Download Study Guide - AP European History

Study Guide – French Revolution and Napoleonic Age
Names and Terms to Know:
"Great Fear"
of Man and Citizen
Fraternité!
Abbé Sieyès
Declaration of the Rights
Louis XVI
Admiral Horatio Nelson
of Woman and Female
lycées
Assembly of Notables
Citizen
Marie Antoinette
assignats
Directory
Mary Wollstonecraft
August 4 Decree
Dos de Mayo
Maximillian Robespierre
Bastille
Duke of Wellington
Milan Decree
Battle of Austerlitz
Edmund Burke
Montagnard
Battle of Borodino
Elba
Napoléon Bonaparte
Battle of Jena
émigrés
Napoleonic Code
Battle of Leipzig
enragés
National Assembly
Battle of Trafalgar
Estates General
National Convention
Berlin Decree
First Coalition
non-juring [refractory]
bourgeoisie
Flour War
clergy
Brumaire Coup
Fourth Coalition
oligarchy
Brunswick Manifesto
Francisco Goya
Olympe de Gouges
cahiers de doléances
François-Noël Babeuf
Orders in Council
Charles Calonne
French Constitution of 1791
Paris Commune
Civil Constitution of the
Georges Danton
Plain
Clergy
Girondin
plebscite
Committee of Public
guillotine
Reflections on the
Safety
Jacobin Club
Revolution in France
Concordat of 1801
Jacobin Club
Reign of Terror
Confederation of the
Jacques Necker
Republic of Virtue
Rhine
Jacques Turgot
Revolutionary Tribunal
Constituent Assembly
Jacques-René Hébert
Rosetta Stone
Constitution of the Year III
Jean Champollion
sans-culottes
Constitution of the Year
Jean-Paul Marat
Second Coalition
VIII
José de San Martín
Simón Bolívar
Consulate
Joséphine de Beauharnais
Society of Revolutionary
Continental System
July 14, 1789
Republic Women
Cortes of Cádiz
La Marseillaise
taille
corvée
Law of Maximum
Tennis Court Oath
Council of Ancients
Legion of Honor
territorial subvention
Council of Five Hundred
Legislative Assembly
The Battle of the Nile
Cult of Reason
lettres de cachet
The Law of Suspects
De-Christianization
levée en masse
Thermidorian Reaction
Declaration of the Rights
Liberté! Egalité!
Third Coalition
Toussaint-L'Ouverture
tricolor
of Woman
Treaty of Amiens
Tuileries
Year I
Treaty of Campo Formio
Vendée
Treaty of Tilsit
Vindication of the Rights
Questions to consider:
▪
What was the impact of the American Revolution on France and on the rest of Europe?
▪
Even though the French government was no more tyrannical or unjust in the late 1780s than it
had been in the past, what failed in France's political system and society that set off a
revolution?
▪
What were some of the economic reforms proposed by Jacques Turgot? Why did he fail?
▪
How was Necker's approach to dealing with France's financial difficulties different from
Turgot?
▪
Why was the Estates-General reconvened after a century and a half?
▪
In the local elections which ultimately sent representatives to the Estates General, which
groups held a majority in each Estate?
▪
What was Abbé Sieyès's view of the third estate? Why did the third estate clash with the other
privileged estates?
▪
Explain the actions taken in creating the National Assembly.
▪
What was the significance of the fall of the Bastille? Why did it help save the National
Assembly and the Revolution?
▪
Trace and account for the increasing intervention of the peasants and other commoners in the
summer and early fall of 1789.
▪
What was the Great Fear? What was its impact on the National Assembly?
▪ List the major political and philosophical principles espoused in the Declaration of the Rights
of Man and Citizen.
▪ What type of government was established by the Constitution of 1791? Which groups were
dissatisfied? Why?
▪ How did Olympe de Gouge's reworking of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
transform its meaning? How did male revolutionaries respond to her Declaration of the Rights
of Woman and Female Citizen?
▪ What practical role did women actually play in the French Revolution?
▪ Identify some of the gains made by women during the French Revolution.
▪ How did the French revolutionaries deal with the issue of race and discrimination regarding
Jews, and free Negroes and mulattos [in France's Caribbean colonies]?
▪ How did the National Assembly restructure France administratively?
▪ How did the National Assembly apply revolutionary ideas to the economy?
▪ What were the policies of the National Assembly toward the Catholic Church? How did these
policies revolutionize church-state relationships throughout France and the rest of Western
Europe?
▪ What were the consequences of the government policy of selling church lands and issuing
assignats?
▪ What was the reaction of the various European governments to the revolutionary events in
France?
▪ How did the Brunswick Manifesto affect developments in France?
▪ Why did the Legislative Assembly disappear and a new National Convention emerge?
▪ Why were peasants and urban workers dissatisfied with the course of events by late 1791-early
1792?
▪ Who were the Jacobins? the sans-culotte? Why did the latter support the former?
