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ENGLISH GLOSSARY
The Glossary is an alphabetical listing of many of the key terms from the
chapters, along with their meanings. The definitions listed in the Glossary are
the ones that apply to the way the words are used in this textbook. The Glossary
gives the part of speech of each word. The following abbreviations are used:
A
Abbasids n. a dynasty that ruled much of the
Muslim Empire from A.D. 750 to 1258.
Aborigine n. a member of any of the native peoples
of Australia.
absolute monarch n. a king or queen who has
unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of
society.
acropolis n. a fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city.
Aksum n. an African kingdom, in what is now
Ethiopia and Eritrea, that reached the height of its power
in the fourth century A.D.
al-Andalus n. a Muslim-ruled region in what is now
Spain, established in the eighth century A.D.
Allah n. God (an Arabic word, used mainly in Islam).
Allies n. in World War I, the nations of Great Britain,
France, and Russia, along with the other nations that
fought on their side; also, the group of nations—
including Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the
United States—that opposed the Axis Powers in World
War II.
v. = verb
Anatolia n. the Southwest Asian peninsula now
occupied by the Asian part of Turkey—also called Asia
Minor.
Angkor Wat n. a temple complex built in the Khmer
Empire and dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu.
Anglican adj. relating to the Church of England.
animism n. the belief that spirits are present in
animals, plants, and other natural objects.
annexation n. the adding of a region to the territory
of an existing political unit.
annul v. to cancel or put an end to.
anti-Semitism n. prejudice against Jews.
apartheid n. a South African policy of complete
legal separation of the races, including the banning of all
social contacts between blacks and whites.
apostle n. one of the followers of Jesus who preached
and spread his teachings.
appeasement n. the making of concessions to an
aggressor in order to avoid war.
aqueduct n. a pipeline or channel built to carry
water to populated areas.
Almohads n. a group of Islamic reformers who
overthrew the Almoravid dynasty and established an
empire in North Africa and southern Spain in the 12th
century A.D.
aristocracy n. a government in which power is in
the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility.
Almoravids n. an Islamic religious brotherhood that
established an empire in North Africa and southern
Spain in the 11th century A.D.
artifact n. a human-made object, such as a tool,
weapon, or piece of jewelry.
Amritsar Massacre n. killing by British troops of
nearly 400 Indians gathered at Amritsar to protest the
Rowlatt Acts.
Anabaptists n. in the Reformation, a Protestant
group that believed in baptizing only those persons who
were old enough to decide to be Christian and believed
in the separation of church and state.
Anasazi n. an early Native American people who
lived in the American Southwest.
2
n. = noun
WORLD HISTORY
armistice n. an agreement to stop fighting.
artisan n. a skilled worker, such as a weaver or a
potter, who makes goods by hand.
Aryans n. 1. an Indo-European people who, about
1500 B.C., began to migrate into the Indian subcontinent.
2. to the Nazis, the Germanic peoples who formed a
“master race.”
assembly line n. in a factory, an arrangement in
which a product is moved from worker to worker, with
each person performing a single task in its manufacture.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
ENGLISH
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assimilation n. 1. the adoption of a conqueror’s
culture by a conquered people. 2. a policy in which a
nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its
institutions and customs.
Assyria n. a Southwest Asian kingdom that
controlled a large empire from about 850 to 612 B.C.
Atlantic Charter n. a declaration of principles
issued in August 1941 by British prime minister
Winston Churchill and U.S. president Franklin
Roosevelt, on which the Allied peace plan at the
end of World War II was based.
Atlantic slave trade n. the buying, transporting,
and selling of Africans for work in the Americas.
autocracy n. a government in which the ruler has
unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner.
Axis Powers n. in World War II, the nations of
Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance
in 1936.
ayllu n. in Incan society, a small community or clan
whose members worked together for the common good.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
B
balance of power n. a political situation in which
no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to
others.
Balkans n. the region of southeastern Europe now
occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, the
European part of Turkey, and the former republics of
Yugoslavia.
Battle of Midway n. a 1942 sea and air battle of
World War II, in which American forces defeated
Japanese forces in the central Pacific.
Battle of Stalingrad n. a 1942–1943 battle of
World War II, in which German forces were defeated in
their attempt to capture the city of Stalingrad in the
Soviet Union.
Battle of the Bulge n. a 1944–1945 battle in
which Allied forces turned back the last major German
offensive of World War II.
Battle of Trafalgar n. an 1805 naval battle in
which Napoleon’s forces were defeated by a British fleet
under the command of Horatio Nelson.
Benin n. a kingdom that arose near the Niger River
delta in the 1300s and became a major West African
state in the 1400s.
Beringia n. an ancient land bridge over which the
earliest Americans are believed to have migrated from
Asia into the Americas.
Berlin Conference of 1884–85 n. a meeting at
which representatives of European nations agreed upon
rules for the European colonization of Africa.
Bill of Rights n. the first ten amendments to the
U.S. Constitution, which protect citizens’ basic rights
and freedoms.
bishop n. a high-ranking Christian official who
supervises a number of local churches.
blitzkrieg n. “lightning war”—a form of warfare in
which surprise attacks with fast-moving airplanes are
followed by massive attacks with infantry forces.
Bantu-speaking peoples n. the speakers of a
related group of languages who, beginning about 2,000
years ago, migrated from West Africa into most of the
southern half of Africa.
blockade n. the use of troops or ships to prevent
commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region.
baroque adj. relating to a grand, ornate style that
characterized European painting, music, and architecture
in the 1600s and early 1700s.
Boer War n. a conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in
which the Boers and the British fought for control of
territory in South Africa.
barter n. a form of trade in which people exchange
goods and services without the use of money.
Bolsheviks n. a group of revolutionary Russian
Marxists who took control of Russia’s government in
November 1917.
Battle of Britain n. a series of battles between
German and British air forces, fought over Britain in
1940–1941.
Battle of Guadalcanal n. a 1942–1943 battle of
World War II, in which Allied troops drove Japanese
forces from the Pacific island of Guadalcanal.
Boer n. a Dutch colonist in South Africa.
Boxer Rebellion n. a 1900 revolt in China, aimed at
ending foreign influence in the country.
boyars n. landowning nobles of Russia.
Brahma n. a Hindu god considered the creator of the
world.
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Brahmin n. in Aryan society, a member of the social
class made up of priests.
ENGLISH
brinkmanship n. a policy of threatening to go to
war in response to any enemy aggression.
Bronze Age n. a period in human history, beginning
around 3000 B.C. in some areas, during which people
began using bronze, rather than copper or stone, to
fashion tools and weapons.
bubonic plague n. a deadly disease that spread
across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing
millions of people.
bureaucracy n. a system of departments and
agencies formed to carry out the work of government.
burgher n. a medieval town dweller.
Bushido n. the strict code of behavior followed by
samurai warriors in Japan.
C
cabinet n. a group of advisers or ministers chosen by
the head of a country to help make government
decisions.
caliph n. a supreme political and religious leader in a
Muslim government.
calligraphy n. the art of beautiful handwriting.
Calvinism n. a body of religious teachings based on
the ideas of the reformer John Calvin.
Camp David Accords n. the first signed
agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which
Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a
legitimate state and Israeli prime minister Menachem
Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
canon law n. the body of laws governing the
religious practices of a Christian church.
capitalism n. an economic system based on private
ownership and on the investment of money in business
ventures in order to make a profit.
Carolingian dynasty n. a dynasty of Frankish
rulers, lasting from A.D. 751 to 987.
caste n. one of the four classes of people in the social
system of the Aryans who settled in India—priests,
warriors, peasants or traders, and non-Aryan laborers
or craftsmen.
4
WORLD HISTORY
Catholic Reformation n. a 16th-century
movement in which the Roman Catholic Church
sought to make changes in response to the Protestant
Reformation.
caudillo n. a military dictator of a Latin American
country.
centralized government n. a government in
which power is concentrated in a central authority to
which local governments are subject.
Central Powers n. in World War I, the nations of
Germany and Austria-Hungary, along with the other
nations that fought on their side.
Chaldeans n. a Southwest Asian people who helped
to destroy the Assyrian Empire.
Chartist movement n. in 19th-century Britain,
members of the working class demanded reforms in
Parliament and in elections, including suffrage for all
men.
Chavín n. the first major South American civilization,
which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru
from about 900 to 200 B.C.
checks and balances n. measures designed to
prevent any one branch of government from dominating
the others.
chivalry n. a code of behavior for knights in medieval
Europe, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and
devotion.
CIS n. the Commonwealth of Independent States—a
loose association of former Soviet republics that was
formed after the breakup of the Soviet Union.
city-state n. a city and its surrounding lands
functioning as an independent political unit.
civil disobedience n. a deliberate and public
refusal to obey a law considered unjust.
civilization n. a form of culture characterized by
cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record
keeping, and advanced technology.
civil service n. the administrative departments of a
government—especially those in which employees are
hired on the basis of their scores on examinations.
civil war n. a conflict between two political groups
within the same country.
clan n. a group of people descended from a common
ancestor.
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classical art n. the art of ancient Greece and Rome,
in which harmony, order, and balance were emphasized.
clergy n. a body of officials who perform religious
services—such as priests, ministers, or rabbis.
cloning n. the creation of plants or animals that are
genetically identical to an existing plant or animal.
coalition government n. a government controlled
by a temporary alliance of several political parties.
codex n. a book with pages that can be turned, like
the one you are reading now.
Cold War n. the state of diplomatic hostility between
the United States and the Soviet Union in the decades
following World War II.
collective bargaining n. negotiations between
workers and their employers.
concordat n. a formal agreement—especially one
between the pope and a government, dealing with the
control of Church affairs.
Congress of Vienna n. a series of meetings in
1814–1815, during which the European leaders sought
to establish long-lasting peace and security after the
defeat of Napoleon.
Congress Party n. a major national political party
in India—also known as the Indian National Congress.
conquistadors n. the Spanish soldiers, explorers,
and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the
Americas in the 16th century.
colony n. a land controlled by a distant nation.
conservatives n. in the first half of the 19th
century, those Europeans—mainly wealthy landowners
and nobles—who wanted to preserve the traditional
monarchies of Europe.
Colossus of Rhodes n. an enormous Hellenistic
statue that formerly stood near the harbor of Rhodes.
constitutional monarchy n. a system of
governing in which the ruler’s power is limited by law.
Columbian Exchange n. the global transfer of
plants, animals, and diseases that occurred during the
European colonization of the Americas.
consul n. in the Roman republic, one of the two
powerful officials elected each year to command the
army and direct the government.
comedy n. a humorous form of drama that often
includes slapstick and satire.
command economy n. an economic system in
which the government makes all economic decisions.
containment n. a U.S. foreign policy adopted by
President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the
United States tried to stop the spread of communism by
creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist
Soviet advances.
Commercial Revolution n. the expansion of
trade and business that transformed European economies
during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Continental System n. Napoleon’s policy of
preventing trade between Great Britain and continental
Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain’s economy.
common law n. a unified body of law formed from
rulings of England’s royal judges that serves as the basis
for law in many English-speaking countries today,
including the United States.
corporation n. a business owned by stockholders
who share in its profits but are not personally
responsible for its debts.
collective farm n. a large government-controlled
farm formed by combining many small farms.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Concert of Europe n. a series of alliances among
European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince
Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of
revolutions.
commune n. in Communist China, a collective farm
on which a great number of people work and live together.
Communist Party n. a political party practicing
the ideas of Karl Marx and V.I. Lenin; originally the
Russian Bolshevik Party.
communism n. an economic system in which all
means of production—land, mines, factories, railroads,
and businesses—are owned by the people, private
property does not exist, and all goods and services are
shared equally.
Council of Trent n. a meeting of Roman Catholic
leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines
criticized by the Protestant reformers.
coup d’état n. a sudden seizure of political power in
a nation.
covenant n. a mutual promise or agreement—
especially an agreement between God and the Hebrew
people as recorded in the Bible.
creoles n. in Spanish colonial society, colonists who
were born in Latin America to Spanish parents.
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Crimean War n. a conflict, lasting from 1853 to
1856, in which the Ottoman Empire, with the aid of
Britain and France, halted Russian expansion in the
region of the Black Sea.
ENGLISH
crop rotation n. the system of growing a different
crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land.
Crusade n. one of the expeditions in which medieval
Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy
Land from the Muslims.
cultural diffusion n. the spreading of ideas or
products from one culture to another.
Cultural Revolution n. a 1966–1976 uprising
in China led by the Red Guards, with the goal of
establishing a society of peasants and workers in
which all were equal.
culture n. a people’s unique way of life, as shown by
its tools, customs, arts, and ideas.
cuneiform n. a system of writing with wedge-shaped
symbols, invented by the Sumerians around 3000 B.C.
cyberterrorism n. politically motivated attacks on
information systems.
Cyrillic alphabet n. an alphabet for the writing of
Slavic languages, devised in the ninth century A.D. by
Saints Cyril and Methodius.
czar n. a Russian emperor (from the Roman title
Caesar).
D
daimyo n. a Japanese feudal lord who commanded a
private army of samurai.
democratization n. the process of creating a
government elected by the people.
Department of Homeland Security n. U.S.
federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national
efforts against terrorism.
détente n. a policy of reducing Cold War tensions
that was adopted by the United States during the
presidency of Richard Nixon.
developed nation n. a nation with all the facilities
needed for the advanced production of manufactured
goods.
devshirme n. in the Ottoman Empire, the policy of
taking children from conquered Christian peoples to be
trained as Muslim soldiers.
Diaspora n. the dispersal of the Jews from their
homeland in Palestine—especially during the period of
more than 1,800 years that followed the Romans’
destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in A.D. 70.
dictator n. in ancient Rome, a political leader given
absolute power to make laws and command the army for
a limited time.
direct democracy n. a government in which
citizens rule directly rather than through representatives.
dissident n. an opponent of a government’s policies
or actions.
divine right n. the idea that monarchs are God’s
representatives on earth and are therefore answerable
only to God.
domestication n. the taming of animals for human
use.
Daoism n. a philosophy based on the ideas of the
Chinese thinker Laozi, who taught that people should be
guided by a universal force called the Dao (Way).
dominion n. in the British Empire, a nation (such as
Canada) allowed to govern its own domestic affairs.
D-Day n. June 6, 1944—the day on which the Allies
began their invasion of the European mainland during
World War II.
domino theory n. the idea that if a nation falls
under Communist control, nearby nations will also fall
under Communist control.
Declaration of Independence n. a statement of
the reasons for the American colonies’ break with Britain,
approved by the Second Continental Congress in 1776.
Dorians n. a Greek-speaking people that, according
to tradition, migrated into mainland Greece after the
destruction of the Mycenaean civilization.
delta n. a marshy region formed by deposits of silt at
the mouth of a river.
Dreyfus affair n. a controversy in France in the
1890s, centering on the trial and imprisonment of a
Jewish army officer, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, who had
been falsely accused of selling military secrets to
Germany.
demilitarization n. a reduction in a country’s
ability to wage war, achieved by disbanding its armed
forces and prohibiting it from acquiring weapons.
6
democracy n. a government controlled by its
citizens, either directly or through representatives.
WORLD HISTORY
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Dutch East India Company n. a company
founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to
establish and direct trade throughout Asia.
dynastic cycle n. the historical pattern of the rise,
decline, and replacement of dynasties.
dynasty n. a series of rulers from a single family.
E
Eastern Front n. in World War I, the region along
the German-Russian border where Russians and Serbs
battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.
Edict of Nantes n. a 1598 declaration in which the
French king Henry IV promised that Protestants could
live in peace in France and could set up houses of
worship in some French cities.
Emancipation Proclamation n. a declaration
issued by U.S. president Abraham Lincoln in 1863,
stating that all slaves in the Confederate states were free.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
emerging nation n. a nation in which the process
of industrialization is not yet complete.
émigrés n. people who leave their native country for
political reasons, like the nobles and others who fled
France during the peasant uprisings of the French
Revolution.
empire n. a political unit in which a number of
peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler.
entrepreneur n. a person who organizes, manages,
and takes on the risks of a business.
epics n. long narrative poems celebrating the deeds of
legendary or traditional heroes.
estate n. one of the three social classes in France
before the French Revolution—the First Estate
consisting of the clergy; the Second Estate, of the
nobility; and the Third Estate, of the rest of the
population.
Estates-General n. an assembly of representatives
from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.
ethnic cleansing n. a policy of murder and other
acts of brutality by which Serbs hoped to eliminate
Bosnia’s Muslim population after the breakup of
Yugoslavia.
excommunication n. the taking away of a person’s
right of membership in a Christian church.
existentialism n. a philosophy based on the idea
that people give meaning to their lives through their
choices and actions.
extraterritorial rights n. an exemption of foreign
residents from the laws of a country.
F
factors of production n. the resources—
including land, labor, and capital—that are needed to
produce goods and services.
enclosure n. one of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields
created by wealthy British landowners on land that was
formerly worked by village farmers.
factory n. a large building in which machinery is
used to manufacture goods.
encomienda n. a grant of land made by Spain to a
settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native
Americans as laborers on it.
fascism n. a political movement that promotes an
extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual
rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule.
English Civil War n. a conflict, lasting from 1642
to 1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament
battled supporters of England’s monarchy.
Fatimid n. a member of a Muslim dynasty that traced
its ancestry to Muhammad’s daughter Fatima and that
built an empire in North Africa, Arabia, and Syria in the
10th–12th centuries.
enlightened despot n. one of the 18th-century
European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment
ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects.
enlightenment n. in Buddhism, a state of perfect
wisdom in which one understands basic truths about the
universe.
Enlightenment n. an 18th-century European
movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the
principles of reason and the scientific method to all
aspects of society.
favorable balance of trade n. an economic
situation in which a country sells more goods abroad
than it buys from abroad.
federal system n. a system of government in which
power is divided between a central authority and a
number of individual states.
Fertile Crescent n. an arc of rich farmland in
Southwest Asia, between the Persian Gulf and the
Mediterranean Sea.
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feudalism n. a political system in which nobles are
granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king,
in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and
protection of the people who live on the land.
ENGLISH
fief n. an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the
feudal system in medieval Europe.
filial piety n. respect shown by children for their
parents and elders.
Final Solution n. Hitler’s program of systematically
killing the entire Jewish people.
Five-Year Plans n. plans outlined by Joseph Stalin
in 1928 for the development of the Soviet Union’s
economy.
Four Modernizations n. a set of goals adopted by
the Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in the late 20th
century, involving progress in agriculture, industry,
defense, and science and technology.
Fourteen Points n. a series of proposals in which
U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for
achieving a lasting peace after World War I.
Franks n. a Germanic people who settled in the
Roman province of Gaul (roughly the area now occupied
by France) and established a great empire during the
Middle Ages.
free trade n. commerce between nations without
economic restrictions or barriers (such as tariffs).
French and Indian War n. a conflict between
Britain and France for control of territory in North
America, lasting from 1754 to 1763.
G
Ghana n. a West African kingdom that grew rich
from taxing and controlling trade and that established an
empire in the 9th–11th centuries A.D.
ghazi n. a warrior for Islam.
ghettos n. city neighborhoods in which European
Jews were forced to live.
glasnost n. a Soviet policy of openness to the free
flow of ideas and information, introduced in 1985 by
Mikhail Gorbachev.
global economy n. all the financial interactions—
involving people, businesses, and governments—that
cross international boundaries.
Glorious Revolution n. the bloodless overthrow of
the English king James II and his replacement by
William and Mary.
glyph n. a symbolic picture—especially one used as
part of a writing system for carving messages in stone.
Gothic adj. relating to a style of church architecture
that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed
vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed
arches, and tall spires.
Great Depression n. the severe economic slump
that followed the collapse of the U.S. stock market in
1929.
Great Fear n. a wave of senseless panic that spread
through the French countryside after the storming of the
Bastille in 1789.
gender inequality n. the difference between men
and women in terms of wealth and status.
Great Purge n. a campaign of terror in the Soviet
Union during the 1930s, in which Joseph Stalin sought
to eliminate all Communist Party members and other
citizens who threatened his power.
genetic engineering n. the transferring of genes
from one living thing to another in order to produce an
organism with new traits.
Great Schism n. a division in the medieval Roman
Catholic Church, during which rival popes were
established in Avignon and in Rome.
genocide n. the systematic killing of an entire
people.
Greco-Roman culture n. an ancient culture that
developed from a blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and
Roman cultures.
gentry n. a class of powerful, well-to-do people who
enjoy a high social status.
geocentric theory n. in the Middle Ages, the
earth-centered view of the universe in which scholars
believed that the earth was an immovable object located
at the center of the universe.
8
geopolitics n. a foreign policy based on a
consideration of the strategic locations or products of
other lands.
WORLD HISTORY
green revolution n. a 20th-century attempt to
increase food resources worldwide, involving the use of
fertilizers and pesticides and the development of
disease-resistant crops.
griot n. a West African storyteller.
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guerrilla n. a member of a loosely organized fighting
force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops
occupying his or her country.
guild n. a medieval association of people working at
the same occupation, which controlled its members’
wages and prices.
guillotine n. a machine for beheading people, used
as a means of execution during the French Revolution.
Gupta Empire n. the second empire in India,
founded by Chandra Gupta I in A.D. 320.
H
habeas corpus n. a document requiring that a
prisoner be brought before a court or judge so that it can
be decided whether his or her imprisonment is legal.
Hagia Sophia n. the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in
Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor
Justinian.
haiku n. a Japanese form of poetry, consisting of three
unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
hajj n. a pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by
Muslims.
Hittites n. an Indo-European people who settled in
Anatolia around 2000 B.C.
Holocaust n. a mass slaughter of Jews and other
civilians, carried out by the Nazi government of
Germany before and during World War II.
Holy Alliance n. a league of European nations
formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia
after the Congress of Vienna.
Holy Roman Empire n. an empire established in
Europe in the 10th century A.D., originally consisting
mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy.
home rule n. a control over internal matters granted
to the residents of a region by a ruling government.
hominid n. a member of a biological group including
human beings and related species that walk upright.
Homo sapiens n. the biological species to which
modern human beings belong.
House of Wisdom n. a center of learning
established in Baghdad in the 800s.
humanism n. a Renaissance intellectual movement
in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on
human potential and achievements.
Han dynasty n. a Chinese dynasty that ruled from
202 B.C. to A.D. 9 and again from A.D. 23 to 220.
Hundred Days n. the brief period during 1815 when
Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the
French king and again becoming emperor of France.
Harappan civilization n. another name for the
Indus Valley civilization that arose along the Indus
River, possibly as early as 7000 B.C.; characterized by
sophisticated city planning.
Hundred Years’ War n. a conflict in which
England and France battled on French soil on and off
from 1337 to 1453.
Hausa n. a West African people who lived in several
city-states in what is now northern Nigeria.
hunter-gatherer n. a member of a nomadic group
whose food supply depends on hunting animals and
collecting plant foods.
heliocentric theory n. the idea that the earth and
the other planets revolve around the sun.
Hyksos n. a group of nomadic invaders from
Southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.
Hellenistic adj. relating to the civilization,
language, art, science, and literature of the Greek world
from the reign of Alexander the Great to the late second
century B.C.
I
helot n. in the society of ancient Sparta, a peasant
bound to the land.
hieroglyphics n. an ancient Egyptian writing
system in which pictures were used to represent ideas
and sounds.
Ice Age n. a cold period in which huge ice sheets
spread outward from the polar regions, the last one of
which lasted from about 1,600,000 to 10,000 B.C.
I Ching n. a Chinese book of oracles, consulted to
answer ethical and practical problems.
icon n. a religious image used by eastern Christians.
Hijrah n. Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to
Yathrib (Medina) in A.D. 622.
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imperialism n. a policy in which a strong nation
seeks to dominate other countries politically,
economically, or socially.
ENGLISH
impressionism n. a movement in 19th-century
painting, in which artists reacted against realism by
seeking to convey their impressions of subjects or
moments in time.
Indo-Europeans n. a group of seminomadic
peoples who, about 1700 B.C., began to migrate from
what is now southern Russia to the Indian subcontinent,
Europe, and Southwest Asia.
indulgence n. a pardon releasing a person from
punishments due for a sin.
industrialization n. the development of industries
for the machine production of goods.
Islam n. a monotheistic religion that developed in
Arabia in the seventh century A.D.
isolationism n. a policy of avoiding political or
military involvement with other countries.
Israel n. a kingdom of the united Hebrews in
Palestine, lasting from about 1020 to 922 B.C.; later, the
northernmost of the two Hebrew kingdoms; now, the
Jewish nation that was established in Palestine in 1948.
J
Industrial Revolution n. the shift, beginning in
England during the 18th century, from making goods by
hand to making them by machine.
Jainism n. a religion founded in India in the sixth
century B.C., whose members believe that everything in
the universe has a soul and therefore should not be
harmed.
inflation n. a decline in the value of money,
accompanied by a rise in the prices of goods and
services.
janissary n. a member of an elite force of soldiers in
the Ottoman Empire.
Inquisition n. a Roman Catholic tribunal for
investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy—
especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.
institution n. a long-lasting pattern of organization
in a community.
jazz n. a 20th-century style of popular music
developed mainly by African-American musicians.
Jesuits n. members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman
Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola.
intendant n. a French government official appointed
by the monarch to collect taxes and administer justice.
“jewel in the crown” n. the British colony of
India—so called because of its importance in the British
Empire, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a
market for British trade goods.
International Space Station n. cooperative
venture sponsored by the United States, Russia, and 14
other nations to establish and maintain a working
laboratory for scientific experimentation in space.
joint-stock company n. a business in which
investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then
share the profits.
Internet n. a linkage of computer networks that
enables people around the world to exchange
information and communicate with one another.
intifada n. Palestinian campaign of civil
disobedience against Israeli occupation of the West
Bank and Gaza Strip, which continued into the 1990s.
Irish Republican Army (IRA) n. an unofficial
nationalist military force seeking independence for
Ireland from Great Britain.
iron curtain n. during the Cold War, the boundary
separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe
from the mostly democratic nations of Western Europe.
10
Iroquois n. a group of Native American peoples who
spoke related languages, lived in the eastern Great Lakes
region of North America, and formed an alliance in
the late 1500s.
WORLD HISTORY
Judah n. a Hebrew kingdom in Palestine, established
around 922 B.C.
Justinian Code n. the body of Roman civil law
collected and organized by order of the Byzantine
emperor Justinian around A.D. 534.
K
kabuki n. a type of Japanese drama in which music,
dance, and mime are used to present stories.
kaiser n. a German emperor (from the Roman title
Caesar).
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kamikaze n. during World War II, Japanese suicide
pilots trained to sink Allied ships by crashing bombfilled planes into them.
legion n. a military unit of the ancient Roman army,
made up of about 5,000 foot soldiers and a group of
soldiers on horseback.
karma n. in Hinduism and Buddhism, the totality of
the good and bad deeds performed by a person, which is
believed to determine his or her fate after rebirth.
Legislative Assembly n. a French congress with
the power to create laws and approve declarations of
war, established by the Constitution of 1791.
Khmer Empire n. a Southeast Asian empire,
centered in what is now Cambodia, that reached its peak
of power around A.D. 1200.
legitimacy n. the hereditary right of a monarch to
rule.
Khmer Rouge n. a group of Communist rebels who
seized power in Cambodia in 1975.
knight n. in medieval Europe, an armored warrior
who fought on horseback.
Koryu dynasty n. a dynasty that ruled Korea from
A.D. 935 to 1392.
Kristallnacht n. “Night of Broken Glass”—the
night of November 9, 1938, on which Nazi storm
troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and
synagogues throughout Germany.
Kuomintang n. the Chinese Nationalist Party,
formed after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Kush n. an ancient Nubian kingdom whose rulers
controlled Egypt between 2000 and 1000 B.C.
L
laissez faire n. the idea that government should not
interfere with or regulate industries and businesses.
land reform n. a redistribution of farmland by
breaking up large estates and giving the resulting smaller
farms to peasants.
La Reforma n. a liberal reform movement in
19th-century Mexico, led by Benito Juárez.
lay investiture n. the appointment of religious
officials by kings or nobles.
League of Nations n. an international association
formed after World War I with the goal of keeping peace
among nations.
lebensraum n. “living space”—the additional
territory that, according to Adolf Hitler, Germany
needed because it was overcrowded.
Legalism n. a Chinese political philosophy based on
the idea that a highly efficient and powerful government
is the key to social order.
liberals n. in the first half of the 19th century, those
Europeans—mainly middle-class business leaders
and merchants—who wanted to give more political
power to elected parliaments.
lineage n. the people—living, dead, and unborn—
who are descended from a common ancestor.
loess n. a fertile deposit of windblown soil.
Long March n. a 6,000-mile journey made in
1934–1935 by Chinese Communists fleeing from Jiang
Jieshi’s Nationalist forces.
lord n. in feudal Europe, a person who controlled land
and could therefore grant estates to vassals.
Lutheran n. a member of a Protestant church
founded on the teachings of Martin Luther.
lycée n. a government-run public school in France.
M
Macedonia n. an ancient kingdom north of Greece,
whose ruler Philip II conquered Greece in 338 B.C.
Maghrib n. a region of western North Africa,
consisting of the Mediterranean coastlands of what is
now Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria.
Magna Carta n. “Great Charter”—a document
guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up
by nobles and approved by King John in A.D. 1215.
Mahabharata n. a great Indian epic poem,
reflecting the struggles of the Aryans as they moved
south into India.
Mahayana n. a sect of Buddhism that offers
salvation to all and allows popular worship.
maize n. a cultivated cereal grain that bears its kernels
on large ears—usually called corn in the United States.
Mali n. a West African empire that flourished from
1235 to the 1400s and grew rich from trade.
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Manchus n. a people, native to Manchuria, who ruled
China during the Qing dynasty (1644–1912).
mercenary n. a soldier who is paid to fight in a
foreign army.
Mandate of Heaven n. in Chinese history, the
divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority.
Meroë n. center of the Kush dynasty from about 250
B.C. to A.D. 150; known for its manufacture of iron
weapons and tools.
manifest destiny n. the idea, popular among mid19th-century Americans, that it was the right and the
duty of the United States to rule North America from the
Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
manor n. a lord’s estate in feudal Europe.
Maori n. a member of a Polynesian people who settled
in New Zealand around A.D. 800.
Marshall Plan n. a U.S. program of economic aid to
European countries to help them rebuild after World War
II.
martial law n. a temporary rule by military
authorities over a civilian population, usually imposed in
times of war or civil unrest.
mass culture n. the production of works of art and
entertainment designed to appeal to a large audience.
materialism n. a placing of high value on acquiring
material possessions.
matriarchal adj. relating to a social system in which
the mother is head of the family.
mestizo n. a person of mixed Spanish and Native
American ancestry.
Middle Ages n. the era in European history that
followed the fall of the Roman Empire, lasting from
about 500 to 1500—also called the medieval period.
middle class n. a social class made up of skilled
workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy
farmers.
middle passage n. the voyage that brought
captured Africans to the West Indies, and later to North
and South America, to be sold as slaves—so called
because it was considered the middle leg of the
triangular trade route.
migration n. the act of moving from one place to
settle in another.
militarism n. a policy of glorifying military power
and keeping a standing army always prepared for war.
matrilineal adj. relating to a social system in which
family descent and inheritance rights are traced through
the mother.
Ming dynasty n. a Chinese dynasty that ruled from
1368 to 1644.
Mauryan Empire n. the first empire in India,
founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 321 B.C.
Minoans n. a seafaring and trading people that lived
on the island of Crete from about 2000 to 1400 B.C.
May Fourth Movement n. a national protest in
China in 1919, in which people demonstrated against the
Treaty of Versailles and foreign interference.
Mississippian adj. relating to a Mound Builder
culture that flourished in North America between A.D.
800 and 1500.
Medes n. a Southwest Asian people who helped to
destroy the Assyrian Empire.
mita n. in the Inca Empire, the requirement that all
able-bodied subjects work for the state a certain number
of days each year.
Meiji era n. the period of Japanese history from 1867
to 1912, during which the country was ruled by Emperor
Mutsuhito.
Mein Kampf n. “My Struggle”—a book written by
Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923–1924, in
which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany.
mercantilism n. an economic policy under which
nations sought to increase their wealth and power by
obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling
more goods than they bought.
12
Mesoamerica n. an area extending from central
Mexico to Honduras, where several of the ancient
complex societies of the Americas developed.
WORLD HISTORY
Moche n. a civilization that flourished on what is now
the northern coast of Peru from about A.D. 100 to 700.
monarchy n. a government in which power is in the
hands of a single person.
monastery n. a religious community of men (called
monks) who have given up their possessions to devote
themselves to a life of prayer and worship.
monopoly n. a group’s exclusive control over the
production and distribution of certain goods.
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monotheism n. a belief in a single god.
Monroe Doctrine n. a U.S. policy of opposition to
European interference in Latin America, announced by
President James Monroe in 1823.
monsoon n. a wind that shifts in direction at certain
times of each year.
mosque n. an Islamic place of worship.
movable type n. blocks of metal or wood, each
bearing a single character, that can be arranged to make
up a page for printing.
Mughal n. one of the nomads who invaded the Indian
subcontinent in the 16th century and established a
powerful empire there.
mujahideen n. in Afghanistan, holy warriors who
banded together to fight the Soviet-supported
government in the late 1970s.
mulattos n. persons of mixed European and African
ancestry.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
mummification n. a process of embalming and
drying corpses to prevent them from decaying.
Munich Conference n. a 1938 meeting of
representatives from Britain, France, Italy, and Germany,
at which Britain and France agreed to allow Nazi
Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia in return for
Adolf Hitler’s pledge to respect Czechoslovakia’s new
borders.
Muslim n. a follower of Islam.
Muslim League n. an organization formed in 1906
to protect the interests of India’s Muslims, which later
proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and
Hindu nations.
Mutapa adj. relating to a southern African empire
established by Mutota in the 15th century A.D.
Mycenaeans n. an Indo-European people who
settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.
myths n. traditional stories about gods, ancestors, or
heroes, told to explain the natural world or the customs
and beliefs of a society.
N
Napoleonic Code n. a comprehensive and uniform
system of laws established for France by Napoleon.
National Assembly n. a French congress
established by representatives of the Third Estate on
June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of
the French people.
nationalism n. the belief that people should be loyal
mainly to their nation—that is, to the people with whom
they share a culture and history—rather than to a king or
empire.
nation-state n. an independent geopolitical unit of
people having a common culture and identity.
NATO n. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization—
a defensive military alliance formed in 1949 by ten
Western European nations, the United States, and
Canada.
Nazca n. a civilization that flourished on what is now
the southern coast of Peru from about 200 B.C. to A.D.
600.
Nazism n. the fascist policies of the National
Socialist German Workers’ party, based on
totalitarianism, a belief in racial superiority, and state
control of industry.
Negritude movement n. a movement in which
French-speaking Africans and West Indians celebrated
their heritage of traditional African culture and values.
neoclassical adj. relating to a simple, elegant style
(based on ideas and themes from ancient Greece and
Rome) that characterized the arts in Europe during the
late 1700s.
Neolithic Age n. a prehistoric period that began
about 8000 B.C. and in some areas ended as early as
3000 B.C., during which people learned to polish stone
tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals—also
called the New Stone Age.
Neolithic Revolution n. the major change in
human life caused by the beginnings of farming—that is,
by people’s shift from food gathering to food producing.
New Deal n. U.S. president Franklin Roosevelt’s
economic reform program designed to solve the
problems created by the Great Depression.
New Kingdom n. the period of ancient Egyptian
history that followed the overthrow of the Hyksos rulers,
lasting from about 1570 to 1075 B.C.
nirvana n. in Buddhism, the release from pain and
suffering achieved after enlightenment.
Nok n. an African people who lived in what is now
Nigeria between 500 B.C. and A.D. 200.
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nomad n. a member of a group that has no permanent
home, wandering from place to place in search of food
and water.
ENGLISH
nonaggression pact n. an agreement in which
nations promise not to attack one another.
nonaligned nations n. the independent countries
that remained neutral in the Cold War competition
between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Nuremberg Trials n. a series of court proceedings
held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in
which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations
of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.
Panama Canal n. a man-made waterway connecting
the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, built in Panama by the
United States and opened in 1914.
papyrus n. a tall reed that grows in the Nile delta,
used by the ancient Egyptians to make a paperlike
material for writing on.
parliament n. a body of representatives that makes
laws for a nation.
O
partition n. a division into parts, like the 1947
division of the British colony of India into the two
nations of India and Pakistan.
obsidian n. a hard, glassy volcanic rock used by early
peoples to make sharp weapons.
pastoralist n. a member of a nomadic group that
herds domesticated animals.
Old Regime n. the political and social system that
existed in France before the French Revolution.
paternalism n. a policy of treating subject people as
if they were children, providing for their needs but not
giving them rights.
oligarchy n. a government in which power is in the
hands of a few people—especially one in which rule is
based upon wealth.
Olmec n. the earliest-known Mesoamerican
civilization, which flourished around 1200 B.C. and
influenced later societies throughout the region.
Open Door Policy n. a policy, proposed by the
United States in 1899, under which all nations would
have equal opportunities to trade in China.
Opium War n. a conflict between Britain and China,
lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain’s opium trade in
China.
oracle bone n. one of the animal bones or tortoise
shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate
with the gods.
Oslo Peace Accords n. an agreement in 1993 in
which Israeli prime minister Rabin granted Palestinian
self-rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.
ozone layer n. a layer of the earth’s upper
atmosphere, which protects living things from the sun’s
damaging ultraviolet rays.
P
Pacific Rim n. the lands surrounding the Pacific
Ocean—especially those in Asia.
14
Paleolithic Age n. a prehistoric period that lasted
from about 2,500,000 to 8000 B.C., during which people
made use of crude stone tools and weapons—also called
the Old Stone Age.
WORLD HISTORY
patriarch n. a principal bishop in the eastern branch
of Christianity.
patriarchal adj. relating to a social system in which
the father is head of the family.
patrician n. in ancient Rome, a member of the
wealthy, privileged upper class.
patrilineal adj. relating to a social system in which
family descent and inheritance rights are traced through
the father.
patron n. a person who supports artists, especially
financially.
Pax Mongolica n. the “Mongol Peace”—the period
from the mid-1200s to the mid-1300s when the Mongols
imposed stability and law and order across much of
Eurasia.
Pax Romana n. a period of peace and prosperity
throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to
A.D. 180.
Peace of Augsburg n. a 1555 agreement
declaring that the religion of each German state would
be decided by its ruler.
Peloponnesian War n. a war, lasting from 431 to
404 B.C., in which Athens and its allies were defeated by
Sparta and its allies.
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penal colony n. a colony to which convicts are sent
as an alternative to prison.
polis n. a Greek city-state—the fundamental political
unit of ancient Greece after about 750 B.C.
peninsulares n. in Spanish colonial society,
colonists who were born in Spain.
Politburo n. the ruling committee of the Communist
Party in the Soviet Union.
Peninsular War n. a conflict, lasting from 1808 to
1813, in which Spanish rebels, with the aid of British
forces, fought to drive Napoleon’s French troops out of
Spain.
political dissent n. the difference of opinion over
political issues.
perestroika n. a restructuring of the Soviet economy
to permit more local decision making, begun by Mikhail
Gorbachev in 1985.
pope n. the bishop of Rome, head of the Roman
Catholic Church.
Persian Gulf War n. a 1991 conflict in which UN
forces defeated Iraqi forces that had invaded Kuwait and
threatened to invade Saudi Arabia.
Persian Wars n. a series of wars in the fifth century
b.c., in which Greek city-states battled the Persian
Empire.
perspective n. an artistic technique that creates the
appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface.
phalanx n. a military formation of foot soldiers
armed with spears and shields.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
pharaoh n. a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god
as well as a political and military leader.
philosophe n. one of a group of social thinkers in
France during the Enlightenment.
philosophers n. thinkers who use logic and reason
to investigate the nature of the universe, human society,
and morality.
Phoenicians n. a seafaring people of Southwest
Asia, who around 1100 b.c. began to trade and
established colonies throughout the Mediterranean
region.
Pilgrims n. a group of people who, in 1620, founded
the colony of Plymouth in Massachusetts to escape
religious persecution in England.
plebeian n. in ancient Rome, one of the common
farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up most of
the population.
plebiscite n. a direct vote in which a country’s
people have the opportunity to approve or reject a
proposal.
PLO n. the Palestine Liberation Organization—an
organization dedicated to the establishment of an
independent state for Palestinians in the Middle East.
polytheism n. a belief in many gods.
Popol Vuh n. a book containing a version of the
Mayan story of creation.
popular culture n. the cultural elements—sports,
music, movies, clothing, and so forth—that reflect a
group’s common background and changing interests.
potlatch n. a ceremonial feast used to display rank
and prosperity in some Northwest Coast tribes of Native
Americans.
predestination n. the doctrine that God has decided
all things beforehand, including which people will be
eternally saved.
Presbyterian n. a member of a Protestant church
governed by presbyters (elders) and founded on the
teachings of John Knox.
PRI n. the Institutional Revolutionary Party—the main
political party of Mexico.
proletariat n. in Marxist theory, the group of
workers who would overthrow the czar and come to rule
Russia.
proliferation n. a growth or spread—especially the
spread of nuclear weapons to nations that do not
currently have them.
propaganda n. information or material spread to
advance a cause or to damage an opponent’s cause.
Protestant n. a member of a Christian church
founded on the principles of the Reformation.
provisional government n. a temporary
government.
psychology n. the study of the human mind and
human behavior.
pueblos n. villages of large apartment-like buildings
made of clay and stone, built by the Anasazi and later
peoples of the American Southwest.
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Punic Wars n. a series of three wars between Rome
and Carthage (264–146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction
of Carthage and Rome’s dominance over the western
Mediterranean.
realpolitik n. “the politics of reality”—the practice
of tough power politics without room for idealism.
Puritans n. a group of people who sought freedom
from religious persecution in England by founding a
colony at Massachusetts Bay in the early 1600s.
Reconquista n. the effort by Christian leaders to
drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s
until 1492.
push-pull factors n. conditions that draw people to
another location (pull factors) or cause people to leave
their homelands and migrate to another region (push
factors).
Red Guards n. militia units formed by young
Chinese people in 1966 in response to Mao Zedong’s
call for a social and cultural revolution.
pyramid n. a massive structure with a rectangular
base and four triangular sides, like those that were built
in Egypt as burial places for Old Kingdom pharaohs.
Q
Qin dynasty n. a short-lived Chinese dynasty that
replaced the Zhou dynasty in the third century B.C.
Qing dynasty n. China’s last dynasty, which ruled
from 1644 to 1912.
Quetzalcoatl n. “the Feathered Serpent”—a god of
the Toltecs and other Mesoamerican peoples.
quipu n. an arrangement of knotted strings on a cord,
used by the Inca to record numerical information.
Qur’an n. the holy book of Islam.
R
Reformation n. a 16th-century movement for
religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian
churches that rejected the pope’s authority.
refugee n. a person who leaves his or her country to
move to another to find safety.
Reign of Terror n. the period, from mid-1793 to
mid-1794, when Maximilien Robespierre ruled France
nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures
and ordinary citizens were executed.
reincarnation n. in Hinduism and Buddhism, the
process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it
achieves perfect understanding.
religious toleration n. a recognition of people’s
right to hold differing religious beliefs.
Renaissance n. a period of European history, lasting
from about 1300 to 1600, during which renewed interest
in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art,
learning, and views of the world.
racism n. the belief that one race is superior to others.
republic n. a form of government in which power is
in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by
the people.
radicals n. in the first half of the 19th century, those
Europeans who favored drastic change to extend
democracy to all people.
Restoration n. the period of Charles II’s rule over
England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell’s
government.
radioactivity n. a form of energy released as atoms
decay.
reunification n. a bringing together again of things
that have been separated, like the reuniting of East
Germany and West Germany in 1990.
Raj n. the British-controlled portions of India in the
years 1857–1947.
rationing n. the limiting of the amounts of goods
people can buy—often imposed by governments during
wartime, when goods are in short supply.
realism n. a 19th-century artistic movement in which
writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather
than life as it should be.
16
recession n. a slowdown in a nation’s economy.
WORLD HISTORY
romanticism n. an early-19th-century movement in
art and thought, which focused on emotion and nature
rather than reason and society.
Roosevelt Corollary n. President Theodore
Roosevelt’s 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, in
which he declared that the United States had the right to
exercise “police power” throughout the Western
Hemisphere.
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Rowlatt Acts n. laws passed in 1919 that allowed
the British government in India to jail anti-British
protesters without trial for as long as two years.
Royal Road n. a road in the Persian Empire,
stretching over 1,600 miles from Susa in Persia to Sardis
in Anatolia.
Russification n. the process of forcing Russian
culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian Empire.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Russo-Japanese War n. a 1904–1905 conflict
between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries’
efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea.
scholastics n. scholars who gathered and taught at
medieval European universities.
scientific method n. a logical procedure for
gathering information about the natural world, in which
experimentation and observation are used to test
hypotheses.
Scientific Revolution n. a major change in
European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which
the study of the natural world began to be characterized
by careful observation and the questioning of accepted
beliefs.
S
scorched-earth policy n. the practice of burning
crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the
enemy cannot live off the land.
sacrament n. one of the Christian ceremonies in
which God’s grace is transmitted to people.
scribe n. one of the professional record keepers in
early civilizations.
Safavid n. a member of a Shi’a Muslim dynasty that
built an empire in Persia in the 16th–18th centuries.
secede v. to withdraw formally from an association
or alliance.
Sahel n. the African region along the southern border
of the Sahara.
secular adj. concerned with worldly rather than
spiritual matters.
salon n. a social gathering of intellectuals and artists,
like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris
and other European cities during the Enlightenment.
segregation n. the legal or social separation of
people of different races.
SALT n. the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks—a series
of meetings in the 1970s, in which leaders of the United
States and the Soviet Union agreed to limit their nations’
stocks of nuclear weapons.
Salt March n. a peaceful protest against the Salt
Acts in 1930 in India in which Mohandas Gandhi led his
followers on a 240-mile walk to the sea, where they
made their own salt from evaporated seawater.
samurai n. one of the professional warriors who
served Japanese feudal lords.
sans-culottes n. in the French Revolution, a radical
group made up of Parisian wage-earners and small
shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government,
lower prices, and an end to food shortages.
satrap n. a governor of a province in the Persian
Empire.
savanna n. a flat, grassy plain.
