Download From DNA to Proteins: A Study Guide

From DNA to Proteins: A Study Guide Vocabulary: 1. Bacteriophage 2. Nucleotide 3. Double helix 4. Base pairing rules 5. Replication 6. DNA polymerase 7. Central dogma 8. RNA Structure of DNA (8.2) 1.
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Transcription RNA polymerase Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Translation Codon Stop codon 17.
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Start codon Anticodon Mutation Point mutation Silent mutation Frameshift mutation Mutagen How is the structure of DNA a common language? Understand the structure of nucleotides and the main difference between them. How many nucleotides compose DNA? Understand and know how to apply the base pairing rules. What kind of bonds do nucleotides form? What kinds of bonds are formed in the backbone? DNA Replication (8.3) 1.
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Describe and summarize the process of DNA replication in steps (in other words, what are the three steps?). Explain the role of enzymes in DNA replication. What kind of organic molecule are enzymes; carbohydrates, protein, lipids? How do you identify enzymes? (hint: what does the term “ase” mean?) What molecule helps ensure that DNA replication is accurate? Know base pairing rules and how to tell the sequence of a new sequence of DNA from a template sequence of DNA. Transcription (8.4) 1.
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Describe the relationship between RNA and DNA. Identify 3 kinds of RNA and their functions. What is the central dogma? Describe and summarize the process transcription, in steps. Know how to tell the sequence of RNA from a sequence of DNA. For example, if a DNA segment has the nucleotides AGCCTAA, what would the RNA sequence be? Translation (8.5) 1.
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Describe how mRNA codons are translated into amino acids. Summarize the process of protein synthesis, in steps. How many nucleotides make up a codon? Is the stop codon an amino acid? What is the responsibility of tRNA? What is an anticodon? Suppose AGU was the anticodon carried by a molecule of tRNA, what amino acid would it carry? Know how to use the table on page 244 to find the sequence of amino acids in a protein from a sequence of RNA. Mutations (8.6) 1.
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Distinguish between different types of mutations (including point, frameshift, silent, etc.). Explain why mutations may or may not affect phenotype. List some factors that cause mutations. What is a mutagen? How do they cause genetic mutations?