorus cristatus
6
Tawny Dragon
Ctenophorus decresii
6
Peninsula Dragon
Ctenophorus fionni
6
Mallee
Dragon
Central
Dragon
Military
Ctenophorus fordi
6
Military
Ctenophorus isolepis
6
Comments
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 50
Central
Netted
Dragon
Painted Dragon
Ctenophorus nuchalis
6
Ctenophorus pictus
6
Western Netted
Dragon
Red-barred
Dragon
Mallee Dragon
Ctenophorus reticulatus
6
Ctenophorus vadnappa
6
Ctenphorus fordi
6
Boyd's Forest
Dragon
Southern
Rainforest Dragon
Gippsland Water
Dragon
Eastern Water
Dragon
Eastern Bearded
Dragon
Black Soil Bearded
Dragon (henry
lawsoni)
Western Bearded
Dragon
Central Bearded
Dragon
Hypsilurus boydii
6
Hypsilurus spinipes
6
Physignathus lesueurii
howittii
Physignathus lesueurii
6
Pogona barbata
6
Pogona henrylawsoni
6
Pogona minor
6
Pogona vitticeps
6
6
Description 10C Dragons: Greater than >50cm and less than < 90cm total length
Category
10C
Dragons:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Frilled Lizard
Chlamydosaurus kingii
2
Boyd's Forest
Dragon
Gippsland Water
Dragon
Eastern Water
Dragon
Western Bearded
Dragon
Central Bearded
Dragon
Hypsilurus boydii
2
Physignathus lesueurii
howittii
Physignathus lesueurii
2
Pogona minor
2
Pogona vitticeps
2
Comments
2
Outdoor Enclosure Category 11 – Monitors
Description 11A Monitors: Greater than >30cm total
Category
11A
Monitors:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Ridge-tailed
Monitor
Short-tailed
Pygmy Monitor
Varanus acanthurus
6
Varanus brevicauda
6
Comments
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 51
Stripe-tailed
Monitor
Pygmy Mulga
Monitor
Sand Monitor
Varanus caudolineatus
6
Varanus gilleni
6
Varanus gouldii
6
Mangrove
Monitor
Merten's Water
Monitor
Mitchell's Water
Monitor
Yellow-spotted
Monitor
Heath Monitor
Varanus indicus
6
Varanus mertensi
6
Varanus mitchelli
6
Varanus panoptes
6
Varanus rosenbergi
6
Spotted Tree
Monitor
Spencer's Monitor
Varanus scalaris
6
Varanus spenceri
6
Storr's Monitor
Varanus storri
6
Black-headed
Monitor
Varanus tristis
6
Description 11B Monitors: Greater than >30cm and less than< 60cm total length
Category
11B
Monitors:
State
or
Territory
VIC, ACT, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Ridge-tailed
Monitor
Stripe-tailed
Monitor
Pygmy Mulga
Monitor
Perentie
Varanus acanthurus
2
Varanus caudolineatus
2
Varanus gilleni
2
Varanus giganteus
2
Sand Monitor
Varanus gouldii
2
Mangrove
Monitor
Merten's Water
Monitor
Mitchell's Water
Monitor
Yellow-spotted
Monitor
Heath Monitor
Varanus indicus
2
Varanus mertensi
2
Varanus mitchelli
2
Varanus panoptes
2
Varanus rosenbergi
2
Spotted Tree
Monitor
Spencer's Monitor
Varanus scalaris
2
Varanus spenceri
2
Storr's Monitor
Varanus storri
2
Black-headed
Monitor
Lace Monitor
Varanus tristis
2
Varanus varius
2
Comments
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 52
Category
Category
11B
Monitors:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Ridge-tailed
Monitor
Stripe-tailed
Monitor
Pygmy Mulga
Monitor
Perentie
Varanus acanthurus
2
Varanus caudolineatus
2
Varanus gilleni
2
Varanus giganteus
2
Sand Monitor
Varanus gouldii
2
Mangrove
Monitor
Merten's Water
Monitor
Mitchell's Water
Monitor
Yellow-spotted
Monitor
Heath Monitor
Varanus indicus
2
Varanus mertensi
2
Varanus mitchelli
2
Varanus panoptes
2
Varanus rosenbergi
2
