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• 9/19 Focus: – Early civilizations developed in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers – There were few natural barriers in this region which made it a crossroads where people shared customs and ideas. • Do Now – What are the characteristics of a civilization? Cities & Government Public Works Religion Civilization Social Classes Specialization Of Labor Arts Architecture Writing & Record Keeping Mesopotamian Civilizations Sumer and Babylon Mesopotamia • Fertile Crescent • “The Land between the Two Rivers” – Tigris and Euphrates Rivers – Fertile farmland from silt left by floods – Floods were unpredictable • Lack of natural barriers allowed frequent migrations of people and invasions – Cultural diffusion • First civilizations are thought to have developed here Sumer • The first civilization to develop in Mesopotamia about 5,500 B.C.E • City-States developed along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers – An independent political unit with its own government • Ur, Uruk, Kish, Lagesh – Used mud bricks due to lack of other building materials • Cities were protected by defensive walls • Ziggurats were found at the center of each city – A large, tiered, pyramid shaped structure – Built for the god or goddess of each city Religion • Were polytheistic – Enlil, the god of air and storms, was one of the most important – Gods controlled natural events • Viewed their gods as hostile and unpredictable – Similar to their environment • Priests held high status in Sumer – Worked to keep the gods pleased Government • War chiefs often became Kings • Kings performed rituals to please the gods • Dynasties developed – A series of rulers from one family Trade • Traded with people across Southwest Asia – Lacked many natural resources – Traded for timber, stone, metals Writing • Cuneiform – Form of writing that used sharp tools to make wedge shaped symbols on clay tablets – Scribes were paid and had a high place in society Literature • The Gilgamesh Epic – One of the oldest surviving works of literature – 4,000 year old story of a Sumerian hero who seeks immortality – Originally a story that was passed on through oral tradition • Babylon • Numbers