Schlieffen Plan n. Germany’s military plan at the
outbreak of World War I, according to which German
troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east
to attack Russia.
self-determination n. the freedom of a people to
decide under what form of government they wish to live.
Seljuks n. a Turkish group who migrated into the
Abbasid Empire in the 10th century and established their
own empire in the 11th century.
senate n. in ancient Rome, the supreme governing
body, originally made up only of aristocrats.
sepoy n. an Indian soldier serving under British
command.
Sepoy Mutiny n. an 1857 rebellion of Hindu and
Muslim soldiers against the British in India.
serf n. a medieval peasant legally bound to live on a
lord’s estate.
Seven Years’ War n. a conflict in Europe, North
America, and India, lasting from 1756 to 1763, in which
the forces of Britain and Prussia battled those of Austria,
France, Russia, and other countries.
shah n. hereditary monarch of Iran.
shari’a n. a body of law governing the lives of
Muslims.
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Shi’a n. the branch of Islam whose members
acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful
successors of Muhammad.
Spanish-American War n. an 1898 conflict
between the United States and Spain, in which the
United States supported Cubans’ fight for independence.
Shinto n. the native religion of Japan.
specialization n. the development of skills in a
particular kind of work, such as trading or record keeping.
Shiva n. a Hindu god considered the destroyer of the
world.
“shock therapy” n. an economic program
implemented in Russia by Boris Yeltsin in the 1990s,
involving an abrupt shift from a command economy to a
free-market economy.
shogun n. in feudal Japan, a supreme military
commander who ruled in the name of the emperor.
Sikh n. a member of a nonviolent religious group
whose beliefs blend elements of Buddhism, Hinduism,
and Sufism.
Silk Roads n. a system of ancient caravan routes
across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and
other trade goods.
simony n. the selling or buying of a position in a
Christian church.
skepticism n. a philosophy based on the idea that
nothing can be known for certain.
slash-and-burn farming n. a farming method in
which people clear fields by cutting and burning trees
and grasses, the ashes of which serve to fertilize the soil.
Slavs n. a people from the forests north of the Black
Sea, ancestors of many peoples in Eastern Europe today.
social contract n. the agreement by which people
define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an
organized society or government.
Social Darwinism n. the application of Charles
Darwin’s ideas about evolution and “survival of the
fittest” to human societies—particularly as justification
for imperialist expansion.
socialism n. an economic system in which the
factors of production are owned by the public and
operate for the welfare of all.
Solidarity n. a Polish labor union that during the
1980s became the main force of opposition to
Communist rule in Poland.
Songhai n. a West African empire that conquered
Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591.
soviet n. one of the local representative councils
formed in Russia after the downfall of Czar Nicholas II.
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WORLD HISTORY
sphere of influence n. a foreign region in which a
nation has control over trade and other economic
activities.
standard of living n. the quality of life of a person
or a population, as indicated by the goods, services, and
luxuries available to the person or people.
stateless societies n. cultural groups in which
authority is shared by lineages of equal power instead of
being exercised by a central government.
steppes n. dry, grass-covered plains.
strike v. to refuse to work in order to force an
employer to meet certain demands.
stupa n. mounded stone structures built over Buddhist
holy relics.
subcontinent n. a large landmass that forms a
distinct part of a continent.
Suez Canal n. a man-made waterway, which was
opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea.
suffrage n. the right to vote.
Sufi n. a Muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact
with God through mystical means.
sultan n. “overlord,” or “one with power;” title for
Ottoman rulers during the rise of the Ottoman Empire.
Sunna n. an Islamic model for living, based on the
life and teachings of Muhammad.
Sunni n. the branch of Islam whose members
acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful
successors of Muhammad.
surrealism n. a 20th-century artistic movement that
focuses on the workings of the unconscious mind.
sustainable growth n. economic development
that meets people’s needs but preserves the environment
and conserves resources for future generations.
Swahili n. an Arabic-influenced Bantu language that
is spoken widely in eastern and central Africa.
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T
Taiping Rebellion n. a mid-19th century rebellion
against the Qing dynasty in China, led by Hong
Xiuquan.
Taj Mahal n. a beautiful tomb in Agra, India, built by
the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaz
Mahal.
Taliban n. conservative Islamic group that took
control of Afghanistan after the Soviet Union withdrew
its troops; driven from power by U.S. forces in
December, 2001, because of its harboring of suspected
terrorists.
Tamil n. a language of southern India; also, the people
who speak that language.
technology n. the ways in which people apply
knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet their needs.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Tennis Court Oath n. a pledge made by the
members of France’s National Assembly in 1789, in
which they vowed to continue meeting until they had
drawn up a new constitution.
terrace n. a new form of agriculture in Aksum, in
which stepped ridges constructed on mountain slopes
help retain water and reduce erosion.
terrorism n. the use of force or threats to frighten
people or governments to change their policies.
theocracy n. 1. a government in which the ruler is
viewed as a divine figure. 2. a government controlled by
religious leaders.
Third World n. during the Cold War, the developing
nations not allied with either the United States or the
Soviet Union.
Thirty Years’ War n. a European conflict over
religion and territory, and for power among ruling
families, lasting from 1618 to 1648.
three-field system n. a system of farming
developed in medieval Europe, in which farmland was
divided into three fields of equal size and each of these
was successively planted with a winter crop, planted
with a spring crop, and left unplanted.
Tiananmen Square n. a huge public space in
Beijing, China; in 1989, the site of a student uprising in
support of democratic reforms.
tithe n. a family’s payment of one-tenth of its income
to a church.
Tokugawa Shogunate n. a dynasty of shoguns
that ruled a unified Japan from 1603 to 1867.
Torah n. the first five books of the Hebrew Bible—the
most sacred writings in the Jewish tradition.
totalitarianism n. government control over every
aspect of public and private life.
total war n. a conflict in which the participating
countries devote all their resources to the war effort.
totems n. animals or other natural objects that serve
as symbols of the unity of clans or other groups of
people.
tournament n. a mock battle between groups of
knights.
theory of evolution n. the idea, proposed by
Charles Darwin in 1859, that species of plants and
animals arise by means of a process of natural selection.
tragedy n. a serious form of drama dealing with the
downfall of a heroic or noble character.
theory of relativity n. Albert Einstein’s ideas
about the interrelationships between time and space and
between energy and matter.
Treaty of Kanagawa n. an 1854 agreement
between the United States and Japan, which opened two
Japanese ports to U.S. ships and allowed the United
States to set up an embassy in Japan.
Theravada n. a sect of Buddhism focusing on the
strict spiritual discipline originally advocated by the
Buddha.
Third Reich n. the Third German Empire,
established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.
Third Republic n. the republic that was established
in France after the downfall of Napoleon III and ended
with the German occupation of France during World
War II.
Treaty of Tordesillas n. a 1494 agreement
between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly
discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the
Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly
discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to
Portugal.
Treaty of Versailles n. the peace treaty signed by
Germany and the Allied powers after World War I.
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trench warfare n. a form of warfare in which
opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in
the battlefield.
ENGLISH
triangular trade n. the transatlantic trading
network along which slaves and other goods were
carried between Africa, England, Europe, the West
Indies, and the colonies in North America.
tribune n. in ancient Rome, an official elected by the
plebeians to protect their rights.
tribute n. a payment made by a weaker power to a
stronger power to obtain an assurance of peace and
security.
Triple Alliance n. 1. an association of the city-states
of Tenochtitlán, Texcoco, and Tlacopan, which led to the
formation of the Aztec Empire. 2. a military alliance
between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the
years preceding World War I.
Triple Entente n. a military alliance between Great
Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World
War I.
triumvirate n. in ancient Rome, a group of three
leaders sharing control of the government.
Trojan War n. a war, fought around 1200 B.C., in
which an army led by Mycenaean kings attacked the
independent trading city of Troy in Anatolia.
troubadour n. a medieval poet and musician who
traveled from place to place, entertaining people with
songs of courtly love.
Truman Doctrine n. announced by President Harry
Truman in 1947, a U.S. policy of giving economic and
military aid to free nations threatened by internal or
external opponents.
tyrant n. in ancient Greece, a powerful individual
who gained control of a city-state’s government by
appealing to the poor for support.
U
20
Universal Declaration of Human Rights n.
a 1948 statement in which the United Nations declared
that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and
security.
unrestricted submarine warfare n. the use of
submarines to sink without warning any ship (including
neutral ships and unarmed passenger liners) found in an
enemy’s waters.
urbanization n. the growth of cities and the
migration of people into them.
U.S.A. Patriot Act n. an antiterrorism bill of 2001
that strengthened governmental rights to detain
foreigners suspected of terrorism and prosecute terrorist
crimes.
U.S. Civil War n. a conflict between Northern and
Southern states of the United States over the issue of
slavery, lasting from 1861 to 1865.
utilitarianism n. the theory, proposed by Jeremy
Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are
useful only if they promote the greatest good for the
greatest number of people.
Utopia n. an imaginary land described by Thomas
More in his book Utopia—hence, an ideal place.
V
vassal n. in feudal Europe, a person who received a
grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of
loyalty and services.
Vedas n. four collections of sacred writings produced
by the Aryans during an early stage of their settlement in
India.
vernacular n. the everyday language of people in a
region or country.
Vietcong n. a group of Communist guerrillas who,
with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the
South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.
Umayyads n. a dynasty that ruled the Muslim
Empire from A.D. 661 to 750 and later established a
kingdom in al-Andalus.
Vietnamization n. President Richard Nixon’s
strategy for ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam
War, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops
and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces.
union n. an association of workers, formed to bargain
for better working conditions and higher wages.
Vishnu n. a Hindu god considered the preserver of
the world.
United Nations n. an international peacekeeping
organization founded in 1945 to provide security to the
nations of the world.
vizier n. a prime minister in a Muslim kingdom or
empire.
WORLD HISTORY
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W
ENGLISH
War of the Spanish Succession n. a conflict,
lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of
European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family
from controlling Spain as well as France.
Warsaw Pact n. a military alliance formed in 1955
by the Soviet Union and seven Eastern European
countries.
Weimar Republic n. the republic that was
established in Germany in 1919 and ended in 1933.
Western Front n. in World War I, the region of
northern France where the forces of the Allies and the
Central Powers battled each other.
westernization n. an adoption of the social,
political, or economic institutions of Western—
especially European or American—countries.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Y
yin and yang n. in Chinese thought, the two powers
that govern the natural rhythms of life (with yin
representing the feminine qualities in the universe, and
yang the masculine qualities).
Yoruba n. a West African people who formed several
kingdoms in what is now Benin and southern Nigeria.
Z
Zapotec n. an early Mesoamerican civilization that
was centered in the Oaxaca Valley of what is now
Mexico.
ziggurat n. a tiered, pyramid-shaped structure that
formed part of a Sumerian temple.
Zionism n. a movement founded in the 1890s to
promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in
Palestine.
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GLOSARIO INGLÉS - ESPAÑOL
Este glosario incluye una lista en orden alfabético de muchos de los términos clave
usados en los capítulos, acompañados de sus significados. Las definiciones que
se incluyen en el glosario corresponden a los significados de las palabras en el
contexto en que se usan en este libro de texto. El glosario incluye información
sobre la categoría gramatical de cada palabra. Se usan las siguientes abreviaturas:
A
SPANISH
Abbasids / abasidas s. dinastía que gobernó gran
parte del imperio musulmán entre 750 y 1258 d.C.
Aborigine / aborigen s. miembro de cualquiera de
los pueblos nativos de Australia.
absolute monarch / monarca absoluto s. rey
o reina que tiene poder ilimitado y que procura controlar
todos los aspectos de la sociedad.
acropolis / acrópolis s. cima fortificada de las
antiguas ciudades griegas.
Aksum s. reino africano en lo que hoy es Etiopía y
Eritrea, que alcanzó su mayor auge en el siglo 4.
al-Andalus s. región gobernada por los musulmanes
en lo que hoy es España, establecida en el siglo 8 d.C.
Allah / Alah s. Dios (palabra árabe usada en el
islamismo).
Allies / Aliados s. durante la I Guerra Mundial, las
naciones de Gran Bretaña, Francia y Rusia, junto con
otras que lucharon a su lado; también, el grupo de
naciones —entre ellas Gran Bretaña, la Unión Soviética
y Estados Unidos— opuestas a las Potencias del Eje en
la II Guerra Mundial.
Almohads / almohades s. grupo de reformadores
islámicos que tumbaron la dinastía de los almorávides y
que establecieron un imperio en el norte de África y en
el sur de España en el siglo 12 d.C.
Almoravids / almorávides s. hermandad
religiosa islámica que estableció un imperio en el norte
de África y en el sur de España en el siglo 11 d.C.
Amritsar Massacre / Masacre de Amritsar
s. matanza por tropas británicas de casi 400 indios,
reunidos en Amritsar para protestar contra las Leyes
Rowlatt.
Anabaptist / anabaptista s. en la Reforma,
miembro de un grupo protestante que enseñaba que sólo
los adultos podían ser bautizados, y que la Iglesia y el
Estado debían estar separados.
Anasazi / anasazi s. grupo amerindio que se
estableció en el Suroeste de Norteamérica.
Anatolia s. península del suroeste de Asia
actualmente ocupada por la parte asiática de Turquía;
también llamada Asia Menor.
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WORLD HISTORY
Angkor Wat s. templo construido en el imperio
Khmer y dedicado al dios hindú Visnú.
Anglican / anglicano adj. relacionado con la
Iglesia de Inglaterra.
animism / animismo s. creencia de que en los
animales, las plantas y otros objetos naturales habitan
espíritus.
annexation / anexión s. añadir una región al
territorio de una unidad política existente.
annul / anular v. cancelar o suspender.
anti-Semitism / antisemitismo s. prejuicio
contra los judíos.
apartheid s. política de Sudáfrica de separación total
y legalizada de las razas; prohibía todo contacto social
entre negros y blancos.
apostle / apóstol s. uno de los seguidores de Jesús
que pre-dicaba y difundía sus enseñanzas.
appeasement / apaciguamiento s. otorgar
concesiones a un agresor a fin de evitar la guerra.
aqueduct / acueducto s. tubería o canal para
llevar agua a zonas pobladas.
aristocracy / aristocracia s. gobierno en que el
poder está en manos de una clase dominante hereditaria
o nobleza.
armistice / armisticio s. acuerdo de suspender
combates.
artifact / artefacto s. objeto hecho por el ser
humano, como herramientas, armas o joyas.
artisan / artesano s. trabajador especializado,
como hilandero o ceramista, que hace productos a mano.
Aryans / arios s. 1. pueblo indoeuropeo que, hacia
1500 a.C., comenzó a emigrar al subcontinente de India.
2. para los nazis, los pueblos germanos que formaban
una “raza maestra”.
assembly line / línea de montaje s. en una
fábrica, correa que lleva un producto de un trabajador a
otro, cada uno de los cuales desempeña una sola tarea.
assimilation / asimilación s. 1. adopción de la
cultura del conquistador por un pueblo conquistado.
2. política de una nación de obligar o alentar a un pueblo
subyugado a adoptar sus instituciones y costumbres.
Assyria / Asiria s. reino del suroeste de Asia que
controló un gran imperio de aproximadamente 850 a
612 a.C.
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Atlantic Charter / Carta del Atlántico s.
declaración de principios emitida en agosto de 1941 por
el primer mi-nistro británico Winston Churchill y el
presidente de E.U.A. Franklin Roosevelt, en la cual se
basó el plan de paz de los Aliados al final de la II
Guerra Mundial.
Atlantic slave trade / trata de esclavos del
Atlántico s. compra, transporte y venta de africanos
para trabajar en las Américas.
autocracy / autocracia s. gobierno en el cual el
gobernante tiene poder ilimitado y lo usa de forma
arbitraria.
Axis Powers / Potencias del Eje s. en la II
Guerra Mundial, las naciones de Alemania, Italia y
Japón, que formaron una alianza en 1936.
ayllu s. en la sociedad inca, pequeña comunidad o clan
cuyos miembros trabajaban conjuntamente para el bien
común.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
B
balance of power / equilibrio de poder s.
situación política en que ninguna nación tiene suficiente
poder para ser una amenaza para las demás.
Balkans / Balcanes s. región del sureste de Europa
ocupada actualmente por Grecia, Albania, Bulgaria,
Rumania, la parte eureopea de Turquía y las antiguas
repúblicas de Yugoslavia.
Bantu-speaking peoples / pueblos de habla
bantú s. hablantes de un grupo de lenguas relacionadas,
que hace aproximadamente 2,000 años emigraron de
África occidental a casi toda la mitad sur del continente.
baroque / barroco s. estilo grandioso y ornamentado del arte, la música y la arquitectura a fines del siglo
17 y principios del 18.
barter / trueque s. forma de comercio en la cual se
intercambian productos y servicios sin dinero.
Battle of Britain / Batalla Británica s. batallas
entre las fuerzas aéreas de Alemania y Gran Bretaña que
se libraron sobre el territorio británico entre 1940–1941.
Battle of Guadalcanal / Batalla de
Guadalcanal s. batalla de la II Guerra Mundial
ocurrida en 1942–1943 en que las fuerzas aliadas
expulsaron a las fuerzas japonesas de la isla de
Guadalcanal en el Pacífico.
Battle of Midway / Batalla del Midway s.
batalla aérea y naval de la II Guerra Mundial librada en
1941 en que las fuerzas estadounidenses derrotaron a las
japonesas en el Pacífico central.
Battle of Stalingrad / Batalla de Stalingrado
s. batalla de la II Guerra Mundial ocurrida en 1942–1943
en que las fuerzas alemanas perdieron y no lograron
capturar la ciudad de Stalingrado en la Unión Soviética.
Battle of the Bulge / Batalla del Bolsón s.
batalla de 1944–45 en que las fuerzas aliadas repulsaron
la última ofensiva alemana de envergadura en la II
Guerra Mundial.
Battle of Trafalgar / Batalla de Trafalgar s.
batalla naval de 1805 en que las fuerzas de Napoleón
fueron derrotadas por una flota inglesa al mando de
Horacio Nelson.
Benin s. reino que surgió en el siglo 14 cerca del delta
del río Níger y llegó a ser un gran Estado de África
occidental en el siglo 15.
Beringia s. antiguo puente terrestre por el que se cree
que los primeros habitantes de América migraron de Asia.
Berlin Conference of 1884–85 /
Conferencia de Berlín de 1884 s. reunión en la
cual representantes de las naciones europeas acordaron
reglas para la colonización europea de África.
Bill of Rights / Carta de Derechos s. primeras
diez enmiendas a la Constitución de E.U.A., que
protegen los derechos y libertades básicos de los
ciudadanos.
bishop / obispo s. autoridad eclesiástica cristiana
que supervisa varias iglesias.
blitzkrieg s. “guerra relámpago”; táctica bélica de
ataque sorpresa con aviones rápidos, seguidos de
numerosas fuerzas de infantería.
blockade / bloqueo s. desplazamiento de tropas o
barcos para impedir para evitar la entrada o salida de
todo tráfico comercial a una ciudad o región.
Boer / bóer s. colono holandés que se estableció en
Sudáfrica.
Boer War / Guerra de los Bóers s. conflicto
de 1899 a 1902 entre los bóers y los británicos por el
control de territorio en Sudáfrica.
Bolsheviks / bolcheviques s. grupo de marxistas
revolucionarios rusos que tomó el control del gobierno
ruso en noviembre de 1917.
Boxer Rebellion / Rebelión de los Bóxers s.
rebelión de 1900 en China contra la influencia extranjera
en el país.
boyars / boyardos s. nobles terratenientes de Rusia.
Brahma s. dios hindú considerado creador del mundo.
Brahmin / brahamán s. en la sociedad aria,
miembro de la clase social formada por los sacerdotes.
brinkmanship / política arriesgada s. política
de amenazar con lanzarse a la guerra en respuesta a una
agresión enemiga.
Bronze Age / Edad del Bronce s. período de la
historia humana, que comenzó aproximadamente en
3000 a.C. en algunas partes, en el cual se comenzó a
usar el bronce, en vez del cobre o la piedra, para
elaborar herramientas y armas.
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bubonic plague / peste bubónica s.
enfermedad mortal que se extendió por Asia y Europa a
mediados del siglo 14 y que cobró millones de víctimas.
bureaucracy / burocracia s. sistema de
departamentos y dependencias formado para realizar
las labores del gobierno.
burgher / burgués s. habitante de un pueblo
medieval.
Bushido s. estricto código de conducta de los
guerreros samurai en Japón.
C
SPANISH
cabinet / gabinete s. grupo de asesores o ministros
escogidos por el jefe de gobierno de un país para que
participen en la toma de decisiones del gobierno.
caliph / califa s. líder político y religioso supremo
de un gobierno musulmán.
calligraphy / caligrafía s. arte de escritura
manuscrita.
Calvinism / calvinismo s. conjunto de enseñanzas
religiosas basadas en las ideas del reformador Juan
Calvino.
Camp David Accords / Acuerdos de Camp
David s. primer tratado firmado entre Israel y un país
árabe, en que el presidente Anwar Sadat de Egipto
reconoció el derecho a existir de Israel y el primer
ministro israelí Menachem Begin acordó devolver la
península del Sinaí a Egipto.
canon law / derecho canónico s. conjunto de
leyes que gobierna una iglesia cristiana.
capitalism / capitalismo s. sistema económico
basado en la propiedad privada y en la inversión de
dinero en empresas comerciales con el objetivo de
obtener ganancias.
Carolingian dynasty / dinastía carolingia
s. dinastía de los reyes francos que abarcó del 751 al
887 d.C.
caste / casta s. una de las cuatro clases del sistema
social de los arios que se establecieron en India:
sacerdotes, guerreros, campesinos o comerciantes,
y trabajadores o artesanos no arios.
Catholic Reformation / Contrarreforma s.
movimiento del siglo 16 en el que la Iglesia Católica
intentó reformarse en respuesta a la Reforma
protestante.
caudillo s. dictador militar de un país
latinoamericano.
centralized government / gobierno
centralizado s. gobierno en que el poder se
concentra en una autoridad central a la cual se someten
los gobiernos locales.
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WORLD HISTORY
Central Powers / Potencias Centrales s. en
la I Guerra Mundial, las naciones de Alemania y AustroHungría, y las demás que lucharon a su lado.
Chaldeans / caldeos s. pueblo del suroeste
asiático que contribuyó a destruir el imperio asirio.
Chartist movement / movimiento cartista
s. movimiento de reforma inglés del siglo 19 en que
miembros de la clase trabajadora pidieron reformas en
el Parlamento y en las elecciones, como el voto para
todos los hombres.
Chavín s. primera de las grandes civilizaciones de
Suramérica, que floreció en las montañas de lo que hoy
es Perú, aproximadamente de 900 a 200 a.C.
checks and balances / control y
compensación de poderes s. medidas para
evitar que una rama del gobierno domine sobre las otras.
chivalry / caballería s. código de conducta de los
caballeros de la Europa medieval que exaltaba ideales
como el valor, la lealtad y la dedicación.
CIS / CEI s. Comunidad de Estados Independientes:
asociación de los antiguos territorios soviéticos formada
cuando la Unión Soviética se desmembró.
city-state / ciudad Estado s. ciudad y tierras de
los alrededores que funcionaba como una unidad política
independiente.
civil disobedience / desobediencia civil
s. negativa pública y deliberada a obedecer una ley
considerada injusta.
civilization / civilización s. forma de cultura
que se caracteriza por tener ciudades, trabajadores
especializados, instituciones complejas, un sistema de
registro y tecnología avanzada.
civil service / servicio público s.
departamentos administrativos del gobierno,
especialmente los que requieren a los candidatos a
empleo pasar ciertos exámenes.
civil war / guerra civil s. conflicto entre dos
grupos políticos dentro de un mismo país.
clan s. grupo de descendientes de un antepasado
común.
classical art / arte clásico s. arte común de la
antigua Grecia y Roma, que subraya la armonía, el orden
y el equilibrio.
clergy / clero s. conjunto de eclesiásticos que
celebran servicios religiosos, como sacerdotes, ministros
o rabinos.
cloning / clonación s. creación de plantas o
animales genéticamente idénticos a plantas o animales
existentes.
coalition government / gobierno de
coalición s. gobierno controlado por una alianza
temporal de varios partidos políticos.
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codex / códice s. libro de páginas que se pueden
pasar, como éste.
Cold War / Guerra Fría s. estado de hostilidad
diplomática entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética
en las décadas siguientes a la II Guerra Mundial.
collective bargaining / contrato colectivo
s. negociaciones entre trabajadores y patrones.
collective farm / granja colectiva s. granja
controlada por el gobierno, formada mediante la unión
de muchas pequeñas granjas.
colony / colonia s. tierra controlada por una nación
distante.
Colossus of Rhodes / Coloso de Rodas s.
enorme estatua helénica que se ubicaba cerca del puerto
de Rodas.
Columbian Exchange / trasferencia
colombina s. transfe-rencia mundial de plantas,
animales y enfermedades durante la colonización
europea de América.
comedy / comedia s. forma humorística de drama
con payasadas y sátira.
command economy / economía de mando
s. sistema económico en el que el gobierno toma todas
las decisiones económicas.
Commercial Revolution / Revolución
Comercial s. expansión del comercio y los negocios
que transformó las economías europeas en los siglos
16 y 17.
common law / derecho consuetudinario s.
sistema de leyes desarrollado en Inglaterra, basado en
costumbres y decisiones jurídicas anteriores.
commune / comuna s. en la China comunista,
granja colectiva en la que mucha gente trabaja y vive junta.
communism / comunismo s. sistema económico
en el que todos los medios de producción —tierras, minas,
fábricas, ferrocarriles y negocios— son propiedad del
pueblo, en que no existe la propiedad privada, y en que
todos los productos y servicios se comparten por igual.
Communist Party / Partido Comunista s.
partido político basado en las ideas de Karl Marx y V. I.
Lenin; originalmente el Partido Bolchevique ruso.
Concert of Europe / Concierto de Europa s.
serie de alianzas entre naciones europeas en el siglo 19,
ideadas por el príncipe Klemens von Metternich para
impedir revoluciones.
concordat / concordato s. acuerdo firmado entre
Napoleón y el Papa para establecer una nueva relación
entre la Iglesia y el Estado.
Congress of Vienna / Congreso de Viena
s. serie de reuniones en 1814 y 1815 en las cuales los
dirigentes europeos trataron de establecer una paz y
seguridad duraderas tras la derrota de Napoleón.
Congress Party / Partido del Congreso s.
importante partido político nacional de India; también
se llama Congreso Nacional de India.
conquistadors / conquistadores s. soldados,
exploradores y aventureros españoles que participaron
en la conquista de América en el siglo 16.
conservatives / conservadores s. en la primera
mitad del siglo 19, los europeos —principalmente los
terratenientes y nobles acaudalados— que querían
preservar las monarquías tradicionales.
constitutional monarchy / monarquía
constitucional s. monarquía en que el poder del
gobernante está limitado por la ley.
consul / cónsul s. en la república romana, uno de
los dos poderosos funcionarios elegidos cada año para
comandar el ejército y dirigir el gobierno.
containment / contención s. política exterior
estadounidense adoptada por el presidente Harry
Truman a fines de la década de 1940 para impedir la
expansión del comunismo creando alianzas con países
débiles y ayudándolos a contener los avances soviéticos.
Continental System / Sistema Continental
s. política de Napoleón de impedir el comercio de Gran
Bretaña con la Europa continental para destruir la
economía británica.
corporation / corporación s. empresa de
accionistas que comparten las ganancias pero que no
son personalmente responsables de sus deudas.
Council of Trent / Concilio de Trento s.
reunión de líderes de la Iglesia Católica Romana,
convocada por el papa Pablo III, para fallar sobre varias
doctrinas criticadas por los reformadores protestantes.
coup d’etat / golpe de Estado s. toma
repentina del poder político de una nación.
covenant / pacto s. promesa o acuerdo mutuo,
especialmente un acuerdo entre Dios y el pueblo hebreo,
como los que registra la Biblia.
creoles / criollos s. en la sociedad española
colonial, los colonos nacidos en Latinoamérica de
padres españoles.
Crimean War / Guerra de Crimea s. conflicto
de 1853 a 1856, en el cual el imperio otomano, con
ayuda de Gran Bretaña y Francia, frenó la expansión
rusa en la región del mar Negro.
crop rotation / rotación de cultivos s.
sistema que cultiva distintos productos en un campo
cada año para conservar la fertilidad de la tierra.
Crusade / cruzada s. una de las expediciones de
guerreros cristianos medievales para quitarle Jerusalén y
la Tierra Santa a los musulmanes.
cultural diffusion / difusión cultural s.
proceso de difusión de ideas o productos de una cultura
a otra.
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Cultural Revolution / Revolución Cultural
s. levantamiento de 1966–1976 en China, encabezado
por los Guardias Rojos de Mao Tsetung, con el
propósito de establecer una sociedad de campesinos y
trabajadores donde todos fue-ran iguales.
culture / cultura s. forma distintiva de la vida
de un pueblo, representada en sus herramientas,
costumbres, artes y pensamiento.
cuneiform / cuneiforme s. sistema de escritura
que usa símbolos en forma de cuña inventado por los
sumerios hacia 3000 a.C.
cyberterrorism / terrorismo cibernético
s. ataques por motivos políticos contra sistemas de
tecnología informá-tica.
Cyrillic alphabet / alfabeto cirílico s. alfabeto
inventado en el siglo 9 por los santos Cirilo y Metodio
para la escritura de los idiomas eslavos.
czar / zar s. emperador ruso (de la palabra latina Caesar).
D
daimyo s. señor feudal de Japón que comandaba un
ejército privado de samurais.
Daoism / taoísmo s. filosofía basada en las ideas
del pensador chino Laozi, quien enseñó a guiarse por
una fuerza universal llamada Tao.
D-Day / Día D s. 6 de junio de 1944; día elegido
para la invasión aliada de Europa continental durante la
II Guerra Mundial.
Declaration of Independence / Declaración
de Independencia s. declaración de las razones de
la ruptura de las colonias americanas con Gran Bretaña,
aprobada por el Segundo Congreso Continental.
delta s. zona pantanosa que se forma con los depósitos
de légamo en la desembocadura de un río.
demilitarization / desmilitarización s.
reducción de la capacidad bélica de un país que se logra
desbandando sus fuerzas armadas y prohibiéndole que
adquiera armas.
democracy / democracia s. gobierno controlado
por sus ciudadanos, bien sea directa o indirectamente,
por medio de sus representantes.
democratization / democratización s.
proceso de crear un gobierno elegido por el pueblo.
Department of Homeland Security /
Departamento de la Seguridad del
Territorio Nacional s. agencia federal
estadounidense creada en 2002 para coordinar una
estrategia nacional integral contra el terrorismo.
détente s. política de reducir las tensiones de la
Guerra Fría, adoptada por Estados Unidos durante la
presidencia de Richard Nixon.
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WORLD HISTORY
developed nation / país desarrollado
s. nación con las instalaciones necesarias para la
producción avanzada de productos manufacturados.
devshirme s. en el imperio otomano, política de
llevarse a los niños de los pueblos cristianos conquistados
para entrenarlos como soldados musulmanes.
Diaspora / diáspora s. dispersión de los judíos
fuera de Palestina, especialmente en los más de 1800
años que siguieron a la destrucción romana del Templo
de Jerusalén en 70 d.C.
dictator / dictador s. en la antigua Roma, líder
político con poder absoluto para decretar leyes y dirigir
el ejército por un tiempo limitado.
direct democracy / democracia directa
s. gobierno en el cual los ciudadanos gobiernan
directamente, no a través de sus representantes.
dissident / disidente s. opositor a la política
oficial de un gobierno.
divine right / derecho divino s. noción de que
los monarcas son representantes de Dios en la Tierra y,
por lo tanto, sólo le deben responder a él.
domestication / domesticación s.
entrenamiento de animales para beneficio humano.
dominion / dominio s. en el imperio británico, una
nación (como Canadá) a la que se permitía gobernar sus
asuntos internos.
domino theory / teoría del dominó s. noción
de que si una nación cae bajo control comunista, los
países vecinos también lo harán.
Dorians / dorios s. grupo de lengua griega que,
según la tradición, emigró a Grecia después de la
destrucción de la civilización micénica.
Dreyfus affair / caso Dreyfus s. controversia
surgida en Francia en la década de 1890 por el juicio y
encarcelamiento del capitán Alfred Dreyfus, oficial
judío falsamente acusado de vender secretos militares
a Alemania.
Dutch East India Company / Compañía
Holandesa de las Indias Orientales s.
empresa fundada por holandeses a principios del siglo
17 para establecer y dirigir comercio por todo Asia.
dynastic cycle / ciclo dinástico s. patrón
histórico del surgimiento, caída y sustitución de dinastías.
dynasty / dinastía s. serie de gobernantes de una
sola familia.
E
Eastern Front / Frente Oriental s. en la I
Guerra Mundial, región a lo largo de la frontera rusoalemana donde rusos y servios pelearon contra
alemanes, austriacos y turcos.
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Edict of Nantes / Edicto de Nantes s.
declaración en que el rey francés Enrique IV prometió
que los protestantes podían vivir en paz en Francia y
tener centros de vene-ración en algunas ciudades.
Emancipation Proclamation / Proclama
de Emancipación s. declaración emitida por el
presidente Abraham Lincoln en 1862, asentando la
libertad de todos los esclavos de los estados
confederados.
emerging nation / nación emergente s.
nación en proceso de industrialización cuyo desarrollo
no ha terminado todavía.
émigrés s. quienes abandonan su país de origen por
razones políticas, como los nobles y otros que huyeron
de Francia durante los levantamientos campesinos de la
Revolución Francesa.
empire / imperio s. unidad política en que un solo
gobernante controla varios pueblos o países.
enclosure / cercado s. uno de los campos
rodeados de cercas o de arbustos que crearon
terratenientes británicos ricos en tierras que antes
trabajaban los campesinos.
encomienda s. tierras otorgadas por España a un
colonizador de América, con el derecho de hacer
trabajar a los amerindios que vivían en ellas.
English Civil War / Guerra Civil Inglesa s.
conflicto de 1642 a 1649 en que los seguidores puritanos
del Parlamento lucharon contra los defensores de la
monarquía de Inglaterra.
enlightened despot / déspota ilustrado s.
uno de los monarcas europeos del siglo 18 inspirados
por las ideas de la Ilustración a gobernar con justicia y
respeto a los derechos de sus súbditos.
enlightenment / iluminación s. en budismo,
estado de perfecta sabiduría en que se entienden las
verdades básicas del universo.
Enlightenment / Ilustración s. movimiento del
siglo 18 en Europa que trató de aplicar los principios de
la razón y el método científico a todos los aspectos de la
sociedad.
entrepreneur / empresario s. persona que
organiza, admi-nistra y asume los riesgos de un negocio.
epics / epopeyas s. poemas narrativos extensos que
celebran las hazañas de héroes tradicionales o
legendarios.
estate / estado s. una de las tres clases sociales
existentes en Francia antes de la Revolución Francesa; el
primer estado era el de la clerecía; el segundo era el de
la nobleza; y el tercero era del resto de la población.
Estates-General / Estados Generales s.
asamblea de representantes de los tres estados, o clases
sociales, de Francia.
ethnic cleansing / limpia étnica s. política de
asesinatos y otros actos de brutalidad con que los servios
quisieron eliminar la población musulmana de Bosnia
después de la división de Yugoslavia.
excommunication / excomunión s. expulsión
de una iglesia cristiana.
existentialism / existencialismo s. filosofía
basada en la idea de que el ser humano da significado a
su vida con sus decisiones y acciones.
extraterritorial rights / derechos
extraterritoriales s. exención a los extranjeros
de las leyes de un país.
F
factors of production / factores de
producción s. recursos —como tierra, mano de obra
y capital— necesarios para producir bienes y servicios.
factory / fábrica s. construcción amplia en que se
manufacturan productos con maquinaria.
fascism / fascismo s. movimiento político que
postula una forma extrema de nacionalismo, la supresión
de los derechos individuales y un régimen dictatorial de
un solo partido.
Fatimid / fatimitas s. dinastía musulmana cuyos
orígenes se remontan a Fátima, hija de Mahoma, y que
construyó un imperio en África del Norte, Arabia y Siria
en los siglos 9 a 12.
favorable balance of trade / balanza
comercial favorable s. situación económica en la
cual un país exporta más de lo que importa, es decir, que
vende más productos de los que compra en el extranjero.
federal system / sistema federal s. sistema de
gobierno en el que el poder se divide entre una autoridad
central y varios estados.
Fertile Crescent / Media Luna Fértil s. arco
de ricos terrenos de cultivo en el suroeste de Asia, entre
el golfo Pérsico y el mar Mediterráneo.
feudalism / feudalismo s. sistema político en
el cual a los nobles se les otorga el uso de tierras de
propiedad del rey, a cambio de lealtad, servicio militar
y protección de sus habitantes.
fief / feudo s. dominio concedido a un vasallo por un
señor, conforme al sistema feudal de la Europa medieval.
filial piety / amor filial s. respeto de los hijos a
los padres y a sus mayores.
Final Solution / solución final s. programa de
Hitler de asesinar sistemáticamente a todo el pueblo
judío.
Five-Year Plans / Planes de Cinco Años
s. planes delineados por José Stalin en 1928 para
desarrollar la economía de la Unión Soviética.
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Four Modernizations / cuatro modernizaciones s. serie de objetivos adoptados por el líder
chino Deng Xiaoping a finales del siglo 20 con miras al
progreso en agricultura, industria, defensa, y ciencia y
tecnología.
Fourteen Points / los catorce puntos s. serie
de propuestas en que el presidente estadounidense
Woodrow Wilson esbozó un plan para alcanzar una
paz duradera después de la I Guerra Mundial.
Franks / francos s. pueblo germano que se asentó
en la provincia romana de Galia (a grandes rasgos,
donde está hoy Francia) y que formó un gran imperio
durante la Edad Media.
free trade / libre comercio s. comercio entre
naciones sin restricciones o barreras económicas
(tales como aranceles).
French and Indian War / Guerra contra
Franceses e Indígenas s. conflicto entre Gran
Bretaña y Francia por control de territorio en
Norteamérica, de 1754 a 1763.
G
gender inequality / desigualdad de género
s. diferencia entre hombres y mujeres con respecto a
riqueza y posición social.
genetic engineering / ingeniería genética
s. transferencia de genes de un organismo a otro para
producir un organismo con nuevos rasgos.
genocide / genocidio s. matanza sistemática de
todo un pueblo.
gentry / pequeña nobleza s. clase de ricos y
poderosos que gozan de alto nivel social.
geocentric theory / teoría geocéntrica
s. teoría de la Edad Media en la que los eruditos creían
que la Tierra era objeto fijo, localizado en el centro del
universo.
geopolitics / geopolítica s. política exterior
basada en una consideración de la ubicación estratégica
o de los productos de otras tierras.
Ghana s. reino de África occidental que se enriqueció
debido a recaudación de impuestos y al control del
comercio, y que estableció un imperio en los siglos 9 a 11.
ghazi s. guerrero del islam.
ghettos s. barrios en que tenían que vivir los judíos
europeos.
glasnost s. política soviética de “apertura” a la libre
circulación de ideas e información introducida en 1985
por Mijail Gorbachev.
global economy / economía global s. todas las
interacciones financieras —entre individuos, empresas y
gobiernos— que rebasan fronteras internacionales.
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WORLD HISTORY
Glorious Revolution / Revolución Gloriosa
s. derrocamiento incruento del rey Jacobo II de
Inglaterra, quien fue reemplazado por Guillermo y
María.
glyph / glifo s. dibujo simbólico, especialmente el
usado como parte de un sistema de escritura para tallar
mensajes en piedra.
Gothic / gótico adj. relacionado con un nuevo
estilo de arquitectura religiosa surgido en la Europa
medieval, caracterizado por bóvedas de nervadura,
vitrales emplomados, contrafuertes volantes, arcos
ojivales y altas agujas.
Great Depression / Gran Depresión s. crisis
económica aguda que siguió a la caída del mercado de
valores en 1929.
Great Fear / Gran Miedo s. ola de temor
insensato que se extendió por las provincias francesas
después de la toma de la Bastilla en 1789.
Great Purge / Gran Purga s. campaña de terror
en la Unión Soviética durante la década de 1930, en la
cual José Stalin trató de eliminar a todos los miembros
del Partido Comunista y ciudadanos que amenazaban su
poder.
Great Schism / Gran Cisma s. división de la
Iglesia Católica Romana medieval, durante la cual había
dos Papas rivales, uno en Avignon y el otro en Roma.
Greco-Roman culture / cultura grecoromana s. antigua cultura producto de la mezcla de la
cultura griega, helénica y romana.
green revolution / revolución verde s.
esfuerzo en el siglo 20 de aumentar los alimentos en
el mundo entero, a través del uso de fertilizantes y
pesticidas, y de la creación de cultivos resistentes a
enfermedades.
griot s. narrador de África occidental.
guerrilla / guerrillero s. miembro de una unidad
de combate informal que ataca por sorpresa las tropas
enemigas que ocupan su país.
guild / gremio s. asociación medieval de personas
que laboraban en lo mismo; controlaba salarios y
precios.
guillotine / guillotina s. máquina para decapitar
con que se hicieron ejecuciones durante la Revolución
Francesa.
Gupta Empire / imperio gupta s. el segundo
imperio en India, fundado por Chandra Gupta I en el
320 d.C.
H
habeas corpus s. documento que requiere que un
detenido comparezca ante un tribunal o juez para que se
determine si su detención es legal.
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Hagia Sophia / Santa Sofía s. catedral de la
Santa Sabiduría en Constantinopla, construida por orden
del emperador bizantino Justiniano.
haiku s. poema japonés que tiene tres versos no
rimados de cinco, siete y cinco sílabas.
hajj s. peregrinación a la Meca realizada como deber
por los musulmanes.
Han dynasty / dinastía Han s. dinastía china que
gobernó del 202 a.C. al 9 d.C. y nuevamente del 23 al
220 d.C.
Harappan civilization / civilización harappa
s. nombre alternativo de la civilización del valle del
Indo que surgió a lo largo del río Indo, posiblemente
hacia 7000 a.C; caracterizada por planificación urbana
avanzada.
Hausa / hausa s. pueblo de África occidental que
vivía en varias ciudades Estado en el actual norte de
Nigeria.
heliocentric theory / teoría heliocéntrica
s. idea de que la Tierra y los otros planetas giran en
torno al Sol.
Hellenistic / helénico adj. relacionado con la
civilización, el idioma, el arte, la ciencia y la literatura
del mundo griego a partir del reino de Alejandro el
Magno hasta el siglo 2 a.C.
helot / ilota s. en la antigua Esparta, campesino
atado a la tierra.
hieroglyphics / jeroglíficos s. antiguo sistema
de escritura egipcia en el cual se usan imágenes para
representar ideas y sonidos.
Hijrah s. migración de Mahoma de la Meca a Yathrib
(Medina) en el 622 d.C.
Hittites / hititas s. pueblo indoeuropeo que se
estableció en Anatolia hacia 2000 a.C.
Holocaust / Holocausto s. matanza en masa de
judíos y otros civiles, ejecutada por el gobierno de la
Alemania nazi, antes y durante la II Guerra Mundial.
Holy Alliance / Alianza Sagrada s. liga de
naciones europeas formada por los dirigentes de Rusia,
Austria y Prusia después del Congreso de Viena.
Holy Roman Empire / Sacro Imperio
Romano s. imperio establecido en Europa en el siglo
10, que inicialmente se formó con tierras de lo que hoy
es Alemania e Italia.
home rule / autogobierno s. control sobre
asuntos internos que da el gobierno a los residentes de
una región.
hominid / homínido s. miembro del grupo
biológico que abarca a los seres humanos y especies
relacionadas que caminan erguidas.
Homo sapiens s. especie biológica de los seres
humanos modernos.
House of Wisdom / Casa de la Sabiduría
s. centro de enseñanza en Bagdad en el siglo 9.
humanism / humanismo s. movimiento
intelectual del Renacimiento que estudió los textos
clásicos y se enfocó en el potencial y los logros
humanos.
Hundred Days / Cien Días s. corto período de
1815 en que Napoleón hizo su último intento de
recuperar el poder, depuso al rey francés y de nuevo se
proclamó emperador de Francia.
Hundred Years’ War / Guerra de los Cien
Años s. conflicto en el cual Inglaterra y Francia
lucharon en territorio francés de 1337 a 1453, con
interrupciones.
hunter-gatherer / cazador-recolector s.
miembro de un grupo nómada que se alimenta de la
caza de animales y la recolección de frutos.
Hyksos / hicsos s. grupo nómada de invasores
del suroeste de Asia que gobernó Egipto de 1640 a
1570 a.C.
I
Ice Age / Edad de Hielo s. período de fríos en
que enormes capas de hielo se desplazan de las regiones
polares; la última fue de aproximadamente 1,600,000 a
10,000 a.C.
I Ching s. libro chino de oráculos consultado para
solucionar problemas éticos y prácticos.
icon / icono s. imagen religiosa usada por los
cristianos de Oriente.
imperialism / imperialismo s. política en que
una nación fuerte buscar dominar la vida política,
económica y social de otros países.
impressionism / impresionismo s. movimiento
de la pintura del siglo 19 en reacción al realismo, que
buscaba dar impresiones personales de sujetos o
momentos.
Indo-Europeans / indoeuropeos s. grupo
de pueblos semi-nómadas que, hacia 1700 a.C.,
comenzaron a emigrar de lo que es hoy el sur de Rusia
al subcontinente hindú, Europa y el suroeste de Asia.
indulgence / indulgencia s. perdón que libera al
pecador de la penitencia por un pecado.
industrialization / industrialización s.
desarrollo de industrias para la producción con máquinas.
Industrial Revolution / Revolución
Industrial s. cambio, que comenzó en Inglaterra
durante el siglo 18, de la producción manual a la
producción con máquinas.
inflation / inflación s. baja del valor de la moneda,
acompañada de un alza de precios de bienes y servicios.
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Inquisition / Inquisición s. tribunal de la Iglesia
Católica para investigar y juzgar a los acusados de
herejía, especialmente el establecido en España durante
el siglo 15.
institution / institución s. patrón duradero de
organización en una comunidad.
intendant / intendente s. funcionario del
gobierno francés nombrado por el monarca para
recaudar impuestos e impartir justicia.