Spotted Tree
Monitor
Spencer's Monitor
Varanus scalaris
2
Varanus spenceri
2
Storr's Monitor
Varanus storri
2
Black-headed
Monitor
Lace Monitor
Varanus tristis
2
Varanus varius
2
Comments
Description 11C Monitors: Greater than >60cm and less than <120cm total length
Category
11C
Monitors:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Ridge-tailed
Monitor
Short-tailed
Pygmy Monitor
Perentie
Varanus acanthurus
1
Varanus brevicauda
1
Varanus giganteus
1
Sand Monitor
Varanus gouldii
1
Mangrove
Monitor
Merten's Water
Monitor
Mitchell's Water
Monitor
Yellow-spotted
Monitor
Heath Monitor
Varanus indicus
1
Varanus mertensi
1
Varanus mitchelli
1
Varanus panoptes
1
Varanus rosenbergi
1
Spotted Tree
Monitor
Varanus scalaris
1
Comments
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 53
Spencer's Monitor
Varanus spenceri
1
Storr's Monitor
Varanus storri
1
Black-headed
Monitor
Lace Monitor
Varanus tristis
1
Varanus varius
1
Description 11D Monitors: Greater than >120cm total length
Category
11D
Monitors:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Perentie
Varanus giganteus
2
Sand Monitor
Varanus gouldii
2
Yellow-spotted
Monitor
Spencer's Monitor
Varanus panoptes
2
Varanus spenceri
2
Lace Monitor
Varanus varius
2
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Southern Legless
Lizard
Olive Legless
Lizard
(Inornate Legless
Lizard)
Adelaide Snakelizard
Burton's SnakeLizard
Common Scalyfoot
Western Hooded
Scaly-foot
Eastern Hooded
Scaly-foot
Delma australis
6
Delma inornata
6
Delma molleri
6
Lialis burtonis
6
Pygopus lepidopodus
6
Pygopus nigriceps
6
Pygopus schraderi
6
Comments
Category
Category
12A Legless
Lizards:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT, NT,
WA & SA
Comments
Description 12B Legless Lizards: Greater than >30cm and less than <60cm total length
Category
12B Legless
Lizards:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT, NT,
WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Olive Legless
Lizard
(Inornate Legless
Lizard)
Adelaide Snakelizard
Burton's SnakeLizard
Common Scalyfoot
Delma inornata
3
Delma molleri
3
Lialis burtonis
3
Pygopus lepidopodus
3
Comments
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 54
Western Hooded
Scaly-foot
Eastern Hooded
Scaly-foot
Pygopus nigriceps
3
Pygopus schraderi
3
Outdoor Enclosure Category 4 - Freshwater Turtles
Description 13A Turtles: Greater than >10 and less than <20cm Carapace length
Category
13A
Freshwater
Turtles:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Pig-nosed Turtle
Carettochelys insulpta
12
Common longnecked Turtle
Broad-shelled
River Turtle
Oblong Turtle
Chelodina longicollis
12
Chelodina expansa
12
Chelodina oblonga
12
Northern Snakenecked Turtle
Steindachner’s
Turtle
Northern
Snapping Turtle
Saw-shelled Turtle
Chelodina rugosa
12
Chelodina steindachneri
12
Elseya dentate
12
Elseya latisternum
12
Mary River
Tortoise
Krefft's River
Turtle
Murray shortnecked Turtle
Painted Turtle
(Jardine River
Turtle only)
Elusor macrurus
12
Emydura krefftii
12
Emydura macquarii
12
Emydura subglobosa
subglobosa
12
Comments
Description 13B Turtles: Greater than >20cm Carapace length
Category
13B
Freshwater
Turtles:
State or
Territory
VIC, ACT,
NSW, QLD,
NT, WA & SA
Common Name
Scientific Name
Numbers
Per Cage
Pig-nosed Turtle
Carettochelys insulpta
8
