Download Study Guide 1 - Child Development (PSY240)

Study Guide 1 - Child Development (PSY240)
Dr. Nowatka
Names to know: Freud, Erikson, Bandura, Piaget, Vygotsky, Adler, Bronfenbrenner,
Locke, Lorenz. Tryon
Chapter 1 – Research
1.
Define the characteristics of both the “true experiment” and the correlational
design, along with advantages and disadvantages. What are independent and dependent
variables?
2.
What are reliability and validity? What is the difference between internal and
external validity? How can you ensure each of them in an experiment? Are experimental
and correlational methods high or low in internal and external validity? What
information is given by a correlation of -.78 between height and intelligence?
3.
Describe ethnographies and observational methods of research. How do
ethnographies differ from cross-cultural comparisons?
4.
What research designs answer the four research questions discussed in class?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? What are cohort effects? Explain
microgenetic designs.
5.
What are meant by the terms plasticity and holistic?
Chapter 2 – Theories
Names to know:
1
What are currently considered to be Freud’s valuable contributions to
understanding development? Explain the id, ego, and superego, as well as the different
psychosexual stages. What are the primary criticisms of Freud’s theory?
2.
In what major ways did Erikson’s theory differ from Freud’s?
3.
What are the shared ideas behind all learning theories? What are the primary
focuses of classical versus operant conditioning? What did Bandura add to learning
theory? Include an explanation of reciprocal determinism.
4.
Compare and contrast the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. How does each
believe that children develop? How is Bronfenbrenner’s theory different from both
(include an explain of his levels of systems)?
5.
What are the contributions and criticisms of the information-processing and
ethological theories?
6.
Describe classic and modern evolutionary theory, along with the criticisms.
7.
Explain the major controversies that define different theories of development.
Chapter 4 – Prenatal Development
1.
Describe the three phases of prenatal development, including the major
accomplishments in each, and the divisions of the fetal period.
2.
What are the major problems caused in infants by the following prenatal risk
factors: maternal age, nicotine, alcohol, rubella, and malnutrition? What is a teratogen
and what are other examples? When is a developing human likely to be most at risk from
teratogens? Explain the Rh factor and its treatment. What can a pregnant woman do to
affect her pregnancy in a positive manner?
3.
What are the stages of labor? How long might they be expected to last?
4.
Explain the terms “low birth weight,” “premature” and “small-for-date.” What is
the most immediate concern for premature infants? What does the Apgar test measure
and how? Explain anoxia.
5.
Why are multiple births more common for older mothers?
Chapter 3 – Genetics
1.
What are the differences between genotype and phenotype, between dominant and
recessive, and between homozygous and heterozygous? What is codominance?
2.
Using diagrams, explain the transmission of a hereditary disease that is recessive
and transmitted by a single gene. Use two cases, one case in which one parent carries the
and the other parent does not, and one case in which both parents carry.
3.
Is a son or a daughter more likely to inherit a sex-linked recessive disease, such as
hemophilia? Explain your answer using a diagram. What is meant by “sex-limited”?
4.
Describe the three major methods of studying polygenetic inheritance with the
strengths and weaknesses of each method.
5.
What are the most common chromosomal abnormalities and their likely causes?
Explain the three primary methods of detecting chromosomal abnormalities.
6.
What is behavioral genetics? How do scientists estimate the relative contributions
of genes versus the environment to a characteristic? What is meant by the terms
“heritability coefficient,” “shared environment,” and “nonshared environment”?
Describe the differences among the passive, active, and evocative gene/environment
correlations.
7.
What are the canalization principle and the range-of-reaction principle? Explain
mitosis, meiosis, and crossing over.
Chapter 5 - Infancy/Perception
1.
Discuss whether the following perceptions good at birth or not: Smell, taste,
touch, pain, hearing, sight, color. What can infants discriminate with respect to hearing,
taste, and sight? What is the adaptive significance of a newborn’s senses?
2.
Explain the different cues to depth perception and when infants start to use them.
3.
What methods have been used to determine infants’ sensory capacities? What is
known about cultural influences on infant perception? What are the research findings on
intermodal perception?
4.
Define the following features of classical conditioning: Unconditioned stimulus,
unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response. What are the major
differences among observational learning, classical and operant conditioning?
5.
What are the different primitive and survival reflexes?