International Space Station / Estación
Espacial Internacional s. colaboración
patrocinada por Estados Unidos, Rusia y otras 14
naciones para establecer y mantener un laboratorio
activo para realizar experimentos científicos en el
espacio.
Internet s. vinculación de redes de computadora que
permite a gente de todo el mundo comunicarse e
intercambiar información.
intifada / intifada s. campaña palestina de
desobediencia civil contra la ocupación israelí de
Cisjordania y la Franja de Gaza, que continuó en la
década de 1990.
Irish Republican Army (IRA) / Ejército
Republicano Irlandés (el IRA) s. fuerza
paramilitar nacionalista que lucha porque Gran Bretaña
dé la independencia la Irlanda del Norte.
iron curtain / cortina de hierro s. durante la
Guerra Fría, división que separaba las naciones
comunistas de Europa oriental de las naciones
democráticas de Europa occidental.
Iroquois / iroqueses s. grupo de pueblos
amerindios que hablaban lenguas relacionadas, vivían
en la parte este de la región de los Grandes Lagos en
Norteamérica y formaron una alianza a fines del siglo 16.
Islam / islam s. religión monoteísta que se desarrolló
en Arabia en el siglo 7 d.C.
isolationism / aislacionismo s. política de
evitar lazos políticos o militares con otros países.
Israel s. reino de los hebreos unidos en Palestina, de
aproximadamente 1020 a 922 a.C.; después, el reino
norte de los dos reinos hebreos; actualmente, la nación
judía establecida en Palestina en 1948.
J
Jainism / jainismo s. religión fundada en India
durante el siglo 6, cuyos miembros creen que todo en el
universo tiene alma y por lo tanto no debe ser lastimado.
janissary / janísero s. miembro de una fuerza élite
de soldados del imperio otomano.
jazz s. estilo de música popular del siglo 20 concebido
principalmente por músicos afroamericanos.
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Jesuits / jesuitas s. miembros de la Sociedad de
Jesús, orden católica romana fundada por Ignacio de
Loyola.
“jewel in the crown” / “joya de la corona”
s. colonia británica de India, así llamada por su importancia para el imperio británico, tanto como proveedor de
materia prima como mercado para sus productos.
joint-stock company / sociedad de
capitales s. negocio en el que los inversionistas
reúnen capital para un propósito común y después
comparten las ganancias.
Judah / Judea s. reino hebreo establecido en
Palestina alrededor del 922 a.C.
Justinian Code / Código Justiniano s. cuerpo
del derecho civil romano recopilado y organizado por
órdenes del emperador bizantino Justiniano hacia el
534 d.C.
K
kabuki s. forma de teatro japonés en que se representa
una historia con música, danza y mímica.
kaiser s. emperador alemán (del título romano Caesar).
kamikaze s. durante la II Guerra Mundial, pilotos
suicidas japoneses entrenados para hundir barcos de los
Aliados lanzándose sobre ellos con aviones llenos de
bombas.
karma s. en hinduismo y budismo, la totalidad de
actos buenos y malos que comete una persona, que
determinan su destino al renacer.
Khmer Empire / imperio Khmer s. imperio del
sureste asiático, centrado en la actual Camboya, que
alcanzó su mayor auge hacia 1200 d.C.
Khmer Rouge s. grupo de rebeldes comunistas que
tomaron el poder en Camboya en 1975.
knight / caballero s. en Europa medieval, guerrero
con armadura y cabalgadura.
Koryu dynasty / dinastía koryu s. dinastía
coreana del 935 a 1392 d.C.
Kristallnacht s. “Noche de cristales rotos”: noche
del 9 de noviembre de 1938, en que milicianos nazis
atacaron hogares, negocios y sinagogas judíos en toda
Alemania.
Kuomintang s. Partido Nacionalista de China,
formado después de la caída de la dinastía Qing en 1912.
Kush s. antiguo reino nubio cuyos reyes gobernaron a
Egipto del 751 a 671 a.C.
L
laissez faire s. idea de que el gobierno no debe
regular ni interferir en las industrias y empresas.
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land reform / reforma agraria s. redistribución
de tierras agrícolas con división de grandes latifundios y
reparto de fincas a campesinos.
La Reforma s. movimiento de reforma liberal en el
siglo 19 en México fundado por Benito Juárez.
lay investiture / investidura seglar s.
nombramiento de funcionarios de la Iglesia por reyes
y nobles.
League of Nations / Liga de las Naciones
s. organización internacional formada después de la I
Guerra Mundial cuyo propósito era mantener la paz
entre las naciones.
lebensraum s. “espacio vital”: territorio adicional
que, según Adolfo Hitler, Alemania necesitaba porque
estaba sobrepoblada.
Legalism / legalismo s. filosofía política china
basada en la idea de que un gobierno altamente eficiente
y poderoso es la clave del orden social.
Maghrib / Maghreb s. región del norte de África
que abarca la costa del Mediterráneo de lo que en la
actualidad es Marruecos, Túnez y Argelia.
Magna Carta / Carta Magna s. “Gran Carta”:
documento de Inglaterra que garantiza derechos
políticos elementales, elaborado por nobles ingleses y
aprobado por el rey Juan en 1215 d.C.
Mahabharata s. gran poema épico de India que
relata las luchas arias durante su migración al sur
de India.
Mahayana s. secta del budismo que ofrece la
salvación a todos y permite la veneración popular.
maize / maíz s. cereal cultivado cuyos granos se
encuentran en grandes espigas, o mazorcas.
Mali s. imperio de África occidental que floreció entre
1235 y el siglo 15, y se enriqueció con el comercio.
Manchus / manchú s. pueblo originario de
Manchuria que gobernó en China durante la dinastía Qing
legion / legión s. unidad militar del ejército de la
antigua Roma formada por aproximadamente 5,000
soldados de infantería y grupos de soldados de
caballería.
Legislative Assembly / Asamblea
Legislativa s. congreso creado por la Constitución
francesa de 1791, con poder para emitir leyes y aprobar
declaraciones de guerra.
legitimacy / legitimidad s. derecho hereditario
de un monarca a gobernar.
liberals / liberales s. en la primera mitad del siglo
19, europeos —principalmente empresarios y
comerciantes de clase media— que deseaban darle más
poder político a los parlamentos elegidos.
lineage / linaje s. individuos —vivos, muertos y sin
nacer— que descienden de un antepasado común.
loess / loes s. depósito fértil de tierra traída por el
viento.
Long March / Larga Marcha s. viaje de 6,000
millas que realizaron en 1934–35 las fuerzas comunistas
de China para escapar de las fuerzas nacionalistas de
Jiang Jieshi.
lord / señor s. en la Europa feudal, persona que
controlaba tierras y por lo tanto podía dar feudos a
vasallos.
Lutheran / luterano s. miembro de una iglesia
protestante basada en las enseñanzas de Martín Lutero.
lycée / liceo s. escuela pública en Francia.
Mandate of Heaven / Mandato del Cielo s.
en China, creencia de que la autoridad real era producto
de la aprobación divina.
manifest destiny / destino manifiesto s.
idea popular en el siglo 19 en Estados Unidos de que era
su derecho y obligación regir Norteamérica, desde el
oceáno Atlántico hasta el Pacífico.
manor / señorío s. dominios de un señor en la
Europa feudal.
Maori / maorí s. miembro de un pueblo polinesio
establecido en Nueva Zelanda hacia 800 d.C.
Marshall Plan / Plan Marshall programa
estadounidense de ayuda económica a países europeos
para su reconstrucción después de la II Guerra Mundial.
martial law / ley marcial s. gobierno militar
temporal impuesto a la población civil, normalmente en
época de guerra o de trastornos civiles.
mass culture / cultura de masas s. producción
de obras de arte y diversión concebidas con el fin de
atraer a un amplio público.
materialism / materialismo s. alto interés en la
adquisición de posesiones materiales.
matriarchal / matriarcal adj. relacionado con un
sistema social en el que la madre es jefa de la familia.
matrilineal adj. relacionado con un sistema social en
el que la descendencia familiar y los derechos de
herencia se trasmiten a través de la madre.
Mauryan Empire / imperio maurio s. primer
imperio de India, fundado por Chandragupta Mauria en
321 a.C.
May Fourth Movement / Movimiento del
4 de Mayo s. protesta nacional china en 1919 con
manifestaciones contra el Tratado de Versalles y la
interferencia extranjera.
M
Macedonia s. antiguo reino del norte de Grecia, cuyo
rey Felipe II conquistó a Grecia en 338 a.C.
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Medes / medos s. pueblo del suroeste asiático que
contribuyó a derrotar al imperio asirio.
Meiji era / era Meiji s. período de la historia
japonesa entre 1867 y 1912, cuando gobernó el
emperador Mutshito.
Mein Kampf / Mi lucha s. libro escrito por Adolfo
Hitler en prisión (1923–1924), en el cual expone sus
creencias y sus ideales para Alemania.
mercantilism / mercantilismo s. política
económica de aumentar la riqueza y poder de una nación
obteniendo grandes cantidades de oro y plata, y
vendiendo más bienes de los que se compran.
mercenary / mercenario s. soldado que recibe
sueldo por pelear en un ejército extranjero.
Meroë / Meroe s. centro de la dinastía Kush de
aproximadamente 250 a.C. a 150 d.C.; conocido por su
manufactura de armas de hierro y herramientas.
Mesoamerica / Mesoamérica s. región que se
extiende desde el centro de México hasta Honduras,
donde se desarrollaron varias de las antiguas sociedades
complejas de América.
mestizo s. mezcla de español y amerindio.
Middle Ages / Edad Media s. era en la historia
europea posterior a la caída del imperio romano, que
abarca aproximadamente desde el 500 hasta 1500,
también llamada época medieval.
middle class / clase media s. clase social
formada por trabajadores especializados, profesionales,
comerciantes y granjeros acaudalados.
middle passage / travesía intermedia s. viaje
que trajo a africanos capturados al Caribe y, posteriormente, a América del Norte y del Sur, para venderlos
como esclavos; recibió este nombre porque era considerada la porción media del triángulo comercial trasatlántico.
migration / migración s. acto de trasladarse de un
lugar para establecerse en otro.
militarism / militarismo s. política de glorificar
el poder militar y de mantener un ejército permanente,
siempre preparado para luchar.
Ming dynasty / dinastía Ming s. dinastía que
reinó en China desde 1368 hasta 1644.
Minoans / minoicos s. pueblo de navegantes
y comerciantes que vivió en la isla de Creta de
aproximadamente 2000 a 1400 a.C.
Mississippian / misisipiense adj. relacionado
con una cultura constructora de túmulos que floreció en
Norteamérica entre el 800 y 1500 d.C.
mita s. en el imperio inca, obligación de todo súbdito
de trabajar ciertos días al año para el Estado.
Moche / moche s. civilización que floreció en la
actual costa norte de Perú de aproximadamente 100 a
700 d.C.
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WORLD HISTORY
monarchy / monarquía s. gobierno en que el
poder está en manos de una sola persona.
monastery / monasterio s. comunidad religiosa
de hombres, llamados monjes, que ceden todas sus
posesiones y se dedican a la oración y veneración.
monopoly / monopolio s. control exclusivo sobre
la producción y distribución de ciertos bienes.
monotheism / monoteísmo s. creencia en un
solo dios.
Monroe Doctrine / doctrina Monroe s.
política estadounidense de oposición a la interferencia
europea en Latinoamérica, anunciada por el presidente
James Monroe en 1823.
monsoon / monzón s. viento que cambia de
dirección en ciertas épocas del año.
mosque / mezquita s. lugar de veneración
islámica.
movable type / tipo móvil s. bloques de metal o
de madera, cada uno con caracteres individuales, que
pueden distribuirse para formar una página de
impresión.
Mughal / mogol s. uno de los nómadas que
invadieron el subcontinente de India en el siglo 16 y
establecieron un poderoso imperio.
mujahideen / muyahidin s. guerreros religiosos
afganos que se unieron para luchar contra el gobierno
apoyado por los soviéticos a fines de la década de 1970.
mulattos / mulatos s. personas de ascendencia
europea y africana.
mummification / momificación s. proceso de
embalsamamiento y secado de cadáveres para evitar su
descomposición.
Munich Conference / Conferencia de
Munich s. reunión en 1938 de Inglaterra, Francia,
Italia y Alemania, en la cual Gran Bretaña y Francia
aceptaron que la Alemania nazi anexara parte de
Checoslovaquia, a cambio de la promesa de Adolfo
Hitler de respetar las nuevas fronteras checas.
Muslim / musulmán s. devoto del islam.
Muslim League / Liga Musulmana s.
organización formada en 1906 para proteger los
intereses de los musulmanes de India; después propuso
la división del país en dos naciones: una musulmana y
una hindú.
Mutapa / mutapa adj. con un imperio de África
del sur establecido por Mutota en el siglo 15 a.D.
Mycenaeans / micénicos s. grupo indoeuropeo
que se estableció en Grecia hacia 2000 a.C.
myths / mitos s. narraciones tradicionales sobre
dioses, antepasados o héroes, que explican el mundo
natural o las costumbres y creencias de una sociedad.
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N
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Napoleonic Code / código napoleónico s.
sistema extenso y uniforme de leyes establecido para
Francia por Napoleón.
National Assembly / Asamblea Nacional s.
congreso francés establecido el 17 de junio de 1789 por
representantes del Tercer Estado para promulgar leyes y
reformas en nombre del pueblo.
nationalism / nacionalismo s. creencia de que la
principal lealtad del pueblo debe ser a su nación —es
decir, a la gente con quien comparte historia y cultura—
y no al rey o al imperio.
nation-state / nación Estado s. nación independiente de gente que tiene una cultura e identidad común.
NATO / OTAN s. Organización del Tratado del
Atlántico Norte: alianza militar defensiva formada en
1949 por diez naciones de Europa occidental, Estados
Unidos y Canadá.
Nazca / nazca s. civilización que floreció en la
actual costa sur de Perú de 200 a.C. a 600 d.C.
Nazism / nazismo s. políticas fascistas del Partido
Nacional socialista de los Trabajadores de Alemania,
basadas en el totalitarismo, la creencia en superioridad
racial y el control estatal de la industria.
Negritude movement / movimiento de
negritud s. movimiento de africanos de lengua
francesa que celebra el legado de la cultura tradicional
africana y sus valores.
neoclassical / neoclásico adj. relacionado con
un estilo sencillo y elegante (inspirado en ideas y temas
de la antigua Grecia y Roma) que caracterizó las artes en
Europa a fines del siglo 18.
Neolithic Age / Neolítico s. período prehistórico
que comenzó aproximadamente en 8000 a.C. y en
algunas partes acabó desde 3000 a.C., durante el cual los
grupos humanos aprendieron a pulir herramientas de
piedra, hacer cerámica, cultivar alimentos y criar
animales; también se llama Nueva Edad de Piedra.
Neolithic Revolution / Revolución Neolítica
s. gran cambio en la vida humana causada por los
comienzos de la agricultura; es decir, el cambio de
recolectar a producir alimentos.
New Deal s. programa de reformas económicas del
presidente Franklin D. Roosevelt ideado para solucionar
los problemas creados por la Gran Depresión.
New Kingdom / Reino Nuevo s. período
de la historia del antiguo Egipto tras la caída de los
gobernantes hicsos, desde 1570 hasta 1075 a.C.
nirvana s. en budismo, la liberación del dolor y el
sufrimiento alcanzada después de la iluminación.
Nok / nok s. pueblo africano que vivió en lo que es
hoy Nigeria entre 500 a.C. y 200 d.C.
nomad / nómada s. miembro de un grupo que no
tiene hogar permanente y que va de un lugar a otro en
busca de agua y alimento.
nonaggression pact / pacto de no agresión
s. acuerdo en que dos o más naciones prometen no
atacarse.
nonaligned nations / países no alineados s.
naciones independientes que permanecieron neutrales
durante la Guerra Fría entre Estados Unidos y la Unión
Soviética.
Nuremberg Trials / juicios de Nuremberg s.
serie de juicios realizados en Nuremberg, Alemania, tras la
II Guerra Mundial a líderes nazis por agresión, violación a
las leyes de guerra y crímenes contra la humanidad.
O
obsidian / obsidiana s. roca volcánica dura y
vítrea con que los primeros seres humanos elaboraban
herramientas de piedra.
Old Regime / antiguo régimen s. sistema
político y social que existía en Francia antes de la
Revolución Francesa.
oligarchy / oligarquía s. gobierno en que el poder
está en manos de pocas personas, particularmente un
gobierno que se basa en la riqueza.
Olmec / olmeca s. civilización mesoamericana más
antigua que se conoce, que floreció hacia 1200 a.C. e
influyó sobre las posteriores sociedades de la región.
Open Door Policy / política de puertas
abiertas s. política propuesta por E.U.A. en 1899, que
postulaba que todas las naciones tuvieran las mismas
oportunidades de comerciar con China.
Opium War / Guerra del Opio s. conflicto entre
Inglaterra y China, de 1839 a 1842, por el comercio
inglés de opio en China.
oracle bone / hueso de oráculo s. hueso de
animal o caparazón de tortuga que usaban los antiguos
sacerdotes chinos para comunicarse con los dioses.
Oslo Peace Accords / Acuerdos de Paz de
Oslo s. acuerdos de 1993 cuando el primer ministro
israelí, Rabin, otorgó autonomía a Palestina en la Franja
de Gaza y Cisjordania.
ozone layer / capa de ozono s. capa de la
atmósfera superior de la Tierra que protege a los seres
vivos de los rayos ultravioleta de la luz solar.
P
Pacific Rim / Cuenca del Pacífico s. tierras
que bordean el océano Pacífico, especialmente las de
Asia.
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Paleolithic Age / Paleolítico s. período
prehistórico que abarcó aproximadamente desde 2.5
millones hasta 8000 a.C., durante el cual los seres
humanos hicieron rudimentarias herramientas y armas
de piedra; también se llama Antigua Edad de Piedra.
Panama Canal / canal de Panamá s. vía
marítima que une al océano Atlántico con el Pacífico,
construida en Panamá por Estados Unidos y terminada
en 1914.
papyrus / papiro s. carrizo alto que crece en el
delta del Nilo, usado por los antiguos egipcios para
hacer hojas de escribir similares al papel.
parliament / parlamento s. cuerpo de
representantes que promulga las leyes de una nación.
partition / partición s. división en partes, como la
división en 1947 de la colonia británica de India en dos
naciones: India y Paquistán.
pastoralist / pastor s. miembro de un grupo
nómada que pastorea rebaños de animales domesticados.
paternalism / paternalismo s. política de tratar a
los gobernados como si fueran niños, atendiendo a sus
necesidades pero sin darles derechos.
patriarch / patriarca s. obispo principal de la rama
oriental de la cristiandad.
patriarchal / patriarcal adj. relacionado con un
sistema social en el que el padre es jefe de la familia.
patrician / patricio s. en la antigua Roma,
miembro de la clase alta, privilegiada y rica.
patrilineal / patrilineal adj. relacionado con un
sistema social en el que la descendencia y los derechos
de herencia se trasmiten a través del padre.
patron / mecenas s. persona que apoya a los
artistas, especialmente, en el aspecto financiero.
Pax Mongolica / Paz Mongólica s. período de
mediados de 1200 a mediados de 1300 d.C., cuando los
mongoles impusieron estabilidad y orden público en casi
toda Eurasia.
Pax Romana s. período de paz y prosperidad por
todo el imperio romano, de 27 a.C. a 180 d.C.
Peace of Augsburg / Paz de Augsburgo s.
acuerdo realizado en 1555 que declaró que la religión de
cada Estado alemán sería decidida por su gobernante.
Peloponnesian War / Guerra del
Peloponeso s. guerra de 431 a 404 a.C., en la cual
Atenas y sus aliados resultaron derrotados por Esparta y
sus aliados.
penal colony / colonia penal s. colonia a donde
se mandan convictos como alternativa a una prisión.
peninsulares s. en la sociedad española colonial,
colonos nacidos en España.
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WORLD HISTORY
Peninsular War / Guerra Peninsular s.
conflicto de 1808–1813 en que los rebeldes españoles
lucharon con la ayuda de Gran Bretaña para expulsar de
España las tropas de Napoleón.
perestroika s. reestructuración de la economía
soviética para permitir mayor poder de decisión local,
iniciada por Mijail Gorbachev en 1985.
Persian Gulf War / Guerra del Golfo
Pérsico s. conflicto de 1991 en el que las fuerzas de
la ONU derrotaron a fuerzas iraquíes que invadieron a
Kuwait y amenazaban con invadir a Arabia Saudita.
Persian Wars / Guerras Pérsicas s. guerras del
siglo 5 a.C. entre las ciudades Estado de Grecia y el
imperio persa.
perspective / perspectiva s. técnica artística que
crea la apariencia de tres dimensiones en una superficie
plana.
phalanx / falange s. formación militar de soldados
de infantería armados con lanzas y escudos.
pharaoh / faraón s. rey del antiguo Egipto,
considerado dios, así como líder político y militar.
philosophe s. miembro de un grupo de pensadores
sociales de la Ilustración en Francia.
philosophers / filósofos s. pensadores que
investigan la naturaleza del universo, la sociedad
humana y la moral a través de la lógica y la razón.
Phoenicians / fenicios s. pueblo de navegantes
del suroeste de Asia, que aproximadamente en 1100 a.C.
comenzó a comerciar y a fundar colonias en la región
mediterránea.
Pilgrims / peregrinos s. grupo que en 1620 fundó
la colonia de Plymouth en Massachusetts para escapar
de persecución religiosa en Inglaterra.
plebeian / plebeyo s. en la antigua Roma, uno de
los agricultores, artesanos o comerciantes comunes que
conformaban la mayoría de la población.
plebiscite / plebiscito s. voto directo mediante el
cual la población de un país tiene la oportunidad de
aceptar o rechazar una propuesta.
PLO / OLP s. Organización de Liberación Palestina:
organización dedicada a establecer un Estado
independiente para los palestinos en el Medio Oriente.
polis s. ciudad Estado de Grecia; unidad política
fundamental de la antigua Grecia a partir de 750 a.C.
Politburo / Politburó s. comité dirigente del
Partido Comunista en la Unión Soviética.
political dissent / disidencia política s.
diferencia de opiniones sobre asuntos políticos.
polytheism / politeísmo s. creencia en muchos
dioses.
pope / Papa s. obispo de Roma y dirigente de la
Iglesia Católica Romana.
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Popol Vuh s. libro que narra una versión de la
historia maya de la creación.
popular culture / cultura popular s. elementos
culturales—deportes, música, cine, ropa, etc.—que
muestran los antecedentes comunes de un grupo y sus
intereses cambiantes.
potlatch s. fiesta ceremonial celebrada para mostrar
rango y prosperidad en varias tribus del Noroeste de
Norteamérica.
predestination / predestinación s. doctrina
que postula que Dios ha decidido todo de antemano,
incluso quiénes obtendrán la salvación eterna.
Presbyterian / presbiteriano s. miembro de una
iglesia protestante gobernada por presbíteros conforme a
las enseñanzas de John Knox.
PRI s. Partido Revolucionario Institucional: principal
partido político en México.
proletariat / proletariado s. según la teoría
marxista, el grupo de trabajadores que derrocaría al zar
y gobernaría a Rusia.
proliferation / proliferación s. crecimiento o
expansión, especialmente la expansión de armas
nucleares a naciones que actualmente no las tienen.
propaganda s. información o material distribuido
para apoyar una causa o socavar una causa opuesta.
Protestant / protestante s. miembro de una
iglesia cristiana fundada de acuerdo a los principios de
la Reforma.
provisional government / gobierno
provisional s. gobierno temporal.
psychology / psicología s. estudio de la mente y
la conducta humanas.
pueblos s. aldeas similares a complejos departamentales hechos de adobe, construidas por los anasazi y
pueblos posteriores en el Suroeste de lo que hoy es
Estados Unidos.
Punic Wars / Guerras Púnicas s. serie de tres
guerras entre Roma y Cartago (264–146 a.C.); el
resultado fue la destrucción de Cartago y la dominación
romana de toda la región mediterránea occidental.
Puritans / puritanos s. grupo que, para liberarse de
la persecución religiosa en Inglaterra, fundó una colonia
en la bahía de Massachusetts a principios del siglo 17.
push-pull factors / factores de empuje y de
atracción s. factores que hacen que la gente
abandone sus hogares y emigre a otra región (factores de
empuje); o factores que atraen a la gente a otros lugares
(factores de atracción).
pyramid / pirámide s. enorme estructura de base
rectangular y cuatro lados triangulares, como las que
servían de tumba de los faraones del Reino Antiguo de
Egipto.
Q
Qin dynasty / dinastía Qin s. dinastía china que
reinó brevemente y sustituyó a la dinastía Zhou en el
siglo 3 a.C.
Qing dynasty / dinastía Qing s. última dinastía
china; reinó de 1644 a 1912.
Quetzalcoatl / Quetzalcóatl s. serpiente
emplumada: dios de los toltecas y otros pueblos de
Mesoamérica.
quipu s. cuerda con nudos usadas para registrar
información numérica por los incas.
Qur’an / Corán s. libro sagrado del islam.
R
racism / racismo s. creencia de que una raza es
superior a otras.
radicals / radicales s. en la primera mitad del siglo
19, los europeos a favor de cambios drásticos para
extender la democracia a toda la población.
radioactivity / radioactividad s. forma de
energía liberada mediante la descomposición de átomos.
Raj s. porciones de India controladas por Gran Bretaña
de 1757 a 1947.
rationing / racionamiento s. limitación de la
cantidad de bienes que la población puede comprar,
generalmente impuesta por un gobierno durante una
guerra debido a escasez.
realism / realismo s. movimiento artístico del siglo
19 en que los escritores y pintores trataron de mostrar la
vida como es, no como debiera ser.
realpolitik s. “política de la realidad”; posición
política dura que no da lugar al idealismo.
recession / recesión s. descenso de la economía
de una nación.
Reconquista s. campaña de líderes cristianos para
expulsar a los musulmanes de España, que empezó en el
siglo 12 y terminó en 1492.
Red Guards / Guardias Rojos s. unidades de
milicianos formadas por jóvenes chinos en 1966 en
respuesta al llamado de Mao Zedong a llevar a cabo una
revolución social y cultural.
Reformation / Reforma s. movimiento del siglo
16 para realizar cambios religiosos que llevó a la
fundación de iglesias cristianas que rechazaron la
autoridad del Papa.
refugee / refugiado s. persona que sale de su país
a otro país para buscar seguridad.
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Reign of Terror / Régimen del Terror s.
período entre 1793–1794 en que Maximilien
Robespierre gobernó a Francia casi como dictador,
durante el cual fueron ejecutados miles de personajes
políticos y de ciudadanos comunes.
reincarnation / reencarnación s. en hinduismo
y budismo, creencia de que el alma renace una y otra
vez hasta alcanzar un conocimiento perfecto.
religious toleration / tolerancia religiosa s.
reconocimiento del derecho de otros a tener creencias
religiosas diferentes.
Renaissance / Renacimiento s. período de la
historia europea de aproximadamente 1300 a 1600,
durante el cual renació un interés en la cultura clásica
que generó importantes cambios en el arte, la educación
y la visión del mundo.
republic / república s. forma de gobierno en que
el poder está en manos de representantes y líderes
elegidos por los ciudadanos.
Restoration / Restauración s. en Inglaterra,
período del reinado de Carlos II, después del colapso del
gobierno de Oliver Cromwell.
reunification / reunificación s. proceso de unir
dos elementos que estaban separados, como la reunificación de Alemania oriental y Alemania occidental en 1990.
romanticism / romanticismo s. movimiento de
principios del siglo 19 en el arte y las ideas que recalca la
emoción y la naturaleza, más que la razón y la sociedad.
Roosevelt Corollary / corolario Roosevelt
s. ampliación de la doctrina Monroe, emitida por el
presidente Theodore Roosevelt en 1904, en que declaró
que Estados Unidos tenía el derecho de ejercer “poderes
policiales” en el hemisferio occidental.
Rowlatt Acts / Leyes Rowlatt s. leyes,
ratificadas en 1919, que los permitían al gobierno
británico en India encarcelar a manifestantes por dos
años sin juicio.
Royal Road / Camino Real s. carretera de más de
1,600 millas que cruzaba el imperio persa, desde Susa
en Persia hasta Sardes en Anatolia.
Russification / rusificación s. proceso que
obliga a todos los grupos étnicos a adoptar la cultura
rusa en el imperio ruso.
Russo-Japanese War / Guerra RusoJaponesa s. conflicto de 1904–1905 entre Rusia y
Japón, causada por el interés de los dos países de
dominar Manchuria y Corea.
S
sacrament / sacramento s. una de las
ceremonias cristianas en que se trasmite la gracia
de Dios a los creyentes.
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WORLD HISTORY
Safavid / safávido s. miembro de una dinastía
musulmana shi’a que construyó un imperio en Persia del
siglo 16 al 18.
Sahel s. región africana a lo largo de la frontera sur
del Sahara.
salon / salón s. reunión social de intelectuales y
artistas, como las que celebraban en sus hogares señoras
acaudaladas de París y otras ciudades europeas durante
la Ilustración.
SALT s. Conversaciones para la Limitación de Armas
Estratégicas: serie de reuniones durante la década de
1970 en que líderes de Estados Unidos y la Unión
Soviética acordaron limitar el número de armas
nucleares de sus países.
Salt March / Marcha de la Sal s. manifestación
pacífica en 1930 en India ocasionada por las Leyes
de la Sal; Mohandas Gandhi condujo a sus seguidores,
caminando 240 millas al mar, donde hicieron su propia
sal del agua de mar evaporada.
samurai s. guerrero profesional que servía a los
nobles en el Japón feudal.
sans-culottes s. en la Revolución Francesa, grupo
político radical de parisienses asalariados y pequeños
comerciantes que anhelaban más voz en el gobierno,
bajas de precios y fin a la escasez de alimentos.
satrap / sátrapa s. gobernador de una provincia en
el imperio persa.
savanna / sabana s. planicie con pastizales.
Schlieffen Plan / Plan Schlieffen s. plan
militar alemán al comienzo de la I Guerra Mundial, que
preveía que Alemania derrotaría rápidamente a Francia y
después atacaría a Rusia en el este.
scholastics / escolásticos s. académicos que se
reunían y enseñaban en las universidades medievales de
Europa.
scientific method / método científico s.
procedimiento lógico para reunir información sobre el
mundo natural, en que se usa experimentación y
observación para poner a prueba hipótesis.
Scientific Revolution / Revolución
Científica s. profundo cambio en el pensamiento
europeo que comenzó a mediados del siglo 16, en que el
estudio del mundo natural se caracterizó por cuidadosa
observación y cuestionamiento de teorías aceptadas.
scorched-earth policy / política de
arrasamiento de campos s. práctica de quemar
campos de cultivo y de matar ganado durante la guerra
para que el enemigo no pueda vivir de las tierras.
scribe / escriba s. profesional especializado en
llevar registros en las civilizaciones tempranas.
secede / seceder v. retirarse formalmente de una
asociación o alianza.
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secular adj. relacionado con lo mundano más que
con los asuntos espirituales.
segregation / segregación s. separación legal o
social de gente de diferentes razas.
self-determination / autodeterminación s.
libertad de un pueblo para decidir libremente la forma
de gobierno que desea.
Seljuks / seljucs s. grupo turco que emigró al
imperio abasida en el siglo 10 y estableció su propio
imperio en el siglo 11.
senate / senado s. en la antigua Roma, organismo
supremo de gobierno formado inicialmente sólo por
aristócratas.
sepoy / cipayo s. soldado hindú bajo el mando
británico.
Sepoy Mutiny / Motín de Cipayos s. rebelión
de 1857 de soldados hindúes y musulmanes contra los
británicos en India.
serf / siervo s. campesino medieval legalmente
obligado a vivir en los dominios de un señor.
Seven Years’ War / Guerra de los Siete
Años s. conflicto en Europa, Norteamérica e India de
1756 a 1763, en que las fuerzas de Inglaterra y Prusia
lucharon con las de Austria, Francia, Rusia y otros
países.
shah / sha s. monarca hereditario de Irán.
shari’a s. conjunto de leyes que rigen la vida de los
musulmanes.
Shi’a / shi’a s. rama del islam que reconoce a los
primeros cuatro califas como legítimos sucesores de
Mahoma.
Shinto / shintoísmo s. religión oriunda de Japón.
Shiva s. dios hindú considerado destructor del mundo.
“shock therapy” / terapia de shock s.
programa económico implementado en Rusia por Boris
Yeltsin en la década de 1990, que implicó un cambio
abrupto de una economía de mando a una economía de
mercado libre.
shogun / shogún s. en el Japón feudal, jefe militar
supremo que regía en nombre del emperador.
Sikh / sikh s. miembro de un grupo religioso no
violento cuyas creencias combinaban elementos del
budismo, el hinduismo y el sufismo.
Silk Roads / Ruta de la Seda s. sistema de
antiguas rutas de las caravanas por Asia central, por las
que se transportaban seda y otros productos comerciales.
simony / simonía s. venta o compra de una
posición en una iglesia cristiana.
skepticism / escepticismo s. filosofía basada en
la noción de que nada puede saberse con certeza.
slash-and-burn farming / agricultura de
tala y quema s. método agrícola de desbrozar
terrenos talando y quemando árboles y pastos, cuyas
cenizas sirven como fertilizante.
Slavs / eslavos s. pueblo de los bosques al norte del
mar Negro, origen de muchos pueblos de la Europa
oriental de nuestros días.
social contract / contrato social s. acuerdo
mediante el cual el pueblo define y limita sus derechos
individuales, creando así una sociedad o gobierno
organizados.
Social Darwinism / darvinismo social s.
aplicación de las teorías de Charles Darwin sobre la
evolución y la “sobrevivencia del más apto” a las
sociedades humanas, particularmente como justificación
para la expansión imperialista.
socialism / socialismo s. sistema económico en el
cual los factores de producción son propiedad del pueblo
y se administran para el bienestar de todos.
Solidarity / Solidaridad s. sindicato polaco
de trabajadores que presentó la principal fuerza de
oposición al gobierno comunista en Polonia en la década
de 1980.
Songhai s. imperio de África occidental que
conquistó Malí y controló el comercio desde el siglo 15
hasta 1591.
soviet s. consejo local de representantes formado en
Rusia después de la caída del zar Nicolás II.
Spanish-American War / Guerra HispanoAmericana s. conflicto de 1898 entre Estados
Unidos y España, en que Estados Unidos apoyó la lucha
de independencia cubana.
specialization / especialización s. desarrollo
de conocimientos para realizar determinado trabajo,
como comerciar o llevar registros.
sphere of influence / esfera de influencia
s. región extranjera en que una nación controla el
comercio y otras actividades económicas.
standard of living / nivel de vida s. calidad
de la vida de una persona o población que se mide
conforme a los bienes, servicios y lujos que tiene a su
disposición.
stateless societies / sociedades sin Estado
s. grupos culturales en los que la autoridad es
compartida por linajes de igual poder, en vez de ser
ejercida por un gobierno central.
steppes / estepas s. llanuras secas de pastizales.
strike / huelga s. paro de trabajo para obligar al
patrón a acceder a ciertas demandas.
stupa s. estructuras de piedra en forma de cúpula,
construidas sobre reliquias budistas sagradas.
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subcontinent / subcontinente s. gran masa
que forma una parte claramente diferenciada de un
continente.
Suez Canal / canal de Suez s. canal marítimo
que une al mar Rojo y al golfo de Suez con el mar
Mediterráneo, cuya construcción terminó en 1869.
suffrage / sufragio s. derecho al voto.
Sufi / sufí s. musulmán que busca contacto directo
con Dios por medio del misticismo.
sultan / sultán s. “jefe supremo” o “el que tiene
poder”; título de los gobernantes otomanos durante el
auge del imperio otomano.
Sunna / sunna s. modelo islámico de vida que se
basa en las enseñanzas y vida de Mahoma.
Sunni / sunni s. rama del islam que reconoce a Alí y a
sus descendientes como sucesores legítimos de Mahoma.
surrealism / surrealismo s. movimiento artístico
del siglo 20 que se concentra en el inconsciente.
sustainable growth / crecimiento
sostenido s. desarrollo económico que satisface las
necesidades de la población pero preserva el entorno y
conserva recursos para futuras generaciones.
Swahili / suahili s. lengua bantú con influencias
árabes que se usa en África oriental y central.
T
Taiping Rebellion / Rebelión Taiping s.
rebelión a mediados del siglo 19 contra la dinastía Qing
en China, encabezada por Hong Xiuquan.
Taj Mahal s. bella tumba en Agra, India, construida
por el emperador mogol Shah Jahan para su esposa
Mumtaz Mahal.
Taliban / Talibán s. grupo musulmán conservador
que tomó el poder en Afganistán después de que la
Unión Soviética retiró sus tropas; expulsado por el
ejército estadounidense en diciembre de 2001 por darles
amparo a sospechosos de terrorismo.
Tamil / tamil o tamul s. idioma del sur de India;
grupo que habla dicho idioma.
technology / tecnología s. formas de aplicar
conocimientos, herramientas e inventos para satisfacer
necesidades.
Tennis Court Oath / Juramento de la Cancha
de Tenis s. promesa hecha por los miembros de la
Asamblea Nacional de Francia en 1789 de permanecer
reunidos hasta que elaboraran una nueva constitución.
terrace / cultivo en andenes/cultivo en
terrazas s. en Aksum, una técnica nueva para cultivar
la tierra, utilizando campos horizontales a manera de
peldaños, cortados en laderas o pendientes de montañas,
para retener agua y reducir la erosión.
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WORLD HISTORY
terrorism / terrorismo s. uso de la fuerza o de
amenazas para presionar a personas o gobiernos a que
cambien sus políticas.
theocracy / teocracia s. 1. gobierno en el cual se
ve al gobernante como una figura divina. 2. gobierno
controlado por líderes religiosos.
theory of evolution / teoría de la evolución
s. concepto propuesto por Charles Darwin en 1859 de
que las especies de plantas y animales surgen debido a
un proceso de selección natural.
theory of relativity / teoría de la
relatividad s. ideas de Albert Einstein acerca de la
interrelación entre el tiempo y el espacio, y entre la
energía y la materia.
Theravada s. secta del budismo que se adhiere al
énfasis original de Buda en la estricta disciplina
espiritual.
Third Reich / Tercer Reich s. Tercer Imperio
Alemán establecido por Adolfo Hitler en la década de
1930.
Third Republic / Tercera República s.
república establecida en Francia después de la caída de
Napoleón III; acabó con la ocupación alemana de
Francia durante la II Guerra Mundial.
Third World / Tercer Mundo s. durante la
Guerra Fría, naciones que no se aliaron ni con Estados
Unidos ni con la Unión Soviética.
Thirty Years’ War / Guerra de los Treinta
Años s. conflicto europeo de 1618 a 1648 por
cuestiones religiosas, territoriales y de poder entre
familias reinantes.
three-field system / sistema de tres
campos s. sistema agrícola de la Europa medieval en
que las tierras de cultivo se dividían en tres campos de
igual tamaño y cada uno se sembraba sucesivamente con
un cultivo de invierno, un cultivo de primavera y el
tercero se dejaba sin cultivar.
Tiananmen Square / Plaza Tiananmen s.
plaza pública en Beijing, China; sede en 1989 de un
enorme levantamiento estudiantil en favor de reformas
democráticas.
tithe / diezmo s. pago de una familia a la Iglesia de
la décima parte de sus ingresos.
Tokugawa Shogunate / shogunato
Tokugawa s. dinastía de shogúns que gobernó un
Japón unificado de 1603 a 1867.
Torah s. cinco primeros libros de la Biblia hebrea, los
más sagrados de la tradición judía.
totalitarianism / totalitarismo s. gobierno que
controla todo aspecto de la vida pública y privada.
total war / guerra total s. conflicto en el que los
países participantes dedican todos sus recursos a la
guerra.
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totems / tótemes s. animales u otros objetos
naturales que sirven de símbolo de unidad de clanes u
otros grupos.
tournament / torneo s. justa deportiva entre
grupos de caballeros.
tragedy / tragedia s. obra dramática seria profunda
acerca de la caída de un personaje heroico o noble.
Treaty of Kanagawa / Tratado de
Kanagawa s. acuerdo de 1854 entre Estados Unidos
y Japón, que abrió dos puertos japoneses a los barcos de
Estados Unidos y le permitió abrir una embajada en
Japón.
Treaty of Tordesillas / Tratado de
Tordesillas s. acuerdo de 1494 entre Portugal y
España que estableció que las tierras descubiertas al
oeste de una línea imaginaria en el océano Atlántico
pertenecerían a España y las tierras al este pertenecerían
a Portugal.
Treaty of Versailles / Tratado de Versalles
s. acuerdo de paz firmado por Alemania y los Aliados
después de la I Guerra Mundial.
trench warfare / guerra de trincheras s.
forma de guerra en la que dos ejércitos contrincantes
luchan detrás de trincheras cavadas en el campo de
batalla.
triangular trade / triángulo comercial s. red
comercial trasatlántica que transportaba esclavos y
productos entre África, Inglaterra, Europa continental,
el Caribe y las colonias de Norteamérica.
tribune / tribuno s. en la antigua Roma, funcionario
elegido por los plebeyos para proteger sus derechos.
tribute / tributo s. pago de una potencia más débil
a una potencia más fuerte para obtener una garantía de
paz y seguridad.
Triple Alliance / Triple Alianza s. 1. asociación
de las ciudades Estado de Tenochtitlan, Texcoco y
Tlacopan, que dio origen al imperio azteca. 2. alianza
militar establecida entre Alemania, Austro-Hungría e
Italia antes de la I Guerra Mundial.
Triple Entente / Triple Entente s. alianza
militar entre Gran Bretaña, Francia y Rusia establecida
antes de la I Guerra Mundial.
triumvirate / triunvirato s. en la Roma antigua,
grupo de tres líderes que compartían el control del
gobierno.
Trojan War / Guerra de Troya s. guerra,
aproximadamente en 1200 a.C., en que un ejército al
mando de reyes micénicos atacó la ciudad comercial
independiente de Troya, ubicada en Anatolia.
troubadour / trovador s. poeta y músico medieval
que viajaba de un lugar a otro para divertir con sus
cantos de amor cortesano.
Truman Doctrine / Doctrina Truman s.
política estadounidense de dar ayuda económica y
militar a las naciones libres amenazadas por oponentes
internos o externos, anunciada por el presidente Harry
Truman en 1947.
tyrant / tirano s. en la antigua Grecia, individuo
poderoso que ganaba el control del gobierno de una
ciudad Estado apelando al apoyo de los pobres.
U
Umayyads / omeyas s. dinastía que gobernó el
imperio musulmán del 661 al 750 d.C. y después
estableció un reino en al-Andalus.
union / sindicato s. asociación de trabajadores
formada para negociar mejores salarios y condiciones de
trabajo.
United Nations / Organización de las
Naciones Unidas (ONU) s. organización
internacional fundada en 1945 con el propósito de
ofrecer seguridad a las naciones del mundo.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights /
Declaración Universal de Derechos
Humanos s. declaración en que la ONU proclamó en
1948 que todos los seres humanos tienen derecho a la
vida, la libertad y la seguridad.
unrestricted submarine warfare / guerra
submarina irrestricta s. uso de submarinos para
hundir sin alerta previa cualquier barco (incluso barcos
neutrales y de pasajeros sin armamento) que se
encuentre en aguas enemigas.
urbanization / urbanización s. crecimiento de
ciudades y migración hacia ellas.
U.S.A. Patriot Act / Ley Patriota de E.U.A.
s. proyecto de ley antiterrorista de 2001 que hizo más
fuerte los derechos gubernamentales para detener a
extranjeros sospechosos de terrorismo y para procesar
crímenes terroristas.
U.S. Civil War / Guerra Civil de E.U.A. s.
conflicto entre los estados del Norte y el Sur de Estados
Unidos desde 1861 a 1865, sobre el asunto de la esclavitud.
utilitarianism / utilitarismo s. teoría, propuesta
por Jeremy Bentham a fines del siglo 18, de que las
acciones del gobierno sólo son útiles si promueven el
mayor bien para el mayor número de personas.
Utopia / Utopía s. tierra imaginaria descrita por
Tomás Moro en su libro del mismo nombre; lugar ideal.
V
vassal / vasallo s. en la Europa feudal, persona que
recibía un dominio (tierras) de un señor a cambio de su
promesa de lealtad y servicios.
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 39
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SPANISH
Vedas s. cuatro colecciones de escritos sagrados
secretos, realizados durante la etapa temprana del
asentamiento ario en India.
vernacular s. lenguaje común y corriente de la gente
de una región o país.
Vietcong s. grupo de guerrilleros comunistas que,
con la ayuda de Vietnam del Norte, pelearon contra el
gobierno de Vietnam del Sur durante la Guerra de
Vietnam.
Vietnamization / vietnamización s. estrategia
del presidente de E.U.A. Richard Nixon para terminar
con la participación en la Guerra de Vietnam, mediante
el retiro gradual de tropas estadounidenses y su
reemplazo con fuerzas survietnamitas.
Vishnu / Visnú s. dios hindú considerado
responsable de conservar al mundo.
vizier / visir s. primer ministro de un reino o imperio
musulmán.
Z
Zapotec / zapoteca s. civilización mesoamericana
centrada en el valle de Oaxaca de lo que hoy es México.
ziggurat / zigurat s. estructura de gradas en forma
de pirámide, que formaba parte de un templo sumerio.
Zionism / sionismo s. movimiento fundado en la
década de 1890 para promover el establecimiento de una
patria judía en Palestina.
War of the Spanish Succession / Guerra de
Sucesión Española s. conflicto de 1701 a 1713 en
que varios Estados europeos lucharon para impedir que
la familia Borbón controlara a España, como a Francia.
Warsaw Pact / Pacto de Varsovia s. alianza
militar formada en 1955 por la Unión Soviética y siete
países de Europa oriental.
Weimar Republic / República de Weimar s.
república establecida en Alemania en 1919 que acabó en
1933.
