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The Respiratory System Week 25 Vocabulary to Know • • • • • • • • • • Respiration Alveolus (alveoli) Atelectasis Cyanosis Hypoxia Apnea Bradypnea Eupnea Nares pharynx • • • • • • • • • • Rhinorrhea Rhinitis Bronchus Bronchiole Dyspnea Tachypnea Diaphragm Inspiration Exhalation Pleural effusion More Vocabulary • • • • • • Vital capacity Intercostal Residual Chest cavity space Tidal air Tidal volume • • • • Plural effusion Epistaxis Epiglottis empyema Divisions of the Respiratory System • Upper Respiratory System • Lower Respiratory System Nose and Nasal Cavities • Structure and function – – – – Nasal cavities Conchae Olfactory receptors Paranasal sinuses • The nasal cavity___________ the air we breathe. – Warms – Humidifies – Filters Pharynx • Muscular tube • Between nasal cavity and cervical vertebrae • Divided into nasopharynx and oropharynx and laryngopharynx Larynx • Also know as the voice box • Air passageway between pharynx and trachea • Hyoid bone • Thyroid cartilage • Epiglottis • Vocal cords • Another name for the larynx is: – Middle ear – Voice box – Pharynx – Eustachian tube Trachea and Bronchial Tree • Trachea • Right and left mainstem bronchi • Bronchioles Lungs and Pleural Membrane • Protected by ribcage • Base rests on diaphragm • Hilus Pleural Membranes Alveoli • • • • Functional unit of the lung Millions in each lung 700 to 800 square feet Simple squamous epithelium Mechanism of Breathing • Ventilation: movement of air into and out of lungs • Inhalation and exhalation • Respiratory centers: medulla and pons • Muscles: diaphragm and intercostal Pulmonary Volumes • • • • • • • • • Vary with age and size of the individual Capacity and elasticity diminish with age Tidal volume: 500mL Minute respiratory volume Inspiratory reserve: 2000-3000mL Expiratory reserve: 1000-1500mL Vital capacity: 3500- 5000mL Residual air: 1000-1500mL Alveolar ventilation: 350- 400mL • Anatomic dead space 100-150mL • Physiologic dead space • Compliance Gas Exchange • Two exchange sites – Lungs – Body tissues • Respiration – Internal – External Diffusion of Gases and Partial Pressures • Gases diffuse from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration • Gases are mixed • Each gas in a mixture exerts part of the pressure that the mixture as a whole exerts. • Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by a particular gas in the mixture • Partial pressure of Oxygen (PO2) • Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) – PO2> PCO2 in alveoli – PO2< PCO2 in pulmonary capillaries – Oxygen diffuses into capillaries, CO2 diffuses into alveoli • In the body – PO2 > PCO2 in systemic capillaries – PO2< PCO2 in tissue fluid and cells – O2 diffuses into cells, CO2 diffuses into capillaries Conditions that Impair Gas Exchange • • • • Pneumonia Pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary edema Bronchitis Transport of Gases in the Blood • Little oxygen is carried dissolved in blood plasma • Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in RBCs • Iron in hemoglobin gives oxygen binding capacity • Unstable oxygen-hemoglobin bond • SaO2 • CO2 is carried as HCO3 Regulation of Respiration • Brain stem: medulla and pons • Medulla generates impulses that cause the respiratory muscles to contract • Inflated lungs stimulate baroreceptors • Baroreceptors generate sensory receptors to depress inspiration center • Relaxation follows Normal Respiratory Pattern • • • • • • Inspiration 1-2 seconds Exhalation 2-3 seconds Normal rate 12-20 breaths per minute Tachypnea > 20 Bradypnea < 12 Apnea = 0 Abnormal Respiratory patterns Respiration and Acid-Base Balance • Respiratory Acidosis – Due to decrease in efficiency or rate – CO2 build up – Relationship to respiratory disease • Respiratory alkalosis – Due to increase in respiratory rate – Decrease H+ formation – Not common – Relationship to anxiety The Aging Respiratory System • • • • • Muscles weaken with age Lung tissue loses elasticity Ossification of cartilage Cilia deteriorate Alveolar macrophages less efficient