Common longnecked Turtle
Broad-shelled
River Turtle
Oblong Turtle
Chelodina longicollis
8
Chelodina expansa
8
Chelodina oblonga
8
Northern Snakenecked Turtle
Steindachner’s
Turtle
Northern
Snapping Turtle
Saw-shelled Turtle
Chelodina rugosa
8
Chelodina steindachneri
8
Elseya dentate
8
Elseya latisternum
8
Comments
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 55
Mary River
Tortoise
Krefft's River
Turtle
Murray shortnecked Turtle
Painted Turtle
(Jardine River
Turtle only)
Elusor macrurus
8
Emydura krefftii
8
Emydura macquarii
8
Emydurasubglobosa
subglobosa
8
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 56
Reptile and Amphibian Enclosure Recommendations Part 2
Reptile and Amphibian Indoor Enclosure Recommendations
Enclosure Category 1 - Snakes
Category for housing
1A Snakes: small
species, hatchlings
and juveniles less
than <35cm in length
1B Snakes: small
species, hatchlings
and juveniles greater
than >35cm less than
<75cm in length
1C Snakes: greater
than >75cm less than
<100cm in length
1D Snakes: greater
than >100 less than
<140cm in length
1E Snakes: greater
than >140cm to
300cm in length
1F Snakes: greater
than >300cm in
length
Enclosure Size
Example (cm):
WIDTH (W) x
DEPTH (D) x HEIGHT
(H)
20cm x 15cm x 10cm
Number of
animal(s) per
cage
Minimum
Floor area
(cm2)
Increased
area for each
additional
animal (cm2)
1
300sqcm
N/A
26cm x 16cm x 16cm
1
416sqcm
N/A
45cm x 45cm x 50cm
1
2025sqcm
500sqcm
60cm x 45cm x 50cm
1
2700sqcm
1000sqcm
90cm x 45cm x 50cm
1
120cm x 60cm x
60cm
1
405
0sq
cm
7200sqcm
Comments
Best kept as individuals
(refer to Housing and
Husbandry section).
1500sq
cm
2250sqcm
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 57
Enclosure Category 2 - Venomous Snakes. A dangerously venomous snake must be housed in a
lockable escape-proof enclosure that is in a lockable escape-proof room.
2A Venomous Snake:
small species and
hatchlings less than
<50cm in length
2B Venomous Snake:
small species and
hatchlings greater
than >50cm less than
<80cm in length
2C Venomous Snake:
greater than >80cm
less than <120cm in
length
2D Venomous Snake:
greater than >120cm
in length
26cm x 16cm x 16cm
1
416sqcm
N/A
45cm x 45cm x 50cm
1
2025sqcm
N/A
90cm x 45cm x 50cm
1
4050sqcm
1500sqcm
120cm x 60cm x
60cm
1
7200sqcm
2250sqcm
Minimum
Floor area
(cm2)
Increased
area for each
additional
animal (cm2)
Enclosure Category 3 - Lizards
Category for housing
3A Geckos: less than
<12cm snout to vent
length (SV)
3B Geckos: greater
than >12cm less than
<25cm snout to vent
length (SV)
3C Geckos: less than
<25cm snout to vent
length (SV)
3D Skinks: less than
<20cm total length
3E: Skinks: greater
than >20 less than
<40cm total length
3F Skinks: greater
than >40 less than
<80cm total length
3G Dragons: less
than <30cm total
length
Enclosure Size
Example (cm):
WIDTH (W) x
DEPTH (D) x HEIGHT
(H)
20cm x 15cm x 10cm
Number of
animal(s) per
cage
1
300sqcm
200sqcm
30cm x 30cm x 30cm
2 sub-adults, 1
adult or up to 6
juveniles
900sqcm
300sqcm
45cm x 30cm x 40cm
4 sub-adults, 2
adults or up to
6 juveniles
Up to 3
juveniles
1 sub-adult or
up to 6
juveniles
1 adult or up to
6 juveniles
1350sqcm
350sqcm
416sqcm
350sqcm
1350sqcm
350sqcm
4050sqcm
500sqcm
3 adults or 10
juveniles
2100sqcm
350sqcm
26cm x 16cm x 16cm
45cm x 30cm x 45cm
90cm x 45cm x 45cm
52.5cm x 40cm x
45cm
Comments