Western Front / Frente Occidental s. en la
I Guerra Mundial, región del norte de Francia donde
peleaban las fuerzas de los Aliados y de las Potencias
Centrales.
westernization / occidentalización s.
adopción de las instituciones sociales, políticas o
económicas del Occidente, especialmente de Europa o
Estados Unidos.
Y
yin and yang / yin y yang s. en China, dos
poderes que gobiernan los ritmos naturales de la vida; el
yang representa las cualidades masculinas en el universo
y el yin las femeninas.
Yoruba / yoruba s. pueblo del África occidental que
formó varios reinos en lo que hoy es Benin y el sur de
Nigeria.
40
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W
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Thuaät ngöõ tieáng Vieät
Phaàn Thuaät ngöõ laø moät danh saùch theo vaàn ABC goàm nhieàu nhöõng töø ngöõ chuû
choát töø caùc chöông, cuøng vôùi nghóa cuûa chuùng. Caùc ñònh nghóa ñöôïc lieät keâ
trong Phaàn Thuaät ngöõ laø nhöõng ñònh nghóa ñöôïc aùp duïng cho caùch söû duïng
caùc töø trong saùch naøy. Phaàn Thuaät ngöõ coøn coù phaàn noùi cho töøng töø. Caùc chöõ
vieát taét sau ñaây ñöôïc söû duïng:
A
VIETNAMESE
Abbasids dt. moät trieàu ñaïi ñaõ trò vì phaàn nhieàu Ñeá
Quoác Hoài giaùo töø naêm 750 ñeán 1258 sau coâng nguyeân.
Aborigine / Thoå daân dt. moät thaønh vieân cuûa baát cöù
boä toäc baûn xöù naøo cuûa UÙc.
absolute monarch / quaân chuû chuyeân cheá dt. moät
vò vua hay nöõ hoaøng coù quyeàn löïc khoâng haïn cheá vaø
tìm caùch kieåm soaùt moïi maët hoaït ñoäng cuûa xaõ hoäi.
acropolis / veä thaønh dt. moät ñænh ñoài ñöôïc gia coá ôû
moät thaønh phoá Hy Laïp coå.
Aksum dt. moät vöông quoác chaâu Phi, ôû nôi maø ngaøy
nay laø Ethiopia vaø Eritrea, ñaõ ñaït ñeán ñænh cao quyeàn
löïc ôû theá kyû thöù tö sau coâng nguyeân.
al-Andalus dt. moät khu vöïc do ngöôøi Hoài giaùo cai trò
ôû nôi maø ngaøy nay laø Taây Ban Nha, ñöôïc thaønh laäp
vaøo theá kyû thöù taùm sau coâng nguyeân.
Allah / Thaùnh Allah dt. Chuùa (moät töø A Raäp, ñöôïc
duøng chuû yeáu trong ñaïo Hoài).
Allies / Ñoàng Minh dt. trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi
thöù nhaát, caùc quoác gia Anh, Phaùp, vaø Nga, cuøng vôùi
caùc quoác gia khaùc chieán ñaáu beân phía hoï; cuõng laø,
nhoùm caùc quoác gia — goàm Anh, Lieân Xoâ vaø Hoa Kyø
— choáng laïi phe Cöôøng Quoác Truïc trong Chieán tranh
Theá giôùi thöù hai.
Almohads dt. moät nhoùm caùc nhaø caûi caùch Hoài giaùo ñaõ
laät ñoå trieàu ñaïi Almoravid vaø thaønh laäp moät ñeá cheá ôû
Baéc Phi vaø nam Taây Ban Nha ôû theá kyû 12 sau coâng
nguyeân.
Almoravids dt. moät nhoùm tín ñoà Hoài giaùo ñaõ thaønh
laäp moät ñeá cheá ôû Baéc Phi vaø nam Taây Ban Nha trong
theá kyû 11 sau coâng nguyeân.
Amritsar Massacre / cuoäc Thaûm saùt Amritsar dt.
vuï lính anh gieát cheát gaàn 400 ngöôøi Da Ñoû bò taäp trung
taïi Amritsar ñeå phaûn ñoái caùc Ñaïo luaät Rowlatt.
Anabaptists / söï taùi röûa toäi dt. trong Phong traøo Caûi
caùch, moät nhoùm Tin Laønh tin vaøo vieäc röûa toäi cho chæ
nhöõng ngöôøi ñuû tuoåi ñeå quyeát ñònh theo Thieân Chuùa vaø
tin vaøo vieäc taùch rôøi cuûa nhaø thôø vaø nhaø nöôùc.
Anasazi dt. moät boä toäc Thoå daân Myõ thôøi kyø ñaàu, soáng
ôû vuøng Taây Nam nöôùc Myõ.
Anatolia dt. baùn ñaûo thuoäc Taây Nam AÙ hieän nay thuoäc
phaàn chaâu AÙ cuûa Thoå Nhó Kyø — coøn goïi laø Tieåu AÙ.
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WORLD HISTORY
dt. = danh töø
ñt. = ñoäng töø
Angkor Wat dt. moät toå hôïp ñeàn ñaøi ñöôïc xaây döïng
döôùi Ñeá cheá Khmer vaø chuyeân veà vò thaàn Hindu laø
Vishnu.
Anglican / Anh giaùo tt. coù quan heä vôùi Giaùo hoäi Anh.
animism / thuyeát duy linh dt. nieàm tin raèng caùc linh
hoàn ñöôïc theå hieän trong ñoäng vaät, thöïc vaät, vaø caùc vaät
theå töï nhieân khaùc.
annexation / söï thoân tính dt. vieäc theâm moät vuøng
vaøo phaàn laõnh thoå cuûa moät ñôn vò haønh chính saün coù.
annul / baõi boû ñt. huûy boû hoaëc ñaùnh daáu chaám heát.
anti-Semitism / choáng laïi Semit dt. ñònh kieán ñoái
vôùi ngöôøi Do Thaùi.
apartheid dt. moät chính saùch cuûa Nam Phi hoaøn toaøn
phaân chia hôïp phaùp caùc chuûng toäc, bao goàm vieäc caám
toaøn boä caùc söï tieáp xuùc giöõa ngöôøi da ñen vaø da traéng.
apostle / toâng ñoà cuûa chuùa dt. moät trong nhöõng
ngöôøi theo chuùa Jesus, giaûng ñaïo vaø truyeàn baù vieäc
giaûng daïy cuûa mình.
appeasement / thoûa hieäp voâ nguyeân taéc dt. söï
nhöôïng boä ñoái vôùi keû gaây haán ñeå nhaèm traùnh chieán
tranh.
aqueduct / oáng daãn nöôùc dt. moät oáng daãn hoaëc
möông ñöôïc xaây döïng ñeå ñöa nöôùc vaøo caùc vuøng daân
cö.
aristocracy / cheá ñoä quyù toäc dt. moät chính phuû
trong ñoù quyeàn löïc naèm trong tay moät taàng lôùp cai trò
cha truyeàn con noái hoaëc giôùi quyù toäc.
armistice / söï ñình chieán dt. moät thoûa hieäp ngöng
giao tranh.
artifact / ñoà nhaân taïo dt. moät ñoà vaät do con ngöôøi
laøm, nhö laø moät coâng cuï, vuõ khí, hoaëc moùn ñoà nöõ trang.
artisan / thôï thuû coâng dt. moät nhaân coâng laønh ngheà,
chaúng haïn moät thôï deät hay thôï ñoà goám, ngöôøi laøm ñoà
vaät baèng tay.
Aryans dt. 1. moät daân toäc AÁn-AÂu, khoaûng naêm 1500
tröôùc coâng nguyeân, baét ñaàu di cö ñeán tieåu luïc ñòa AÁn
Ñoä. 2. ñoái vôùi Ñöùc Quoác xaõ, caùc daân toäc Ñöùc taïo thaønh
moät "chuûng toäc thöôïng ñaúng."
assembly line / daây chuyeàn laép raùp dt. trong moät
phaân xöôûng, moät söï saép xeáp trong ñoù moät saûn phaåm
ñöôïc chuyeàn töø coâng nhaân naøy ñeán coâng nhaân khaùc,
trong ñoù moãi ngöôøi laøm moät thao taùc duy nhaát trong
vieäc saûn xuaát saûn phaåm ñoù.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
tt. = tính töø
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assimilation / söï hoøa nhaäp dt. 1. vieäc moät daân toäc
bò chinh phuïc chaáp nhaän moät neàn vaên hoùa cuûa keû ñi
chinh phuïc. 2. moät chính saùch trong ñoù moät quoác gia
baét eùp hay khuyeán khích moät daân toäc leä thuoäc phaûi
chaáp nhaän caùc theå cheá vaø phong tuïc cuûa noù.
Assyria dt. moät vöông quoác Taây Nam AÙ ñaõ kieåm soaùt
moät ñeá cheá lôùn töø khoaûng naêm 850 ñeán 612 tröôùc coâng
nguyeân.
Atlantic Charter / Hieán Chöông Ñaïi Taây Döông
dt. moät baûn coâng boá caùc nguyeân taéc ñöôïc ban haønh vaøo
thaùng Taùm naêm 1941 bôûi Thuû Töôùng Anh Winston
Churchill vaø Toång Thoáng Myõ Franklin Roosevelt, theo
ñoù keá hoaïch hoøa bình cuûa phe Ñoàng Minh vaøo cuoái
Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai ñöôïc döïa vaøo ñoù.
Atlantic slave trade / trao ñoåi noâ leä Ñaïi Taây
Döông dt. vieäc mua, vaän chuyeån, vaø baùn ngöôøi chaâu
Phi ñeå laøm vieäc ôû chaâu Myõ.
autocracy / cheá ñoä chuyeân quyeàn dt. moät chính
quyeàn trong ñoù ngöôøi cai trò coù quyeàn löïc khoâng giôùi
haïn vaø söû duïng noù vôùi moät thaùi ñoä ñoäc ñoaùn.
Axis Powers / caùc Cöôøng Quoác Truïc dt. trong
Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai, caùc quoác gia Ñöùc, YÙ vaø
Nhaät, ñaõ hình thaønh moät lieân minh naêm 1936.
ayllu dt. moät xaõ hoäi Inca, moät coäng ñoàng hoaëc gia toäc
nhoû maø caùc thaønh vieân laøm vieäc cuøng nhau vì lôïi ích
chung.
B
balance of power / caùn caân quyeàn löïc dt. moät
hoaøn caûnh chính trò trong ñoù khoâng coù moät quoác gia
naøo ñuû maïnh ñeå cho thaáy moät moái ñe doïa ñoái vôùi caùc
quoác gia khaùc.
Balkans / vuøng Balkan dt. vuøng thuoäc ñoâng-nam
chaâu AÂu hieän bao goàm Hy Laïp, Albania, Bulgaria,
Romania, phaàn chaâu AÂu cuûa Thoå Nhó Kyø, vaø caùc nöôùc
coäng hoøa tröôùc ñaây thuoäc Nam Tö.
Bantu-speaking peoples / caùc daân toäc noùi tieáng
Bantu dt. nhöõng ngöôøi noùi moät nhoùm ngoân ngöõ lieân
quan maø baét ñaàu khoaûng 2.000 naêm tröôùc, di cö töø Taây
Phi ñeán phaàn lôùn nöûa phía nam cuûa chaâu Phi.
baroque / theo loái baroque tt. lieân quan ñeán moät
phong caùch hoa myõ, trang troïng ñaëc tröng trong hoäi
hoïa, aâm nhaïc vaø kieán truùc chaâu AÂu trong thaäp nieân
1600 vaø ñaàu thaäp nieân 1700.
barter / ñoåi chaùc dt. moät hình thöùc maäu dòch trong ñoù
ngöôøi ta ñoåi haøng hoùa vaø dòch vuï maø khoâng söû duïng
tieàn.
Battle of Britain / Traän chieán Anh Quoác dt. moät
loaït caùc traän ñaùnh giöõa khoâng löïc Ñöùc vaø Anh ñeå giaønh
quyeàn kieåm soaùt nöôùc Anh vaøo naêm 1940-1941.
Battle of Guadalcanal / Traän Guadalcanal dt. moät
traän ñaùnh naêm 1942-1943 trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi
thöù hai, trong ñoù quaân ñoäi Ñoàng Minh ñuoåi caùc löïc löôïng
Nhaät khoûi ñaûo Guadalcanal thuoäc Thaùi Bình Döông.
Battle of Midway / Traän Midway dt. moät traän ñaùnh
döôùi bieån vaø treân khoâng naêm 1942 trong Chieán tranh
Theá giôùi thöù hai, trong ñoù caùc löïc löôïng Myõ ñaùnh baïi
quaân Nhaät ôû trung taâm Thaùi Bình Döông.
Battle of Stalingrad / Traän Stalingrad dt. moät traän
chieán naêm 1942-1943 trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù
hai, trong ñoù caùc löïc löôïng Ñöùc bò ñaùnh baïi trong möu
toan chieám lónh thaønh phoá Stalingrad ôû Lieân Xoâ.
Battle of the Bulge / Traän Ñaùy taøu, dt. moät traän
ñaùnh naêm 1944-1945 trong ñoù quaân Ñoàng minh ñaåy lui
cuoäc taán coâng lôùn cuoái cuøng trong chieán tranh cuûa quaân
Ñöùc trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai.
Battle of Trafalgar / Traän Trafalgar dt. moät traän
thuûy chieán naêm 1805 trong ñoù caùc löïc löôïng cuûa
Napoleon bò ñaùnh baïi bôûi moät ñaïo quaân Anh döôùi söï
chæ huy cuûa Horatio Nelson.
Benin dt. moät vöông quoác xuaát hieän gaàn chaâu thoå
Soâng Niger trong nhöõng naêm 1300 vaø trôû thaønh moät
nhaø nöôùc Taây Phi chính yeáu trong nhöõng naêm 1400.
Beringia / eo Beâring dt. moät caàu ñaát coå maø nhöõng
ngöôøi chaâu Myõ ñaàu tieân ñöôïc cho raèng ñaõ vöôït qua ñeå
di cö töø chaâu AÙ ñeán chaâu Myõ.
Berlin Conference of 1884-85 / Hoäi Nghò Berlin
naêm 1884-85 dt. moät cuoäc hoïp taïi ñoù ñaïi dieän cuûa
caùc quoác gia chaâu AÂu ñoàng yù veà luaät leä daønh cho söï
chieám ñoùng thuoäc ñòa cuûa chaâu AÂu ñoái vôùi chaâu Phi.
Bill of Rights / Ñaïo luaät Nhaân Quyeàn dt. möôøi tu
chính aùn ñaàu tieân cho baûn Hieán phaùp Hoa Kyø, baûo veä
caùc quyeàn cô baûn vaø quyeàn töï do cuûa coâng daân.
bishop / giaùm muïc dt. moät vieân chöùc Thieân Chuùa
giaùo cao caáp giaùm saùt moät soá nhaø thôø ñòa phöông.
blitzkrieg / chieán tranh chôùp nhoaùng dt. moät loaïi
chieán söï trong ñoù caùc cuoäc taán coâng baát ngôø vôùi nhöõng
maùy bay di chuyeån nhanh ñöôïc theo sau bôûi caùc cuoäc
taán coâng oà aït vôùi caùc löïc löôïng boä binh.
blockade / söï phong toûa dt. vieäc söû duïng binh lính
hay taøu ñeå ngaên caûn vieäc chuyeân chôû thöông maïi
khoâng cho ra vaøo moät thaønh phoá hay moät vuøng.
Boer dt. moät daân thuoäc ñòa Haø Lan ôû Nam Phi.
Boer War / Chieán tranh Boer dt. moät cuoäc xung ñoät
keùo daøi töø 1899 ñeán 1902, trong ñoù ngöôøi Boers vaø
ngöôøi Anh giao tranh giaønh quyeàn kieåm soaùt laõnh thoå
taïi Nam Phi.
Bolsheviks / coäng saûn Lieân Xoâ dt. moät nhoùm nhöõng
ngöôøi caùch maïng Nga theo chuû nghóa Maùc ñaõ naém quyeàn
kieåm soaùt chính phuû Nga thaùng Möôøi Moät naêm 1917.
Boxer Rebellion / Cuoäc Noåi daäy Nghóa Hoøa Ñoaøn
dt. moät cuoäc khôûi nghóa naêm 1900 taïi Trung Quoác, nhaèm
chaám döùt aûnh höôûng cuûa nöôùc ngoaøi taïi Trung Quoác.
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boyars dt. quyù toäc ñòa chuû taïi Nga.
Brahma dt. chuùa cuûa ñaïo Hindu ñöôïc cho laø taïo ra theá
giôùi.
Brahmin / Baø La Moân dt. trong xaõ hoäi Aryan, moät
thaønh vieân cuûa taàn lôùp xaõ hoäi taïo bôûi caùc tu só.
brinkmanship / bôø vöïc chieán tranh dt. moät chính
saùch ñe doïa gaây chieán tranh ñeå phaûn öùng laïi baát cöù söï
gaây haán naøo cuûa ñòch.
Bronze Age / Thôøi Ñaïi Ñoà Ñoàng dt. moät thôøi kyø
trong lòch söû loaøi ngöôøi, baét ñaàu khoaûng naêm 3000
tröôùc coâng nguyeân taïi moät soá vuøng, khi ñoù ngöôøi ta baét
ñaàu duøng ñoàng, thay vì ñoàng ñoû hay ñaù, ñeå taïo daùng
caùc coâng cuï vaø vuõ khí.
bubonic plague / dòch haïch dt. moät beänh cheát ngöôøi
lan traøn khaép chaâu AÙ vaø chaâu AÂu ôû giöõa theá kyû 14, gieát
cheát haøng nhieàu trieäu ngöôøi.
bureaucracy / boä maùy quan lieâu dt. moät heä thoáng
caùc phoøng ban vaø cô quan ñöôïc thaønh laäp ñeå thöïc thi
coâng vieäc cuûa chính quyeàn.
burgher / daân tænh dt. moät ngöôøi daân thò töù thôøi trung
coå.
Bushido / Voõ Só Ñaïo dt. luaät leä nghieâm khaéc veà caùch
cö xöû ñöôïc caùc chieán binh samurai ôû Nhaät laøm theo.
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VIETNAMESE
cabinet / noäi caùc dt. moät nhoùm caùc coá vaán hoaëc boä
tröôûng ñöôïc löïc choïn bôûi ngöôøi ñöùng ñaàu moät nöôùc ñeå
giuùp ñöa ra caùc quyeát ñònh cuûa chính phuû.
caliph / vua Hoài giaùo dt. moät nhaø laõnh ñaïo chính trò
vaø toân giaùo toái cao trong moät chính phuû Hoài giaùo.
calligraphy / thö phaùp dt. ngheä thuaät vieát chöõ ñeïp.
Calvinism / thuyeát Calvin dt. moät theå cheá giaûng daïy toân
giaùo döïa treân caùc yù töôûng cuûa nhaø caûi caùch John Calvin.
Camp David Accords / caùc Hoøa Öôùc Traïi David
dt. hieäp öôùc kyù keát ñaàu tieân giöõa Israel vaø moät nöôùc A
Raäp, trong ñoù toång thoáng Ai Caäp Anwar Sadat nhìn
nhaän Israel laø moät nhaø nöôùc hôïp phaùp vaø thuû töôùng
Israel Menachem Begin ñoàng yù traû Baùn ñaûo Sinai cho
Ai Caäp.
canon law / luaät giaùo hoäi dt. thöïc theå luaät phaùp cai
quaûn vieäc thöïc thi toân giaùo cuûa moät giaùo hoäi Thieân Chuùa.
capitalism / chuû nghóa tö baûn dt. moät heä thoáng kinh
teá döïa treân sôû höõu tö nhaân vaø treân söï ñaàu tö tieàn vaøo
caùc döï aùn kinh doanh ñeå kieám lôïi nhuaän.
Carolingian dynasty / trieàu ñaïi Carolingia dt. moät
trieàu ñaïi caùc nhaø cai trò Frankish, keùo daøi töø naêm 751
ñeán 987 sau coâng nguyeân.
caste / giai caáp dt. moät trong boán taàng lôùp nhaân daân
trong heä thoáng xaõ hoäi cuûa ngöôøi Aryan ñònh cö ôû AÁn Ñoä
— tö só, chieán binh, noâng daân hoaëc thöông nhaân, vaø ngöôøi
lao ñoäng hoaëc thôï thuû coâng khoâng phaûi ngöôøi Aryan.
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WORLD HISTORY
Catholic Reformation / Caûi caùch Cô ñoác giaùo dt.
moät phong traøo theá kyû 16 trong ñoù Giaùo Hoäi Thieân
Chuùa La Maõ tìm caùch thay ñoåi ñeå phaûn öùng laïi Phong
traøo Caûi caùch Tin Laønh.
caudillo / laõnh tuï dt. moät nhaø ñoäc taøi quaân söï cuûa moät
nöôùc Myõ Latin.
centralized government / chính quyeàn taäp trung
dt. moät chính quyeàn trong ñoù quyeàn löïc ñöôïc taäp trung
vaøo moät nhaø caàm quyeàn trung öông maø caùc chính
quyeàn ñòa phöông leä thuoäc vaøo.
Central Powers / caùc Cöôøng Quoác Trung Taâm
dt. trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù nhaát, caùc quoác gia
Ñöùc vaø AÙo-Hung, cuøng vôùi caùc quoác gia khaùc chieán
ñaáu beân phe naøy.
Chaldeans dt. moät daân toäc Taây Nam AÙ ñaõ goùp phaàn
tieâu dieät Ñeá cheá Assyria.
Chartist movement / phong traøo Hieán Chöông dt.
ôû nöôùc Anh theá kyû 19, nhöõng thaønh vieân cuûa taàng lôùp
lao ñoäng ñoøi hoûi caûi caùch trong Nghò Vieän vaø trong baàu
cöû, bao goàm quyeàn baàu cöû cho moïi ngöôøi.
Chavín dt. neàn vaên minh chính yeáu ñaàu tieân cuûa Nam
Myõ, phoàn thònh ôû vuøng cao nguyeân maø ngaøy nay laø
Peru töø khoaûng naêm 900 ñeán 200 tröôùc coâng nguyeân.
checks and balances / kieåm tra vaø caân ñoái dt. caùc
tieâu chuaån ñaët ra ñeå ngaên baát cöù nhaùnh naøo cuûa chính
quyeàn khoûi laán aùt caùc nhaùnh khaùc.
chivalry / tinh thaàn thöôïng voõ dt. moät ñaïo lyù veà
caùch cö xöû cuûa caùc hieäp só ôû chaâu AÂu thôøi trung coå,
nhaán maïnh caùc lyù töôûng nhö loøng can ñaûm, loøng trung
thaønh vaø söï coáng hieán.
CIS dt. Coäng ñoàng caùc Quoác gia Ñoäc laäp — moät hieäp
hoäi loûng leûo caùc nöôùc coäng hoøa tröôùc ñaây thuoäc Lieân
Xoâ, ñöôïc thaønh laäp sau söï tan raõ cuûa Lieân bang Xoâ
vieát.
city-state / nhaø nöôùc-ñoâ thò dt. moät thaønh phoá vaø
caùc vuøng phuï caän coù chöùc naêng nhö moät ñôn vò haønh
chính ñoäc laäp.
civil disobedience / söï baát tuaân cuûa thöôøng daân
dt. moät söï töø choái coâng khai vaø coù chuû yù khoâng tuaân
theo moät luaät ñöôïc xem laø baát coâng.
civilization / neàn vaên minh dt. moät hình thöùc vaên
hoùa ñöôïc ñaëc tröng bôûi caùc thaønh phoá, nhöõng ngöôøi lao
ñoäng chuyeân bieät, caùc theå cheá phöùc hôïp, ghi cheùp söû
kyù, vaø coâng ngheä tieân tieán.
civil service / dòch vuï daân söï dt. caùc boä phaän haønh
chính cuûa moät chính quyeàn — ñaëc bieät laø nhöõng nôi
tuyeån duïng nhaân vieân döïa treân thaønh tích thi cöû cuûa hoï.
civil war / noäi chieán dt. moät cuoäc xung ñoät giöõa hai
nhoùm chính trò trong cuøng moät ñaát nöôùc.
clan / doøng hoï dt. moät nhoùm ngöôøi xuaát thaân töø moät
toå tieân chung.
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classical art / ngheä thuaät coå ñieån dt. ngheä thuaät
cuûa Hy Laïp vaø La Maõ coå ñaïi, trong ñoù nhaán maïnh söï
hoøa hôïp, traät töï vaø söï caân ñoái.
clergy / taêng löõ dt. moät taäp theå caùc vieân chöùc thöïc
hieän caùc dòch vuï toân giaùo — chaúng haïn caùc tu só, muïc
sö hay giaùo só.
cloning / nhaân baûn voâ tính dt. vieäc taïo ra nhöõng
ñoäng vaät hay thöïc vaät gioáng veà maët di truyeàn so vôùi
moät ñoäng vaät hay thöïc vaät ñang soáng.
coalition government / chính phuû lieân hieäp dt. moät
chính phuû ñöôïc kieåm soaùt bôûi moät lieân minh taïm thôøi
goàm nhieàu ñaûng phaùi chính trò.
codex / saùch caàm tay dt. moät quyeån saùch vôùi nhöõng
trang coù theå laät ñöôïc, nhö quyeån saùch baïn ñang ñoïc ñaây.
Cold War / Chieán tranh Laïnh dt. tình traïng thuø ñòch
veà ngoaïi giao giöõa Hoa Kyø vaø Lieân Xoâ trong nhöõng
thaäp nieân sau Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai.
collective bargaining / maëc caû taäp theå dt. thöông
löôïng giöõa coâng nhaân vaø giôùi chuû lao ñoäng.
collective farm / noâng trang taäp theå dt. moät trang
traïi lôùn do chính phuû sôû höõu ñöôïc hình thaønh baèng caùch
keát hôïp nhieàu trang traïi nhoû.
colony / thuoäc ñòa dt. moät vuøng ñaát ñöôïc kieåm soaùt
bôûi moät quoác gia ôû xa.
Colossus of Rhodes / Töôïng Khoång loà xöù
Rhodes dt. moät pho töôïng Hy Laïp coå khoång loà tröôùc
ñaây ñöùng gaàn beán caûng Rhodes.
Columbian Exchange / söï Trao ñoåi Columbus dt.
söï thuyeân chuyeån ñoäng thöïc vaät vaø beänh taät xuaát hieän
trong thôøi thuoäc ñòa cuûa chaâu AÂu taïi chaâu Myõ.
comedy / haøi kòch dt. moät hình thöùc khoâi haøi cuûa
kòch ngheä thöôøng goàm caùc troø heà vaø chaâm bieám.
command economy / neàn kinh teá chæ huy dt. moät
heä thoáng kinh teá trong ñoù chính phuû ra moïi quyeát ñònh
veà kinh teá.
Commercial Revolution / Caùch maïng Thöông
nghieäp dt. söï lan roäng thöông maïi vaø kinh doanh ñaõ
laøm bieán ñoåi caùc neàn kinh teá chaâu AÂu trong caùc theá kyû
16 vaø 17.
common law / thoâng luaät dt. moät cô cheá luaät thoáng
nhaát ñöôïc hình thaønh töø vieäc thoáng trò cuûa caùc thaåm
phaùn hoaøng gia cuûa Anh, ñöôïc löu haønh nhö laø caên baûn
cho luaät phaùp ôû nhieàu nöôùc noùi tieáng Anh ngaøy nay, keå
caû Hoa Kyø.
commune / coâng xaõ dt. ôû Trung Quoác Coäng saûn,
moät noâng trang taäp theå trong ñoù moät soá ñoâng ngöôøi laøm
vieäc vaø sinh soáng cuøng nhau.
Communist Party / Ñaûng Coäng saûn dt. moät ñaûng
phaùi chính trò thöïc thi caùc yù töôûng cuûa Karl Marx vaø
V.I. Lenin; nguyeân laø Ñaûng Bolshevik Nga.
communism / chuû nghóa coäng saûn dt. moät heä thoáng
kinh teá trong ñoù taát caû caùc phöông tieän saûn xuaát — ñaát
ñai, haàm moû, nhaø maùy, ñöôøng xe löûa, vaø caùc doanh
nghieäp — ñöôïc nhaân daân sôû höõu, taøi saûn tö nhaân khoâng
toàn taïi, vaø taát caû haøng hoùa vaø dòch vuï ñöôïc chia ñeàu.
Concert of Europe / söï Phoái hôïp cuûa chaâu AÂu dt.
moät loaït caùc lieân minh giöõa caùc quoác gia chaâu AÂu trong
theá kyû 19, do Thaùi Töû Klemens von Metternich ñeà
xöôùng ñeå ngaên chaën söï buøng noå caùc cuoäc caùch maïng.
concordat / giaùo öôùc dt. moät hieäp öôùc nghieâm chænh —
ñaëc bieät laø hieäp öôùc giöõa giaùo hoaøng vaø moät chính phuû,
lieân quan ñeán vieäc kieåm soaùt caùc coâng vieäc cuûa Giaùo hoäi.
Congress of Vienna / Hoäi nghò Vienna dt. moät loaït
caùc cuoäc hoïp naêm 1814-1815, trong ñoù caùc laõnh ñaïo
chaâu AÂu tìm caùch thieát laäp hoøa bình vaø an ninh laâu daøi
sau söï thaát baïi cuûa Napoleon.
Congress Party / Ñaûng Ñaïi hoäi dt. moät ñaûng phaùi
chính trò quoác gia chính yeáu ôû AÁn Ñoä — coøn ñöôïc bieát
ñeán vôùi teân Ñaûng Quoác Ñaïi AÁn Ñoä.
conquistadors / keû xaâm chieám dt. nhöõng ngöôøi
lính, nhaø thaùm hieåm, vaø nhöõng ngöôøi saên vaän may
ngöôøi Taây Ban Nha tham gia vaøo vieäc chinh phuïc chaâu
Myõ trong theá kyû 16.
conservatives / ngöôøi baûo thuû dt. trong nöûa ñaàu theá
kyû 19, nhöõng ngöôøi chaâu AÂu naøy — chuû yeáu laø ñòa chuû
vaø quyù toäc giaøu coù — muoán giöõ nguyeân caùc neàn quaân
chuû truyeàn thoáng cuûa chaâu AÂu.
constitutional monarchy / quaân chuû laäp hieán dt.
moät heä thoáng caàm quyeàn trong ñoù quyeàn löïc cuûa ngöôøi
cai trò bò haïn cheá baèng luaät.
consul / quan chaáp chính dt. ôû cheá ñoä coäng hoøa La
Maõ, moät trong hai vieân chöùc coù quyeàn theá lôùn ñöôïc baàu
haøng naêm ñeå chæ huy quaân ñoäi vaø chæ ñaïo chính quyeàn.
containment / chính saùch ngaên chaën dt. moät chính
saùch ñoái ngoaïi cuûa Hoa Kyø ñöôïc Toång thoáng Harry
Truman chaáp thuaän cuoái nhöõng naêm 1940, theo ñoù Hoa
Kyø coá gaéng chaën ñöùng söï lan traøn cuûa chuû nghóa coäng
saûn baèng caùch taïo ra caùc lieân minh vaø giuùp caùc nöôùc
yeáu choáng laïi böôùc tieán cuûa Lieân Xoâ.
Continental System / Heä thoáng Luïc ñòa dt. chính
saùch cuûa Napoleon nhaèm ngaên chaën thöông maïi giöõa
Anh vaø chaâu AÂu luïc ñòa, nhaèm tieâu dieät neàn kinh teá
cuûa Anh.
corporation / taäp ñoaøn dt. doanh nghieäp sôû höõu bôûi
caùc coå ñoâng nhöõng ngöôøi chung nhau lôïi nhuaän nhöng
khoâng chòu traùch nhieäm caù nhaân veà nhöõng khoaûn nôï
cuûa taäp ñoaøn.
Council of Trent / Hoäi ñoàng Trent dt. moät cuoäc hoïp
cuûa caùc nhaø laõnh ñaïo Thieân Chuùa La Maõ, do Giaùo
Hoaøng Paul III ñeå phaùn quyeát veà nhöõng hoïc thuyeát bò
caùc nhaø caûi caùch Tin Laønh chæ trích.
coup d’eùtat / cuoäc ñaûo chính dt. moät söï chieám ñoaït
baát ngôø quyeàn löïc chính trò ôû moät quoác gia.
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covenant / thoûa öôùc dt. moät söï höùa heïn hoaëc thoûa
hieäp qua laïi — nhaát laø moät thoaû öôùc giöõa Chuùa vaø
ngöôøi Do Thaùi nhö ghi trong Thaùnh Kinh.
creoles / daân chaâu AÂu sinh taïi chaâu Myõ dt. trong xaõ
hoäi thuoäc ñòa Taây Ban Nha, nhöõng daân thuoäc ñòa sinh taïi
Myõ Latin nhöng cha meï laø ngöôøi Taây Ban Nha.
Crimean War / Chieán tranh Crimeù dt. moät cuoäc
xung ñoät, keùo daøi töø 1853 ñeán 1856, trong ñoù Ñeá cheá
Ottoman, vôùi söï chi vieän cuûa Anh vaø Phaùp, chaën ñöùng
söï baønh tröôùng cuûa Nga trong vuøng Bieån Ñen.
crop rotation / luaân canh dt. heä thoáng trong ñoù moãi
naêm troàng moät muøa vuï khaùc ôû moät caùnh ñoàng ñeå giöõ
gìn söï phì nhieâu cuûa ñaát.
Crusade / Thaäp töï Chinh dt. moät trong nhöõng cuoäc
vieãn chinh trong ñoù nhöõng chieán binh Thieân Chuùa
trung coå tìm caùch phuïc hoài quyeàn kieåm soaùt Ñaát Thaùnh
töø tay ngöôøi Hoài giaùo.
cultural diffusion / söï truyeàn baù dt. vieäc lan toûa caùc
yù töôûng hoaëc saûn phaåm töø moät neàn vaên hoùa sang moät
neàn vaên hoùa khaùc.
Cultural Revolution / Caùch maïng Vaên hoùa dt. moät
cuoäc noåi daäy naêm 1966-1976 ôû Trung Quoác döôùi söï
laõnh ñaïo cuûa quaân Veä Binh Ñoû, vôùi muïc tieâu thieát laäp
moät xaõ hoäi goàm noâng daân vaø coâng nhaân trong ñoù taát caû
ñeàu bình ñaúng.
culture / vaên hoùa dt. loái soáng ñoäc ñaùo cuûa moät daân
toäc, ñöôïc theå hieän qua nhöõng coâng cuï, phong tuïc, ngheä
thuaät vaø yù töôûng.
cuneiform / chöõ vieát hình neâm dt. moät heä thoáng chöõ
vieát vôùi caùc kyù töï hình neâm, ñöôïc ngöôøi Sumeria phaùt
minh khoaûng naêm 3000 tröôùc coâng nguyeân.
cyberterrorism / khuûng boá khoâng gian aûo dt. caùc
cuoäc taán coâng vôùi ñoäng cô chính trò vaøo caùc heä thoáng
thoâng tin.
Cyrillic alphabet / baûng chöõ caùi Cyril dt. moät baûng
chöõ caùi ñeå vieát caùc ngoân ngöõ Ñoâng AÂu, ñöôïc khôûi
xöôùng vaøo theá kyû thöù chín sau coâng nguyeân bôûi caùc
Thaùnh Cyril vaø Methodius.
czar / sa hoaøng dt. moät hoaøng ñeá Nga (laáy töø danh
hieäu La Maõ laø Caesar).
VIETNAMESE
D
daimyo dt. moät laõnh chuùa phong kieán Nhaät ngöôøi chæ
huy moät ñaïo quaân samurai rieâng.
Daoism / Ñaïo dt. moät trieát lyù döïa treân caùc yù töôûng
cuûa nhaø tö töôûng Trung Hoa Laõo Töû, ngöôøi daïy raèng
ngöôøi ta neân ñöôïc daãn daét bôûi moät theá löïc vuõ truï goïi laø
Ñaïo (ñöôøng).
D-Day dt. Ngaøy 6 thaùng Saùu naêm 1944 — ngaøy maø
quaân Ñoàng Minh baét ñaàu cuoäc ñoå boä xuoáng luïc ñòa
chaâu AÂu trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai.
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Declaration of Independence / Tuyeân ngoân Ñoäc
laäp dt. moät lôøi tuyeân boá lyù do cho söï ñoaïn tuyeät vôùi
Anh cuûa caùc thuoäc ñòa Myõ, ñöôïc chaáp thuaän bôûi Hoäi
nghò Thuoäc ñòa thöù Hai naêm 1776.
delta / chaâu thoå dt. moät vuøng laày hình thaønh bôûi chaát
laéng ñoïng cuûa phuø sa taïi cöûa moät con soâng.
demilitarization / phi quaân söï hoùa dt. moät söï giaûm
bôùt khaû naêng cuûa moät nöôùc trong vieäc tieán haønh chieán
tranh, coù ñöôïc baèng caùch giaûi taùn caùc löïc löôïng vuõ
trang cuûa nöôùc ñoù vaø caám nöôùc ñoù tieáp nhaän vuõ khí.
democracy / neàn daân chuû dt. moät chính phuû ñöôïc
kieåm soaùt bôûi caùc coâng daân cuûa noù, hoaëc tröïc tieáp hoaëc
thoâng qua caùc ñaïi dieän.
democratization / daân chuû hoùa dt. quaù trình taïo ra
moät chính phuû do daân baàu.
Department of Homeland Security / Boä An ninh
Noäi vuï dt. cô quan lieân bang Hoa Kyø ñöôïc thaønh laäp
naêm 2002 ñeå ñieàu phoái caùc noã löïc quoác gia choáng
khuûng boá.
deùtente / tình hình laéng dòu dt. moät chính saùch giaûm
bôùt nhöõng caêng thaúng Chieán tranh Laïnh ñöôïc Hoa Kyø
chaáp thuaän trong nhieäm kyø toång thoáng cuûa Richard
Nixon.
developed nation / quoác gia phaùt trieån dt. moät
quoác gia coù moïi phöông tieän caàn thieát cho vieäc saûn
xuaát tieân tieán caùc maët haøng ñöôïc cheá taïo.
devshirme dt. döôùi Ñeá cheá Ottoman, chính saùch laáy
treû em töø caùc daân toäc Cô ñoác bò chinh phuïc ñeå huaán
luyeän thaønh binh lính Hoài giaùo.
Diaspora / Ly taùn dt. söï phaân taùn ngöôøi Do Thaùi khoûi
queâ höông hoï ôû Palestine — ñaëc bieät trong giai ñoaïn hôn
1.800 naêm tieáp sau vieäc ngöôøi La Maõ phaù huûy ngoâi Ñeàn
Do Thaùi taïi Jerusalem vaøo naêm 70 sau coâng nguyeân.
dictator / nhaø ñoäc taøi dt. ôû La Maõ coå ñaï, moät nhaø
laõnh ñaïo chính trò ñöôïc trao quyeàn löïc toái cao ñeå laøm
luaät vaø chæ huy quaân ñoäi trong moät thôøi gian giôùi haïn.
direct democracy / neàn daân chuû tröïc tieáp dt. moät
chính phuû trong ñoù caùc coâng daân cai trò tröïc tieáp thay vì
thoâng qua caùc ñaïi dieän.
dissident / ngöôøi baát ñoàng chính kieán dt. moät ñoái thuû
cuûa caùc chính saùch hay haønh ñoäng cuûa moät chính phuû.
divine right / quyeàn thieâng lieâng dt. quan nieäm raèng
caùc neàn quaân chuû laø nhöõng ñaïi dieän cuûa Chuùa treân traùi
ñaát vaø do vaäy chæ traû lôøi ñöôïc vôùi Chuùa.
domestication / thuaàn hoùa dt. vieäc thuaàn döôõng suùc
vaät ñeå con ngöôøi söû duïng.
dominion / laõnh thoå töï trò dt. trong Ñeá cheá Anh, moät
quoác gia (ví duï Canada) ñöôïc pheùp töï cai quaûn caùc
coâng vieäc ñoái noäi.
domino theory / thuyeát quaân côø domino dt. yù kieán
raèng neáu moät quoác gia rôi vaøo tay Coäng saûn, caùc quoác
gia laân caän cuõng seõ rôi vaøo tay Coäng saûn.
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Dorians dt. moät daân toäc noùi tieáng Hy Laïp maø theo
truyeàn thuyeát, di cö ñeán ñaát lieàn Hy Laïp sau söï huûy
dieät cuûa neàn vaên minh Mycenae.
Dreyfus affair / vuï vieäc Dreyfus dt. moät cuoäc tranh
caõi ôû Phaùp trong nhöõng naêm 1890, taäp trung vaøo vuï xöû
vaø boû tuø moät quaân nhaân Do Thaùi, Ñaïi UÙy Alfred
Dreyfus, ngöôøi ñaõ bò buoäc laàm toäi baùn bí maät quaân söï
cho Ñöùc.
Dutch East India Company / Coâng ty Ñoâng AÁn
cuûa Haø Lan dt. moät coâng ty ñöôïc thaønh laäp bôûi ngöôøi
Haø Lan vaøo ñaàu theá kyû 17 ñeå thieát laäp vaø chæ ñaïo maäu
dòch khaép chaâu AÙ.
dynastic cycle / chu kyø trieàu ñaïi dt. hình maãu lòch
söû cuûa söï thaêng traàm vaø söï thay theá cuûa caùc trieàu ñaïi.
dynasty / trieàu ñaïi dt. moät loaït caùc nhaø caàm quyeàn töø
moät gia ñình duy nhaát.
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E
Eastern Front / Maët traän phía Ñoâng dt. trong
Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù nhaát, vuøng doïc theo bieân giôùi
Ñöùc-Nga nôi quaân Nga vaø Serbia ñaùnh nhau vôùi quaân
Ñöùc, AÙo vaø Thoå.
Edict of Nantes / Chæ thò Nantes dt. moät tuyeân boá
naêm 1598 trong ñoù vua Phaùp Henry ñeä Töù höùa raèng
ngöôøi theo Tin Laønh coù theå soáng trong hoøa bình taïi
Phaùp vaø coù theå xaây döïng caùc nôi thôø phuïng ôû moät soá
thaønh phoá Phaùp.
Emancipation Proclamation / Tuyeân ngoân Giaûi
phoùng dt. moät lôøi tuyeân boá ñöôïc ban haønh bôûi toång
thoáng Myõ Abraham Lincoln naêm 1863, khaúng ñònh
raèng taát caû noâ leä ôû caùc bang phe mieàn Nam ñöôïc töï do.
emerging nation / quoác gia ñang noåi baät dt. moät
quoác gia trong ñoù quaù trình coâng nghieäp hoùa chöa hoaøn
taát.
eùmigreùs / daân di cö dt. nhöõng ngöôøi rôøi toå quoác hoï
vì lyù do chính trò, nhö caùc quyù toäc vaø nhöõng ngöôøi khaùc
troán khoûi nöôùc Phaùp trong luùc coù caùc cuoäc noåi daäy cuûa
noâng daân trong cuoäc Caùnh maïng Phaùp.
empire / ñeá cheá dt. moät ñôn vò haønh chính trong ñoù
moät soá daân toäc hoaëc ñaát nöôùc ñöôïc kieåm soaùt bôûi moät
ngöôøi cai trò duy nhaát.
enclosure / ñaát raøo dt. moät trong nhöõng caùnh ñoàng
ñöôïc raøo laïi hoaëc giaäu laïi do caùc ñòa chuû giaøu coù cuûa
Anh taïo ra treân ñaát tröôùc ñoù coù noâng daân laøng laøm vieäc.
encomienda / ñaát giao dt. moät söï trao ñaát cuûa Taây
Ban Nha cho moät ngöôøi ñònh cö taïi chaâu Myõ, bao goàm
quyeàn söû duïng Thoå daân chaâu Myõ laøm noâ leä treân ñoù.
English Civil War / cuoäc Noäi chieán Anh dt. moät
cuoäc xung ñoät keùo daøi töø 1642 ñeán 1649, trong ñoù
nhöõng ngöôøi Thanh giaùo uûng hoä Nghò Vieän ñaùnh nhau
vôùi nhöõng ngöôøi uûng hoä neàn quaân chuû cuûa Anh.
enlightened despot / baïo chuùa saùng maét ra dt.
moät trong nhöõng vò vua chuùa chaâu AÂu theá kyû 18 ñöôïc
giaùc ngoä tö töôûng cuûa Thôøi ñaïi AÙnh saùng ñeå trò vì moät
caùch coâng baèng vaø toân troïng caùc quyeàn cuûa thaàn daân.
enlightenment / söï khai saùng dt. trong ñaïo Phaät,
moät traïng thaùi hoaøn toaøn töï do trong ñoù ngöôøi ta hieåu
nhöõng söï thaät cô baûn veà vuõ truï.
Enlightenment / phong traøo AÙnh saùng dt. moät
phong traøo chaâu AÂu theá kyû 18 trong ñoù caùc nhaø tö
töôûng coá gaéng öùng duïng caùc nguyeân lyù vaø phöông phaùp
khoa hoïc vaøo moïi maët cuûa xaõ hoäi.
entrepreneur / chuû doanh nghieäp dt. moät ngöôøi toå
chöùc, quaûn lyù vaø chòu moïi ruûi ro veà moät doanh nghieäp.
epics / söû thi dt. nhöõng baøi thô töôøng thuaät daøi ca
ngôïi caùc chieán tích cuûa caùc anh huøng huyeàn thoaïi hay
truyeàn thoáng.
estate / giai caáp dt. moät trong ba taàng lôùp xaõ hoäi ôû
Phaùp tröôùc cuoäc Caùch maïng Phaùp — Giai caáp thöù Nhaát
goàm giôùi taêng löõ; Giai caáp thöù Hai, quyù toäc; vaø Giai
caáp thöù Ba, phaàn daân soá coøn laïi.
