Download Guidance for GEOGRAPHY End of Year

Guidance for GEOGRAPHY End of Year Examination 2016
 The End of Year Examination takes place in Week 4 of the Summer Term.
 The Geography Examination will last 50 minutes.
 The Examination will include questions on most of the topics you have
covered in geography during this academic year.
 You will have some lesson time in Week 3 to revise, but you may want to
take your exercise book home to do some extra revision.
 The questions in the examination will be based on the unit ‘Earthquakes
and Volcanoes’.
 Here is a breakdown of what you have to revise for the examination:-
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
The work you have done in Year 6 has focused mainly on this unit. You will
have only started work on Earthquakes by the time your examination takes
place in Week 4 so your questions in the examination will focus on Plate
Tectonics and Volcanoes only!
You will need to know the following: The structure of the Earth – Inner Core, Outer Core, Mantle and Crust
(You will have a diagram to label in the examination).
 Rocks and their characteristics – Metamorphic, Sedimentary and
Igneous rocks.
 The names and locations of the major tectonic plates that make up the
Earth’s crust – North American, South American, Pacific, Nazca,
Antarctic, Indo-Australian, Eurasian and African plates.
 Four different plate boundaries and what happens at these boundaries
– Constructive, Destructive, Conservative and Collision Boundaries.
CONSTRUCTIVE BOUNDARY
CONSERVATIVE BOUNDARY
COLLISION BOUNDARY
DESTRUCTIVE BOUNDARY
 How to draw and annotate a typical Destructive Boundary – you will
have a blank box in the examination in which to do this.
Newly molten
Oceanic crust
melts in mantle
and travels up
cracks in the
continental crust
– this creates
volcanoes.
As the oceanic crust descends under the
continental crust, earthquakes occur –
these can trigger tsunamis.
 The internal structure of a volcano – Crater, Cone, Secondary (Parasitic)
Cone, Magma Chamber, Vent (Conduit), Secondary Vent (Dike) - you will
have a diagram in the examination which you will have to label.
 What comes out of a volcano – Ash, Lava, Pyroclastic Flows, Lahars and
Volcanic Bombs.
Ash – finely
pulverised lava
thrown out of a
volcano
Lava - molten
rock flowing on
the surface. Until
it reaches the
surface it is still
called magma.
Volcanic Bombs - A small lump of magma that is
thrown up into the air during an explosive volcanic
eruption as molten rock and then cools into a solid
fragment before it reaches the ground.
Pyroclastic Flow - A
hot, dense mixture
of ash, pumice,
rock fragments,
and gas that is
formed during an
explosive volcanic
eruption and flows
downhill at great
speed.
Lahar - Catastrophic mudflow on the flank of a
volcano. It is a notable feature of the volcanic areas
of Indonesia, especially Java. Lahars are the cause
of most volcanic fatalities.
 The destructive impacts of volcanic eruptions.
 The benefits of living near volcanoes.
Positive and negative effects of an eruption
Positive
Negative
The dramatic scenery created by volcanic eruptions attracts
tourists. This brings income to an area.
Many lives can be lost as a result of a volcanic eruption.
The lava and ash deposited during an eruption breaks down to
provide valuable nutrients for the soil. This creates very fertile
soil which is good for agriculture
If the ash and mud from a volcanic eruption mix with rain
water or melting snow, fast moving mudflows are created.
These flows are called lahars.
The high level of heat and activity inside the Earth, close to a
volcano, can provide opportunities for generating geothermal
energy.
Lava flows and lahars can destroy settlements and clear
areas of woodland or agriculture.
Human and natural landscapes can be destroyed and
changed forever.
 The two main types of volcanoes – Shield and Composite. You need to
know in what way these volcano types are different.
 Mount St. Helens – the cause of the eruption in 1980 and the resulting
impacts (What happened to the environment and people?).
Case study: Mount St Helens 1980 (MEDC)
Map showing location of Mount St Helens
Mount St Helens is on the plate boundary between the Juan de Fuca plate and North
American plate. This is a Destructive plate boundary where the oceanic plate descends
under the continental plate; newly molten lava travels up through faults in the
continental plate creating volcanoes. Much of the Rockies is composed of these volcano
types. When Mount St. Helens erupted it permanently changed the surrounding
landscape.
Effects of the eruption
Primary effects
Secondary effects
Nuée ardente (hot ash and gas) destroyed forests and
logging camps.
Ash blocked rivers destroying popular fishing sites and causing flooding.
This in turn destroyed crops and livestock.
63 people were killed, mainly by poisonous gases.
Flooding destroyed communications such as road and railway bridges.
Lahars (mudflows of ash and water) covered an extensive Sediment carried downstream ruined barge transport on the Columbia
area surrounding the volcano.
River.
Short-term responses and results

Communications such as roads and bridges were repaired.

People were re-housed.
Long-term responses and results

Soil fertility improved due to the ash deposits.

The volcano is now more carefully monitored.

Tourism has increased, boosting the local economy.
That’s it! Revise the topics highlighted above – do not
revise anything in your exercise book which is not
listed and...