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 58
3H Dragons: greater
than >30cm less than
<50cm total length
3I Dragons: greater
than >50 less than
<90cm total length
3J Monitors: less
than<30cm total
length
3K Monitors: greater
than >30cm less than
<60cm total length
3L Monitors: greater
than >60 less than
<120cm total length
3M Monitors: greater
than >120cm total
length
3N Legless Lizards:
less than <30cm total
length
3O Legless Lizards:
greater than >30cm
less than <70cm total
length
62.5cm x 40cm x
45cm
2 adults or up
to 5 juveniles
2500sqcm
600sqcm
120cm x 58cm x
60cm
1 Adult or up to
6 juveniles
6960sqcm
3500sqcm
45cm x 30cm x 40cm
2 sub-adults, 1
adult or up to 3
juveniles
1 adult or up to
6 juveniles
1350sqcm
350sqcm
2400sqcm
600sqcm
90cm x 45cm x 50cm
1
4050sqcm
3000sqcm
140cm x 60cm x
60cm
1
8400sqcm
45cm x 30cm x 40cm
2 adults or up
to 6 juveniles
1350sqcm
350sqcm
60cm x 40cm x 40cm
3 adults or up
to 10 juveniles
2400sqcm
350sqcm
60cm x 40cm x 50cm
One monitor housed
only
Enclosure Category 4 - Freshwater Turtles
Category for housing
4A Freshwater
Turtles: 0-10cm
Carapace length
4B Freshwater
Turtles: greater than
>10 less than <20cm
Carapace length
4C Freshwater
Turtles: greater than
>20cm Carapace
length
Enclosure Size
Example (cm):
WIDTH (W) x
DEPTH (D) x
HEIGHT (H)
60cm x 30cm x 30cm
Number of
animal(s) per
cage
Minimum
Floor area
(cm2)
Increased
area for each
additional
animal (cm2)
Comments
10
1800 sqcm
350sqcm
Minimum water depth:
20cm
90cm x 40cm x 40cm
6
3600 sqcm
600sqcm
Minimum water depth:
30cm
90cm x 50cm x 60cm
3
4500 sqcm
1500sqcm
Minimum water depth:
30cm
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 59
Enclosure Category 5 - Frogs
Category for housing
5A Frogs: less than
<6cm snout to vent
length (SV)
5B Frogs: greater
than >6cm less than
<12cm snout to vent
length (SV)
Enclosure Size
Example (cm):
WIDTH (W) x
DEPTH (D) x
HEIGHT (H)
30cm x 30cm x 30cm
Number of
animal(s) per
cage
Minimum
Floor area
(cm2)
Increased
area for each
additional
animal (cm2)
60cm x 45cm x 43cm
Comments
6
900 sqcm
350sqcm
6
2700 sqcm
350sqcm
Enclosure Size
Example (cm):
WIDTH (W) x
DEPTH (D) x
HEIGHT (H)
45cm x 25cm x 30cm
Number of
animal(s) per
cage
Minimum
Floor area
(cm2)
Increased
area for each
additional
animal (cm2)
1
1125 sqcm
N/A
Minimum water depth:
20cm
60cm x 30cm x 50cm
6
1800 sqcm
N/A
Minimum water depth:
30cm
90cm x 45cm x 50cm
1
4050sqcm
N/A
Minimum water depth:
40cm
120cm x 60cm x
60cm
1
7020sqcm
N/A
Minimum water depth:
50cm
Enclosure Category 6 - Crocodiles
Category for housing
6A Freshwater
Crocodiles: less than
<30 cm
6B Freshwater
Crocodiles: less than
<30 cm
6C Freshwater
Crocodiles: greater
than > 30 less than
<60 cm
6D Freshwater
Crocodiles: greater
than >60 cm less than
<100cm
Comments
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 60
Reptile and Amphibian Outdoor Enclosure Recommendations
Category for housing
Enclosure Size (cm):
WIDTH (W) x
DEPTH (D) x
HEIGHT (H)
Number of
animal(s) per
cage
Minimum
Floor area
(cm2)
Increased
area for each
additional
animal (cm2)
Comments
Enclosure Category 7 - Snakes
7A Snakes: greater
than >80cm less than
<120cm in length
120cm x 90cm x
90cm
2
10,800sqc
m
Note: The keeping of
Reptiles and
Amphibians outdoors
COMES WITH BIG
WARNINGS (refer to
Housing and Husbandry
section).