Estates-General / Töôùng lónh Giai caáp dt. moät hoäi
ñoàng caùc ñaïi dieän töø caû ba giai caáp, hay taàng lôùp xaõ
hoäi, taïi Phaùp.
ethnic cleansing / taåy röûa saéc toäc dt. moät chính
saùch gieát haïi vaø caùc haønh vi taøn baïo qua ñoù ngöôøi
Serbia hy voïng seõ loaïi boû soá daân Hoài giaùo cuûa Bosnia
sau söï suïp ñoå cuûa Nam Tö.
excommunication / töôùc quyeàn giao thieäp dt. vieäc
laáy ñi cuûa moät ngöôøi quyeàn laø thaønh vieân trong moät
nhaø thôø Thieân Chuùa giaùo.
existentialism / thuyeát hieän sinh dt. moät trieát lyù döïa
treân quan nieäm raèng ngöôøi ta cho cuoäc ñôøi moät yù nghóa
qua nhöõng söï löïa choïn vaø haønh ñoäng cuûa hoï.
extraterritorial rights / ñaëc quyeàn ngoaïi giao dt.
moät söï mieãn tröø veà luaät phaùp cuûa moät nöôùc ñoái vôùi cö
daân nöôùc ngoaøi.
F
factors of production / caùc yeáu toá saûn xuaát dt. caùc
nguoàn taøi nguyeân — bao goàm ñaát ñai, lao ñoäng vaø voán
— caàn thieát ñeå saûn xuaát ra haøng hoùa vaø dòch vuï.
factory / nhaø maùy dt. moät toøa nhaø lôùn trong ñoù maùy
moùc ñöôïc söû duïng ñeå cheá taïo haøng hoùa.
fascism / chuû nghóa phaùt xít dt. moät phong traøo
chính trò coå vuõ moät hình thöùc chuû nghóa daân toäc cöïc
ñoan, moät söï khöôùc töø caùc quyeàn caù nhaân, vaø moät luaät
leä ñôn ñaûng ñoäc taøi.
Fatimid dt. moät thaønh vieân cuûa moät trieàu ñaïi Hoài giaùo
coù nguoàn goác toå tieân töø con gaùi cuûa Muhammad laø
Fatima vaø xaây döïng moät ñeá cheá ôû Baéc Phi, A Raäp vaø
Syria ôû caùc theá kyû 10-12.
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VIETNAMESE
favorable balance of trade / caùn caân thöông maïi
coù lôïi dt. moät tình huoáng kinh teá trong ñoù moät nöôùc
baùn haøng ra nöôùc ngoaøi nhieàu hôn laø mua cuûa nöôùc
ngoaøi.
federal system / heä thoáng lieân bang dt. moät heä
thoáng chính phuû trong ñoù quyeàn löïc ñöôïc phaân chia giöõa
moät chính quyeàn trung öông vaø moät soá bang rieâng leû.
Fertile Crescent / Löôõi Lieàm Maøu môõ dt. moät voøng
cung ñaát canh taùc phì nhieâu ôû Taây Nam AÙ, giöõa Vònh
Ba Tö vaø Ñòa Trung Haûi.
feudalism / cheá ñoä phong kieán dt. moät heä thoáng
chính trò trong ñoù quyù toäc ñöôïc giao quyeàn söû duïng ñaát
thuoäc veà vua cuûa hoï, ñeå ñoåi laáy loøng trung thaønh, nghóa
vuï quaân söï vaø vieäc baûo veä ngöôøi daân soáng treân ñaát cuûa
hoï.
fief / thaùi aáp dt. moät baát ñoäng saûn ñöôïc laõnh chuùa trao
cho chö haàu döôùi cheá ñoä phong kieán ôû chaâu AÂu thôøi
trung coå.
filial piety / söï hieáu thaûo dt. loøng toân kính maø con
caùi theå hieän vôùi cha meï vaø nhöõng ngöôøi lôùn tuoåi.
Final Solution / Giaûi phaùp Cuoái cuøng dt. chöông
trình cuûa Hitler gieát haïi coù heä thoáng toaøn boä daân toäc
Do Thaùi.
Five-Year Plans / caùc Keá hoaïch 5 naêm dt. caùc keá
hoaïch ñöôïc vaïch ra bôûi Joseph Stalin naêm 1928 cho
vieäc phaùt trieån cuûa neàn kinh teá Lieân Xoâ.
Four Modernizations / Boán söï Hieän ñaïi hoùa dt.
moät taäp hôïp nhöõng muïc tieâu ñöôïc nhaø laõnh ñaïo Trung
Quoác Ñaëng Tieåu Bình chaáp thuaän ôû cuoái theá kyû 20, bao
goàm söï tieán boä trong noâng nghieäp, coâng nghieäp, quoác
phoøng, vaø khoa hoïc coâng ngheä.
Fourteen Points / Möôøi Boán Ñieåm dt. moät loaït caùc
ñeà xuaát trong ñoù toång thoáng Myõ Woodrow Wilson
vaïch ra moät keá hoaïch ñeå ñaït ñöôïc hoøa bình laâu daøi sau
Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù nhaát.
Franks dt. moät daân toäc Ñöùc ñònh cö ôû tænh Gaul thuoäc
La Maõ (khoaûng chöøng khu vöïc baây giôø laø nöôùc Phaùp)
vaø thaønh laäp moät ñeá cheá lôùn trong thôøi Trung Coå.
free trade / thöông maïi töï do dt. maäu dòch giöõa caùc
quoác gia maø khoâng coù raøo caûn hay haïn cheá veà kinh teá
naøo (chaúng haïn thueá quan).
French and Indian War / Chieán tranh Phaùp vaø Da
ñoû dt. moät cuoäc xung ñoät giöõa Anh vaø Phaùp veà quyeàn
kieåm soaùt laõnh thoå ôû Baéc Myõ, keùo daøi töø 1754 ñeán 1763.
G
gender inequality / söï baát bình ñaúng giôùi tính dt.
söï khaùc bieät giöõa nam giôùi vaø phuï nöõ veà maët kinh teá vaø
ñòa vò.
genetic engineering / kyõ thuaät di truyeàn dt. vieäc
chuyeån giao gien töø moät vaät soáng naøy sang vaät soáng
khaùc ñeå sinh ra moät sinh vaät coù ñaëc ñieåm môùi.
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genocide / dieät chuûng dt. vieäc gieát haïi coù heä thoáng
caû moät daân toäc.
gentry / tieåu quyù toäc dt. moät taàng lôùp ngöôøi giaøu coù,
quyeàn theá, höôûng moät ñòa vò xaõ hoäi cao.
geocentric theory / thuyeát taâm ñòa caàu dt. trong
thôøi Trung Coå, caùch nhìn vuõ truï theo höôùng taäp trung
vaøo taâm traùi ñaát maø caùc hoïc giaû tin raèng traùi ñaát laø moät
vaät baät ñoäng ôû taâm cuûa vuõ truï.
geopolitics / ñòa chính trò dt. moät chính saùch ñoái
ngoaïi döïa treân vieäc quan nieäm veà caùc vò trí hoaëc saûn
phaåm chieán löôïc cuûa caùc vuøng ñaát khaùc.
Ghana dt. moät vöông quoác Taây Phi trôû neân giaøu coù töø
vieäc ñaùnh thueá vaø kieåm soaùt thöông maïi vaø thaønh laäp
moät ñeá cheá ôû caùc theá kyû 9-11 sau coâng nguyeân.
ghazi dt. moät chieán binh chieán ñaáu vì ñaïo Hoài.
ghettos / oå chuoät dt. caùc khu trong thaønh phoá trong
ñoù ngöôøi Do Thaùi chaâu AÂu bò baét phaûi sinh soáng.
glasnost / coâng khai dt. moät chính saùch côûi môû cuûa
Lieân Xoâ ñoái vôùi caùc doøng yù töôûng vaø thoâng tin töï do,
ñöôïc giôùi thieäu naêm 1985 bôûi Mikhail Gorbachev.
global economy / kinh teá toaøn caàu dt. taát caû moïi
söï töông taùc veà taøi chính — bao goàm ngöôøi daân, doanh
nghieäp vaø chính phuû — baêng qua caùc ranh giôùi quoác
teá.
Glorious Revolution / Caùch maïng Quang vinh dt.
cuoäc laät ñoå khoâng ñoå maùu ñoái vôùi vua Anh James II vaø
thay theá bôûi William vaø Mary.
glyph / hình chaïm dt. moät hình aûnh bieåu tröng —
ñaëc bieät laø hình duøng nhö moät phaàn cuûa moät heä thoáng
chöõ vieát ñeå khaéc caùc thoâng ñieäp vaøo ñaù.
Gothic tt. lieân quan ñeán moät phong caùch kieán truùc nhaø
thôø phaùt trieån ôû chaâu AÂu trung coå, khaéc hoïa hình ngöïa
goã, cöûa soå kính maøu, nuùi bay ngang, voøng cung nhoïn,
vaø hình choùp cao.
Great Depression / cuoäc Ñaïi Suy thoaùi dt. söï ñình
treä kinh teá nghieâm troïng theo sau söï suïp ñoå cuûa thò
tröôøng chöùng khoaùn Myõ naêm 1929.
Great Fear / söï Sôï haõi Lôùn dt. moät laøn soùng hoaûng
loaïn voâ côù lan traøn ôû noâng thoân nöôùc Phaùp sau traän ñoät
kích nguïc Bastille naêm 1789.
Great Purge / cuoäc Thanh tröøng Lôùn dt. moät chieán
dòch kinh hoaøng ôû Lieân Xoâ trong nhöõng naêm 1930,
trong ñoù Joseph Stalin tìm caùch loaïi tröø taát caû ñaûng
vieân Coäng saûn vaø nhöõng coâng daân khaùc ñe doïa ñeán
quyeàn löïc cuûa haén.
Great Schism / cuoäc Ly giaùo Lôùn dt. moät söï phaân
chia trong Giaùo Hoäi Thieân Chuùa La Maõ, khi caùc giaùo
tröôûng ñòch thuû ñöôïc thieát laäp ôû Avignon vaø ôû Rome.
Greco-Roman culture / vaên hoùa Hy-La dt. moät
neàn vaên hoùa coå ñaïi phaùt trieån töø söï pha troän caùc neàn
vaên hoùa Hy Laïp vaø La Maõ.
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green revolution / caùch maïng xanh dt. moät noã löïc
theá kyû 20 nhaèm taêng nguoàn cung caáp thöïc phaåm treân
toaøn theá giôùi, bao goàm vieäc söû duïng phaân boùn vaø thuoác
tröø saâu vaø vieäc phaùt trieån caùc vuï muøa choáng ñöôïc saâu
beänh.
griot dt. moät ngöôøi keå chuyeån Taây Phi.
guerrilla / du kích dt. moät thaønh vieân cuûa moät löïc
löôïng ñöôïc toå chöùc loûng leûo chuyeân thöïc hieän caùc cuoäc
taán coâng baát ngôø vaøo quaân ñòch chieám ñoùng ñaát nöôùc hoï.
guild / phöôøng hoäi dt. moät hieäp hoäi trung coå goàm
nhöõng ngöôøi laøm cung ngaønh ngheà, kieåm soaùt tieàn
löông vaø giaù caû cuûa caùc thaønh vieân.
guillotine / maùy cheùm dt. moät caùi maùy duøng ñeå caét
ñaàu ngöôøi, ñöôïc söû duïng nhö phöông tieän haønh quyeát
trong cuoäc Caùch maïng Phaùp.
Gupta Empire / Ñeá cheá Gupta dt. ñeá cheá thöù hai taïi
AÁn Ñoä, thaønh laäp bôûi Chandra Gupta I naêm 320 sau
coâng nguyeân.
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habeas corpus / traùt haàu toøa dt. moät vaên baûn ñoøi
hoûi moät ngöôøi tuø ñöôïc ñem ra tröôùc moät toøa aùn hay
thaåm phaùp ñeå hoï quyeát ñònh xem vieäc boû tuø ngöôøi ñoù
coù hôïp phaùp hay khoâng.
Hagia Sophia dt. nhaø thôø söï Khoân Ngoan cuûa Thaùnh
taïi Constantinople, ñöôïc xaây döïng theo leänh cuûa hoaøng
ñeá Byzantine laø Justinian.
haiku / haûi cuù dt. moät hình thöùc thô Nhaät, bao goàm ba
doøng khoâng vaàn coù naêm, baûy vaø naêm aâm tieát.
hajj dt. moät chuyeán löõ haønh ñeán Mecca, ñöôïc ngöôøi
Hoài giaùo thöïc hieän nhö moät nghóa vuï.
Han dynasty / trieàu ñaïi Haùn dt. moät trieàu ñaïi Trung
Quoác cai trò töø naêm 202 tröôùc coâng nguyeân ñeán 9 sau
coâng nguyeân vaø tieáp tuïc töø 23 ñeán 220 sau coâng nguyeân.
Harappan civilization / neàn vaên minh Harappan
dt. moät teân goïi khaùc chæ neàn vaên minh Thung luõng
Indus noåi leân doïc theo Soâng Indus, coù leõ khoaûng naêm
7000 tröôùc coâng nguyeân; ñöôïc ñaëc tröng bôûi quy hoaïch
ñoâ thò tinh vi.
Hausa dt. moät daân toäc Taây Phi soáng ôû nhieàu nhaø
nöôùc-ñoâ thò maø ngaøy nay laø mieàn baéc Nigeria.
heliocentric theory / thuyeát nhaät taâm dt. quan
nieäm raèng traùi ñaát vaø caùc haønh tinh khaùc quay quanh
maët trôøi.
Hellenistic / thuoäc Hy Laïp tt. lieân heä ñeán neàn vaên
minh, ngoân ngöõ, ngheä thuaät, khoa hoïc vaø vaên chöông
cuûa theá giôùi Hy Laïp töø trieàu ñaïi cuûa Alexander Ñaïi Ñeá
ñeán cuoái theá kyû thöù hai tröôùc coâng nguyeân.
helot / noâng noâ dt. trong xaõ hoäi Sparta coå, moät noâng
daân bò gaén chaët vaøo ñaát ñai.
hieroglyphics / chöõ vieát töôïng hình dt. moät heä
thoáng chöõ vieát Ai Caäp trong ñoù caùc hình hoïa ñöôïc söû
duïng ñeå töôïng tröng cho caùc khaùi nieäm vaø aâm.
Hijrah dt. Cuoäc di chuyeån cuûa Muhammad töø Mecca
ñeán Yathrib (Medina) naêm 622 sau coâng nguyeân.
Hittites dt. moät daân toäc AÁn-AÂu ñònh cö ôû Anatolia
khoaûng naêm 2000 tröôùc coâng nguyeân.
Holocaust / cuoäc Taøn saùt dt. söï gieát haïi haøng loaït
ngöôøi Do Thaùi vaø caùc thöôøng daân khaùc, do chính phuû
Ñöùc Quoác xaõ thöïc hieän tröôùc vaø trong Chieán tranh Theá
giôùi thöù hai.
Holy Alliance / Lieân minh Thaàn thaùnh dt. moät lieân
ñoaøn caùc quoác gia chaâu AÂu ñöôïc thaønh laäp bôûi caùc nhaø
laõnh ñaïo Nga, AÙo vaø Phoå sau Hoäi nghò Vienna.
Holy Roman Empire / Ñeá cheá La Maõ Thaàn thaùnh
dt. moät ñeá cheá ñöôïc thaønh laäp ôû chaâu AÂu trong theá kyû
thöù 10 century sau coâng nguyeân, khôûi ñaàu bao goàm chuû
yeáu caùc phaàn ñaát maø ngaøy nay laø Ñöùc vaø YÙ.
home rule / leä laøng dt. moät söï kieåm soaùt ñoái vôùi caùc
vaán ñeà noäi boä ñöôïc moät chính quyeàn cai trò trao cho cö
daân cuûa moät khu vöïc.
hominid / hoï böôùc hai chaân dt. moät thaønh vieân cuûa
moät nhoùm sinh vaät bao goàm con ngöôøi vaø caùc loaøi lieân
quan ñi baèng hai chaân sau vaø ñöùng thaúng ngöôøi.
Homo sapiens / gioáng ngöôøi hieän ñaïi dt. caùc loaøi
sinh vaät maø con ngöôøi hieän ñaïi thuoäc veà.
House of Wisdom / Nhaø Töï do dt. moät trung taâm
hoïc haønh ñöôïc thaønh laäp taïi Baghdad trong nhöõng naêm
800.
humanism / chuû nghóa nhaân vaên dt. moät phong
traøo trí tueä thôøi Phuïc Höng trong ñoù caùc nhaø tö töôûng
nghieân cöùu saùch giaùo khoa coå ñieån vaø taäp trung vaøo
tieàm naêng vaø caùc thaønh töïu cuûa con ngöôøi.
Hundred Days / Moät Traêm Ngaøy dt. thôøi kyø ngaén
trong naêm 1815 khi Napoleon quyeát ñònh chaïy ñua
quyeàn löïc laàn cuoái, haï beä vua Phaùp vaø laïi trôû thaønh
hoaøng ñeá Phaùp laàn nöõa.
Hundred Years’ War / Chieán tranh Moät Traêm
Naêm dt. moät cuoäc xung ñoät trong ñoù Anh vaø Phaùp
ñaùnh nhau chaäp chôøn vì ñaát cuûa Phaùp töø naêm 1337 ñeán
1453.
hunter-gatherer / ngöôøi saên baén-haùi löôïm dt. moät
thaønh vieân cuûa moät nhoùm du cö maø nguoàn cung caáp
thöùc aên phuï thuoäc vaøo vieäc saên thuù vaø gom nhaët thöùc
aên coû caây.
Hyksos dt. moät nhoùm nhöõng ngöôøi xaâm laêng du muïc
töø Taây Nam AÙ ñeán cai trò Ai Caäp töø naêm 1640 ñeán
1570 tröôùc coâng nguyeân.
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VIETNAMESE
Ice Age / Kyû Baêng haø dt. moät thôøi kyø laïnh leõo trong
ñoù caùc maûng baêng khoång loà lan traøn ra töø caùc vuøng cöïc,
taûng cuoái cuøng trong soá ñoù töø khoaûng naêm 1.600.000
ñeán 10.000 tröôùc coâng nguyeân.
I Ching dt. moät cuoán saùch Trung Hoa veà caùc nhaø tieân
tri, ñöôïc thænh caàu ñeå traû lôøi caùc vaán ñeà veà ñaïo lyù vaø
thöïc haønh.
icon / bieåu töôïng dt. moät hình aûnh toân giaùo ñöôïc
ngöôøi Cô Ñoác phöông ñoâng söû duïng.
imperialism / chuû nghóa ñeá quoác dt. moät chính saùch
trong ñoù moät quoác gia maïnh tìm caùch chi phoái caùc nöôùc
khaùc veà maët chính trò, kinh teá hoaëc xaõ hoäi.
impressionism / tröôøng phaùi aán töôïng dt. moät
phong traøo trong hoäi hoïa theá kyû 19, trong ñoù caùc hoïa só
phaûn öùng vôùi tröôøng phaùi hieän thöïc baèng caùch truyeàn
ñaït nhöõng caûm töôûng aán töôïng cuûa mình veà söï vaät hoaëc
khoaûnh khaéc thôøi gian.
Indo-Europeans / ngöôøi AÁn-AÂu dt. moät nhoùm caùc
daân toäc baùn du cö maø khoaûng naêm 1700 tröôùc coâng
nguyeân baét ñaàu di cö töø nôi maø nay laø mieàn nam nöôùc
Nga ñeán tieåu luïc ñòa AÁn Ñoä, chaâu AÂu vaø Taây Nam AÙ.
indulgence / söï ñaëc xaù dt. moät söï tha thöù ñeå thaû moät
ngöôøi khoâng tröøng phaït vì moät toäi loãi.
industrialization / coâng nghieäp hoùa dt. söï phaùt
trieån caùc ngaønh coâng nghieäp vì vieäc saûn xuaát haøng hoùa
baèng maùy moùc.
Industrial Revolution / Caùch maïng Coâng Nghieäp
dt. söï chuyeån ñoåi, baét ñaàu ôû Anh trong theá kyû 18, töø
vieäc laøm ra haøng hoùa baèng tay ñeán laøm chuùng baèng
maùy.
inflation / laïm phaùt dt. moät söï suït giaûm giaù trò cuûa
ñoàng tieàn, keøm theo moät söï taêng giaù haøng hoùa vaø dòch
vuï.
Inquisition / Thaåm tra dt. moät hoäi ñoàng xeùt xöû cuûa
Thieân Chuùa La Maõ ñeå ñieàu tra vaø khôûi toá nhöõng vuï
phaïm toäi dò giaùo — ñaëc bieät laø ôû Taây Ban Nha trong
nhöõng naêm 1400s.
institution / theå cheá dt. moät hình maãu toàn taïi laâu daøi
cuûa moät toå chöùc trong moät coäng ñoàng.
intendant / quaûn ñoác dt. moät vieân chöùc chính phuû
Phaùp ñöôïc chæ ñònh bôûi nhaø vua ñeå thu thueá vaø quaûn lyù
veà tö phaùp.
International Space Station / Traïm Khoâng gian
Quoác teá dt. döï aùn hôïp taùc ñöôïc taøi trôï bôûi Hoa Kyø,
Nga vaø 14 quoác gia khaùc ñeå thieát laäp vaø duy trì moät
phoøng thí nghieäm hoaït ñoäng cho vieäc thí nghieäm khoa
hoïc trong khoâng gian.
Internet dt. moät söï lieân keát caùc maïng löôùi maùy vi tính
cho pheùp moïi ngöôøi ôû khaép theá giôùi coù theå trao ñoåi
thoâng tin vaø giao tieáp vôùi nhau.
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intifada dt. chieán dòch baát phuïc tuøng daân söï cuûa
Palestine choáng vieäc chieám ñoùng cuûa Israel ñoái vôùi vuøng
Bôø Taây vaø Daûi Gaza, tieáp dieãn trong nhöõng naêm 1990.
Irish Republican Army (IRA) / Quaân ñoäi Coäng hoøa
Ireland dt. moät löïc löôïng quaân söï quoác gia khoâng chính
thöùc tìm kieám söï ñoäc laäp cho Ireland khoûi nöôùc Anh.
iron curtain / böùc reøm saét dt. trong thôøi Chieán tranh
Laïnh, ñöôøng ranh giôùi phaân chia caùc quoác gia coäng saûn
thuoäc Ñoâng AÂu khoûi caùc quoác gia phaàn lôùn laø daân chuû
thuoäc Taây AÂu.
Iroquois dt. moät nhoùm caùc boä toäc Thoå daân Myõ noùi caùc
thöù tieáng coù lieân heä vôùi nhau, soáng ôû vuøng phía ñoâng
Nguõ Ñaïi Hoà cuûa Baéc Myõ, vaø hình thaønh moät lieân minh
ôû cuoái nhöõng naêm 1500.
Islam / ñaïo Hoài dt. moät toân giaùo moät thaàn phaùt trieån
ôû vuøng A Raäp trong theá kyû thöù baûy sau coâng nguyeân.
isolationism / chuû nghóa coâ laäp dt. moät chính saùch
traùnh neù söï dính líu veà chính trò hay quaân söï vôùi caùc
nöôùc khaùc.
Israel dt. moät vöông quoác cuûa ngöôøi Hebrew thoáng
nhaát ôû Palestine, toàn taïi khoaûng töø naêm 1020 ñeán 922
tröôùc coâng nguyeân; sau ñoù, laø phaàn cöïc baéc cuûa hai
vöông quoác Hebrew; hieän nay, quoác gia Do Thaùi ñöôïc
thaønh laäp taïi Palestine naêm 1948.
J
Jainism dt. moät toân giaùo ñöôïc thaønh laäp taïi AÁn Ñoä ôû
theá kyû thöù saùu tröôùc coâng nguyeân, coù caùc thaønh vieân tin
raèng moïi thöù trong vuõ truï ñeàu coù moät linh hoàn vaø do ñoù
khoâng neân bò xaâm haïi.
janissary / veä binh Thoå dt. moät thaønh vieân cuûa moät
löïc löôïng binh lính tinh nhueä cuûa Ñeá cheá Ottoman.
jazz / nhaïc jazz dt. moät kieåu aâm nhaïc phoå thoâng theá
kyû 20 ñöôïc phaùt trieån chuû yeáu bôûi caùc nhaïc só ngöôøi
Myõ goác Phi.
Jesuits / ngöôøi doøng Teân dt. caùc thaønh vieân cuûa Hoäi
Jesus, moät taàng lôùp toân giaùo thuoäc Thieân Chuùa La Maõ
do Ignatius cuûa Loyola thaønh laäp.
"jewel in the crown" / "ngoïc treân vöông mieän" dt.
thuoäc ñòa AÁn Ñoä cuûa Anh — ñöôïc goïi nhö vaäy vì taàm
quan troïng cuûa noù trong Ñeá cheá Anh, vöøa laø nguoàn
cung caáp nguyeân lieäu thoâ vaø laø moät thò tröôøng cho haøng
hoùa thöông maïi cuûa Anh.
joint-stock company / coâng ty coå phaàn dt. moät
doanh nghieäp trong ñoù caùc nhaø ñaàu tö chung phaàn huøn
taøi saûn cho moät muïc ñích chung, sau ñoù chia lôïi nhuaän.
Judah dt. moät vöông quoác Do Thaùi ôû Palestine, ñöôïc
thaønh laäp khaûong naêm 922 tröôùc coâng nguyeân.
Justinian Code / Boä luaät Justinian dt. cô quan laøm
luaät daân söï cuûa La Maõ ñöôïc taäp hôïp vaø toå chöùc bôûi
leänh cuûa hoaøng ñeá Byzantine laø Justinian khoaûng naêm
534 sau coâng nguyeân.
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K
kabuki / kòch caâm Nhaät dt. moät daïng kòch cuûa Nhaät
trong ñoù aâm nhaïc, ñieäu nhaûy vaø ñieäu boä ñöôïc söû duïng
ñeå minh hoïa caùc caâu chuyeän.
kaiser / Ñöùc hoaøng dt. moät hoaøng ñeá Ñöùc (töø chöùc
danh La Maõ laø Caesar).
kamikaze / phi ñoäi thaàn phong dt. trong Chieán
tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai, caùc phi coâng caûm töû Nhaät ñöôïc
huaán luyeän ñeå ñaùnh chìm caùc taøu cuûa Ñoàng Minh baèng
caùch ñaâm saàm caùc maùy bay chaát ñaày bom vaøo chuùng.
karma / nghieäp chöôùng dt. trong ñaïo Hindu vaø ñaïo
Phaät, toaøn boä nhöõng haønh vi toát vaø xaáu do moät ngöôøi
thöïc hieän, ñöôïc tin raèng seõ quyeát ñònh soá phaän cuûa
ngöôøi ñoù sau khi taùi sinh.
Khmer Empire / Ñeá cheá Khmer dt. moät ñeá quoác
Ñoâng Nam AÙ, taäp trung ôû vuøng maø nay laø Campuchia,
ñaït ñeán ñænh cao quyeàn löïc vaøo khoaûng naêm 1200 sau
coâng nguyeân.
Khmer Rouge / Khmer Ñoû dt. moät nhoùm phieán loaïn
Coäng saûn chieám quyeàn löïc ôû Campuchia naêm 1975.
knight / hieäp só dt. ôû chaâu AÂu thôøi trung coå, moät chieán
binh maëc quaàn aùo giaùp saét chieán ñaáu treân löng ngöïa.
Koryu dynasty / trieàu ñaïi Koryu dt. moät vöông trieàu
ñaõ cai trò Trieàu Tieân töø naêm 935 ñeán 1392 sau coâng
nguyeân.
Kristallnacht / Crystal Night dt. "Ñeâm Thuûy tinh Ñoå
Vôõ" — ñeâm 9 thaùng Möôøi Moät naêm 1938, khi binh
lính xung kích Ñöùc Quoác xaõ taán coâng nhaø cöûa, doanh
nghieäp vaø caùc thaùnh ñöôøng cuûa ngöôøi Do Thaùi treân
khaép nöôùc Ñöùc.
Kuomintang / Quoác Daân Ñaûng dt. Ñaûng Quoác gia
Daân toäc Trung Quoác, ñöôïc hình thaønh sau söï suïp ñoå
cuûa trieàu ñaïi Maõn Thanh naêm 1912.
Kush dt. moät vöông quoác Nubian coå, caùc nhaø caàm
quyeàn xöù naøy kieåm soaùt Ai Caäp khoaûng giöõa caùc naêm
2000 vaø 1000 tröôùc coâng nguyeân.
L
laissez faire / chính saùch tö nhaân töï do dt. yù töôûng
raèng chính phuû khoâng neân can thieäp vaøo hoaëc quy ñònh
caùc ngaønh coâng nghieäp vaø ngaønh kinh doanh.
land reform / caûi caùch ñaát ñai dt. moät söï phaân phoái
laïi ñaát noâng nghieäp baèng caùch chia nhoû caùc maûnh ñaát
lôùn vaø giao cho noâng daân caùc trang traïi nhoû ñöôïc chia
ra.
La Reforma dt. moät phong traøo caûi caùch töï do ôû
Mexico theá kyû 19, do Benito Juaùrez laõnh ñaïo.
lay investiture / leã phong chöùc dt. vieäc chæ ñònh caùc
giaùo chöùc bôûi vua hoaëc quyù toäc.
League of Nations / Hoäi Quoác Lieân dt. moät hieäp
hoäi quoác teá ñöôïc hình thaønh sau Chieán tranh Theá giôùi
thöù nhaát vôùi muïc tieâu giöõ gìn hoøa bình giöõa caùc quoác
gia.
lebensraum dt. "khoâng gian soáng" — phaàn laõnh thoå
boå sung maø theo Adolf Hitler, nöôùc Ñöùc caàn vì nöôùc
naøy ñaõ quaù ñoâng ñuùc.
Legalism / Chuû nghóa Hôïp phaùp dt. moät trieát lyù
chính trò Trung Hoa döïa treân quan nieäm raèng moät
chính phuû raát maïnh meõ vaø hieäu quaû laø bí quyeát cuûa traät
töï xaõ hoäi.
legion / quaân ñoaøn La Maõ dt. moät ñôn vò quaân söï
cuûa quaân ñoäi La Maõ coå ñaïi, ñöôïc taïo thaønh vôùi 5.000
lính boä binh vaø moät nhoùm binh lính cöôõi ngöïa.
Legislative Assembly / Hoäi ñoàng Laäp phaùp dt.
moät quoác hoäi cuûa Phaùp vôùi quyeàn laøm luaät vaø chaáp
thuaän tuyeân boá chieán tranh, ñöôïc thaønh laäp bôûi Hieán
Phaùp 1791.
legitimacy / tính chính thoáng dt. quyeàn thöøa keá cuûa
moät cheá ñoä quaân chuû ñeå cai trò.
liberals / ñaûng vieân töï do dt. trong nöûa ñaàu theá kyû 19,
nhöõng ngöôøi chaâu AÂu naøy — chuû yeáu laø caùc laõnh ñaïo
doanh nghieäp vaø thöông gia trung löu — muoán trao
theâm quyeàn löïc chính trò cho caùc nghò vieän ñöôïc baàu.
lineage / doøng doõi dt. nhöõng ngöôøi — coøn soáng, ñaõ
cheát vaø chöa sinh ra — xuaát thaân töø cuøng moä toå tieân.
loess / hoaøng thoå dt. moät chaát laéng ñoïng maøu môõ
goàm ñaát caùt vaøng.
Long March / Tröôøng Chinh dt. moät cuoäc haønh trình
daøi 6.000 daëm naêm 1934-1935 cuûa nhöõng ngöôøi Coäng
saûn Trung Quoác chaïy troán khoûi quaân ñoäi Quoác gia cuûa
Jiang Jieshi.
lord / laõnh chuùa dt. ôû chaâu AÂu phong kieán, moät ngöôøi
kieåm soaùt ñaát ñai vaø do ñoù coù theå trao taøi saûn cho caùc
chö haàu.
Lutheran dt. moät thaønh vieân cuûa moät nhaø thôø Tin
Laønh ñöôïc thaønh laäp ñeå giaûng daïy veà Martin Luther.
lyceùe / tröôøng trung hoïc Phaùp dt. moät tröôøng coâng
laäp do chính phuû ñieàu haønh ôû Phaùp.
M
Macedonia dt. moät vöông quoác coå ñaïi phía baéc Hy
Laïp, coù nhaø cai trò Philip II xaâm chieám Hy Laïp naêm
338 tröôùc coâng nguyeân.
Maghrib dt. moät vuøng thuoäc phía taây cuûa Baéc Phi, bao
goàm ñaát ñai ven Ñòa Trung Haûi thuoäc nhöõng nôi ma
nay laø Morocco, Tunisia, vaø Algeria.
Magna Carta / Ñaïi Hieán Chöông dt. moät vaên kieän
ñaûm baûo caùc quyeàn chính trò cô baûn ôû Anh, ñöôïc soaïn
thaûo bôûi caùc quyù toäc vaø ñöôïc Vua John chaáp thuaän
thoâng qua vaøo naêm 1215 sau coâng nguyeân.
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Mahabharata dt. moät baûn tröôøng ca lôùn cuûa AÁn Ñoä,
phaûn aùnh cuoäc ñaáu tranh cuûa ngöôøi Aryan khi hoï di
chuyeån xuoáng phía nam vaøo AÁn Ñoä.
Mahayana dt. moät moân phaùi cuûa Phaät giaùo ñöa ra söï
cöùu roãi cho taát caû vaø cho pheùp thôø phuïng roäng raõi.
maize / ngoâ dt. moät loaïi haït nguõ coác ñöôïc troàng, mang
haït treân caùc baép lôùn — thöôøng ñöôïc goïi laø corn ôû Myõ.
Mali dt. moät ñeá quoác Taây Phi thònh vöôïng vaøo khoaûng
naêm 1235 ñeán nhöõng naêm 1400 vaø trôû neân giaøu coù töø
buoân baùn.
Manchus / ngöôøi Maõn Chaâu dt. nhöõng ngöôøi goác
gaùc Maõn Chaâu Lyù, cai trò Trung Quoác trong trieàu ñaïi
nhaø Thanh (1644-1912).
Mandate of Heaven / Traùt haàu Trôøi dt. trong lòch
söû Trung Quoác, söï chaáp thuaän thieâng lieâng ñöôïc cho
raèng laø caên baûn cuûa uy quyeàn hoaøng gia.
manifest destiny / ñònh phaän hieån nhieân dt. yù
nieäm phoå bieán trong nhöõng ngöôøi Myõ giöõa theá kyû 19
raèng Hoa Kyø coù quyeàn vaø nghóa vuï ñeå cai trò Baéc Myõ
töø Ñaïi Taây Döông ñeán Thaùi Bình Döông.
manor / trang vieân dt. taøi saûn cuûa moät laõnh chuùa ôû
chaâu AÂu thôøi phong kieán.
Maori dt. moät thaønh vieân cuûa moät boä toäc Polynesia ñònh
cö ôû New Zealand khoaûng naêm 800 sau coâng nguyeân.
Marshall Plan / Keá hoaïch Marshall dt. moät chöông
trình cuûa Hoa Kyø vieän trôï kinh teá cho caùc nöôùc chaâu
AÂu ñeå giuùp taùi thieát sau Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai.
martial law / thieát quaân luaät dt. moät luaät taïm thôøi bôûi
caùc giôùi chöùc quaân söï ñoái vôùi daân thöôøng, thöôøng ñöôïc
aùp ñaët trong thôøi chieán hoaëc khi coù noåi loaïn daân söï.
mass culture / vaên hoùa ñaïi chuùng dt. vieäc saûn xuaát
caùc taùc phaåm ngheä thuaät vaø giaûi trí duøng ñeå loâi cuoán
moät löôïng lôùn khaùn giaû.
materialism / chuû nghóa vaät chaát dt. söï ñaùnh giaù
cao vieäc ñaït ñöôïc sôû höõu vaät chaát.
matriarchal / thuoäc maãu heä tt. lieân quan ñeán moät heä
thoáng xaõ hoäi trong ñoù ngöôøi meï laø chuû gia ñình.
matrilineal / maãu heä tt. lieân quan ñeán moät heä thoáng
xaõ hoäi trong ñoù nguoàn goác gia ñình vaø quyeàn thöøa keá
ñöôïc truy theo ngöôøi meï.
Mauryan Empire / Ñeá cheá Maurya dt. ñeá cheá ñaàu
tieân ôû AÁn Ñoä, do Chandragupta Maurya thaønh laäp naêm
321 tröôùc coâng nguyeân.
May Fourth Movement / Phong traøo Moàng Boán
thaùng Naêm dt. moät cuoäc bieåu tình quoác gia ôû Trung
Quoác naêm 1919, trong ñoù ngöôøi ta phaûn ñoái Hieäp öôùc
Versailles vaø söï can thieäp cuûa nöôùc ngoaøi.
Medes dt. moät daân toäc Taây Nam AÙ ñaõ giuùp tieâu dieät
Ñeá cheá Assyrian.
Meiji era / thôøi kyø Minh Trò dt. thôøi kyø lòch söû Nhaät
Baûn töø naêm 1867 ñeán 1912, trong ñoù ñaát nöôùc ñöôïc trò
vì bôûi Hoaøng Ñeá Mutsuhito.
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Mein Kampf dt. "Cuoäc Chieán Cuûa Toâi" — moät cuoán
saùch vieát bôûi Adolf Hitler trong luùc y bò tuø naêm 19231924, trong ñoù y baøy toû ñöùc tin vaø nhöõng muïc tieâu cho
nöôùc Ñöùc.
mercantilism / chuû nghóa troïng thöông dt. moät
chính saùch kinh teá theo ñoù caùc quoác gia tìm caùch gia
taêng söï giaøu coù vaø söùc maïnh baèng caùch kieám moät
löôïng lôùn vaøng baïc vaø baèng caùch baùn nhieàu haøng hôn
laø mua.
mercenary / lính ñaùnh thueâ dt. moät ngöôøi lính ñöôïc
traû coâng ñeå chieán ñaáu ôû moät quaân ñoäi nöôùc ngoaøi.
Meroë dt. trung taâm cuûa trieàu ñaïi Kush töø khoaûng naêm
250 ñeán 150 tröôùc coâng nguyeân; ñöôïc bieát ñeán vì
ngaønh cheá taïo vuõ khí vaø coâng cuï kim loaïi.
Mesoamerica dt. moät vuøng traûi roäng töø mieàn trung
Mexico ñeán Honduras, nôi phaùt trieån nhieàu xaõ hoäi
phöùc hôïp coå ñaïi cuûa chaâu Myõ.
mestizo / ngöôøi lai dt. moät ngöôøi lai Taây Ban Nha vaø
Thoå daân chaâu Myõ.
Middle Ages / Thôøi Trung Coå dt. moät kyû nguyeân
trong lòch söû chaâu AÂu theo sau söï suïp ñoå cuûa Ñeá cheá
La Maõ, keùo daøi töø khoaûng naêm 500 ñeán 1500 — coøn
goïi laø thôøi kyø trung ñaïi.
middle class / giôùi trung löu dt. moät taàng lôùp xaõ hoäi
taïo bôûi caùc coâng nhaân laønh ngheà, caùc chuyeân gia,
doanh nhaân, vaø nhöõng noâng gia giaøu coù.
middle passage / chuyeán ñi giöõa dt. cuoäc haønh
trình mang nhöõng ngöôøi chaâu Phi bò baét ñeán Taây AÁn,
vaø sau ñoù ñeán Baéc Myõ vaø Nam Myõ, ñeå baùn laøm noâ leä
— ñöôïc goïi nhö vaäy vì noù ñöôïc xem nhö trung gian
cuûa vieäc maäu dòch tam giaùc.
migration / söï di cö dt. haønh vi di chuyeån töø moät nôi
ñeán ñònh cö ôû nôi khaùc.
militarism / chuû nghóa quaân phieät dt. moät chính
saùch bieåu döông söùc maïnh quaân söï vaø giöõ moät ñoäi
quaân thöôøng tröïc luoân saün saøng cho chieán tranh.
Ming dynasty / trieàu ñaïi nhaø Minh dt. moät trieàu ñaïi
Trung Quoác cai trò töø naêm 1368 ñeán 1644.
Minoans dt. moät daân toäc chuyeân ñi bieån vaø buoân baùn
soáng treân ñaûo Crete töø khoaûng naêm 2000 ñeán 1400
tröôùc coâng nguyeân.
Mississippian / thuoäc Mississippi tt. lieân quan ñeán
moät neàn vaên hoùa Mound Builder höng thònh ôû Baéc Myõ
giöõa naêm 800 vaø 1500 sau coâng nguyeân.
mita dt. trong Ñeá cheá Inca, söï ñoøi hoûi taác caû caùc thaàn
daân tröôûng thaønh phaûi laøm vieäc cho nhaø nöôùc moät soá
ngaøy nhaát ñònh moãi naêm.
Moche dt. moät neàn vaên minh höng thònh taïi nôi maø
nay laø bôø bieån phía baéc Peru töø khoaûng naêm 100 ñeán
700.
monarchy / neàn quaân chuû dt. moät chính phuû trong
ñoù quyeàn löïc ôû trong tay chæ moät ngöôøi.
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monastery / tu vieän dt. moät coäng ñoàng toân giaùo goàm
nhöõng ngöôøi goïi laø tu só, nhöõng ngöôøi ñaõ töø boû taát caû
cuûa caûi ñeå coáng hieán thaân mình cho moät cuoäc soáng cuûa
söï caàu nguyeän vaø thôø phuïng.
monopoly / ñoäc quyeàn dt. söï kieåm soaùt ñoäc toân cuûa
moät nhoùm ñoái vôùi vieäc saûn xuaát vaø phaân phoái caùc loaïi
haøng hoùa nhaát ñònh.
monotheism / thuyeát ñôn thaàn dt. nieàm tin vaøo moät
vò thaàn duy nhaát.
Monroe Doctrine / Hoïc thuyeát Monroe dt. chính
saùch phaûn ñoái cuûa Hoa Kyø ñoái vôùi söï can thieäp cuûa
chaâu AÂu ôû Myõ Latin, do Toång thoáng James Monroe
coâng boá naêm 1823.
monsoon / gioù muøa dt. moät loaïi gioù chuyeån höôùng
thoåi vaøo caùc thôøi ñieåm trong moãi naêm.
mosque / ñeàn thôø Hoài giaùo dt. moät nôi thôø phuïng
cuûa ñaïo Hoài.
movable type / chöõ in di chuyeån ñöôïc dt. caùc khoái
kim loaïi hay goã, moãi khoái mang moät ñaëc tính khaùc nhau,
coù theå ñöôïc saép ñaët ñeå taïo thaønh moät trang ñeå in aán.
Mughal dt. moät trong nhöõng ngöôøi du muïc ñoå boä vaøo
tieåu luïc ñòa AÁn Ñoä ôû theá kyû 16 vaø thaønh laäp moät ñeá cheá
huøng maïnh ôû ñoù.
mujahideen dt. ôû Afghanistan, caùc chieán binh suøng
ñaïo nhoùm hoïp laïi ñeå chieán ñaáu choáng chính phuû ñöôïc
Lieân Xoâ uûng hoä ôû cuoái nhöõng naêm 1970.
mulattos / ngöôøi da ngaêm dt. nhöõng ngöôøi lai giöõa
ngöôøi chaâu AÂu vaø chaâu Phi.
mummification / söï öôùp xaùc dt. moät quaù trình öôùp
vaø saáy khoâ xaùc cheát ñeå ngaên thoái röõa.
Munich Conference / Hoäi Nghò Munich dt. moät
cuoäc hoïp naêm 1938 cuûa caùc ñaïi dieän töø Anh, Phaùp, YÙ
vaø Ñöùc, trong ñoù Anh vaø Phaùp ñoàng yù cho pheùp Ñöùc
Quoác xaõ thoân tính moät phaàn laõnh thoå Tieäp Khaéc ñeå ñoåi
laáy vieäc Adolf Hitler höùa toân troïng caùc ñöôøng bieân giôùi
môùi cuûa Tieäp Khaéc.
Muslim / ngöôøi Hoài giaùo dt. moät ngöôøi theo ñaïo Hoài.
Muslim League / Lieân ñoaøn Hoài giaùo dt. moät toå
chöùc ñöôïc hình thaønh naêm 1906 ñeå baûo veä quyeàn lôïi
cuûa ngöôøi Hoài giaùo AÁn Ñoä, maø sau ñoù ñeà nghò raèng AÁn
Ñoä phaûi ñöôïc chia thaønh caùc quoác gia Hoài giaùo vaø
Hindu rieâng bieät.
Mutapa tt. lieân quan ñeán moät ñeá quoác nam chaâu Phi
ñöôïc thaønh laäp bôûi Mutota ôû theá kyû 15 sau coâng
nguyeân.
Mycenaeans dt. moät daân toäc AÁn-AÂu ñònh cö treân ñaát
lieàn Hy Laïp khoaûng naêm 2000 tröôùc coâng nguyeân.
myths / thaàn thoaïi dt. caùc caâu chuyeän truyeàn thuyeát
veà caùc vò thaàn, toå tieân hay anh huøng, ñöôïc keå ñeå giaûi
thích theá giôùi töï nhieân hoaëc phong tuïc vaø tín ngöôõng
cuûa moät xaõ hoäi.
N
Napoleonic Code / Boä Luaät Napoleon dt. moät heä
thoáng luaät leä toaøn dieän vaø thoáng nhaát ñöôïc Napoleon
thieát laäp cho nöôùc Phaùp.
National Assembly / Quoác Hoäi dt. moät hoäi nghò cuûa
Phaùp ñöôïc thaønh laäp bôûi caùc ñaïi dieän cuûa Giai caáp thöù
Ba vaøo ngaøy 17 thaùng Saùu naêm1789, ñeå ban haønh luaät
leä vaø caùc caûi caùch nhaân danh nhaân daân Phaùp.
nationalism / chuû nghóa daân toäc dt. loøng tin raèng
ngöôøi ta chæ neân trung thaønh chuû yeáu vôùi toå quoác mình —
nghóa laø, vôùi nhöõng ngöôøi maø hoï cuøng chung moät neàn vaên
hoùa vaø lòch söû — hôn laø vôùi moät vò vua hay hoaøng ñeá.
nation-state / quoác gia-nhaø nöôùc dt. moät ñôn vò ñòa
chính ñoäc laäp goàm nhöõng ngöôøi coù chung neàn vaên hoùa
vaø ñaëc tính.
NATO dt. Toå chöùc Hieäp öôùc Baéc Ñaïi Taây Döông —
moät lieân minh quaân söï phoøng thuû hình thaønh naêm 1949
bôûi möôøi quoác gia Taây AÂu, Hoa Kyø vaø Canada.
