Download Macroevolution and Modern Classification

Macroevolution and Modern Classification
Microevolution
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Observing _________ ______________________change in a single ____________________
over generations
Macroevolution
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Evolution involving ___________ larger than ________________________________________
What is a Cladogram?
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A Cladogram is a diagram that represents a ___________________________________________
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It shows ______________ ________________ or ___________________________ relationships
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It may or may not include ________________ _________________________ like the one below
Understanding Cladograms

This diagram shows a ____________________ between ___ __________________. These
relatives share a _____________ ______________ at the _____________ of the tree.

Note that this diagram is also a ________________. The older organism is at the
_______________of the tree.

The four ________________ at the ________ of the tree are __________________ species.
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Branches on the tree represent ____________________, the formation of a new ___________.
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The event that causes the _______________ is shown as the ________ of the “V”.
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Species B and C each have _____________________ that are ______________ only to them.
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But they also __________ some part of their ____________ with species ____. This shared
history is the ______________ __________________.
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What is the only thing A and B have in common?
Counting Clades
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A clade is a grouping that includes a _________________
__________________ and all the
_______________________ (living and extinct) of that
ancestor.
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Clades are _______________ within one another forming a
___________ __________________
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If you ______ a branch of the tree, you could ___________
all the organisms that make up a ______________.
Cladistics (How Biologists Make Cladograms)
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First, scientists observe _________________ groups of organisms and ____________ the
presence of ________________ _________________________
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Then, biologists often use _______ Diagrams to help organize clades,
then draw the cladogram
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The diagram to the right shows 5 different ways to represent a
____________________________________________________
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Organisms in a clade share a __________ _______________
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Ex: horse & monkey have hair and mammary glands so
they are in the same clade
If an organism _______ _______ share the character that unites
a clade, it is placed in broader, ________________ clade
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Ex: lizard does not have hair or mammary glands, but
does have 4 legs and amniotic eggs
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Some characters can derive in ________________ clades due
to________________ evolution (analogies)
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However, the ______________ scientific explanation that fits the
__________ is the _________________
_______________________________
Cladograms are used to study the Evolution of _________________ Organisms and
_________________
PATTERNS OF MACROEVOLUTION
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A___________________ R __________________________
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•
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M_________ E_____________________________
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When ______ of species ________ ________ or go extinct
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Occur under _____________ ______________________ _______________ like ice ages,
asteroids, or many volcanoes
P___________________ E___________________________
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•
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When a ___________ species or small group evolves into
_____________ forms that live in ____________________ ways
(new ______________ available)
Idea that evolution occurs at a ________ that involves _______ ___________ ________
interrupted by __________ periods of ____________ change
C__________________ E____________________________
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When ___________________ species evolve _____________________ due to a
____________ ______________________ or similar ________________________
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_________________ Structures: structures with different ________, but the same
________________ (EX: ______________________________________________)
C________________________
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When ____ species evolve in ________________ to changes in _________ __________
over time (_________________________)
CLASSIFICATION
___________________ is the branch of biology involving the ___________________, naming, and
_____________________ of species
The Linnaean System of Classification
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Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) developed a ________________ system that gave every species a
_________ __________ _________ and organized them into ____________________ categories
“binomial nomenclature”
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Example: Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
Linnaean Classification Groups
“Kings Play Chess On Fat Green Stools”
Classification and Evolution
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____________ used Linnaeus’s system to show _________________ ________________ →
phylogenic trees
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The more _______________ _____________________ organisms shared, the more
____________ ___________________ they were
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Today we use ________________ evidence- _____________ differences in _______ or
__________ _______________ sequences means __________________ relatives
Kingdoms and Domains
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Biologists use the largest ______________ to show ______________ ____________________
among all of life on Earth (past and present)
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The number of _____________and the formation of ______________ have changed in response
to new discoveries and ___________________
Classification of Living Things
Domain
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Cell Type
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell
Structure
Cell walls with
peptidoglycan
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Number
of Cells
unicellular
Mode of
Nutrition
Examples
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some have
cell walls of
cellulose;
some have
chloroplasts
Cell wall of
Chitin
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
No cell walls
or
chloroplasts
unicellular
Most
unicellular;
some
colonial;
some
multicellular
Most
multicellular;
Some
unicellular
multicellular
multicellular
Autotroph or
Heterotroph
Autotroph or
Heterotroph
Autotroph or
Heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Streptococcus;
E. coli
Halophiles,
Methanogens
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds
Mushrooms,
yeast
Heterotroph
Mosses,
ferns,
flowering
plants
Sponges,
worms,
insects, fish