7B Snakes: greater
than >120 less than
<180cm in length
7C Snakes: greater
than >180cm less
than 300cm in length
7D Snakes: greater
than >300cm in
length
120cm x 90cm x
90cm
2
10,800sqc
m
N/A
180cm x 90cm x
90cm
2
16,200sqc
m
N/A
240cm x 120cm x
90cm
2
28,800sqc
m
N/A
Minimum
Floor area
(cm2)
Enclosure Category 8 - Geckos
Category for housing
8A Geckos: less than
<25cm snout to vent
length (SV)
8B Geckos: greater
than >25cm snout to
vent length (SV)
Enclosure Size
Example (cm):
WIDTH (W) x DEPTH
(D) x HEIGHT (H)
22cm x 12cm x 12cm
42cm x 42cm x 76cm
Number of
animal(s) per
cage
2
264sqcm
Increased
area for each
additional
animal (cm2)
N/A
6
1764sqcm
N/A
Comments
Note: Screen mesh
enclosure.
Note: Screen mesh
enclosure.
Enclosure Category 9 - Skinks
9A Skinks: greater
than >20 less than
<40cm total length
120cm x 90cm x
90cm
6
10,800sqc
m
9B Skinks: greater
than >40 less than
<80cm total length
120cm x 90cm x
90cm
4
10,800sqc
m
Note: Skinks housed
together can be very
territorial and
aggressive. Monitoring
of behaviour is
required.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 61
Enclosure Category 10 - Dragons
10A Dragons: less
than <30cm total
length
42cm x 42cm x 76cm
4
1764sqcm
10B Dragons: greater
than >30cm less than
<50cm total length
10C Dragons: greater
than >50 less than <
90cm total length
120cm x 90cm x
90cm
6
10,800sqc
m
120cm x 90cm x
90cm
2
10,800sqc
m
Note: Most species of
dragons can be kept
outdoors (refer to
Housing and
Husbandry section).
Enclosure Category 11 - Monitors
11A Monitors:
greater than >30cm
total length
120cm x 90cm x
90cm
6
10,800sqc
m
11B Monitors:
greater than >30cm
less than <60cm total
length
11C Monitors:
greater than >60cm
less than <120cm
total length
11D Monitors:
greater than >120cm
total length
120cm x 90cm x
90cm
2
10,800sqc
m
180cm x 90cm x
90cm
1
16,200sqc
m
3m x 2.0m x 1.8m
2
60000sqc
m
Note: Most species of
Monitors can be kept
outdoors with careful
planning (refer to
Housing and Husbandry
section).
Suspended enclosure
Enclosure Category 12 – Legless Lizards
12A Legless Lizards:
less than <30cm total
length
42cm x 42cm x 76cm
6
1764sqcm
12B Legless Lizards:
greater than >30cm
less than <60cm total
length
120cm x 90cm x
90cm
3
10,800sqc
m
Note: Screen mesh
enclosure or habitat
Note: Most species of
Legless Lizards can be
kept outdoors (refer to
Housing and Husbandry
section).
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 62
Enclosure Category 13 Turtles
Category for housing
13A Turtles: greater
than >10 less than
<20cm Carapace
length
13B Turtles: greater
than > 20cm
Carapace length
Enclosure Size
Example (cm):
WIDTH (W) x
DEPTH (D) x
HEIGHT (H)
3m x 2.0m x 1.8m
Outdoor pond
measuring 2m x
1.2m x 0.6m water
depth
3m x 2.0m x 1.8m
Outdoor pond
measuring 2m x
1.2m x 0.6m water
depth
Number of
animal(s) per
cage
Minimum
Floor area
(cm2)
12
60000sqc
m
8
60000sqc
m
Increased
area for each
additional
animal (cm2)
Comments
Note: It is advisable to
keep and maintain
juvenile turtles
indoors. Most species
of freshwater turtles
can be kept in outdoor
ponds (refer to Housing
and Husbandry
section).
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 63
Reptiles and Amphibians on the States and Territories of
Australia Trading List
Enclosure examples (cm): WIDTH (W) x DEPTH (D) x HEIGHT (H)
Image 1: A Spotted Python Antaresia maculosa maculosa
Image 2: An Inland Carpet Python Morelia metcalfei
maculosa
Image 3: A Spotted Python Antaresia maculosa maculosa
maculosa
Image 4: A Spotted Python Antaresia
maculosa maculosa maculosa
Image 1: A Spotted Python Antaresia maculosa 45cm in length. 60cm in length, housed in a 26cm (W) x 16cm
(D) x 16cm (H) clear enclosure with a coloured ventilated lid (minimum floor area 416sqcm).