Nazca dt. moät neàn vaên minh höng thònh taïi nôi ngaøy
nay laø bôø bieån phía nam Peru töø khoaûng naêm 200 tröôùc
coâng nguyeân ñeán 600 sau coâng nguyeân.
Nazism / chuû nghóa Quoác xaõ dt. caùc chính saùch
phaùt xít cuûa ñaûng Coâng Nhaân Quoác gia Xaõ hoäi Ñöùc,
döïa vaøo chuû nghóa cöïc quyeàn chuyeân cheá, moät nieàm tin
vaøo söï öu vieät chuûng toäc, vaø söï kieåm soaùt cuûa nhaø nöôùc
ñoái vôùi coâng nghieäp.
Negritude movement / phong traøo Negritude dt.
moät phong traøo trong ñoù ngöôøi chaâu Phi noùi tieáng Phaùp
vaø ngöôøi Taây AÁn kyû nieäm söï thöøa keá truyeàn thoáng vaên
hoùa vaø caùc giaù trò chaâu Phi.
neoclassical / taân coå ñieån tt. lieân quan ñeán moät
phong caùch ñôn giaûn, sang troïng (döïa vaøo caùc yù töôûng
vaø chuû ñeà töø Hy Laïp vaø La Maõ coå ñaïi) ñaëc tröng cho
ngheä thuaät ôû chaâu AÂu trong cuoái nhöõng naêm 1700.
Neolithic Age / thôøi kyø Ñoà Ñaù Môùi dt. moät thôøi kyø
tieàn söû baét ñaàu khoaûng naêm 8000 tröôùc coâng nguyeân
vaø ôû vaøi khu vöïc chaám döùt sôùm khoaûng naêm 3000
tröôùc coâng nguyeân, khi ñoù con ngöôøi hoïc caùch ñaùnh
boùng ñoà ñaù, laøm ñoà goám, troàng troït vaø nuoâi gia suùc —
coøn goïi laø New Stone Age.
Neolithic Revolution / Caùch maïng Ñoà Ñaù Môùi dt.
söï thay ñoåi chính yeáu trong ñôøi soáng con ngöôøi ñöôïc
taïo ra bôûi vieäc baét ñaàu laøm noâng nghieäp — nghóa laø,
bôûi vieäc con ngöôøi chuyeån ñoåi töø haùi löôïm thöùc aên sang
saûn xuaát thöùc aên.
New Deal / Taân Chính saùch dt. chöông trình caûi
caùch kinh teá cuûa Toång thoáng Myõ Franklin Roosevelt
ñöôïc ñöa ra ñeà giaûi quyeát caùc vaán ñeà gaây neân bôûi cuoäc
Ñaïi Suy thoaùi.
New Kingdom / Taân Vöông Quoác dt. thôøi kyø cuûa lòch
söû Ai Caäp coå ñaïi tieáp sau söï laät ñoå caùc nhaø cai trò Hyksos,
keùo daøi töø khoaûng naêm 1570 ñeán 1075 tröôùc coâng nguyeân.
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nirvana / nieát baøn dt. trong ñaïo Phaät, söï giaûi thoaùt
khoûi ñau khoå vaø chòu ñöïng coù ñöôïc sau söï khai saùng.
Nok dt. moät daân toäc chaâu Phi soáng ôû nôi maø nay laø
Nigeria giöõa naêm 500 tröôùc coâng nguyeân vaø 200 sau
coâng nguyeân.
nomad / daân du cö dt. moät thaønh vieân cuûa moät nhoùm
ngöôøi khoâng coù nhaø ôû coá ñònh, lang thang töø nôi naøy
ñeán nôi khaùc ñeå tìm thöùc aên vaø nöôùc.
nonaggression pact / hieäp öôùc khoâng gaây haán dt.
moät hieäp öôùc trong ñoù caùc quoác gia höùa khoâng taán
coâng nhau.
nonaligned nations / caùc quoác gia khoâng lieân keát
dt. caùc nöôùc ñoäc laäp vaãn giöõ tình traïng trung laäp trong
cuoäc caïnh tranh trong Chieán tranh Laïnh giöõa Hoa Kyø
vaø Lieân Xoâ.
Nuremberg Trials / caùc Phieân toøa Nuremberg dt.
moät loaït caùc vuï xeùt xöû toå chöùc taïi Nuremberg, Ñöùc,
sau Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai, trong ñoù caùc laõnh ñaïo
Ñöùc Quoác xaõ bò truy toá vì toäi xaâm löôïc, vi phaïm luaät leä
chieán tranh, vaø toäi aùc choáng laïi loaøi ngöôøi.
O
VIETNAMESE
obsidian / ñaù voû chai dt. moät loaïi ñaù nuùi löûa cöùng,
gioáng thuûy tinh ñöôïc caùc daân toäc xöa duøng laøm vuõ khí
saéc beùn.
Old Regime / Cheá ñoä Cuõ dt. heä thoáng chính trò vaø
xaõ hoäi toàn taïi ôû Phaùp tröôùc cuoäc Caùch maïng Phaùp.
oligarchy / chính theå ñaàu soû dt. moät chính phuû trong
ñoù quyeàn löïc ôû trong tay moät soá ít ngöôøi — ñaëc bieät
moät chính phuû trong ñoù luaät leä ñöôïc döïa vaøo ñoàng tieàn.
Olmec dt. neàn vaên minh Meã-Myõ ñöôïc bieát ñeán sôùm
nhaát, höng thònh vaøo khoaûng naêm 1200 tröôùc coâng
nguyeân vaø aûnh höôûng ñeán caùc xaõ hoäi sau naøy trong
khaép khu vöïc.
Open Door Policy / Chính saùch Môû Cöûa dt. moät
chính saùch ñöôïc Hoa Kyø ñeà xuaát naêm 1899, theo ñoù taát
caû caùc quoác gia seõ coù cô hoäi ngang nhau ñeå buoân baùn
taïi Trung Quoác.
Opium War / Chieán tranh Thuoác Phieän dt. moät
cuoäc xung ñoät giöõa Anh vaø Trung Quoác, keùo daøi töø
1839 ñeán 1842, quanh vieäc buoân baùn nha phieán cuûa
Anh taïi Trung Quoác.
oracle bone / xöông thaày boùi dt. moät caùi xöông suùc
vaät hoaëc mu ruøa ñöôïc caùc thaày tu Trung Hoa coå duøng
ñeå giao tieáp vôùi caùc vò thaàn.
Oslo Peace Accords / caùc Hieäp öôùc Hoøa bình
Oslo dt. moät hieäp ñònh naêm 1993 trong ñoù thuû töôùng
Israeli Rabin trao quyeàn töï trò cuûa ngöôøi Palestine ôû
Daûi Gaza vaø Bôø Taây.
ozone layer / taàng ozone dt. moät lôùp khí quyeån treân
cuûa traùi ñaát, baûo veä moïi söï vaät khoûi caùc tia cöïc tím huûy
hoaïi cuûa maët trôøi.
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P
Pacific Rim / Vaønh ñai Thaùi Bình Döông dt. caùc phaàn
ñaát bao quanh Thaùi Bình Döông — ñaëc bieät ôû chaâu AÙ.
Paleolithic Age / Thôøi kyø Ñoà Ñaù Cuõ dt. moät thôøi kyø
tieàn söû keùo daøi töø khoaûng naêm 2.500.000 ñeán 8000
tröôùc coâng nguyeân, khi ñoù con ngöôøi laøm ra caùc coâng
cuï vaø vuõ khí baèng ñaù thoâ — coøn goïi laø Old Stone Age.
Panama Canal / Keânh ñaøo Panama dt. moät ñöôøng
thuûy do con ngöôøi laøm ra noái lieàn Ñaïi Taây Döông vaø
Thaùi Bình Döông, ñöôïc Hoa Kyø xaây döïng ôû Panama vaø
môû cöûa vaøo naêm 1914.
papyrus / caây coùi giaáy dt. moät loaïi caây hoï saäy moïc ôû
chaâu thoå soâng Nile, ñöôïc ngöôøi Ai Caäp coå ñaïi duøng ñeå
laøm caùc vaät lieäu gioáng giaáy ñeå vieát leân.
parliament / nghò vieän dt. moät cô quan goàm caùc ñaïi
dieän ñeå laøm luaät cho moät quoác gia.
partition / söï phaân chia dt. moät söï chia caét thaønh
nhieàu phaàn, nhö vieäc chia caét thuoäc ñòa AÁn Ñoä cuûa
Anh naêm 1947 thaønh hai quoác gia AÁn Ñoä vaø Pakistan.
pastoralist / ngöôøi chaên thaû dt. moät thaønh vieân cuûa moät
nhoùm du muïc chuyeân chaên caùc suùc vaät ñaõ thuaàn döôõng.
paternalism / cheá ñoä gia tröôûng dt. moät chính saùch
ñoái xöû vôùi ngöôøi döôùi quyeàn nhö theå hoï laø treû em, cung
caáp nhöõng gì hoï caàn nhöng khoâng cho hoï quyeàn lôïi.
patriarch / giaùo tröôûng dt. moät vò tröôûng giaùm muïc
cuûa nhaùnh phía ñoâng cuûa ñaïo Thieân Chuùa.
patriarchal / phuï heä tt. lieân quan ñeán moät heä thoáng
xaõ hoäi trong ñoù ngöôøi cha laø ngöôøi ñöùng ñaàu gia ñình.
patrician / con nhaø quyù toäc dt. ôû La Maõ coå ñaïi, moät
thaønh vieân cuûa taàng lôùp thöôïng löu giaøu coù, quyeàn theá.
patrilineal / thuoäc phuï heä tt. lieân quan ñeán moät heä
thoáng xaõ hoäi trong ñoù nguoàn goác vaø caùc quyeàn thöøa keá
gia ñình ñöôïc truy theo ngöôøi cha.
patron / ngöôøi ñôõ ñaàu dt. moät ngöôøi hoã trôï caùc ngheä
só, nhaát laø veà taøi chính.
Pax Mongolica / Moâng Coå Hoøa Bình dt. thôøi kyø töø
giöõa nhöõng naêm 1200 ñeán giöõa nhöõng naêm 1300 khi
ngöôøi Moâng Coå aùp ñaët söï bình ñònh cuøng luaät leä vaø traät
töï treân khaép AÂu AÙ.
Pax Romana / La Maõ Hoøa Bình dt. moät giai ñoaïn
hoaø bình vaø thònh vöôïng treân khaép Ñeá Quoác La Maõ,
keùo daøi töø naêm 27 tröôùc coâng nguyeân ñeán 180 sau
coâng nguyeân.
Peace of Augsburg / Hoøa öôùc Augsburg dt. moät
hieäp öôùc naêm 1555 tuyeân boá raèng toân giaùo cuûa moãi
bang cuûa nöôùc Ñöùc seõ ñöôïc quyeát ñònh bôûi ngöôøi cai trò
bang ñoù.
Peloponnesian War / Chieán tranh Peloponnesia
dt. moät cuoäc chieán keùo daøi töø naêm 431 ñeán 404 tröôùc
coâng nguyeân, trong ñoù Athens vaø caùc ñoàng minh cuûa
noù bò ñaùnh baï bôûi Sparta vaø caùc ñoàng minh.
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penal colony / thuoäc ñòa hình söï dt. moät thuoäc ñòa
maø nhöõng ngöôøi bò keát aùn tuø ñöôïc göûi ñeán ñeå thay cho
vieäc ôû tuø.
peninsulares / daân baùn ñaûo dt. trong xaõ hoäi thuoäc
ñòa cuûa Taây Ban Nha, nhöõng daân thuoäc ñòa sinh taïi Taây
Ban Nha.
Peninsular War / Chieán tranh Baùn ñaûo dt. moät
cuoäc xung ñoät keùo daøi töø naêm 1808 ñeán 1813, trong ñoù
quaân phieán loaïn Taây Ban Nha, vôùi söï trôï giuùp cuûa caùc
löïc löôïng Anh, chieán ñaáu ñeå ñuoåi quaân Phaùp cuûa
Napoleon khoûi Taây Ban Nha.
perestroika / caûi toå dt. söï cô caáu laïi neàn kinh teá Lieân
Xoâ ñeå chaáp nhaän theâm nhöõng söï quyeát ñònh noäi boä, do
Mikhail Gorbachev khôûi xöôùng naêm 1985.
Persian Gulf War / Chieán tranh Vònh Ba Tö dt.
moät cuoäc xung ñoät naêm 1991 trong ñoù caùc löïc löôïng
Lieân Hieäp Quoác ñaùnh baïi caùc löïc löôïng Iraq ñaõ xaâm
laêng Kuwait vaø ñe doïa xaâm laêng Saudi Arabia.
Persian Wars / caùc Cuoäc Chieán Ba Tö dt. moät
loaït caùc cuoäc chieán tranh ôû theá kyû thöù naêm tröôùc coâng
nguyeân, trong ñoù caùc nhaø nöôùc — ñoâ thò Hy Laïp chieán
ñaáu choáng Ñeá Quoác Ba Tö.
perspective / phoái caûnh dt. moät kyõ xaûo ngheä thuaät
taïo söï theå hieän ba chieàu leân moät beà maët phaúng.
phalanx / ñoäi nguõ tinh nhueä dt. moät cô caáu quaân ñoäi
goàm caùc lính boä binh trang bò giaùo vaø khieân.
pharaoh dt. moät vò vua Ai Caäp coå ñaïi, ñöôïc xem nhö
moät vò thaàn cuõng nhö moät laõnh tuï chính trò vaø quaân söï.
philosophe / trieát gia dt. moät trong nhöõng nhoùm caùc
nhaø tö töôûng ôû Phaùp trong thôøi ñaïi AÙnh Saùng.
philosophers / trieát gia dt. caùc nhaø tö töôûng chuyeân
duøng logic vaø lyù leõ ñeå nghieân cöùu baûn chaát cuûa vuõ truï,
xaõ hoäi loaøi ngöôøi, vaø ñaïo ñöùc.
Phoenicians / ngöôøi Phoenicia dt. moät daân toäc
mieàn bieån thuoäc Taây Nam AÙ, maø khoaûng naêm 1100
tröôùc coâng nguyeân baét ñaàu giao thöông vaø thieát laäp caùc
thuoäc ñòa treân khaép vuøng Ñòa Trung Haûi.
Pilgrims / Löõ Khaùch dt. moät nhoùm ngöôøi maø naêm
1620 thaønh laäp thuoäc ñòa Plymouth ôû Massachusetts ñeå
thoaùt khoûi söï ngöôïc ñaõi toân giaùo ôû Anh.
plebeian / ngöôøi bình daân dt. ôû La Maõ coå ñaïi, moät
trong nhöõng ngöôøi noâng daân, thôï thuû coâng vaø thöông
gia bình thöôøng caáu thaønh neân phaàn lôùn daân soá.
plebiscite / cuoäc tröng caàu daân yù dt. moät cuoäc boû
phieáu tröïc tieáp trong ñoù nhaân daân moät nöôùc coù cô hoäi
chaáp thuaän hay loaïi boû moät kieán nghò.
PLO dt. Toå chöùc Giaûi phoùng Palestine — moät toå chöùc
hoaït ñoäng nhaèm thaønh laäp moät nhaø nöôùc ñoäc laäp cho
ngöôøi Palestine ôû Trung Ñoâng.
polis dt. moät ñoâ thò-nhaø nöôùc Hy Laïp — ñôn vò haønh
chính cô baûn cuûa Hy Laïp coå ñaïi sau khoaûng naêm 750
tröôùc coâng nguyeân.
Politburo / Boä Chính trò dt. uûy ban cai quaûn cuûa
Ñaûng Coäng saûn ôû Lieân Xoâ.
political dissent / baát ñoàng chính trò dt. söï khaùc
bieät trong yù kieán veà caùc vaán ñeà chính trò.
polytheism / ña thaàn dt. nieàm tin vaøo nhieàu vò thaàn.
pope / Giaùo Hoaøng dt. vò giaùm muïc cuûa La Maõ,
ñöùng ñaàu Giaùo Hoäi Thieân Chuùa La Maõ.
Popol Vuh dt. moät cuoán saùch chöùa moät phieân baûn cuûa
caâu chuyeän saùng taïo cuûa ngöôøi Maya.
popular culture / vaên hoùa ñaïi chuùng dt. nhöõng yeáu
toá vaên hoùa — theå thao, aâm nhaïc, phim aûnh, quaàn aùo,
vaø vaân vaân — phaûn aùnh neàn taûng chung vaø nhöõng söï
quan taâm luoân thay ñoåi cuûa moät nhoùm ngöôøi.
potlatch dt. moät leã hoäi long troïng duøng ñeå theå hieän ñòa
vò xaõ hoäi vaø söï phaùt ñaït ôû moät soá boä laïc Thoå daân chaâu
Myõ ôû vuøng Duyeân haûi Taây Baéc.
predestination / thuyeát tieàn ñònh dt. hoïc thuyeát cho
raèng Chuùa ñaõ quyeát ñònh tröôùc taát caû moïi vieäc, neáu coù
thuyeát naøy ngöôøi ta seõ ñöôïc cöùu vôùt maõi maõi.
Presbyterian / Tín ñoà giaùo hoäi tröôûng laõo dt. moät
thaønh vieân cuûa moät nhaø thôø Tin Laønh ñöôïc cai quaûn
bôûi caùc tröôûng laõo vaø thaønh laäp döïa treân vieäc giaûng daïy
veà John Knox.
PRI dt. Ñaûng Caùch maïng Toå chöùc — ñaûng chính trò
chính cuûa Mexico.
proletariat / giai caáp voâ saûn dt. trong hoïc thuyeát cuûa
Marx, nhoùm caùc coâng nhaân nhöõng ngöôøi seõ laät ñoå sa
hoaøng vaø ñeán ñeå trò vì nöôùc Nga.
proliferation / söï sinh soâi dt. moät söï taêng tröôûng hay
lan traøn — ñaëc bieät laø söï lan traøn caùc vuõ khí haït nhaân
ñeán nhöõng quoác gia hieän ñang khoâng coù chuùng.
propaganda / söï tuyeân truyeàn dt. thoâng tin hay taøi
lieäu ñöôïc truyeàn baù ñeå tieán tôùi moät muïc ñích hoaëc ñeå
phaù hoaïi moät muïc ñích cuûa ñoái thuû.
Protestant / Tin Laønh dt. moät thaønh vieân cuûa moät
nhaø thôø Thieân Chuùa ñöôïc thaønh laäp treân caùc nguyeân
taéc cuûa Phong traøo Caûi caùch.
provisional government / chính phuû laâm thôøi dt.
moät chính phuû taïm quyeàn.
psychology / taâm lyù hoïc dt. moät khoa hoïc nghieân
cöùu veà taâm trí vaø thaùi ñoä con ngöôøi.
pueblos / laøng Da ñoû dt. caùc laøng maïc coù nhieàu ngoâi
nhaø gioáng nhö caên hoä laøm baèng ñaát vaø ñaù, ñöôïc xaây
döïng bôûi ngöôøi Anasazi vaø sau naøy laø caùc boä toäc thuoäc
vuøng Taây Nam nöôùc Myõ.
Punic Wars / caùc Cuoäc Chieán Punic dt. moät loaït
ba cuoäc chieán tranh giöõa La Maõ vaø Carthage (264-146
tröôùc coâng nguyeân); daãn ñeán vieäc phaù huûy Carthage vaø
söï thoáng trò cuûa La Maõ treân khaép vuøng phía taây Ñòa
Trung Haûi.
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 73
VIETNAMESE
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Puritans / ngöôøi Thanh giaùo dt. moät nhoùm ngöôøi
tìm kieám töï do ñeå thoaùt khoûi söï ngöôïc ñaõi toân giaùo
ôû Anh baèng caùch thaønh laäp moät thuoäc ñòa ôû Vònh
Massachusetts trong nhöõng naêm ñaàu thaäp kyû 1600.
push-pull factors / caùc nhaân toá ñaåy-keùo dt. caùc
ñieàu kieän loâi keùo ngöôøi ta ñeán moät ñòa ñieåm (nhaân toá
keùo) hoaëc laøm ngöôøi ta rôøi khoûi queâ höông hoï vaø di cö
ñeán moät vuøng khaùc (nhaân toá ñaåy).
pyramid / hình choùp dt. moät caáu truùc lôùn vôùi moät
neàn ñeá hình töù giaùc vaø boán caïnh hình tam giaùc, gioáng
nhö nhöõng Kim Töï Thaùp ñöôïc xaây döïng ôû Ai Caäp ñeå
laøm nôi choân caát caùc pharaoh cuûa Vöông Quoác Coå.
Q
Qin dynasty / nhaø Taàn dt. moät trieàu ñaïi Trung Quoác
ngaén nguûi ñaõ thay theá nhaø Chu ôû theá kyû thöù ba tröôùc
coâng nguyeân.
Qing dynasty / nhaø Thanh dt. trieàu ñaïi cuoái cuøng
cuûa Trung Quoác, cai trò töø naêm 1644 ñeán 1912.
Quetzalcoatl dt. "con Raén coù Loâng" — moät vò thaàn
cuûa ngöôøi Toltecs vaø caùc daân toäc Myõ-Meã khaùc.
quipu dt. moät söï saép ñaët nhöõng sôïi daây coù thaét nuùt,
ñöôïc ngöôøi Inca duøng ñeå ghi cheùp nhöõng thoâng tin soá.
Qur’an / kinh Coâran dt. saùch thaùnh cuûa ñaïo Hoài.
R
VIETNAMESE
racism / chuû nghóa phaân bieät chuûng toäc dt. quan
nieäm raèng chuûng toäc naøy cao caáp hôn caùc chuûng toäc khaùc.
radicals / nhöõng ngöôøi caáp tieán dt. ôû nöûa ñaàu theá
kyû 19, nhöõng ngöôøi chaâu AÂu uûng hoä söï thay ñoåi maïnh
meõ ñeå môû roäng neàn daân chuû ñeán cho toaøn daân.
radioactivity / phoùng xaï dt. moät daïng naêng löôïng
ñöôïc thaûi ra döôùi daïng phaân raõ nguyeân töû.
Raj / Anh thuoäc dt. nhöõng phaàn bò Anh kieåm soaùt cuûa
AÁn Ñoä trong nhöõng naêm 1857-1947.
rationing / khaåu phaàn dt. söï giôùi haïn löôïng haøng hoùa
moïi ngöôøi ñöôïc mua — thöôøng ñöôïc caùc chính phuû aùp
duïng trong thôøi chieán, khi haøng hoùa khan hieám.
realism / tröôøng phaùi hieän thöïc dt. moät phong traøo
ngheä thuaät theá kyû 19 trong ñoù caùc taùc giaû vaø hoïa só tìm
caùch theå hieän cuoäc soáng gioáng nhö thöïc teá thay vì
gioáng nhö mong öôùc.
realpolitik / chính trò cuûa thöïc teá dt. söï thöïc thi neàn
chính trò quyeàn löïc vaø khoâng coù choã cho chuû nghóa lyù
töôûng.
recession / söï suy thoaùi dt. moät söï chaäm laïi cuûa
neàn kinh teá cuûa moät quoác gia.
Reconquista / söï Taùi Chinh phuïc dt. noã löïc cuûa caùc
nhaø laõnh ñaïo Cô Ñoác ñeå ñuoåi ngöôøi Hoài giaùo khoûi Taây
Ban Nha, keùo daøi töø nhöõng naêm 1100 ñeán naêm 1492.
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Red Guards / Veä Binh Ñoû dt. caùc ñôn vò daân quaân
ñöôïc thaønh laäp bôûi nhöõng ngöôøi Trung Hoa treû tuoåi
naêm 1966 ñeå ñaùp laïi lôøi keâu goïi cuûa Mao Traïch Ñoâng
ñoái vôùi moät cuoäc caùch maïng xaõ hoäi vaø vaên hoùa.
Reformation / Phong traøo Caûi caùch dt. moät phong
traøo theá kyû 16 nhaèm caûi caùch toân giaùo, daãn ñeán söï
thaønh laäp caùc nhaø thôø Thieân Chuùa giaùo khöôùc töø quyeàn
löïc cuûa giaùo hoaøng.
refugee / daân tò naïn dt. moät ngöôøi rôøi ñaát nöôùc mình
ñeå ñeán moät nöôùc khaùc tìm söï an toaøn.
Reign of Terror / Trieàu ñaïi Kinh hoaøng dt. thôøi kyø
töø giöõa naêm 1793 ñeán giöõa 1794, khi Maximilien
Robespierre cai trò Phaùp gaàn nhö moät nhaø ñoäc taøi vaø
haøng ngaøn nhaân vaät chính trò vaø coâng daân bình thöôøng
bò haønh quyeát.
reincarnation / söï ñaàu thai dt. trong ñaïo Hindu vaø
ñaïo Phaät, quaù trình theo ñoù moät linh hoàn ñöôïc taùi sinh
lieân tuïc ñeán khi noù ñaït ñöôïc söï am hieåu hoaøn toaøn.
religious toleration / söï khoan dung toân giaùo dt.
moät söï thöøa nhaän quyeàn cuûa moïi ngöôøi ñöôïc naém giöõ
caùc tín ngöôõng khaùc nhau.
Renaissance / thôøi Phuïc Höng dt. moät thôøi kyø lòch
söû chaâu AÂu, keùo daøi töø khoaûng naêm 1300 ñeán 1600, khi
söï quan taâm môùi meû ñoái vôùi vaên hoùa coå ñieån daãn ñeán
nhöõng söï thay ñoåi roäng raõi veà ngheä thuaät, hoïc vaán vaø
theá giôùi quan.
republic / neàn coäng hoøa dt. moät hình thöùc chính phuû
trong ñoù quyeàn löïc ôû trong tay caùc ñaïi dieän vaø caùc nhaø
laõnh ñaïo ñöôïc nhaân daân baàu ra.
Restoration dt. the period of Charles II’s rule over
England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell’s
government.
reunification / söï taùi thoáng nhaát dt. söï ñem laïi vôùi
nhau moät laàn nöõa caùc thöù tröôùc ñoù ñaõ bò phaân chia, nhö
söï taùi thoáng nhaát Ñoâng Ñöùc vaø Taây Ñöùc naêm 1990.
romanticism / tröôøng phaùi laõng maïn dt. moät phong
traøo ñaàu theá kyû 19 trong ngheä thuaät vaø tö duy, taäp
trung vaøo caûm xuùc vaø töï nhieân hôn laø lyù leõ vaø xaõ hoäi.
Roosevelt Corollary / Heä Luaän Roosevelt dt. söï
môû roäng cuûa Toång thoáng Theodore Roosevelt naêm
1904 ñoái vôùi Hoïc Thuyeát Monroe, trong ñoù oâng tuyeân
boá raèng Hoa Kyø coù quyeàn thöïc thi "quyeàn löïc caûnh saùt"
ôû toaøn Taây Baùn Caàu.
Rowlatt Acts / caùc Ñaïo luaät Rowlatt dt. caùc ñieàu
luaät ñöôïc thoâng qua naêm 1919 cho pheùp chính phuû Anh
taïi AÁn Ñoä boû tuø nhöõng ngöôøi choáng ñoái Anh maø khoâng
caàn xeùt xöû trong hai naêm.
Royal Road / Con Ñöôøng Hoaøng Gia dt. moät con
ñöôøng ôû Ñeá Quoác Ba Tö, traûi roäng hôn 1.600 daëm töø
Susa ôû Ba Tö ñeán Sardis ôû Anatolia.
Russification / söï Nga hoùa dt. quaù trình aùp ñaët vaên
hoùa Nga leân taát caû caùc nhoùm saéc toäc trong Ñeá Quoác
Nga.
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Russo-Japanese War / Chieán tranh Nga-Nhaät dt.
moät cuoäc xung ñoät naêm 1904-1905 giöõa Nga vaø Nhaät,
ñöôïc chaâm ngoøi bôûi nhöõng noã löïc cuûa hai nöôùc nhaèm
thoáng trò Maõn Chaâu Lyù vaø Trieàu Tieân.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
S
sacrament / leã ban phöôùc dt. moät trong nhöõng buoåi
leã Cô Ñoác trong ñoù ôn hueä cuûa Chuùa ñöôïc truyeàn tôùi
con ngöôøi.
Safavid dt. thaønh vieân cuûa moät trieàu ñaïi Hoài giaùo
Shi’a ñaõ xaây döïng moät ñeá cheá ôû Ba Tö trong caùc theá
kyû 16-18.
Sahel dt. vuøng thuoäc chaâu Phi doïc bieân giôùi phía nam
sa maïc Sahara.
salon / trieån laõm tranh Paris dt. moät cuoäc hoäi ngoä
cuûa caùc trí thöùc vaø ngheä só, nhö ñöôïc toå chöùc taïi nhaø
cuûa nhöõng phuï nöõ khaù giaû ôû Paris vaø caùc thaønh phoá
chaâu AÂu khaùc trong thôøi kyø AÙnh Saùng.
SALT dt. vieát taét cuûa caùc Cuoäc Thaûo luaän veà Haïn cheá
Vuõ khí Chieán löôïc — moät loaït caùc cuoäc hoïp trong nhöõng
naêm 1970, trong ñoù laõnh ñaïo cuûa Hoa Kyø vaø Lieân Xoâ
ñoàng yù giôùi haïn caùc kho vuõ khí haït nhaân cuûa hai quoác gia.
Salt March / Thaùng Ba Muoái dt. moät cuoäc bieåu tình
oân hoøa choáng laïi caùc Ñaïo luaät veà Muoái naêm 1930 ôû AÁn
Ñoä trong ñoù Mohandas Gandhi daãn ñaàu nhöõng ngöôøi
theo oâng treân moät cuoäc ñi boä daøi 240 daëm tôùi bieån, nôi
hoï laøm muoái cho chính mình töø nöôùc bieån ñöôïc laøm
bay hôi.
samurai dt. moät trong nhöõng chieán binh chuyeân
nghieäp phuïng söï caùc chuùa phong kieán ôû Nhaät.
sans-culottes / khoâng maëc quaàn dt. trong cuoäc
Caùch maïng Phaùp, moät nhoùm caáp tieán goàm nhöõng ngöôøi
laøm coâng aên löông vaø baùn taïp hoùa ngöôøi Paris muoán
moät tieáng noùi lôùn hôn trong chính phuû, muoán giaù caû
thaáp hôn vaø chaám döùt thieáu thoán löông thöïc.
satrap / tænh tröôûng dt. moät thuû lónh cuûa moät tænh ôû
Ñeá Quoác Ba Tö.
savanna / thaûo nguyeân baùn hoang maïc dt. moät,
caùnh ñoàng phaúng vaø nhieàu coû.
Schlieffen Plan / Keá hoaïch Schlieffen dt. keá
hoaïch quaân söï cuûa Ñöùc vaøo luùc buøng noå cuoäc Chieán
tranh Theá giôùi thöù nhaát, maø theo ñoù quaân Ñöùc seõ mau
choùng ñaùnh baïi Phaùp vaø roài tieán veà phía ñoâng ñeå taán
coâng Nga.
scholastics / giaùo sinh dt. caùc hoïc giaû taäp hôïp laïi vaø
giaûng daïy taïi caùc ñaïi hoïc chaâu AÂu thôøi trung coå.
scientific method / phöông phaùp khoa hoïc dt. moät
thuû tuïc hôïp lyù ñeå thu thaäp thoâng tin veà theá giôùi töï
nhieân, trong ñoù vieäc thöû nghieäm vaø quan saùt ñöôïc söû
duïng ñeå kieåm tra caùc giaû thuyeát.
Scientific Revolution / Caùch maïng Khoa hoïc dt.
moät söï thay ñoåi lôùn trong tö töôûng chaâu AÂu, baét ñaàu vaøo
giöõa nhöõng naêm 1500, trong ñoù vieäc nghieân cöùu theá giôùi
töï nhieân baét ñaàu ñöôïc bieåu thò bôûi söï quan saùt caån thaän
vaø vieäc chaát vaán nhöõng nieàm tin ñöôïc chaáp nhaän.
scorched-earth policy / chính saùch vöôøn khoâng
nhaø troáng dt. vieäc ñoát muøa maøng vaø gieát vaät nuoâi trong
thôøi chieán ñeå quaân ñòch khoâng soáng ñöôïc treân ñaát ñoù.
scribe / ngöôøi giöõ giaáy tôø dt. moät trong nhöõng ngöôøi
giöõ hoà sô chuyeân nghieäp ôû caùc neàn vaên minh sô khai.
secede / ly khai ñt. chính thöùc ruùt khoûi moät hieäp hoäi
hay lieân minh.
secular / traàn tuïc tt. quan taâm ñeán caùc vaán ñeà thöïc
taïi hôn laø caùc vaán ñeà taâm linh.
segregation / söï taùch bieät chuûng toäc dt. vieäc chia
caét hôïp phaùp hoaëc mang tính xaõ hoäi nhöõng ngöôøi thuoäc
caùc chuûng toäc khaùc nhau.
self-determination / quyeàn töï quyeát dt. quyeàn töï
do cuûa moät daân toäc ñeå quyeát ñònh hoï muoán soáng döôùi
hình thöùc chính phuû naøo.
Seljuks dt. moät nhoùm ngöôøi Thoå Nhó Kyø di cö ñeán Ñeá
Quoác Abbasid trong theá kyû thöù 10 vaø thaønh laäp ñeá cheá
cho rieâng hoï ôû theá kyû thöù 11.
senate / hoäi ñoàng toái cao dt. ôû La Maõ coå ñaïi, cô
quan caàm quyeàn toái cao, khôûi ñaàu chæ goàm toaøn ngöôøi
quyù toäc.
sepoy dt. moät ngöôøi lính AÁn Ñoä phuïc vuï döôùi quyeàn
chæ huy cuûa Anh.
Sepoy Mutiny / cuoäc Binh bieán Sepoy dt. moät
cuoäc noåi daäy naêm 1857 cuûa binh lính Hindu vaø Hoài
giaùo choáng laïi quaân Anh ôû AÁn Ñoä.
serf / noâng noâ dt. moät noâng daân trung coå bò luaät buoäc
phaûi soáng treân ñaát ñai cuûa moät laõnh chuùa.
Seven Years’ War / Chieán tranh Baûy Naêm dt.
moät cuoäc xung ñoät ôû chaâu AÂu, Baéc Myõ vaø AÁn Ñoä, keùo
daøi töø naêm 1756 ñeán 1763, trong ñoù caùc löïc löôïng Anh
vaø Phoå chieán ñaáu vôùi quaân AÙo, Phaùp, Nga vaø caùc nöôùc
khaùc.
shah / quoác vöông dt. vua keá tuïc cuûa Iran.
shari’a dt. moät cô quan laøm luaät cai quaûn cuoäc soáng
cuûa ngöôøi Hoài giaùo.
Shi’a dt. nhaùnh cuûa ñaïo Hoài coù caùc thaønh vieân thöøa
nhaän Ali vaø caùc haäu dueä laø nhöõng ngöôøi keá vò xöùng
ñaùng cuûa Muhammad.
Shinto / Thaàn Ñaïo dt. toân giaùo goác cuûa Nhaät Baûn.
Shiva dt. moät vò thaàn Hindu ñöôïc xem laø keû phaù huûy
theá giôùi.
"shock therapy" / "lieäu phaùp soác" dt. moät chöông
trình kinh teá ñöôïc tieán haønh ôû Nga bôûi Boris Yeltsin
trong nhöõng naêm 1990, bao goàm moät söï chuyeån ñoåi voäi
vaõ töø moät neàn kinh teá chæ huy sang moät neàn kinh teá thò
tröôøng töï do.
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shogun / töôùng quaân dt. ôû Nhaät Baûn thôøi phong
kieán, moät chæ huy quaân söï toái caùo cai trò nhaân danh
hoaøng ñeá.
Sikh dt. moät thaønh vieân cuûa moät nhoùm toân giaùo phi
baïo löïc coù tín ngöôõng pha troän caùc yeáu toá Phaät giaùo,
Hindu giaùo vaø Sufi giaùo.
Silk Roads / caùc Con Ñöôøng Tô Luïa dt. moät heä
thoáng nhöõng con ñöôøng löõ haønh coå ñaïi baêng qua Trung
AÙ, maø caùc thöông gia mang theo luïa vaø caùc haøng hoùa
buoân baùn khaùc doïc theo ñoù.
simony / söï mua quan baùn chöùc dt. vieäc baùn hoaëc
mua moät chöùc vuï trong moät giaùo hoäi Thieân Chuùa.
skepticism / chuû nghóa hoaøi nghi dt. moät trieát lyù
döïa treân quan nieäm raèng khoâng coù gì ñöôïc bieát laø chaéc
chaén caû.
slash-and-burn farming / canh taùc kieåu chaët-vaøñoát dt. moät phöông phaùp troàng troït trong ñoù ngöôøi ta
doïn saùch caùnh ñoàng baèng caùch caét vaø ñoát caây coái vaø
coû, laáy tro laøm phaân boùn cho ñaát.
Slavs / daân Ñoâng AÂu dt. moät daân toäc ôû caùc khu röøng
phía baéc Bieån Ñen, laø toå tieân cuûa nhieàu daân toäc ôû Ñoâng
AÂu ngaøy nay.
social contract / kheá öôùc xaõ hoäi dt. thoûa thuaän theo
ñoù ngöôøi ta ñònh nghóa vaø giôùi haïn caùc quyeàn caù nhaân,
töø ñoù taïo neân moät xaõ hoäi hay chính quyeàn coù toå chöùc.
Social Darwinism / Hoïc thuyeát Darwin veà Xaõ hoäi
dt. vieäc öùng duïng yù töôûng cuûa Charles Darwin veà söï
tieán hoùa vaø "söï soáng soùt cuûa caùc caù theå thích nghi nhaát"
ñoái vôùi caùc xaõ hoäi loaøi ngöôøi — cuï theå laø söï bieän hoä
cho söï baøng tröôùng chuû nghóa ñeá quoác.
socialism / chuû nghóa xaõ hoäi dt. moät heä thoáng kinh
teá trong ñoù caùc yeáu toá saûn xuaát ñöôïc sôû höõu bôûi coâng
chuùng vaø hoaït ñoäng vì lôïi ích cuûa taát caû moïi ngöôøi.
Solidarity / Coâng ñoaøn Ñoaøn keát dt. moât coâng ñoaøn
lao ñoäng cuûa Ba Lan maø trong nhöõng naêm 1980 trôû
thaønh löïc löôïng choáng ñoái chính yeáu ñoái vôùi söï cai trò
cuûa Coäng saûn ôû Ba Lan.
Songhai dt. moät ñeá quoác Taây Phi ñaõ chinh phuïc Mali
vaø kieåm soaùt maäu dòch töø nhöõng naêm 1400 ñeán naêm
1591.
soviet dt. moät trong nhöõng hoäi ñoàng ñaïi dieän ñòa
phöông hình thaønh ôû Nga sau söï suïp ñoå cuûa Sa Hoaøng
Nicholas II.
Spanish-American War / Chieán tranh Taây Ban
Nha-Myõ dt. moät cuoäc xung ñoät naêm 1898 giöõa Hoa
Kyø vaø Taây Ban Nha, trong ñoù Hoa Kyø uûng hoä cuoäc ñaáu
tranh vì ñoäc laäp cuûa Cuba.
specialization / söï chuyeân moân hoùa dt. vieäc phaùt
trieån caùc kyõ naêng trong moät loaïi coâng vieäc cuï theå, ví
duï buoân baùn hoaëc löu giöõ hoà sô.
sphere of influence / phaïm vi aûnh höôûng dt. moät
khu vöïc ôû nöôùc ngoaøi maø moät quoác gia coù quyeàn kieåm
soaùt veà thöông maïi vaø caùc hoaït ñoäng kinh teá khaùc.
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standard of living / tieâu chuaån soáng dt. chaát löôïng
cuoäc soáng cuûa moät ngöôøi hoaëc moät daân soá, nhö ñöôïc
bieåu hieän qua haøng hoùa, dòch vuï vaø söï sung tuùc saün coù
cho ngöôøi ñoù hoaëc daân soá ñoù.
stateless societies / caùc xaõ hoäi khoâng nhaø nöôùc
dt. caùc nhoùm vaên hoùa trong ñoù quyeàn löïc ñöôïc phaân
chia giöõa caùc doøng doõi coù theá löïc baèng nhau thay vì
ñöôïc thöïc thi bôûi moät chính quyeàn trung öông.
steppes / thaûo nguyeân dt. nhöõng caùnh ñoàng khoâ,
phuû ñaày coû.
strike / ñình coâng ñt. töø choáii laøm vieäc nhaèm eùp buoäc
moät chuû lao ñoäng phaûi ñaùp öùng caùc yeâu saùch naøo ñoù.
stupa dt. caùc caáu truùc ñaù xaây thaønh goø beân treân caùc di
tích thieâng lieâng cuûa ñaïo Phaät.
subcontinent / tieåu luïc ñòa dt. moät khoái ñaát lôùn hình
thaønh moät phaàn khaùc bieät cuûa moät luïc ñòa.
Suez Canal / Keânh Ñaøo Suez dt. moät ñöôøng thuûy
do ngöôøi taïo neân, ñöôïc môû cöûa naêm 1869, noái lieàn
Bieån Ñoû vaø Ñòa Trung Haûi.
suffrage dt. quyeàn baàu cöû.
Sufi / ngöôøi Sufi dt. moät ngöôøi Hoài giaùo tìm caùch ñaït
ñöôïc söï lieân laïc tröïc tieáp vôùi Thaùnh qua caùc caùch thöùc
huyeàn bí.
sultan / vua Thoå dt. "chuùa teå," hay "ngöôøi ñaày söùc
maïnh"; chöùc danh cuûa caùc nhaø cai trò Ottoman trong
thôøi kyø phaùt trieån cuûa Ñeá cheá Ottoman.
Sunna / tuïc Hoài giaùo dt. moät moâ hình Hoài giaùo daønh
cho cuoäc soáng, döïa treân cuoäc ñôøi vaø söï giaûng daïy cuûa
Muhammad.
Sunni dt. nhaùnh cuûa ñaïo Hoài coù caùc thaønh vieân chaáp
nhaän boán vua Hoài ñaàu tieân nhö laø nhöõng ngöôøi keá vò
xöùng ñaùng cuûa Muhammad.
surrealism / chuû nghóa sieâu thöïc dt. moät phong
traøo ngheä thuaät theá kyû 20 taäp trung vaøo söï laøm vieäc cuûa
tinh thaàn voâ thöùc.
sustainable growth / söï taêng tröôûng trong voøng
kieåm soaùt dt. vieäc phaùt trieån kinh teá ñaùp öùng ñöôïc
nhu caàu cuûa nhaân daân nhöng giöõ gìn ñöôïc moâi tröôøng
vaø baûo veä ñöôïc caùc taøi nguyeân thieân nhieân cho caùc theá
heä töông lai.
Swahili dt. moät ngoân ngöõ Bantu chòu aûnh höôûng cuûa A
Raäp ñöôïc söû duïng roäng raõi ôû ñoâng vaø trung chaâu Phi.
T
Taiping Rebellion / cuoäc Noåi daäy Thaùi Bình dt.
moät cuoäc noåi loaïn giöõa theá kyû 19 choáng laïi trieàu ñaïi
nhaø Thanh taïi Trung Quoác, do Hoàng Thieáu Quan laõnh
ñaïo.
Taj Mahal dt. moät laêng moä ñeïp ôû Agra, AÁn Ñoä, ñöôïc
xaây döïng bôûi hoaøng ñeá Mughal laø Shah Jahan cho vôï
cuûa oâng laø Mumtaz Mahal.
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Taliban dt. nhoùm Hoài giaùo baûo thuû naém quyeàn kieåm
soaùt Afghanistan sau khi Lieân Xoâ ruùt quaân; bò ñaùnh
ñuoåi bôûi caùc löïc löôïng Myõ vaøo thaùng Möôøi Hai naêm
2001, vì chuùng chöùa chaáp caùc nghi can khuûng boá.
Tamil dt. moät ngoân ngöõ ôû mieàn nam AÁn Ñoä; cuõng laø,
nhöõng ngöôøi noùi thöù tieáng ñoù.
technology / coâng ngheä dt. nhöõng caùch maø ngöôøi ta
öùng duïng kieán thöùc, coâng cuï, vaø söï saùng cheá ñeå ñaùp
öùng nhu caàu cuûa hoï.
Tennis Court Oath / Lôøi Tuyeân theä Saân Quaàn dt.
moät lôøi höùa cuûa caùc thaønh vieân Quoác Hoäi cuûa Phaùp
naêm 1789, trong ñoù hoï theà seõ tieáp tuïc hoäi hoïp cho ñeán
khi hoï soaïn thaûo ñöôïc moät baûn hieán phaùp môùi.
terrace / ruoäng baäc thang dt. moät hình thöùc noâng
nghieäp môùi ôû Aksum, trong ñoù nhöõng luoáng baäc thang
ñöôïc taïo döïng treân caùc doác nuùi giuùp giöõ laïi nöôùc vaø
giaûm xoùi moøn.
terrorism / chuû nghóa khuûng boá dt. vieäc söû duïng vuõ
löïc hay lôøi ñe doïa ñeå gaây hoaûng sôï daân chuùng hoaëc caùc
chính phuû ñeå hoï thay ñoåi chính saùch.
theocracy / chính trò thaàn quyeàn dt. 1. moät chính
quyeàn trong ñoù ngöôøi caàm quyeàn ñöôïc xem laø moät
nhaân vaät thaàn thaùnh. 2. moät chính phuû ñöôïc kieåm soaùt
bôûi caùc laõnh ñaïo toân giaùo.
theory of evolution / thuyeát tieán hoùa dt. yù töôûng
ñöôïc Charles Darwin ñeà xöôùng naêm 1859, raèng caùc
loaøi ñoäng thöïc vaät xuaát hieän theo moät quaù trình choïn
loïc töï nhieân.
theory of relativity / thuyeát töông ñoái dt. caùc yù
töôûng cuûa Albert Einstein veà caùc moái töông quan giöõa
thôøi gian vaø khoâng gian vaø giöõa naêng löïc vaø vaät chaát.
Theravada dt. moät moân phaùi cuûa ñaïo Phaät taäp trung
vaøo kyû luaät toân giaùo khaét khe khôûi ñaàu ñöôïc Ñöùc Phaät
uûng hoä.
Third Reich / Ñeä Tam Quoác Xaõ dt. Ñeá Cheá Ñöùc thöù
Ba, do Adolf Hitler thaønh laäp trong nhöõng naêm 1930.