▪ Why might the insurrection of August, 1792 be called the "Second" French Revolution?
▪ What caused the French Revolution to enter a second, more radical phase?
▪ Who were the Girondins and the Montagnards [Mountain]? What were their political points of
view? Who were their major supporters?
▪ What political positions did the centrists [the Plain] take?
▪ What groups represented the counter-revolutionary forces in 1792-1794? What characterized
the regions in which counter-revolutionary movements emerged?
▪ What role did the Jacobin Club play in the "Second" French Revolution?
▪ Why could it be said about the French Revolution [and other revolutions in history] that
"revolutions devour their children?"
▪ Why did the Reign of Terror occur?
▪ Which social classes in revolutionary France were most affected by the Terror? least
affected? Why?
▪ What type of government did Robespierre try to create in 1792-1794? Identify some of the
specific changes and programs introduced.
▪ How were radical women treated by the Jacobin?
▪ How was the French army becoming more egalitarian and democratic by the end of 1793?
▪ What was the Thermidorian Reaction?
▪ Identify the problems that faced the new government, the Directory, in 1795.
▪ How did the Directory try to "turn a new [political] page" when it first came to power?
▪ What were the provisions of the new French Constitution of the Year III?
▪ Identify the weaknesses of the Directory. In what areas was it somewhat successful?
▪ Why were the poor worse off under the Directory than before the Revolution?
▪ Why have some historians described the Directory government as "the mirage of the
moderates?" Is this an accurate label?
▪ What were some of the characteristics of Napoléon's earlier life and career that laid the
groundwork for his later rise to power?
▪ What were some of Napoléon's earlier military successes? failures?
▪ To what extent was his dramatic political/military ascent a product of the French Revolution?
▪ Why was the Brumaire coup in 1799 successful? What were its political goals?
▪ How did the Brumaire coup help install a dictatorship, even though that was not its original
intent?
▪ How did the French Revolution make it easier for Napoléon to come to power and rule France?
▪ What were the provisions of France's new Constitution of 1800? of the first revision in 1802? of
the second revision of 1804?
▪ Why was the new political body, the Council of State, different from meaningful parliamentary
democracy in France?
▪ How did the system of local government established by Napoléon in 1800 resemble royal
centralization?
▪ Identify the ways in which Napoléon depoliticized France.
▪ Regarding the Concordat of 1801:- Why did Napoléon negotiate a Concordat with the Catholic
Church in 1801? - What were the advantages and disadvantages for Napoléon and for the
Church in concluding this agreement? - Who got the better of the deal and why?
▪ How did Napoléon treat Jews and Protestants within his Empire?
▪ What were some of the legal rights/principles established in the Code Napoléon? Identify some
of its less "democratic" features.
▪ Describe the types of social organization provided by the Code Napoléon and through
Napoleon's creation of a new political and serve elite.
▪ How did Napoléon undo many of the civil rights established during the Revolution for women
and children?
▪ To what extent was centralization an important characteristic of all of Napoléon's initiatives?
▪ What were the provisions of the Treaty of Amiens? Why did it fail to keep the peace in Europe?
▪ What were the objectives of the Third Coalition? How successful were they?
▪ Why was the Battle of Trafalgar such an important military loss for Napoléon?
▪ Why did the Peninsular War prove so costly? Why was Napoleon not able to divide Spain?
▪ How did Napoléon's policies in Central Europe aid in the development of German nationalism?
▪ How was Napoléon's "Empire" organized? What revolutionary principles were incorporated into
the states which France now governed?
▪ What did the Tsar and Napoléon agree to in the Treaty of Tilsit?
▪ Why did Napoléon divorce Josephine and marry the Habsburg princess, Marie Louis?
▪ In regard to the Continental System:- What was it?- What was its purpose?- How successful was
it? - Who suffered the most from it?- What was its weakest link?
▪ How did Napoléon attempt to solve the problem of replenishing his army?
▪ Who were the members of the Third Coalition against Napoléon? Why did France go to war in
1805? What were the military and political results of this new confrontation?
▪ Why did the Spanish-French alliance bring about troubles for Spain?
▪ How did Spain react to the incursion of French troops on their soil?
▪ What was Britain's response to the Dos de Mayo uprising in Spain?
▪ Identify some of the provisions of the Spanish liberals' draft of a Constitution in 1812
▪ How did the Spanish government revert back to its old conservative, monarchist tendencies
after Wellington drove the French out of Spain in 1814?
▪ How did the Napoleonic Wars in Europe aid the independence of several Latin American
countries?
▪ What were some of the characteristics of the Napoleonic War [War of 1812] as it played itself out
in North America?
▪ Why was Napoléon's decision to invade Russia the biggest mistake of his military career?
▪ What were some of the reforms introduced by the Prussian government after its defeat by
France in 1806?
▪ Why didn't Napoléon negotiate a peace in 1813?