Image 2: An Inland Carpet Python Morelia metcalfei. (same enclosure as above)
Images 3 & 4: A Spotted Python Antaresia maculosa 120cm in length, housed in a 60cm (W) x 45cm (D) x 50cm
glass enclosure, landscaped with furniture, hide and water bowl (minimum floor area 2700sqcm).
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 64
Image 6: Six Inland Bearded Dragons, Pogona Vitticeps
Image 5; An Inland Bearded Dragon, Pogona
Vitticeps
Image 7: Two Smooth Knob-Tailed Geckos,
Nephurus Levis
Image 8: Smooth Knob-Tailed Geckos, Nephurus
Levis
Image 5: An Inland Bearded Dragon, Pogona vitticeps 35cm in length
Image 6: Six Inland Bearded Dragons Pogona vitticeps 14cm in length, housed in a 60cm (W) x
45cm (D) x 50cm glass enclosure, landscaped with furniture and water bowl. This enclosure
can house 3 sub-adults, 2 adults or up to 6 juveniles (minimum floor area 2700sqcm
Images 7 & 8: Smooth Knob-tailed Geckos/Gecko, Nephurus levis greater than >12cm (SV)
length, housed in a 30cm (W) x 30cm (D) x 30cm (H) glass enclosure with furniture, sand
substrate, hide and shallow water dish (minimum floor area 900sqcm).
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 65
Images 9 & 10: Green Tree Frog Litoria caerulea
Images 11 & 12: Macleay’s River Turtle Emydura macquarii
Images 9 & 10: Green Tree Frog Litoria caerulea, 8 cm (SV) length, housed in a 45cm (W) x
45cm (D) x 60cm (H) glass enclosure with furniture, live plants and aquarium gravel and a
water depth 10 cm (Images 11 & 12: Macleay’s River Turtle Emydura macquarii minimum
floor area
Images 11: Macleay’s River Turtle Emydura macquarii, 3 x12 cm carapace length and housed
in a 90cm (W) x 40cm (D) x 30cm (H) glass tank with furniture, silk plants, turtle doc,
aquarium gravel and a water depth 20 cm (minimum floor area 2700sqcm).
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 66
Images 12: 6 x Macleay’s River Turtle Emydura macquarii, 7 cm carapace length. (same tank
size as above)
Images 13 & 14: Two Diamond Pythons Morelia spilota spilota
Images 13 & 14:
2 x Diamond Pythons Morelia spilota spilota, 120cm in length, housed in a 240cm (W) x
120cm (D) x 210cm (H) outdoor enclosure with furniture, hide box with a gravel substrate and
a water feature at a depth of 10 cm (minimum floor area 28,800sqcm).
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 67
Appendix 1: States and Territories of Australia Reptile and Amphibian Licensing Systems
The following is a summary of the current licensing systems for States and Territories of
Australia:
Tasmania (TAS)
Parks and Wildlife Service
GPO Box 1751
Hobart TAS 7001
http://www.parks.tas.gov.au
1300 827 727
There are three species of snakes, seventeen species of lizards and eleven species of frogs
found in Tasmania.
Parks and Wildlife Service Tasmania do not allow a Reptiles and Amphibians licensing system.
It is illegal to sell Reptiles and Amphibians through pet shops.
Victoria (VIC)
State Government Victoria Department of Environment and Primary Industries
PO BOX 500
Melbourne VIC 8002
http://www.depi.vic.gov.au
136 186
Victoria has a Reptiles and Amphibians licensing system. Reptiles and Amphibians can be sold
through pet shops in Victoria in three categories:
1. ANIMALS OF CAPTIVE-BRED WILDLIFE THAT MAY BE HELD FOR PRIVATE PURPOSES WITHOUT A
LICENCE
2. ANIMALS THAT MAY BE HELD PRIVATELY UNDER A WILDLIFE BASIC LICENCE VICTORIA
3. ANIMALS THAT MAY BE HELD PRIVATELY UNDER A WILDLIFE ADVANCED LICENCE.
Australian Capital Territory (ACT)
ACT Government Territory and Municipal Services
GPO Box 158
Canberra ACT 2601
http://www.tams.act.gov.au/
13 22 81
The ACT has a Reptiles and Amphibians licensing system. Reptiles and Amphibians can be sold
through pet shops in the ACT in three categories:
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 68
1. CATEGORY A: refers to captive-bred reptiles that can be kept by individuals with no prior
experience in keeping such animals. These include exempt species and species considered
relatively easy to maintain, regularly bred in captivity and suited to the Canberra climate.