Third Republic / Ñeä Tam Coäng Hoøa dt. neàn coäng
hoøa ñöôïc thieát laäp ôû Phaùp sau söï suïp ñoå cuûa Napoleon
III vaø chaát döùt vôùi söï chieám ñoùng cuûa Ñöùc ôû Phaùp
trong Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù hai.
Third World / Theá giôùi thöù Ba dt. trong Chieán tranh
Laïnh, caùc quoác gia ñang phaùt trieån khoâng lieân minh
vôùi caû Hoa Kyø vaø Lieân Xoâ.
Thirty Years’ War / Chieán tranh Ba Möôi Naêm dt.
moät cuoäc xung ñoät ôû chaâu AÂu veà toân giaùo vaø laõnh thoå,
vaø vì quyeàn löïc giöõa caùc gia ñình cai trò, keùo daøi töø
1618 ñeán 1648.
three-field system / heä thoáng ba caùnh ñoàng dt.
moät heä thoáng canh taùc ñöôïc phaùt trieån ôû chaâu AÂu thôøi
trung coå, trong ñoù ñaát noâng nghieäp ñöôïc chia thaønh ba
caùnh ñoàng kích thöôùc baèng nhau vaø moãi caùnh ñoàng
ñöôïc laàn löôït troàng moät vuï ñoâng, moät vuï xuaân, vaø boû
khoâng troàng gì.
Tiananmen Square / Quaûng tröôøng Thieân An
Moân dt. moät khoaûng khoâng coâng coäng roäng lôùn ôû Baéc
Kinh; naêm 1989, laø nôi dieãn ra cuoäc noåi daäy cuûa sinh
vieân uûng hoä caûi caùch daân chuû.
tithe / thueá thaäp phaân dt. söï chi traû moät phaàn möôøi
thu nhaäp cuûa moät gia ñình cho nhaø thôø cuûa hoï.
Tokugawa Shogunate dt. moät trieàu ñaïi caùc töôùng
quaân cai trò moät nöôùc Nhaät Baûn thoáng nhaát töø 1603 ñeán
1867.
Torah dt. naêm cuoán saùch ñaàu tieân cuûa Thaùnh Kinh Do
Thaùi — nhöõng taùc phaåm thieâng lieâng nhaát trong truyeàn
thoáng Do Thaùi.
totalitarianism / cheá ñoä cöïc quyeàn chuyeân cheá
dt. söï kieåm soaùt cuûa chính phuû ñoái vôùi moïi khía caïnh
cuûa cuoäc soáng xaõ hoäi vaø cuoäc soáng rieâng tö.
total war / chieán tranh toång löïc dt. moät cuoäc xung
ñoät trong ñoù caùc nöôùc tham chieán doàn heát toaøn boä tieàm
löïc cho noã löïc chieán tranh.
totems / vaät toå dt. thuù vaät hoaëc caùc vaät theå töï nhieân
khaùc ñöôïc duøng laøm bieåu töôïng cuûa söï thoáng nhaát caùc
gia toäc hoaëc caùc nhoùm ngöôøi khaùc.
tournament / cuoäc ñaáu dt. moät traän ñaùnh giaû giöõa
caùc nhoùm hieäp só.
tragedy / bi kòch dt. moät hình thöùc kòch nghieâm tuùc
noùi veà söï suïp ñoå cuûa moät nhaân vaät anh huøng hay quyù
toäc.
Treaty of Kanagawa / Hieäp öôùc Kanagawa dt.
moät hieäp ñònh naêm 1854 giöõa Hoa Kyø vaø Nhaät Baûn,
môû cöûa hai caûng cuûa Nhaät cho taøu Myõ vaø cho pheùp
Hoa Kyø môû moät toøa ñaïi söù taïi Nhaät.
Treaty of Tordesillas / Hieäp öôùc Tordesillas dt.
moät hieäp öôùc naêm 1494 giöõa Boà Ñaøo Nha vaø Taây Ban
Nha, tuyeân boá raèng ñaát ñai môùi ñöôïc khaùm phaù veà phía
taây cuûa moät ñöôøng töôûng töôïng ôû Ñaïi Taây Döông seõ
thuoäc veà Taây Ban Nha vaø ñaát ñai môùi ñöôïc khaùm phaù
veà phía ñoâng cuûa ñöôøng ñoù seõ thuoäc veà Boà Ñaøo Nha.
Treaty of Versailles / Hieäp öôùc Versailles dt. hieäp
ñònh hoøa bình kyù bôûi Ñöùc vaø caùc cöôøng quoác Ñoàng
Minh sau Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù nhaát.
trench warfare / chieán söï giao thoâng haøo dt. moät
hình thöùc chieán söï trong ñoù caùc quaân ñoäi ñoái nghòch
ñaùnh nhau töø caùc haøo ñaøo döôùi ñaát taïi chieán tröôøng.
triangular trade / maäu dòch hình tam giaùc dt.
maïng löôùi thöông maïi xuyeân Ñaïi Taây Döông doïc theo
ñoù caùc noâ leä vaø nhöõng haøng hoùa khaùc ñöôïc chuyeân chôû
giöõa chaâu Phi, nöôùc Anh, chaâu AÂu, Taây AÁn, vaø caùc
thuoäc ñòa ôû Baéc Myõ.
tribune / quan baûo daân dt. ôû La Maõ coå ñaïi, moät vieân
chöùc ñöôïc thöôøng daân baàu leân ñeå baûo veä quyeàn cuûa hoï.
tribute / vaät coáng naïp dt. moät söï chi traû cuûa moät theá
löïc yeáu hôn cho moät theá löïc maïnh hôn ñeå coù ñöôïc söï
ñaûm baûo veà hoøa bình vaø an ninh.
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Triple Alliance / Lieân Minh Boä Ba dt. 1. moät hieäp
hoäi caùc ñoâ thò-nhaø nöôùc Tenochtitlaùn, Texcoco, vaø
Tlacopan, daãn ñeán vieäc hình thaønh Ñeá Cheá Aztec. 2.
moät lieân minh quaân söï giöõa Ñöùc, AÙo-Hung vaø YÙ trong
nhöõng naêm tröôùc Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù nhaát.
Triple Entente / Hieäp öôùc Thaân Thieän Boä Ba dt.
moät lieân minh quaân söï giöõa Anh, Phaùp vaø Nga trong
nhöõng naêm tröôùc Chieán tranh Theá giôùi thöù nhaát.
triumvirate / tam huøng dt. ôû La Maõ coå ñaïi, moät
nhoùm ba nhaø laõnh ñaïo chung nhau quyeàn kieåm soaùt
chính quyeàn.
Trojan War / Chieán tranh thaønh Troy dt. moät cuoäc
chieán, noå ra khoaûng naêm 1200 tröôùc coâng nguyeân,
trong ñoù moät ñaïo quaân do caùc vua Mycenaean daãn ñaàu
taán coâng thaønh phoá thöông maïi ñoäc laäp Troy ôû
Anatolia.
troubadour / ngöôøi haùt rong dt. moät nhaïc só, thi só
trung coå ñi ñaây ñi ñoù mua vui cho daân chuùng baèng
nhöõng baøi tình ca thanh nhaõ.
Truman Doctrine / Hoïc thuyeát Truman dt. ñöôïc
Toång thoáng Harry Truman coâng boá naêm 1947, moät
chính saùch cuûa Hoa Kyø vieän trôï kinh teá vaø quaân söï cho
caùc quoác gia töï do bò ñe doïa bôûi caùc ñòch thuû trong vaø
ngoaøi nöôùc.
tyrant / baïo chuùa dt. ôû Hy Laïp coå ñaïi, moät caù nhaân
huøng maïnh chieám ñöôïc quyeàn kieåm soaùt chính quyeàn
cuûa moät ñoâ thò-nhaø nöôùc baèng caùch keâu goïi ngöôøi
ngheøo uûng hoä.
U
VIETNAMESE
Umayyads dt. moät trieàu ñaïi cai trò Ñeá Quoác Hoài giaùo
töø naêm 661 ñeán 750 sau coâng nguyeân vaø sau ñoù thaønh
laäp moät vöông quoác ôû al-Andalus.
union / coâng ñoaøn dt. moät hieäp hoäi caùc coâng nhaân,
ñöôïc hình thaønh ñeå thöông löôïng vì caùc ñieàu kieän laøm
vieäc toát hôn vaø löông cao hôn.
United Nations / Lieân Hieäp Quoác dt. moät toå chöùc
gìn giöõa hoøa bình quoác teá thaønh laäp naêm 1945 ñeå ñoùng
goùp an ninh cho caùc quoác gia treân theá giôùi.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights / Tuyeân
Ngoân Toaøn Caàu veà Nhaân Quyeàn dt. moät baûn tuyeân
boá naêm 1948 trong ñoù Lieân Hieäp Quoác tuyeân boá raèng
taát caû con ngöôøi ñeàu coù quyeàn soáng, quyeàn töï do vaø an
ninh.
unrestricted submarine warfare / chieán söï taøu
ngaàm khoâng giôùi haïn dt. vieäc söû duïng taøu ngaàm ñeå
ñaùnh chìm khoâng baùo tröôùc baát cöù taøu naøo (keå caû caùc
taøu trung laäp vaø caùc taøu chôû khaùch khoâng vuõ trang)
ñöôïc tìm thaáy taïi haûi phaän cuûa quaân ñòch.
urbanization / ñoâ thò hoùa dt. söï taêng tröôûng cuûa caùc
thaønh phoá vaø söï di cö cuûa ngöôøi daân vaøo caùc thaønh phoá
ñoù.
78
WORLD HISTORY
U.S.A. Patriot Act / Ñaïo luaät AÙi Quoác Hoa Kyø dt.
moät Ñaïo luaät choáng khuûng boá naêm 2001 cuûng coá
quyeàn cuûa chính phuû caûn trôû ngöôøi nöôùc ngoaøi bò tình
nghi laø khuûng boá vaø truy toá nhöõng toäi aùc khuûng boá.
U.S. Civil War / cuoäc Noäi chieán Myõ dt. moät cuoäc
xung ñoät giöõa mieàn Baéc vaø mieàn Nam cuûa Hoa Kyø vì
vaán ñeà noâ leä, keùo daøi töø 1861 ñeán 1865.
utilitarianism / thuyeát vò lôïi dt. thuyeát ñöôïc ñeà xöôùng
bôûi Jeremy Bentham trong cuoái thaäp nieân 1700, cho
raèng caùc haønh ñoäng cuûa chính phuû laø höõu ích neáu
chuùng ñem ñeán söï toát ñeïp nhaát cho soá ñoâng ngöôøi daân
nhaát.
Utopia / xaõ hoäi khoâng töôûng dt. moät vuøng ñaá töôûng
töôïng ñöôïc Thomas More moâ taû trong cuoán saùch cuûa
oâng Utopia — moät nôi lyù töôûng, keå töø ñaây.
V
vassal / chö haàu dt. ôû chaâu AÂu thôøi phong kieán, moät
ngöôøi nhaän ñaát töø moät laõnh chuùa ñeå ñoåi laáy söï höùa heïn
trung thaønh vaø phuïng söï.
Vedas / Kinh Veä Ñaø dt. boán taäp saùch thieâng do
ngöôøi Aryans cho ra ñôøi trong thôøi kyø ñaàu hoï ñònh cö ôû
AÁn Ñoä.
vernacular / tieáng meï ñeû dt. ngoân ngöõ haøng ngaøy
cuûa nhöõng ngöôøi ôû moät vuøng hay moät nöôùc.
Vietcong / Vieät Coäng dt. moät nhoùm du kích Coäng
saûn, vôùi söï trôï giuùp cuûa Baéc Vieät Nam, chieán ñaáu
choáng chính phuû Nam Vieät Nam trong Chieán tranh
Vieät Nam.
Vietnamization / Vieät Nam hoùa chieán tranh dt.
chieán löôïc cuûa Toång thoáng Richard Nixon ñeå chaám döùt
söï dính líu cuûa Myõ trong Chieán tranh Vieät Nam, bao
goàm vieäc ruùt daàn quaân Myõ vaø thay theá baèng caùc löïc
löôïng Nam Vieät Nam.
Vishnu dt. moät vò thaàn Hindu ñöôïc xem laø ngöôøi giöõ
gìn theá giôùi.
vizier / teå töôùng dt. moät thuû töôùng ôû moät vöông quoác
hay ñeá quoác Hoài giaùo.
W
War of the Spanish Succession / Chieán tranh Keá
vò Taây Ban Nha dt. moät cuoäc xung ñoät keùo daøi töø
naêm 1701 ñeán 1713, trong ñoù moät soá nhaø nöôùc chaâu
AÂu chieán ñaáu ñeå ngaên gia ñình Bourbon khoûi kieåm
soaùt Taây Ban Nha cuõng nhö Phaùp.
Warsaw Pact / Hieäp öôùc Warsaw dt. moät lieân
minh quaân söï hình thaønh naêm 1955 bôû Lieân Xoâ vaø baûy
nöôùc Ñoâng AÂu.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
VieGloss.WorldHistor
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Page 79
Weimar Republic / Coäng hoøa Weimar dt. nöôùc
coäng hoøa ñöôïc thaønh laäp taïi Ñöùc naêm 1919 vaø chaám
döùt naêm 1933.
Western Front / Maët traän phía Taây dt. trong Chieán
tranh Theá giôùi thöù nhaát, khu vöïc phía baéc nöôùc Phaùp
nôi caùc löïc löôïng Ñoàng Minh vaø Cöôøng Quoác Trung
taâm ñaùnh nhau.
westernization / söï taây hoùa dt. vieäc chaáp nhaän caùc
theå cheá xaõ hoäi, chính trò hoaëc kinh teá cuûa caùc nöôùc
phöông Taây — ñaëc bieät laø chaâu AÂu hoaëc Myõ.
Y
yin and yang / aâm vaø döông dt. trong quan nieäm
cuûa ngöôøi Trung Hoa, hai söùc maïnh thoáng trò caùc nhòp
soáng töï nhieân (vôùi aâm ñaïi dieän cho caùc ñaëc tính nöõ
trong vuõ truï, vaø döông ñaïi dieän cho caùc ñaëc tính nam).
Yoruba dt. moät daân toäc Taây Phi ñaõ thaønh laäp nhieàu
vöông quoác ôû nôi maø nay laø Benin vaø nam Nigeria.
Zapotec dt. moät neàn vaên minh Myõ-Meã thôøi kyø ñaàu,
taäp trung ôû Thung Luõng Oaxaca maø nay laø Mexico.
ziggurat dt. moät caáu truùc hình choùp nhieàu taàng hình
thaønh neân moät phaàn cuûa moät ngoâi ñeàn Sumeria.
Zionism / chuû nghóa Phuïc Quoác Do Thaùi dt. moät
phong traøo ñöôïc hình thaønh trong nhöõng naêm 1890 ñeå
coå vuõ vieäc thaønh laäp moät queâ höông Do Thaùi taïi
Palestine.
VIETNAMESE
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Z
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 79
snÞanuRkmPasaGg;eKøs
Ku = KuNnam n = nam
A
Ga)asIuds_ ¬n¦ raCvgSEdl)anRtYtRtaPaKeRcInén
cRkPBm:UsIømBIK>sqñaM 750 dl; 1258.
Aborigine / GñkRsukedIm ¬n¦ smaCikénCnCatiedImGU®sþalINa
mYy.
absolute monarch / RBHmhakSRtpþac;kar ¬n¦ RBHmhakSRta
b¤ RBHmhakSRtIyanI EdlmanGMNacminkMNt; ehIyRbwgERbg
RtYtRta RKb;sgÁmmnusSTaMgGs;.
acropolis / GaRkUpUlIs ¬n¦ kMBUlPñMEdl)anerobcMkarBarsRtUv
y:agxøaMgkøaenATIRkugRkicsm½yburaN.
Aksum / Gak;saM ¬n¦ raCaNacRkGaRhVik Edl\LÚvKW eGtüÚBI nig
eGrIeRTo Edl)anQandl;kMritkMBUlénGMNacrbs;xøÜnenA stvtSr_
TI4 énK>s.
al-Andalus / Gal GandaelIs ¬n¦ PUmiPaKEdlRKb;RKgeday
BYkm:UsIømEdl\LÚvKWRbeTseGs,:aj RtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgenA
stvtSr_TI 8 énK>s.
Allah / RBHGaLa ¬n¦ RBHCam©as; ¬CaBaküGara:b; RtUv)anBYk
GIusøam eRbIR)as;y:ageRcIn¦.
Allies / sm<½n§mitþ ¬n¦ enAs®gÁamelakelIkTI1 cRkPBGg;eKøs
)araMg nig rUsIu CamYynwgRbeTsd¾éTeTotEdl)anvayelIPaKImçag
eTotrbs;BYkeK. ehIyk¾ CaRkuménRbeTs EdlrYmman cRkPB
Gg;eKøs shPaBsUevot nig shrdæGaemrik EdlRbqaMgnwgGMNac
sm<½n§mitþ enAs®gÁamelakelIkTI2.
Almohads / Gal;m:Uhads_ ¬n¦ RkuménBYkEkTRmg;GIusøam Edl
)anpþÜlrMlMraCvgS Gal;m:UravId ehIy)anbegáItcRkPBenAGaRhVik
xageCIg nig eGs,a:jxagt,ÚgenAstvtSr_TI 12 énK>s.
Abbasids /
80 WORLD HISTORY
ki = kiriyas½BÞ
Gal;m:UravId ¬n¦ PatrPaBsasnaGIusøamEdl)an
begáItcRkPBenAGaRhVikxageCIg nig eGs,a:jxagt,ÚgenAstvtSr_TI
11 énK>s.
Amritsar Massacre / karsmøab;rgÁal GamrItsar_ ¬n¦
karsmøab; EdleFVIeLIgedayT½BGg;eKøselICnCati\NÐaCit 400
nak;Edl)an RbmUlpþMúKñaenA GamrItsar_ edIm,Itv:anig c,ab; r:UvLat.
Anabaptists / GaNa)aTIs ¬n¦ enAkñúgkarEkTRmg; RkumRbUetsþg;
EdlmanCMenOfakarcUlrYmkñúgsasnaKWmanEtbuKÁlEdlmanv½ycas;
RKb;RKan;eTIbGacseRmccitþeFVICaRKisþsasnik ehIymanCMenOelI
karEbgEckRBHvihar nig rdæ.
Anasazi / GaNasahSI ¬n¦ CnCatiedImGaemrikaMgdMbUgEdlrs;enA
PaKnirtIGaemrik.
Anatolia / GaNatUelo ¬n¦ ]bTVIbGasIunirtI Edl\LÚvRKb;RKg
edayRbeTsTYKIEpñkGasIu EdleK)anehAfa kUntUcGasIu pgEdr.
Angkor Wat / GgÁrvtþ ¬n¦ R)asaTEdl)ansßabnaenAcRkPBExµr
nig)an]TÞisfVayRBHvisÑúkñúgsasnaRBahµN_.
Anglican / Gg;KøIkg; ¬Ku¦ EdlTak;TgeTAnwgRBHviharenAGg;eKøs.
animism / viBaØaNniym ¬n¦ CMenOEdleCOfa stV rukçCati nig
vtßúFmµCatid¾éTeTot manviBaØaN.
annexation / eTsanuBn§n_ ¬n¦ karbEnßmtMbn;mYyeTAkñúgbUrNPaB
EdndIénGgÁPaBneya)ayEdlmanRsab;.
annul / TukCaemaX³ ¬ki¦ lubecal b¤ bBa©b;.
anti-Semitism / RbqaMgnwgBYkniymsIumIuTIs ¬n¦ buernic½äyRbqaMg
nwgBYkCIhV.
apartheid / Gapaeft ¬n¦ neya)ayenAGaRhVikxagt,ÚgelIkar
EbgEckBUCsasn_TaMgRsugedayRsbc,ab; rab;TaMgkarhamXat;elI
karTak;TgEpñksgÁmTaMgGs;rvagBYkEs,kexµA nig s.
Almoravids /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
KHMER
snÞanuRkmKWCakarrayeQµaHtYGkSrtamlMdab;énBaküsMxan;²dkRsg;ecjBIkfaPaKepSg²EdlmanGtßn½yrbs;va.
niymn½yTaMgT,ayEdl)anrayenAkñúgsnÞanuRkmKWCaGtßn½y EdlRtUveTAnwgBaküeBceRbIR)as;enAkñúgGtßbTesovePA.
snÞanuuRkmpþl;enARbePTénBakünimYy². xageRkamenHCaGkSrkat;TaMgT,ayEdlRtUv)aneKeRbI;³
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
GMNacsm<½n§mitþ ¬n¦ enAs®gÁamelakelIkTI2
RbeTsGaløWm:g GIutalI nig Cb:un Edl)anbegáItnUvsm<½n§PaBenAkñúg
qñaM 1936.
ayllu / GaylU ¬n¦ enAkñúgsgÁmGiunexn shKmtUcmYy b¤ bkS
sm<½n§EdlsmaCikeFVIkarCamYyKñaedIm,I)anTMnijrYmmYy.
Axis Powers /
KHMER
sav½k ¬n¦ buKÁleKarBedIrtamRBHeys‘U Edl)aneTsna
nig )anpSBVpSaykarbRgonrbs;RBHeys‘U.
appeasement / kareFVI[s¶b; ¬n¦ kareFVIsm,Tandl;GñkQøan
Ban edIm,IeCosvags®gÁam.
aqueduct / ClmaK’¬n¦ bMBg;Twk b¤bNþajTwkEdleK)ansagsg;
eLIgedIm,InaMTwkeTAkEnøgEdlmanmnusSenA.
aristocracy / vNѳGPiCn ¬n¦ rdæaPi)alEdlGMNacsßitenAkñúgéd
fñak;dwknaMEdltBIjativgS b¤ GPiCnPaB .
armistice / yuT§snþiPaB ¬n¦ kic©RBmeRBogbBaÄb;karRbyuT§ .
artifact / vtßúburaN ¬n¦ vtßúEdleFVIedaymnusS dUcCa]bkrN_
GavuF b¤ bMENkéneRKOgGlgáa.
artisan / CagCMnaj ¬n¦ kmµkrCMnaj dUcCa Gñkt,aj b¤ GñksµÚn
EdleFVITMnijedayéd.
Aryans / GarüaN ¬n¦ 1> mnusS\NÐÚ-GWur:ub EdlenA qñaMRbEhl
1500 munK>s )ancab;epþImeFVIGenþaRbevsn_mk]bTVIb\NÐa. 2>
cMeBaHBYkNasIus KWCamnusSCatiGaløWmg;Edl)anbegáIt {BUCsasn_
em}.
assembly line / ExScgVak;plitkmµ ¬n¦ karerobcMenAkñúgeragcRk
Edlplitplcl½tBIkmµkrmñak;eTAkmµkrmñak;eTotedaykmµkrmñak;²
eFVInUvkic©karEtmYyenAkñúgplitkmµenaH.
assimilation / smankmµ ¬n¦ 1> karTTYlykvb,Fm’Gñkcm,aMg
edayBYkmnusSGñkcm,aMg 2> neya)ayEdlRbeTsmYy bgçM b¤ CMruj
mnusSsMxan;[TTYlyksßab½N nig TMnamTmøab;rbs;xøÜn.
Assyria / GasIuero ¬n¦ raCaNacRkGasIunirtI EdlRtYtRtacRkPBd¾
FM BIqñaMRbEhl 850 eTA 612 munK>s.
Atlantic Charter / FmµnuBaØGatøg;Tik ¬n¦ karRbkaseKalkarN_
Edl)anecjpSayenAExsIha qñaM 1941 edaynaykrdæm®nþI
Gg;eKøs vInsþún eqIceqol nig RbFanaFibetyüGaemrik eRhVgKøIn
rUesEvl Edl EpnkarsnþiPaBsm<½n§mitþenAcugs®gÁamelakelIkTI2
KWCamUldæan.
Atlantic slave trade / CMnYjTaskrGatøg;Tik ¬n¦ karTij kar
dwkCBa¢Ún nig karlk;CnCatiGaRhVik edIm,I[eFVIkargarenAGaemrik.
autocracy / GtþaFibetyü ¬n¦ rdæaPi)alEdlGñkdwknaMmanGMNac
minkMNt; ehIyeRbIR)as;vaenAkñúglkçN³rMelaPbMBan.
apostle /
B
tulüPaBGMNac¬n¦sßanPaBneya)ayEdl
KµanRbeTsNamYymanGMNacRKb;RKan;edIm,IeFVIkarKRmamkMEhg
RbeTsd¾éTeTot.
Balkans / )al;kg; ¬n¦ tMbn;GWur:ubGaeKñyEdl\LÚvRKb;RKgeday
Rkic Gal;)anI b‘ulhÁarI r:Um:anI RbeTsTYKIEpñkGWur:ub nig GtIt
saFarNrdæyUehÁasøavI.
Bantu-speaking peoples / mnusSniyayPasa)anTU ¬n¦ Gñk
niyayRkuménPasaEdlcab;epþImRbEhl 2000qñaM mkehIy CaGñk
EdleFVIGenþaRbevsn_BIGaRhVikxagliceTACagBak;kNþalénGaRhVik
PaKxagt,Úg.
baroque / EdlEbøk ¬Ku¦ EdlTak;TgnwgrcnabTtubEtglm¥d¾
FMeFgEdlkMNt;lkçN³KMnUr t®nþI nig sßabtükmµrbs;GWur:ubenA
stvtSr_qñaM 1600 nig edImstvtSr_qñaM 1700.
barter / karbþÚrTMnij ¬n¦ TRmg;énBaNiC¢kmµEdlmnusSeFVIkarpøas;
bþÚrTMnij nig esva edaymineRbIR)as;R)ak;.
Battle of Britain / smrPUmiGg;eKøs ¬n¦ karRbyuT§CabnþbnÞab;
rvagT½BGakasGaløWm:g nig Gg;eKøs EdlvayRbharelIGg;eKøsenA
qñaM 1940-1941.
Battle of Guadalcanal / smrPUmi hÁadlexNl ¬n¦ kar
RbyuT§ enAs®gÁamelakelIkTI2kñúgqñaM 1942-1943 EdlT½B
sm<½n§mitþ)an beNþjT½BCb:unecjBIekaHhÁadlexNlenA
mhasmuRT )asIuhVik .
Battle of Midway / smrPUmi mItevy ¬n¦ karRbyuT§elIsmuRT
nig Gakas nAs®gÁam elakelIkTI2 qñaM 1942 EdlT½BGaemrik)an
vayRbharelIT½BCb:unenAkNþalmhasmuRT)asIuhVik.
balance of power /
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 81
82 WORLD HISTORY
KHMER
liT§iBlCIv³ ¬n¦ Rkumbdivtþn_rU:sIu m:asIusþ_ Edl)an
RtYtRtardæaPi)alr:UsIuenAEx vicäikar qñaM 1917.
Boxer Rebellion / karbHe)arGñkRbdal; ¬n¦ karbHe)arqñaM
1900 enARbeTscin manbMNgbBa©b;\T§iBlrbs;breTsenAkñúg
RbeTs.
boyars / m©as;dI ¬n¦ GPiCnm©as;dIenArUsSI.
Brahma / RBHRBhµ ¬n¦ RBHkñúgsasnaRBahµN_EdlRtUv)aneKcat;
TukfaCaGñkbegáItBiPBelak.
Brahmin / RBahµN_ ¬n¦ enAsgÁmGarüaN smaCikénvNѳsgÁm
EdlekIteLIgCaGñkbYs.
brinkmanship / karKMramsRtÚv ¬n¦ neya)ayKRmamkMEhgeFVI
s®gÁamedaytbteTAnwgkarbMBanEpñkeyaFaNamYy.
Bronze Age / yuKsm½ysMriT§ ¬n¦ sm½yRbvtþisaRsþénmnusS
Edlcab; epþImkñúgGMLúgqñaM 3000 munK>s enAtMbn;xøH EdlenAeBl
enaHmnusS cab;epþImeRbIR)as;sMriT§ eRcInCags<an; nig fµ edIm,IeFVI
]bkrN_ nig GavuFepSg².
bubonic plague / CMgWRKun ¬n¦ CMgWeRKaHfñak;dl;CIvit Edl)an
raldaleBjTVIbGasIu nig GWur:ub enABak;kNþalstvtSr_TI 14
Edl)an smøab;mnusSrab;lannak;.
bureaucracy / kariyaFibetyü ¬n¦ RbB½n§énRksYg nig Pñak;gar
Edl)anbegáIteLIgedIm,IGnuvtþkargarrbs;rdæaPi)al.
burgher / GñkRkug ¬n¦ Gñkrs;enATIRkugenAyuKsm½ykNþal.
Bushido / bUsIudU ¬n¦ c,ab;Gtþcrikd¾twgrwgEdleKarBedayBYkGñk
RbyuT§samU:rayenARbeTsCb:un.
Bolsheviks /
C
KN³rdæm®nþI ¬n¦ RkuménTIRbwkSar b¤rdæm®nþIEdl)aneRCIs
erIsedayRbmuxrdæedIm,ICYyeFVIesckþIsMerccitþrbs;rdæaPi)al.
caliph / RBHecAkalIhV ¬n¦ emdwknaMneya)ay nig sasnakMBUl
enAkñúgrdæaPi)alm:UsøIm.
calligraphy / GkçrviciRtsaRsþ ¬n¦ sil,³énkarsresredayéd
d¾s¥at.
Calvinism / xalvInniym ¬n¦ KN³énkarbRgonsasnaeday
Ep¥kelIKMniténGñkEkTRmg; cn xalvIn.
cabinet /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
smrPUmiesþlIgRhÁad ¬n¦ karRbyuT§enA
s®gÁamelakelIkTI2 qñaM 1942-1943 EdlT½BGaløWm:gRtUv)an
eKvayRbharedaysarEtbMNgrbs;xøÜncg;kan;kab;RkugesþlIgRhÁad
enA shPaBsUevot.
Battle of the Bulge / smrPUmi )ak; ¬n¦ karRbyuT§qñaM 19441945 EdlT½Bsm<½n§mitþ)anvaybkelIkarvayRbharcugeRkayFM
bMputéns®gÁamelakelIkTI2 rbs;GaløWm:g;.
Battle of Trafalgar / smrPUmi RtahVlhÁa ¬n¦ karRbyuT§xag
navaenAqñaM 1805 EdlkgkmøaMgrbs;Nab:UeLGugRtUvkgnavarbs;
Gg;eKøsEdlsßitenAeRkamkardwknaMrbs; hUra:TIGU enlsun
vayRbhar .
Benin / binIn ¬n¦ raCaNacRkEdlekIteLIgenACitEdndIsNþrTenø
éNeCI enAstvtSr_qñaM 1300 ehIy)ankøayCardæGaRhiVkPaKxag
licd¾FMmYyenAstvtSr_qñaM 1400.
Beringia / eb‘ÍrIgehÁó ¬n¦ dIburaNmans<anqøgkat; EdlCnCati
GaemrikaMgdMbUgbMput RtUv)aneKeCOfa)aneFVIGenþaRbevsn_BI GasIu
eTAGaemrik.
Berlin Conference of 1884–85 / snñisiT§iRkugEb‘kLaMg qñaM
1884-85 ¬n¦ kic©RbCMuEdlGñktMNagBIRbeTsenAGWur:ub)anyl;
RBmelIkarRtYtRtarbs;GaNaniKmGWur:ubelIGaRhiVk.
Bill of Rights / c,ab;siT§iÉktþCn ¬n¦ c,ab;viesaFnkmµeTAelI
rdæFmµnuBaØshrdæGaemrik 10dMbUg EdlkarBarsiT§imUldæan nig
esrIPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæ.
bishop / m®nþICan;x<s;sasnaRKisþ ¬n¦ m®nþIRKisþsasnikCan;x<s;
EdlRtYtRtaelIRBHviharkñúgtMbn;mYycMnYn.
blitzkrieg / vayqµk; ¬n¦ {s®gÁamepøkbenÞar} TRmg;éncm,aMgEdl
vayqµk;edaynaMmuxynþehaHelOn nigtamBIeRkayedaykarvay
Rbharya:gdMNMrbs;kgT½BefµIeCIg.
blockade / karbiTpøÚvKmnaKmn_ ¬n¦ kareRbIR)as;kgkmøaMg nig
nava edIm,IbiTcracrN_BaNiC¢kmµ naMcUl b¤ naMecjBITIRkug b¤ tMbn;
NamYy.
Boer / bUeGI ¬n¦ GnaniKmCnhULg;enAGaRhVikxagt,Úg.
Boer War / s®gÁambUeGI ¬n¦ CemøaH EdlekIteLIgBIqñaM 1899
dl; qñaM 1902 EdlBYkbUeGI nig Gg;eKøs )anvayKñaedIm,IRtYtRtaelI
EdndIenAGaRhVikxagt,Úg.
Battle of Stalingrad /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
karføwgGMNac¬n¦rgVas;EdleK)an
erobcMeLIgedIm,ITb;sáat;EpñkNamYyénrdæaPi)alBIkarRtYtRtaelI
EpñkepSgeTot.
chivalry / virFm’ ¬n¦ c,ab;sIlFm’sRmab;GbSb¤T§ienAGWur:ubsm½y
kNþal Edl)ansgÁt;F¶n;elI]tþmKtidUcCa esckþIkøahan PaBesµaH
Rtg; nig PkþIPaB.
CIS / sIu Gay eGs ¬n¦ xMmunEvlénrdæÉkraCü (Commonwealth
of Independent States) smaKmesrIPaBénGtItsaFarNrdæ
sUerotEdl)anbegáIteLIgbnÞab;BIkarEbk)ak;énshPaBsUevot.
city-state / RkugÉkraCü ¬n¦ Rkug nig dIB½n§CMuvijRkugEdlman
tYnaTICaGgÁPaBneya)ayÉkraCü.
civil disobedience / karmineKarBc,ab;rbs;Blrdæ ¬n¦ kar
bdiesFedaymin)anKitCamun nig CasaFarN³ edaymineKarBc,ab;
EdlKitfaGyutþiFm’.
civilization / GarüFm’ ¬n¦ TRmg;énvb,Fm’EdlmanlkçN³
sMKal; edaymanTIRkug kmµkrCMnaj sßab½NepSg²karrkSarkar
kt;Rta nig bec©kviTüaQanmux.
civil service / esvaBlrdæ ¬n¦RksYgrdæ)alénrdæaPi)alCaBiess
KWRksYgTaMgLayNaEdlbuKÁlikRtUv)aneKCYledayEp¥kelIBin§úén
karRblgrbs;BYkeK.
civil war / s®gÁamsIuvil ¬n¦ CemøaHrvagRkumneya)ayBIrenAkñúg
RbeTsEtmYy.
clan / bkçsm<½n§ ¬n¦ RkuménmnusSEdlmanExSRsLayBIbuBVCn
rYmmYy.
classical art / sil,³buraN ¬n¦ sil,³énCnCatiRkic nig r:UmaMg
buraN Edl)ansgát;F¶n;elIPaBsuxdum sNþab;Fñab; nig tulüPaB.
clergy / buBVCit ¬n¦ KN³énm®nþIEdlGnuvtþesvasasna mandUcCa
GñkbYs rdæm®nþI b¤ GñkbeRgonc,ab;.
cloning / cmøg ¬n¦ karbegáItrukçCati b¤ stVEdlbgáat;BUCdUcKñaebH
biteTAnwgrukçCati b¤ stVEdlmanRsab;.
coalition government / rdæaPi)acRmuH¬n¦rdæaPi)alEdlRtYtRta
edaysm<½n§PaBbeNþaHGasnñénKNbkSneya)ayBIr bI.
codex / k,Únc,ab; ¬n¦ esovePAmanTMB½reRcInEdlGacebIk dUcrbs;
EdlGñkkMBugEtGankñúgeBlenH.
checks and balances /
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 83
KHMER
kic©RBmeRBogexmedvId ¬n¦ kic©RBm
eRBogEdl)ancuHhtßelxadMbUgrvagGIuRsaEGl nig RbeTsGar:ab;
EdlRbFanaFibetyüeGhSIúb Ganva:r sadat )anTTYlsÁal;
GIuRsaEGlCardæFmµanurUb ehIy naykrdæm®nþIGIuRsaEGl emNacim
ebhÁin )anyl;RBmRbKl;]bTVIbsIuéNeTA[eGhSIúbvij.
canon law / c,ab;sasnb,BaØtiþ ¬n¦ GgÁénc,ab;EdlRKb;RKgkar
Gnuvtþn_sasnaénRBHviharRKisþisasnik.
capitalism / mUlFnniym ¬n¦ RbB½n§esdækic©EdlEp¥kelIPaBCa
m©as;ÉkCn nig elIkarvinieyaKR)ak;kñúgkarRbfuyeFVIBaNiC¢kmµ edIm,I
EsVgrkR)ak;cMeNj.
Carolingian dynasty / raCvgS xarUlIgehÁón ¬n¦ raCvgSénGñk
RtYtRta eRhVgXIs Edlcab;epþImBIqñaM 751 dl; qñaM 987 énK>s.
caste / vNѳ ¬n¦ vNѳ mYykñúgcMeNamfñak;TaMgbYnénmnusSenAkñúg
RbB½n§ sgÁmGarüanEdl)antaMgTIlMenAenA\NÐa EdlrYmman GñkbYs
Gñkcm,aMg GñkERscMkar b¤ CMnYj nig GñkbeBa©jBlkmµ b¤ sib,kr
minEmnGarüan.
Catholic Reformation / kMENTRmg;katUlik ¬n¦ clnaenA
stvtSr_TI 16 EdlRBHviharr:UmaMgkatUlik )anBüayameFVIkarpøas;bþÚr
edIm,ItbteTAnwgkMENTRmg;rbs;BYkRbUetsþg;.
caudillo / emT½B ¬n¦ GñkbBa¢apþac;karelITahanénRbeTsGaemrik
LaTin.
centralized government / rdæaPi)almCÄkar ¬n¦rdæaPi)alEdl
GMNacenAfañk;kNþaledaykarRtYtRtamCÄwmelIrdæaPi)alkñúgtMbn;
EdlenAeRkamGMNacRtYtRta.
Central Powers / GMNacmCÄwm ¬n¦ enAs®gÁamelakelIkTI1
RbeTsGalWøm:g; nig GURTIs-hugRKI CamYynwgRbeTsd¾éTeTot Edl
)anvayRbharelIPaKImçageTotrbs;xøÜn.
Chaldeans / qaledon ¬n¦ mnusSGasIunirtIEdl)anCYybMpøaj
cRkPBGasIueron.
Chartist movement / clnaqatTIs ¬n¦ enAGg;eKøsstvtSr_TI
19 smaCikénfñak;GñkeFVIkar )anTamTarkarEkTRmg;enAkñúgsPa nig
kare)aHeqñat rYmTaMg siT§ie)aHeqñatsRmab;mnusSTaMgGs; .
Chavín / eqvin ¬n¦ GarüFm’Gaemrikxagt,ÚgcMbgTImYy Edl)an
lUtlas;enAx<g;rabEdl\LÚvCaRbeTseb:rU BIqñaMRbEhl 900 eTA
200 munK>s.
Camp David Accords /
84 WORLD HISTORY
KHMER
samKÁIPaBénGWr:ub ¬n¦ es‘rIénsm<½n§kñúg
cMeNamRbCaCatiGWru:benAstvtSr_TI 19 Edl)anbegáIteLIgeday
raCbuRta ekømin vun emeFInic edIm,ITb;sáat;karekIteLIgénbdivtþn_ .
concordat / GnurUbsBaØa ¬n¦ kic©RBmeRBogpøÚvkar CaBiessekIt
eLIgrvagsgÄraCsasnakatUlik nig rdæaPi)al EdledaHRsay
CamYynwgkarRtYtRtaénkic©karRBHvihar.
Congress of Vienna / smaCTIRkugevünNa ¬n¦ kic©RbCMuCabnþ
bnÞab; enA qñaM 1814-1815 GMLúgeBlEdlemdwknaM GWru:bRbwg
ERbgedIm,IbegáItnUvsnþiPaB nig suvtßiPaByUGEgVgbnÞab;BI karbraC½y
én Nab:UeLGug.
Congress Party / KNbkSxneRKs ¬n¦ KNbkSneya)ayCati
d¾FM EdleKsÁal;pgEdrfaCa sPaCati\NÐa.
conquistadors / GñkpSgeRBgeGs,a:j ¬n¦ Tahan Gñkrukrk nig
GñkpSgeRBgCnCatieGs,a:jEdl)ancUlrYmenAkñúgcm,aMgdeNþIm
GaemrikenAstvtSr_TI16.
conservatives / GPirkS ¬n¦ enABak;kNþalTI1énstvtSr_TI19
CnCatiGWr:ubTaMgenaHPaKeRcInCam©as;dI nig GPiCnEdlmanRTBü
sm,tþi Edlcg;)ankarkarBarraCvgSburaNesþcenAGWr:ub.
constitutional monarchy / raCaniymGaRs½yrdæFmµnuBaØ ¬n¦
RbB½n§énkarRKb;RKgEdlGMNacrbs;GñkRKb;RKgRtUv)aneKkMNt;
edayc,ab;.
consul / kugs‘ul ¬n¦ enAsaFarNrdær:UmaMg m®nþImñak;énGñkman
GMNacBIrnak;Edl)aneRCIserIsCaerogral;qñaMedIm,IbBa¢aT½B nig
dwknaMrdæaPi)al.
containment / karTb;sáat; ¬n¦ neya)aybreTsrbs;shrdæ
GaemrikEdl)anyl;RBmedayelakRbFanaFibetyü EhrI RTUm:an
enAcugTsvtSr_qñaM 1940 EdlshrdæGaemrik)anBüayambBaÄb;
karrIkraldalénlT§ikumµúynisþniymedaykarbegáItsm<½n§PaB nig
karCYyRbeTsTn;exSayedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkarrIklUtlas;rbs;sUevot.
Continental System / RbB½n§kugTINg;tal; ¬n¦ neya)ayrbs;
Nab:UeLGug elIkarTb;sáat;CMnYjrvagcRkPBGg;eKøs nig TIVbGWur:ub
EdlbRmugnwgbMpøajesdækic©cRkPBGg;eKøs.
corporation / sarCIvkmµ ¬n¦ CMnYjEdlmanm©as;CaGñkmanb½NÑ
PaKh‘unnigCaGñkEbgEcknUvR)ak;cMeNj b:uEnþminTTYlxusRtUvCa
lkçN³buKÁlcMeBaHbMNulekItecjBICMnYjenaH.
Concert of Europe /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
s®gÁamRtCak; ¬n¦ CemøaHkarTUtrvagshrdæGaemrik
nig shPaBsUevot rab;TsvtSr_bnÞab;BIs®gÁamelakelIkTI2.
collective bargaining / kic©RBmeRBogrYmKña ¬n¦ karcrcarrvag
kmµkr nig efAEkrbs;BYkeK.
collective farm / ksidæanshkrN_ ¬n¦ ksidæand¾FMEdlRtYtRta
edayrdæaPi)al Edl)anbegáIteLIgedaysarkarbBa©ÚlksidæantUc²
CaeRcIn.
colony / GaNaniKm ¬n¦dIEdlRtYtRtaedayRbeTsEdlenAq¶ay.
Colossus of Rhodes / bdimakrmhima rds_ ¬n¦
bdimaehLinIsÞIk d¾FMEdlBImun)anQrenACitcMNtnavards_.
Columbian Exchange / karpøas;bþÚrxULúmebon ¬n¦ karpøas;bþÚr
CasklénrukçCati stV nig CMgWEdl)anekIteLIgenAGMLúgGaNaniKm
GWru:benAGaemrik.
comedy / qakkMEbøg ¬n¦ TRmg;el¶anEbbkMEbøgEdlCajwkjab;rYm
bBa©ÚlføúkkMEbøg nig karedoeFµH.
command economy / esdækic©Epnkar ¬n¦ RbB½n§esdækic©Edl
rdæaPi)aleFVIesckþIseRmccitþEpñkesdækic©TaMgGs;.
Commercial Revolution / bdivtþn_BaNiC¢kmµ ¬n¦ karBRgIk
CMnYj nig BaNiC¢kmµ Edl)anpøas;bþÚresdækic©GWr:ubenAGMLúgstvtSr_
TI 16 nig 17.
common law / c,ab;saFarN³ ¬n¦ GgÁénc,ab;Edl)anRc)ac;
bBa©ÚlKñanigcgRkgeT,IgedayecARkm Gg;eKøsehIyEdleRbICa
mUldæansRmab;c,ab;enAkñúgRbeTsniyayPasaGg;eKøsCaeRcInna
eBlbc©úb,nñenH rYmTaMgshrdæ Gaemrikpg.
commune / XMu ¬n¦ enARbeTscinkumµúynisþ ksidæanshkrN_
Edl mnusSmYycMnYnFMeFVIkar nig rs;enACamYyKña.
Communist Party / KNbkSkumµúynisþ ¬n¦ KNbkSneya)ay
Edl)anGnuvtþKMnitrbs;kal; m:ak; nig vI Gay eLnIn edImdMbUgKW
KNbkSbulesvIk r:UsSIú.
communism / kumµúynisþniym ¬n¦ RbB½n§esdækic©Edlral;
meFüa)ayplitkmµTaMgGs; man dI Er: eragcRk pøÚvrt;ePøIg nig
BaNiC¢kmµ KWmanm©as;CamnusS EdlRTBüsm,tþiminEmnCarbs;Ék
Cn ehIyTMnij nig esvakmµTaMgGs;KWRtUv)aneKEbgEckesµIKña.
Cold War /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
D
damyU ¬n¦ emskþiPUmiCb:unEdl)anbBa¢aT½Bsam:Uér:.
Daoism / sasnatav¬n¦TsSnviC¢aEdlEp¥kelIKMniténGñkBicarNa
rbs;cineQµaH LavCI Edl)anbeRgonfa mnusSKYrEtRtUv)andwknaM
edaykMlaMgBiPBelakehAfa tav ¬pøÚv¦.
D-Day / DI-eDy ¬n¦ éf¶TI 6 Ex mifuna qñaM 1944 Caéf¶Edlsm<½n§
mitþ)ancab;epþImlukluycUlTIVbGWru:bkñúgGMLúgs®gÁamelakelIkTI2.