2. CATEGORY B: includes species of captive-bred reptiles which may be held for hobby purposes by
experienced amateurs with at least two years’ experience in keeping one or more species from a
family in Category A. Generally applicants for species on this list must be 15 years of age or over.
3. CATEGORY C: refers to captive-bred reptiles suitable for keeping for hobby purposes for highly
experienced herpetologists. Applicants must have at least one year’s experience with keeping
Category B species and two years of experience in keeping Category A species.
New South Wales (NSW)
NSW Government Office of Environment & Heritage
PO BOX A290
SYDNEY SOUTH NSW 1232
NSW Government Office of Environment & Heritage
[email protected]
(02) 9995 5000
On the 25th March 2015, the NSW Government Office of Environment and Heritage
announced new rules that would allow eight species of snakes, five species of lizards and two
species of turtles to be sold in pet stores in NSW.
Queensland (QLD)
Queensland Government Department of Natural Resources and Mines
Department of Natural Resources and Mines
PO Box 15216
CITY EAST QLD 4002
www.derm.qld.gov.au
13 74 68
The Queensland Government Department of Environment and Heritage Protection allows
three species of snakes, eight species of lizards and four species of turtles to be sold in pet
stores in QLD.
Northern Territory (NT)
Northern Territory Government Parks and Wildlife Commission NT
PO BOX 496
PALMERSTON NT 0831
http://www.parksandwildlife.nt.gov.au
(08) 8999 4555
The NT allows three species of snakes, eight species of lizards and four species of turtles to be
sold in pet stores in the NT.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 69
Western Australia (WA)
Government of Western Australia Parks and Wildlife
17 Dick Perry Ave
Technology Park Western Precinct
KENSINGTON WA 6151
http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au
(08) 9219 9000
The Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife has a reptiles and
amphibians licensing system. Reptiles and amphibians can be sold through pet shops in WA in
four categories:
1. CATEGORY 2: nine species of lizards and two species of frog to be sold in pet stores in WA.
2. CATEGORY 3: two species of snakes, six species of lizards, one species of frog and one species of
turtle to be sold in pet stores in WA.
3. CATEGORY 4: five species of snakes, five species of lizards, one species of frog and one species of
turtle to be sold in pet stores in WA.
4. CATEGORY 5: eleven species of snakes and two species of lizards to be sold in pet stores in WA.
South Australia (SA)
Government of South Australia
Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources
GPO BOX 1047
ADELAIDE SA 5001
http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/contact-us
(08) 8204 1910
The Government of South Australia’s Department of Environment, Water and Natural
Resources has a Reptiles and Amphibians licensing system. Reptiles and Amphibians can be
sold through pet shops in the SA in three categories:
1. Exempt Species List 1: two species of frogs to be sold in pet stores in SA.
2. Exempt Species List 2: thirteen species of lizards and two species of turtles to be sold in pet
stores in SA.
3. Basic Reptile List: two species of snakes, six species of lizards and one species of turtle to be sold
in pet stores in SA.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 70
Appendix 2: Reptile Specimen Card
Reptile Specimen Card
Specimen
Name:
Origin:
Photo
Date Photo Taken:
/
/
Sex:
Individual ID:
Date & Place of Birth:
Age on Arrival:
Growth History
Date
Age
Weight
Length
Version 1.0 Created by Brad Walker 2015
Date
Age
Weight
Length
PO BOX 7034 WILBERFORCE NSW 2756 (02) 4576 3491
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 71
Appendix 3: Reptile and Specimen Food and Slough Chart
Reptile Specimen Food and Slough Chart
Date
Food Type/Slough
Date
Version 1.0 Created by Brad Walker 2015
Food Type/Slough
Date
Food Type/Slough
PO BOX 7034 WILBERFORCE NSW 2756 (02) 4576 3491
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 72
Appendix 4: Stock Movements
Stock Movements
Date
From
To
Comments
Date
From
To
Comments
Treatment History
Date
Comments
Version 1.0 Created by Brad Walker 2015
Date
Comments
PO BOX 7034 WILBERFORCE NSW 2756 (02) 4576 3491
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 73
Appendix 4 (continued): Stock Movements
Breeding History
Date
Comments
Date
Other Notes/Observations
(e.g. behaviour, diet changes, etc.)
Version 1.0 Created by Brad Walker 2015
Comments
PO BOX 7034 WILBERFORCE NSW 2756 (02) 4576 3491
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 74
Bibliography
Aland, K. (2008). Dragons, Family Agamidae. In M. Swan (Ed.), Keeping and Breeding Australian Lizards. Lilydale: Mike Swan Herp
Books.
Aland, K. (2007). Parasites, quarantine and captive reptiles. Proceedings of the Care of Australian Reptiles and Amphibians
Conference, Castle Hill.
Australian Museum. (2015). Freshwater Crocodile. Retrieved from
http://australianmuseum.net.au/freshwater-crocodile
Brown, D. (2012). A Guide to Australian Geckos and Pygopods in Captivity. Burleigh: ABK Publications.
Brown, D. (2014). A Guide to Australian Lizards in Captivity. Burleigh: ABK Publications.
Cogger, H. G. (2000). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. Sydney: Reed New Holland.
Ehmann, H. (1992). Encyclopaedia of Australian Animals: Reptiles. Pymble: Angus & Robertson.
Eipper, S. (2012). A Guide to Australian Frogs in Captivity. Burleigh: Reptile Publications.
Eipper, S. (2012). A Guide to Australian Snakes in Captivity. Burleigh: ABK Publications.
Elliott, A. (2012). A Guide to Australian Frogs in Captivity. Australia: ABK Publications.
Greer, A. E. (2006). Encyclopedia of Australian Reptiles. Retrieved from
http://www. amonline.net.au/herpetology/research/encyclopedia.
Greer, A. E. (1990). The Biology and Evolution of Australian Lizards. Chipping Norton: Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd.
Griffiths, K. (2006). Frogs and Reptiles of the Sydney Region. Sydney: Reed New Holland.
Jackson, S. M. (2003). Standardizing captive‐management manuals: guidelines for terrestrial vertebrates. International Zoo Yearbook,
38(1), 229-243. Retrieved from Wiley Online Library.
Phillips, C. (2008). The Nutritional Requirements of Captive Reptiles. Reptiles Australia. 4(6), 50-4. Retrieved from Proquest database.
Swan, M. (2007). Keeping and Breeding Australian Pythons. Lilydale: Mike Swan Herp. Books.
Swan, M. (2008). Keeping and Breeding Australian Lizards. Lilydale: Mike Swan Herp. Books.
Swan, M. (2009). Keeping and Breeding Australian Reptiles. Lilydale: Mike Swan Herp. Books.
Webb, G. & Manolis, C. (1989). Crocodiles of Australia. Chatswood: Reed.
Weigel, J. (1988). Care of Australian Reptiles in Captivity. Gosford: Reptile Keepers Association.
Wilson. S. & Swan, G. (2004). A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia. Australia: Reed New Holland.
Wilson, S. K. & Knowles, D. G. (1992). Australia’s Reptiles, A Photographic reference to the Terrestrial Reptiles of Australia. Pymble:
Angus & Robertson.
Worrell, E. (1966). Reptiles of Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
Author: Brad Walker @ Australian Fauna Supplies and Services October 2015.
Copyright: You may download, display, print and reproduce this material provided that the wording is reproduced exactly and the source is
acknowledged.
Acknowledgement: I owe a great debt and gratitude to many dedicated friends and colleagues who have assisted me in many ways. I could not have
written this recommendation alone and without their help it would not exist. A special thank you to Anthony Stimson, John Grima and Ben Dessens
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 75
for their contribution to this document. I have spent many hours with reptile and amphibian keepers and pet shop owners. Thank you Graeme
Phipps, Tim Faulkner, Adam Sapiano, Jacki Salkeld, Liza Sommers, Renae Griffiths, Kim Peries and PIAA staff.
S&G – Trading in Reptiles & Amphibians – August 2016
P a g e | 76