Declaration of Independence / karRbkasÉkraCü ¬n¦
esckþIEføgkarBImUlehtuénkarbMEbkGaNaniKmGaemrikBIGg;eKøs
EdlTTYlyl;RBmedaysmaCkg;TINg;tal;elIkTI2enAqñaM1776.
delta / dIsNþr ¬n¦ tMbn;dIl,ab;EdlekIteLIgedaysarkarkkCab;
énPk;enAmat;Tenø.
demilitarization / kareFVIvieyaFkmµ ¬n¦ karkat;bnßylT§PaB
rbs;RbeTskñúgkareFVIs®gÁam EdlseRmc)anedaykarbMEbkkg
kmøaMg nig karhamXat;RbeTsBIkarTTYlGavuF.
democracy /RbCaFibetyü¬n¦rdæaPi)alEdlRtYtRtaedayBlrdæ
rbs;xøÜn edaypÞal; b¤k¾tamry³GñktMNag.
democratization / RbCaFibetyünIykmµ ¬n¦ dMeNIrkarénkar
begáItrdæaPi)alEdl)ane)aHeqñatedayRbCaBlrdæ.
Department of Homeland Security / RksYgkarBarsuvtßiPaB
kñúgRsuk ¬n¦ TIPñak;garshB½n§ shrdæGaemrik Edl)anbegáIteLIg
enAqñaM 2002 edIm,IsRmbsRmYlkic©RbwgERbgrbs;CatiRbqaMgnwg
ePrvkmµ.
détente / karbn§ÚrPaBtantwgEpñkTMnak;TMngGnþrCati ¬n¦
neya)ayénkarkat;bnßyPaBtwgEtgéns®gÁamRtCak;Edldak;ecj
edayshrdæGaemrikkñúgGMLúgeBlEdlelak rIqat nIsun Ca
RbFanaFibetyü.
developed nation / RbeTsGPivDÆn_ ¬n¦RbeTsEdlmansmÖar³
EdlRtUvkarTaMgGs;sRmab;plitkmµeCOnelOnénTMnij]sSahkmµ.
devshirme / edvesomI ¬n¦ enAcRkPBGUtUemn eKalneya)ay
ykkumarecjBIBYkmnusSsasnaRKwsþEdlc,aMgQñH edIm,I[BYkkumar
TaMgenHTTYlkarhVwkhat;CaTahanm:UsøIm.
daimyo /
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 85
KHMER
snñi)at Rtin ¬n¦ kic©RbCMuénemdwknaMr:UmaMg
katUlIk Edl)anekaHehAeday )a:b b:Ul III edIm,IdwknaMlT§i Edl
TTYlkarriHKn;edayGñkEkTRmg;RbUetsþg;.
coup d’état / rdæRbhar ¬n¦ kardeNþImGMNacneya)aykñúgCati
mYyPøam².
covenant / ktikasBaØa ¬n¦ kic©snüa b¤ kic©RBmeRBogTaMgsgxag
CaBiesskic©RBmeRBogrvagRBHCam©as; nig CnehRb‘UydUcEdl)an
kt;RtaenAkñúgRBHKm<IsasnaRKisþ.
creoles / eRkGUl ¬n¦ enAkñúgsgÁmGaNaniKmeGs,:aj CnGaNa
niKm Edl)anekItenAGaemrikLaTIn man«BukmþayCnCatieGs,:aj.
Crimean War / s®gÁam RKImIn ¬n¦ CemøaH ekItcab;BIqñaM 1853
dl; qñaM 1856 EdlcRkPB GUtUemn edaymanCMnYyBIGg;eKøs nig
)araMg )anbBaÄb;karBRgIkrbs;rUsSIenAkñúgtMbn;smuRTexµA.
crop rotation / karbþÚrdMNaMdaMduH ¬n¦RbB½n§énkardaMduHdMNaMepSg²
enAkñúgcMkarenAqñaMnimYy²edIm,IkarBarCICatirbs;dI.
Crusade / bUCniykic© ¬n¦ ebsnkmµmYyEdlGñkcm,aMgRKwsþsas
nik sm½ykNþal)anRbwgERbgRtYtRtaeLIgvijnUvTwkdId¾BisiTæBIBYk
m:UsøIm.
cultural diffusion / karpSBVpSayvb,Fm’ ¬n¦ karpSBVpSayKMnit
b¤ plitplBIvb,Fm’mYyeTAvb,Fm’mYyeTot.
Cultural Revolution / bdivtþvb,Fm’ ¬n¦ karbHe)arqñaM 19661976 enARbeTscinEdl)andwknaMedayqµaMRkhm CamYynwgeKal
bMNgénkarbegáItsgÁmGñkERscMkar nig kmµkr EdlesµIPaBKña.
culture / vb,Fm’ ¬n¦ rebobénCIvitEbøkrbs;mnusS Edl)anbgðaj
tamry³]bkrN_ TMnamTmøab; sil,³ nig KMnit.
cuneiform / RbB½n§sresrEbbesñót ¬n¦ RbB½n§sresrEdlman
nimitþsBaØaCasNæanesñót Edl)anéqñRbDiteday saemIueron
RbEhlqñaM 3000 munK>s.
cyberterrorism / ParvkmµRbB½n§kMuBüÚT½rniym ¬n¦ karvayRbhar
edaymanbMNgEbbneya)ayelIRbB½n§Bt’man.
Cyrillic alphabet / GkSrRkm sIuerolIk ¬n¦ GkSrRkmsRmab;
karsresrPasarsøavIk Edl)anbegáItenAstvtSr_TI9énK>s eday
RBHRKU sIuerol nig emfUdIs.
czar / tSar ¬n¦ raCaFiraCrUsuI ¬mkBIeQµaHr:UmaMg xaGIusa¦.
Council of Trent /
86 WORLD HISTORY
KHMER
E
CYrmuxEb:kxagekIt ¬n¦ enAs®gÁamelakelIkTI
1 tMbn;EdlenARBMEdn GaløWm:g - rUsSI EdlrUsSI nig esIub )anRbyuT§
nwg GaløWm:g GURTIs nig TYKI.
Edict of Nantes / bBaØtiþ Nan;ets ¬n¦ karRbkasqñaM 1598
Edlesþc)araMg hinrI IV )ansnüafaBYkRbUetsþg; Gacrs;enAeday
snþiPaBenARbeTs)araMg ehIyGacsg;TIskáar³enATIRkug)araMgxøH
eTotpg.
Emancipation Proclamation / karRbkas[putBIGñkCa ¬n¦
esckþIRbkasEdlecjedayRbFanaFibetyüGaemrik GaR)aham
lInxun enAqñaM 1863 Edl)anEføgfaTaskrTaMgGs;EdlenAkñúgrdæ
shB½n§KWmanesrIPaB.
emerging nation / RbeTsEdlkMBugegIbeT,Ig ¬n¦ RbeTsEdl
dMeNIr karén]sSaPavUbnIykmµenAminTan;bBa©b;enAeLIy.
émigrés / nirRbevsþn_¬n¦mnusSEdlcakecjBIRbeTskMeNItrbs;
BYkeKedaysarmUlehtuneya)ay dUcCaGPiCn nig Gñkd¾éTeTot
Edl)anePosxøÜnecjBIRbeTs)araMgkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarekIneLIg
énGñkERscMkarénbdivtþn_)araMg.
empire / cRkPB ¬n¦ GgÁPaBneya)ayEdlsmaCikénRbCaCn b¤
RbeTsRtUv)anRtYtRtaedayGñkdwknaMEtmñak;.
enclosure / karB½T§rbg ¬n¦ karhMuB½n§edayrbg b¤ rbgeQI Edl
eFVIeLIgedaym©as;dICnCatiGg;eKøsEdlmanRTBüsm,tþieRcInelIdI
EdlBImunCakEnøgEdlksikrGñkPUmieFVIkar.
encomienda / GinxUminda ¬n¦ karpþl;dIEdleFVIeLIgedayCnCati
eGs,a:j eTA[GñktaMgTIlMenAenAGaemrik rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgsiT§ikñúgkar
eRbIR)as;CnCatiedImGaemrikCaGñkeFVIBlkmµpgEdr.
English Civil War / s®gÁamsIuvilenAGg;eKøs ¬n¦CemøaHcab;taMg
BiqñaM 1642 dl; 1649 EdlGñkKaMRTPYrItanrbs;sPa RbyuT§nwg
GñkKaMRTraCaniymrbs;Gg;eKøs.
enlightened despot / Gñkkan;GMNacpþac;kard¾BUEkr ¬n¦ esþc
enAGWru:benAstvtSr_TI18mYyGgÁEdlmankarCMrujedayKMnitd¾BUEk
Gs©arükñúgkarRKb;RKgedayyutþiFm’ nig eKarBsiT§iGñkenAeRkam
GMNac.
Eastern Front /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
daGas<Úra: ¬n¦ karbMEbkBICIhVecjBIkEnøgkMeNItenA
)a:eLsÞIn CaBiesskñúgGMLúgeBlCag 1800 qñaM bnÞab;BIkarbMpøaj
rbs;BYkr:UmaMgelIviharenAeyr:UsaLimkñúgqñaM 70 énK>s.
dictator / Gñkkan;lT§ipþac;kar ¬n¦ enARbeTsr:UmburaN emdwknaM
neya)ayRtUv)aneKpþl;[nUvGMNacpþac;karedIm,IbegáItc,ab; nig
bBa¢aT½Bkñúgry³eBlkMNt;mYy.
direct democracy / RbCaFibetyüpÞal; ¬n¦ rdæaPi)alEdl
BlrdæRKb;RKgpÞal; CaCagtamry³GñktMNag.
dissident / GñkRbqaMg ¬n¦ GñkRbqaMgnwgneya)ay b¤ skmµPaB
rbs;rdæaPi)al.
divine right / siT§iCaGaTieTB ¬n¦ KMnitEdlfaRBHmhakSRtKWCa
GñktMNagRBHCam©as;elIEpndI nig CaGñkEdlGaceqøIy)anCamYyRBH
Etmñak;Kt;.
domestication / karpSaM ¬n¦ karpSaMstVsRmab;kareRbIR)as;rbs;
mnusS .
dominion / viCitraC ¬n¦ enAcRkPBGg;eKøs RbeTs ¬dUcCa
kaNada¦ )anGnuBaØati[RKb;RKgkic©karkñúgtMbn;rbs;xøÜn.
domino theory / RTwsþIdUmINU¬n¦KMnitEdlfaRbsinebIRbeTsmYy
Føak;cUlkñúgkarRKb;RKgrbs;BYkkumµúynisþ RbeTsCitxagk¾nwgFøak;
cUlkñúgkarRKb;RKgrbs;BYkkumµúynisþEdr.
Dorians / dUeron ¬n¦ mnusSniyayPasaRkic EdleyageTAtam
TMnamTmøab; )anGenþaRbevsn_mkRbeTsRkicbnÞab;BIkarEbk)ak;én
GarüFm’ mIesenon.
Dreyfus affair / erOgra:v RdiyPUs ¬n¦ vaTb,divaTenARbeTs
)araMgenATsvtSr_qñaM 1890 edayepþateTAelIkarkat;eTas nig kar
dak;Bn§FnaKaelIm®nþITahanCIhV embBa¢akar GalRhVit RdIyPUs
EdlCaGñkEdleKecaTRbkan;edayminRtwmRtUvfalk;kic©karsm¶at;
rbs; TahaneTA[GaløWm:g.
Dutch East India Company / Rkumh‘un\NÐabUBarbs;hULg;
¬n¦ Rkumh‘unEdl)anbegáIteLIgedayhULg;enAedImstvtSr_TI 17
edIm,IbegáIt nig RtYtRtaCMnYjBaseBjGasIu.
dynastic cycle / vdþraCvgS¬n¦ninñakarRbvtþisaRsþénkarekIteLIg
karFøak;cuH nig karCMnYsénraCvgS.
dynasty / raCvgS¬n¦GñkdwknaMCabnþbnÞab;EdlmkBIRKYsarEtmYy.
Diaspora /
pasIusniym ¬n¦ clnaneya)ayEdlelIktMekIgTRmg;
énCatiniymhYsehtu edaybdiesFBIsiT§irbs;buKÁl nig KNbkS
kan;GMNacpþac;karCaGñkRKb;RKg.
Fatimid / ehVtFImIt ¬n¦ smaCikénraCvgSmU:søIm EdlykExS
RsLaykUnRsIrbs;mhamateQµaH ehVtFIm:a ehIy Edl)anbegáIt
cRkPBenAGaRhiVkxageCIg Gar:ab‘Í nig sIurI enAstvtSr_TI 10-12.
favorable balance of trade / tulüPaBBaNiC¢kmµEdlcg;)an
¬n¦ sßanPaBesdækic©EdlRbeTsmYylk;TMnijeTA[breTseRcIn
CagGVIEdlxøÜn)anTijBIbreTs.
federal system / RbB½n§shB½n§ ¬n¦
RbB½n§énrdæaPi)alEdlGMNac RtUv)aneKEbgEckrvagGCJaF½rkNþal
nig cMnYnénrdænimYy².
Fertile Crescent / dIragcMNitRBHExEdlmanCICati ¬n¦ dIksikmµ
EdlsMbUrCICatiragRBHExenAGasIunirtI enArvagsmuRTEBk nig smuRT
emDIETra:eN.
feudalism / skþiPUminiym ¬n¦ RbB½n§neya)ayEdlGPiCnRtUv)an
eKyl;RBm[eRbIR)as;nUvdIFøIEdlCakmµsiT§Rsbc,ab;rbs;esþcBYkeK
edaypøas;bþÚrCamYynwgPaBesµaHRtg;rbs;BYkeK esvaeyaFa nig kar
karBarmnusSEdlrs;enAelIdIenaH.
fief / dIEdlpþl;edaym©as; ¬n¦ dIFøIEdlyl;RBmedayesþcRbKl;
[brivasßitenAeRkamRbB½n§skþiPUmienAGWr:ubsm½ykNþal.
filial piety / kareKarBRslaj;EdlCakrNIkic©rbs;kUn ¬n¦ kar
eKarBEdlbgðajedaykUncMeBaH«Bukmþayrbs;BYkeK b¤k¾Gñkmanv½y
cas;Cag.
Final Solution / dMeNaHRsaycugeRkay ¬n¦ kmµviFIsmøab;rgÁal
CnCatiCIhVTaMgGs; EdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§rbs;elak GIuEFø .
Five-Year Plans / EpnkarR)aMqñaM ¬n¦ EpnkarEdleRKageday
elak cUEsB sþalIn enAqñaM 1928 sRmab;karGPivDÆn_esdækic©
F
shPaBsUevot.
factors of production / ktþaplitkmµ ¬n¦ FnFanTaMgLay rYm
Four Modernizations / TMenIbtUbnIykmµTaMgbYn ¬n¦ sMnMuén
mandI kmøaMgBlkmµ nig edImTun EdlRtUvkaredIm,IplitTMnij nig
eKalbMNgEdldak;ecjedayemdwknaMcin elak etg EsvBIgenAcug
esvakmµ.
stvtSr_TI20 EdlTak;TgnwgkarrIkcMerInxagksikmµ ]sShkmµ kar
factory / eragcRk¬n¦GaKard¾FMEdlma:sIunRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,I
karBar nig viTüasaRsþ nig bec©kviTüa.
plitTMnij.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
fascism /
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 87
KHMER
smµasm<úFiBaØaN ¬n¦ enAkñúgsasnaRBHBuT§ Ca
KtibNÐitd¾l¥\tex©aHEdlmnusSmñak;yl;BImUldæanénkarBitrbs;
BiPBelak.
Enlightenment / clnaénkarEsVgyl; ¬n¦ clnarbs;CnCati
GWr:ubenAstvtSr_TI 18 EdlGñkBicarNaCaeRCIn)anBüayamRbkan;
ykeKalkarN_énmUlehtu nig viFIsaRsþviTüasaRsþeTAelITidæPaB
TaMgGs;énsgÁm.
entrepreneur / shRKin ¬n¦ mnusSEdlerobcM cat;Ecg nig
RbfuynwgeRKaHfñak;kñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ.
epics / bTkMNaBü ¬n¦ kMNaBüerobrab;ya:gEvgEdlniyayBIGMBI
erOgeRBg b¤ vIrbursburaN.
estate / fñak;sgÁm ¬n¦ fñak;énsgÁmmYykñúgcMNamfñak;TaMgbI enA
RbeTs )araMgmunbdivtþn_)araMg - fñak;TI1rYmmanGñkbYs fñak;TIBI
GPiCn nig fñak;TIbI RbCaCnepSgeTotEdlenAsl;.
Estates-General / fñak;sgÁm-TUeTA ¬n¦ karRbCMuGñktMNagmk
BIfñak;sgÁm b¤ eGesþtTaMgbI enA)araMg
ethnic cleansing / karsm¥atCatisasn_ ¬n¦ neya)ayXatkmµ
nigskmµPaBd¾éRBépSepSgeTotEdlBYkesIubsgÇwmfanwglubbM)at;
RbCanCnmU:søImenAbUesñóbnÞab;BIkarEbk)ak;yUehÁasøavI.
excommunication / kardkecjBIsasna ¬n¦ kardksiT§irbs;
mnusSmñak;BIsmaCikPaBénRBHviharRKwsþsasna.
existentialism / GtßiPaBniym¬n¦TsSn³viC¢aEdlBwgEp¥kelIKMnit
EdlfamnusSpþl;Gtßn½ydl;CIvitrbs;BYkeKtamry³CeRmIs nig
skmµPaBrbs;BYkeK.
extraterritorial rights / siT§iRCkekaneRkARbeTs ¬n¦ karelIk
Elgdl;kartaMgTIlMenArbs;breTs tamc,ab;énRbeTs.
enlightenment /
neya)ayebIkcMhr ¬n¦eKalneya)ayebIkcMharrbs;
sUevot [manesrIPaBxagbeBa©jKMnit nig B½t’man RtUv)aneKENnaM
enAkñúgqñaM 1985 edayelak mIkehl ehÁa)aeqv.
global economy / esdækic©BiPBelak ¬n¦ shRbtibtþikarN_
hirBaØvtßúTaMgGs; EdlmankarTak;TgnwgmnusS BaNiC¢kmµ nig
rdæaPi)al Edlqøgkat;RBMEdnGnþrCati.
Glorious Revolution / bdivtþn_rugerOg ¬n¦ karTmøak;esþc
Gg;eKøs eCm II edayminmankarbgðÚrQam ehIyRtUv)anCMnYseday
vIelom nig ma:rI.
glyph / cmøak;lib ¬n¦ rUbPaBnimitþsBaØ CaBiessKWGVImYyEdlRtUv
)aneKeRbIR)as;CaEpñkmYyénRbB½n§sresr edaykarqøak;GkSrelI
sila.
Gothic / ehÁahSik ¬Ku¦ EdlTak;TgeTAnwgrcnabTénsßabtükmµ .
RBHviharEdl)anbegáIteLIgenAGWr:ubsm½ykNþal manRTg;RTay
G
CabnÞb;egIbeLIg bg¥ÜckBa©k; CBa¢aMgERCg TVaekagRsYc nig mankMBUl
gender inequality / vismPaBeynD½r ¬n¦ PaBxusKñarvagburs
RsYcx<s;.
nig RsþI kñúgn½yRTBüsm,tþi nig zan³.
Great Depression / karFøak;cuHdundabénesdækic© ¬n¦ karFøak;cuH
genetic engineering / visVkmµbnþrBUC ¬n¦ karepÞrEsnBIrbs;
xagesdækic©d¾F¶n;F¶rEdlekIteLIgeRkayBIkardYlrlMénTIpSarb½NÑ
manCIvitmYyeTArbs;manCIvitmYyeTot edIm,IbegáItsrIr³mYyEdl
PaKh‘unshrdæGaemrik enAqñaM 1929.
manlkçN³fµI.
Great Fear / karP½yxøacd¾xøaMgkøa ¬n¦ karekIneLIgénkarQWcab;
genocide / karsmøab;mhaCn¬n¦karsmøab;CaRbB½n§elImnusSTaMg
\tsmehtuplEdlraldaleBjTICnbTrbs;)araMgbnÞab;BIkar
Gs;.
vaylukrbs; )aesÞólenAqñaM 1789.
gentry / mnusSmanvNѳx<s; ¬n¦ fñak;énGMNac mnusSx<g;x<s;Edl
Great Purge / karedjsm¥atd¾Gs©arü ¬n¦ yuT§nakarePrvkmµenA
cUlcitþzan³sgÁmx<s;.
shPaBsUevotkñúgGMLúgTsvtSrqñaM 1930 Edlelak cUsiB sþalIn
geocentric theory / RTwsþIPUKBÖnaPI ¬n¦ enAsm½ykNþal
BüayamlubbM)at;smaCikKNbkSkumµúynisþTaMgGs; nig Blrdæd¾éT
TsSn³mUldæanEpndIénsklelak EdlGñkecHdwg)aneCOCak;fa
eTotEdl)anKRmamkMEhgGMNacrbs;Kat;.
EpndICavtßúEdlminGaceFVIclna)ansßitenAcMkNþalénsklelak.
Great Schism / karExVgKMnitKñad¾xøaMgkøa ¬n¦ karEbgEckenARBH
geopolitics /PUKBÖneya)ay¬n¦neya)aybreTsEdlEp¥kelIkar
viharr:UmaMgkatUlikenAsm½ykNþal kñúgeBlEdlclnaRbqaMg )a:b
BicarNaelITItaMgyuT§saRsþ b¤ plitpléndIepSgeTot.
)an begáIteLIgenA GavIKnun nig enAr:Um.
Ghana / hÁaNa ¬n¦ raCaNacRkGaRhVikxaglicEdl)anrIkcMerIn
Greco-Roman culture / vb,Fm’Rkic-r:UmaMg ¬n¦ vb,Fm’buraN
man)anBIkarykBn§ nig karRKb;RKgBaNiC¢kmµ ehIyEdl)anbegáIt
Edl)anGPivDÆn_BIkarlaybBa©ÚlKñaénvb,Fm’ Rkic ehLinisÞik nig
cRkPBenAstvtSr_TI 9-11 énK>s.
r:UmaMg.
ghazi / hÁahSI ¬n¦ Gñkcm,aMgedIm,IGIusøam.
green revolution / bdivtþn_ébtg ¬n¦karRbwgERbgenAstvtSr_TI
ghettos / hÁItUs ¬n¦ RkugCitxag EdlCakEnøgBYkCIhVGWr:ubRtUv)an
20 edIm,IbegáInFnFancMNIGaharelIBiPBelak EdlTak;Tgnwgkar
eKbgçM[eTArs;enA.
eRbIR)as;CI nig fñaMsmøab;stVl¥it nig karbegáItdMNaMEdlFnnwgCMgW.
88 WORLD HISTORY
KHMER
glasnost /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
cMnucTaMg14 ¬n¦ sMeNImYyes‘rIEdl elak
RbFanaFibetyüGaemrik vURdUv evolsun)aneRKagEpnkaredIm,I
seRmc[)annUvsnþiPaBbnÞab;BIs®gÁamelakelIkTI1.
Franks / eRhVg ¬n¦ mnusSCnCatiGaløWm:gEdl)antaMgTIlMenAenA
extþr:UmaMg hÁÚl ¬kEnøgEdlmankarlM)ak \LÚvRKb;RKgeday)araMg¦
ehIy )anbegáItcRkPBd¾Gs©arükñúgGMLúgsm½ykalkNþal .
free trade / BaNiC¢kmµesrI ¬n¦ BaNiC¢kmµrvagRbeTsTaMgLay
edayminmankarritt,itxagesdækic© b¤ r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ ¬dUcCa
Bn§Gakr¦.
French and Indian War / s®gÁam)araMg nig \NÐa ¬n¦ CemøaH
rvagGg;eKøs nig )araMg elIkarRtYtRtaEdndIenAGaemrikxageCIg cab;
BIqñaM 1754 dl; 1763.
Fourteen Points /
H
dIka[ykxøÜnmktulakar¬n¦ÉksarEdltRmUv
[GñkCab;Bn§FnaKaGacnaMmkmuneBlcUltulakar b¤ ecARkmkat;kþI
dUecñHehIyvaGacRtUv)aneKseRmcfaetIkarCab;Bn§FnaKarbs;Kat;
enaHRsbc,ab;b¤eT.
Hagia Sophia / éhCa sUehVó ¬n¦ RBHvihar hUlI vIsþm enA
xnesþnFInpl Edl)anksageLIgedaykarbBa¢arbs;raCaFiraC
b‘ÍhSanTIn eQµaH casÞIenon.
haiku / éhKu ¬n¦ TRmg;kMNaBürbs;Cb:un Edlman3bnÞat;min
CYnKñaEdlmanBüagÁ 5/ 7 nig 5.
hajj / h½t ¬n¦ FmµyaRtaeTAemka EdleFVIeLIgCakatBVkic© rbs;
BYkm:UsøIm.
Han dynasty / raCvgS han ¬n¦ raCvgScinEdlRKb;RKgBIqñaM
202 munK>s dl; qñaM 9 énK>s nig RKb;RKgmþgeTotenAqñaM 23 dl;
220 énK>s.
Harappan civilization / GarüFm’hara:pan ¬n¦ nammYyeTot
rbs;GarüFm’ eRCaH \NÐÚs EdlekIteLIgtamdgTenø \NÐÚs GacenA
munqñaM 7000 munK>s EdlmanlkçNsmÁal;edaybøg;TIRkugd¾s¥at.
Hausa / hUsa ¬n¦ RbCaCnGaemrikxagekItEdl)anrs;enARkug-rdæ
CaeRcInEdl\LÚvKWCa NayeCIeroPaKxageCIg.
heliocentric theory / RTwsþIsuriyanaPI ¬n¦ KMnitEdlfaEpndI nig
PBd¾éTeTotvilCMuvijRBHGaTitü.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
habeas corpus /
EdlTak;TgnwgRKik ¬Ku¦ Tak;TgeTAnwgGarüFm’
Pasa sil,³ viTüasaRsþ nig GkSsaRsþénBiPBRkic taMgBIrC¢kal
GaLicsan;DW dW eRKt eTAcugstvtSr_TI2munK>s.
helot / ´keBa¢H ¬n¦ enAkñúgsgÁm s<ataburaN GñkERscMkar ksikr
Cab;kic©snüanwgdI.
hieroglyphics / Pasaskáelx ¬n¦ RbB½n§sresr EdlrUbPaB nig
nimitþsBaØaRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,IbgðajGkSr nig sMelg.
Hijrah / éhrah ¬n¦ karGenþarRbevsn_rbs;mhamat; BIemka eTA
yaRsÞIb ¬emDINa¦ enAqñaM 622 énK>s.
Hittites / hitéf ¬n¦ CnCati\NÐÚ GWur:ub Edl)antaMgTIlMenAenA
GaNatUla kñúgGMLúgqñaM 2000 mun K>s.
Holocaust / haynPaBCnCatiCVIhV ¬n¦ karsmøab;d¾FMelIBYkCIhV
nig CnsIuvild¾éTeTot Edl)aneFVIeLIgedayrdæaPi)alNahSIrbs;
GaløWm:g mun nig kñúgGMLúgs®gÁamelakelIkTI2.
Holy Alliance / sm<½n§mitþhUlI ¬n¦ smaKmRbCaCatiGWr:ubEdl)an
begáIteLIgedayRkumemdwknaMén r:UsSI GU®sþalI nig RbUseso bnÞab;BI
smaCTIRkugEvün.
Holy Roman Empire / cRkPB hUlIr:umaMg ¬n¦ cRkPBEdl)an
begáIteLIgenAGWr:ubenAstvtSr_TI 10énK>s edImeLIymanTwkdIEt
\LÚvCarbs;GaløWm:g nig GIutalI.
home rule / karRKb;RKgépÞkñúg ¬n¦ karRtYtRtaelIbBaðaxagkñúg
cMeBaHGñksñak;enAkñúgtMbn; EdleFVIeLIgedayrdæaPi)alEdlkan;
GMNac.
hominid / stVelak ¬n¦ smaCikénRkumCIvsa®sþrab;bBa©ÚlTaMg
mnusSelak nig BUCstVelakepSgeTotEdledIrmanxøÜnRtg;.
Homo sapiens / BUCmnusSbc©úb,nñ ¬n¦ BUCCIvsa®sþénmnusS
elaksm½ybc©úb,nñ .
House of Wisdom / salaKtibNÐit ¬n¦ mCÄmNÐlsikSarEdl
)anbegáIteLIgenA )adat enATsvtSr_qñaM 800.
humanism / mnusSniym ¬n¦ clnabBaØarIeNesSn EdlGñkKit
BicarNaTaMgLay)ansikSarelIGtþbTburaN nig )anepþateTAelI
skþanuBl nig karseRmc)anrbs;mnusSelak.
Hellenistic /
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 89
KHMER
GñkniyayerOg ¬n¦
GñkniyayerOgCnCatiGaemrikaMgxaglic.
guerrilla / T½BéRB ¬n¦ smaCikénkgkmøaMgvayRbharEdl)an
erobcMeLIgminmankarc,as;las;edIm,IeFVIkarvayqµk;elIkgkmøaMg
sRtUvEdlRKb;RKgRbeTsrbs;eK.
guild / GaCIvsgÁm ¬n¦ smaKmmnusSenAsm½ykNþaleFVIkargar
GaCIvdUcKña EdlRtYtRtaelIR)ak;ebovtSr_ nig éførbs;smaCikxøÜn.
guillotine / masIunkat;k ¬n¦ ma:sIunsRmab;kat;k,almnusS Edl
RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;CameFüa)aysRmab;RbharCIvitkñúgGMLúgbdivtþn_
)araMg.
Gupta Empire / cRkPBhÁÚta ¬n¦ cRkPBTI2enA\NÐa Edl)an
begáIteLIgeday can;Rda hÁÚta I enAqñaM 320 énK>s.
Griot /
]sSahPUvUbnIykmµ ¬n¦ karGPivDÆn_én
]sSahkmµepSg²edayeRbIR)as;m:asIunkñúgkarplitTMnij .
Industrial Revolution / bdivtþn_]sSahkmµ ¬n¦ karpøas;bþÚr
cab;epþImeLIgenARbeTsGg;eKøskñúgGMLúgstvtSr_TI 18 EdlbþÚrBI
karplitplTMnijedayéd eTAkarplitedayeRbIma:sIun.
inflation / GtiprNa ¬n¦ karFøak;cuHkñúgtémøénR)ak; edayrYmpSMnwg
karekIneLIgénéførbs;TMnij nig esvakmµ.
Inquisition / salaesIubGegáty:agmWugm:at; ¬n¦ tulakarr:UmaMg
katUlIk sRmab;eFVIkaresIubGegát nig bþwgBIGBaØmti CaBiessGñk
skmµenAeGs,a:jkñúgGMLúgstvtSr_qñaM 1400.
institution / sßab½N ¬n¦ KMrUénGgÁkarEdlmanGayuEvgenAkñúg
shKm.
intendant / Psþúkar ¬n¦ m®nþIrdæaPi)al)araMgEdlcat;taMgeday
RBHmhakSRtedIm,IRbmUlBn§ nig RKb;RKgtulakar.
International Space Station / sßanIyGavkasGnþrCati ¬n¦
I
karpSgeRBgEdlmankarshkarKña KaMRTeday shrdæGaemrik nig
Ice Age / sm½yTwkkk ¬n¦ GMLúgeBlRtCak; EdlpÞaMgTwkkkd¾FM
rUsSI nig RbeTs14epSgeTot edIm,IbegáIt nig EfrrkSamnÞIBiesaFn_
)anrIkraldalecjBItMbn;b:Ul cugeRkaybMputKWcab;BIqñaM RbEhl
kargarelIkarBiesaFn_viTüasa®sþenAkñúgGvkas.
1/600/000 dl; 10/000 munK>s.
Internet / GIunFWNit ¬n¦kartP¢ab;bNþajkMuBüÚT½rEdlGac[mnusS
I Ching / Gay CIg ¬n¦ esovePATMnayrbs;cin Edl)anBieRKaHBI
enAelIBiPBelakGacpøas;bþÚrB½t’man nig eFVIkarTMnak;TMngCamYyKña.
cemøIyénbBaðasIlFm’ nig karGnuvtþn_.
intifada / karbHe)ar GiunFIhVada ¬n¦ yuT§nakarmineKarBc,ab;rbs;
icon / bdima ¬n¦ bdimasasnaEdleRbIR)as;edayBYkRKwsþsasnik
CnsIuvil)a:eLsÞIn RbqaMgnwgkarRKb;RKgrbs;GIuRsaEGlenA Evs
PaKxagekIt.
ebg nig kahSa RsÞIb Edlbnþrdl;TsvtSr_qñaM 1990.
imperialism / cRkBtþiniym¬n¦eKalneya)ayEdlCatimYyxøaMg
Irish Republican Army (IRA) / kgT½BsaFarNrdæeGoLg;
CagRbwgERbgRtYtRtaelIRbeTsd¾éTelIEpñk neya)ay esdækic© nig
¬n¦ kgkmøaMgeyaFaGñkCatiniymminpøÚvkarEdlRbwgERbgedIm,I
sgÁm.
ÉkraCüénRbeTseGoLg;BIcRkPBGg;eKøs.
impressionism / GarmµN_niym ¬n¦clnaenAelIkarKMnUrstvtSr_
iron curtain / r)aMgEdk ¬n¦ kñúgGMLúgs®gÁamRtCak;CaRBMEdn
TI 19 Edlsil,³krmanRbtikmµRbqaMgnwgBYkR)akdniymedayRbwg
EdlEbgEckRbeTskumµúynisþenAGWr:ubxagekIt BIRbeTs
ERbgdwknaMGarmµN_rbs;BYkeKelIerOg b¤ »kasNamYy.
RbCaFibetyü enAGWr:ubxaglicCaeRcIn.
Indo-Europeans / CnCati\NÐÚGWr:ub ¬n¦ RkuménGñkmanTIlMenA
Iroquois / GayrU:xVIs ¬n¦ RkuménCnCatiedImGaemrikEdlniyay
minnwgnr nig eBlxøHnwgnr enAqñaMRbEhl 1700 munK>s EdlCa
PasaEdlTak;Tg)anrs;enAtMbn; eRkt eLk PaKxagekIténGaemrik
Gñk)ancab;epþImeFVIGenþaRbevsn_BIkEnøgEdl\LÚvenAPaKxagt,Úg
xageCIg ehIy)anbegáItCasm<½n§mitþenAcugstvtSr_qñaM 1500.
rUsSI eTA ]bTVIb\NÐa GWr:ub nig GasIunirtI .
Islam / GIusøam ¬n¦ sasnaEdleCOfamanRBHEtmYyKt; Edl)an
indulgence / karminRbkan;eTas¬n¦karGP½yeTasEdledaHElg
begáIteLIgenA Gar:ab;enAstvtSr_TI 7 én K>s.
buKÁlmñak;[putBITNÐkmµedaysarkarsag)ab .
90 WORLD HISTORY
KHMER
industrialization /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
mYyryéf¶ ¬n¦ GMLúgeBlxøI enAqñaM 1815
eBlEdlNab:UeLGug )aneFVIkarRbwgERbgcugeRkayedIm,IGMNac
eday Tmøak;esþc)araMg ehIyk¾)ankøayCaGFiraCénRbeTs)araMg
mþgeTot.
Hundred Years’ War / s®gÁamCagmYyryqñaM ¬n¦ CemøaHEdl
Gg;eKøs nig )araMg)anRbyuT§KñaelITwkdI)araMg CYnQb; CYnRbyuT§
taMg BIqñaM 1337 dl; 1453.
hunter-gatherer / GñkRbmaj;-GñkRbmUl ¬n¦ smaCikénRkum
EdlminmanTIlMenAnwgn EdlcMNIGaharpÁt;pÁg;rbs;BYkeK KWBwgEp¥k
elIkarbr)aj;stV nig karRbmUlépøeQI.
Hyksos / hIKsUs ¬n¦ RkumGñkQøanBanEdlmanTIlMenAminnwgnr
mkBIGasIunirtI Edl)anRKb;RKgeGhSIbBIqñaM 1640 dl; 1570 mun
K>s.
Hundred Days /
GFiraCexsW ¬n¦ GFiraCGaløWm:g; ¬mkBIeQµaHedImr:UmaMg
sIusa (Caesar).
kamikaze / kamIkaehS ¬n¦ kñúgGMLúgs®gÁamelakelIkTI2 Cb:un
)anlHbg;BYkGñkebIkbrynþehaHEdl)anhVwkhat;edIm,IeTABnøicnava
rbs;sm<½n§mitþ edaykarbukynþehaHEdlpÞúkRKab;eTAelInavaTaMg
enaH .
karma / kamµa ¬n¦ enAkñúgsasnahiNÐÚ nig RBHBuT§ Caplsrubén
karsagGMeBIl¥ nig GaRkk; EdlmnusSmñak;)anRbRBwtþ EdlRtUv)an
J
eKeCOfaCakarkMNt;dl;vasnarbs;mnusSenaHenACatieRkay.
Jainism / sasnaeCn ¬n¦ sasnaEdl)anbegáIteLIgenARbeTs
Khmer Empire / cRkPBExµr ¬n¦ cRkPBenAGasIuGaeKñy_ Edl
\NÐaenAstvtSr_TI6 munK>s EdlsmaCikrbs;xøÜneCOfaGVI²EdlenA
kEnøgkNþalKWRbeTskm<úCabc©úb,nñ Edl)anQaneTAdl;cMnuckMBUl
elIsklelakmanviBaØaN dUecñHehIyeyIgminKYreFVITukçeTasdl;va
énGMNackñúgGMLúgqñaMRbEhl 1200 énK>s.
eT .
Khmer Rouge / ExµrRkhm ¬n¦ RkuménBYk]TÞamkumµúynisþEdl
janissary / kgT½BTYKI ¬n¦ smaCikénkgTahanvIrCnenAcRkPB
)ankan;GMNacenAkm<úCakñúgqñaM 1975.
GUtUemn.
knight / GbSb¤T§i ¬n¦ enAGWr:ubsm½ykNþal Gñkcm,aMgGaveRkaH
jazz / vg;ePøghSas ¬n¦RbePTt®nþIfµImYyenAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1920
EdlvayRbharelIxñgesH.
Edl)anbegáIteLIgCacMbgedayt®nþIkrGaemrikedImkMeNItGaRhik.
Koryu dynasty / raCvgSkUrIyU ¬n¦ raCvgSEdl)anRKb;RKgkUer:
Jesuits / eys‘UGit ¬n¦ smaCikénsgÁmRBHeys‘U KN³sasna
BIqñaM 935 dl; 1392 énK>s.
r:UmaMg katUlikEdl)anbegáIteLIgeday GIukNaeTos én LÚyULa.
Kristallnacht / RKIsþenct_ ¬n¦ { raRtIénkarbMEbkEkv } raRtIéf¶TI
“jewel in the crown” / { rtnvtßúenAelImáúd } ¬n¦ GaNaniKm
9 Ex vicäikar qñaM 1938 EdlBYkNahSIeFVIkarvaylukedayeyaFaelI
Gg;eKøsenA\NÐa eKehAdUecñHedaysarEtsar³sMxan;rbs;vacMeBaH
pÞHsEm,g Rkumh‘unGaCIvkmµ RBHviharsasna rbs;BYkCIhV eBj
cRkPBGg;eKøs TaMgCaGñkpÁt;pÁg;vtßúFatuedIm nig TaMgCaTIpSarsMrab;
RbeTsGaløWm:g.
BaNiC¢kmµTMnijGg;eKøs.
Kuomintang / KYgmIgtag ¬n¦ KNbkSCatiniymcin Edl)an
joint-stock company / Rkumh‘uncUlh‘unKña ¬n¦ Rkumh‘un
begáIt eLIgbnÞab;BIkardYlrlMénraCvgSQIgenAqñaM 1912.
BaNiC¢kmµ EdlvinieyaKin)anvinieyaKRTBüsm,tþirbs;BYkeKcUlKña
Kush / XUs ¬n¦ raCaNacRknUebonburaN EdlGñkdwknaMrbs;xøÜn
edIm,IeKalbMNgrYmmYy bnÞab;mkeKEckR)ak;cMeNjKña.
)anRtYtRtaRbeTs eGhSIb rvagqñaM 2000 nig 1000 munK>s.
Judah / CUdah ¬n¦ raCaNacRkhiRbUy enA)a:eLsÞIn Edl)an
begáIteLIgkñúgGMLúgqñaM 922 munK>s.
L
Justinian Code / Rkm casÞIenon ¬n¦ GgÁénc,ab;sIuvilrbs;r:UmaMg
laissez faire / lT§iesdæsar¬n¦KMnitEdlfardæaPi)alminKYrlYkéd
Edl)anRbmUlpþMú nig erobcMeLIgedayGFiraC b‘ÍhSanTIn eQµaH
CamYy b¤ RtYtRtaelI]sShkmµ nig Rkumh‘unBaNiC¢kmµTaMgLay.
casÞIenon kñúgGMLúgqñaM 534 énK>s.
land reform / kMENTRmg;dIFøI ¬n¦karEbgEckeLIgvijéndIksikmµ
edaykarbMEbkdIFøIEdlFM ehIyRbKl;dIEdl)anEbgEckrYctUc²enaH
K
eTA[RbCaksikr.
kabuki / elçankab‘UKI ¬n¦ RbePTénelçanrbs;Cb:un Edlt®nþI r)aM
La Reforma / La erhV½rm:a ¬n¦ clnaEkTRmg;esrIPaBenAmiucsIukU
nig GñkniyayRtab;tam RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,IsEmþgCaerOg.
kñúgstvtSr_TI 19 EdldwknaMeday ebnItU cUerhS.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
kaiser /
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 91
KHMER
Ékekarniym ¬n¦ eKalneya)ayénkareCosvag
karTak;TgEpñkneya)ay nig eyaFaCamYyRbeTsd¾éT.
Israel / GIuRsaEGl ¬n¦ raCaNacRk hIRbUvbRgYbbRgYm enA
)a:eLsÞIn cab;taMgBIqñaM RbEhl 1020 dl; 922 munK>s. eRkay
mk enAPaKxageCIgbMputénraCaNacRk hIRbUv TaMgBIr. bc©úb,nñ Ca
RbeTsCIhV Edl)anbegáIteLIgenA)a:eLsÞInenAqñaM 1948.
isolationism /
92 WORLD HISTORY
KHMER
M
m:aesdUeno ¬n¦ raCaNacRkburaNenARkicxageCIg
EdlGñkRKb;RKg hVIlIb II )anc,aMgdeNþIm Rkic enAqñaM 338 mun
K>s.
Maghrib / m:aRKIb ¬n¦ tMbn;enAPaKxaglicGaRhVikxageCIg Edl
maneqñrsmuRTemDIETra:eN Edl\LÚvKWRbeTs m:Ur:ukU TuyeNsIu nig
Gal;esrI.
Magna Carta / m:akNa xatfa ¬n¦ {FmµnuBaØd¾Gs©arü} CaÉksar
EdlFanaBIsiT§ineya)aymUldæanenAGg;eKøs Edl)aneRBogeday
BYkGPiCn nig TTYlyl;RBmedayesþc cn enAqñaM 1215 énK>s.
Mahabharata / mhaPart³ ¬n¦ bTkMNaBüvIrkfarbs;\NÐad¾
Gs©arü EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIkarts‘Urbs;GarüaNEdlBYkeK)anpøas;BImk
PaKxagt,ÚgKWeTA\NÐa.
Mahayana / mhayan ¬n¦ nikayénsasnaRBHBuT§Edlpþl;kar
CYyeRsacRsg;eTAdl;mnusSRKb;rUb nig GnuBaØtinUvkareKarBEbb
samBaØ.
maize / eBat ¬n¦ RKab;FBaØCatiEdl)anbNþúH manRKab;sac;elIEpø
eBat EdleKehACaFmµtafa EpøeBat (corn) enAshrdæGaemrik.
Mali / m:alI ¬n¦ cRkPBGaRhVikxaglicEdl)anlUtlas;BIqñaM
1235 dl;TsvtSr_qñaM 1400 ehIy)anlUtlas;y:agxøaMgkøaeday
sarkaeFVICMnYj.
Manchus / m:an;CU ¬n¦ RbCaCnEdlmanedImkMeNItm:anCU Edl
)anRKb;RKgRbeTscinkñúgGMLúgraCvgSQIg ¬1644-1912¦.
Mandate of Heaven / GNtþiénzansYK’ ¬n¦ enAkñúgRbvtþisaRsþ
cin karyl;RBmrbs;GTieTBKWtamry³CamUldæanénGMNacrbs;
raCvgS.
manifest destiny / vasnaBitR)akd ¬n¦ KMnitEdleBjniymkñúg
cMeNamCnCatiGaemrikaMgenABak;kNþalstvtSr_TI 19 Edlfa vaKW
CasiT§i nig tYnaTIrbs;shrdæGaemrik kñúgkarRKb;RKgGaemrikxageCIg
cab;BImhasmuRTGatøg;TIc dl;mhasmuRT)a:sIuhVik.
manor / PUmiRKwH ¬n¦ dIFøIrbs;m©as;RsukenAskþiPUmiGWr:ub.
Maori / em:ArI ¬n¦ smaCikénCnCatib:UlIeNsIuEdl)antaMgTIlMenA
enAj:ÚvsIuLin kñúgqñaMRbEhl 800 énK>s.
Macedonia /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
karRbKl;tMENgCaRKhsß ¬n¦ karEtgtaMgm®nþI
sasna edayRBHmhakSRt b¤ RBHmhakSRtIyanI.
League of Nations / smaKménRbeTsmYycMnYn ¬n¦ smaKm
GnþrCatiEdl)anbegáIteLIgbnÞab;BIs®gÁamelakelIkTI 1 edayman
eKalbMNgEfrkSarsnþiPaBrvagRbeTsTaMgLay.
lebensraum / kEnøgrs;enA ¬n¦ {TIkEnøgrs;enA} CabUrNPaB
EdndI bEnßm EdlGaløWm:g;RtUvkarBIeRBaH fakEnøgxøÜnENnNan;tan;
tabeBk ebIeyageTAtam Gadul GIuEfø.
Legalism / c,ab;niym ¬n¦ TsSn³neya)ayrbs;cinEdlEp¥kelI
KMnitEdlfardæaPi)alEdlmanRbsiT§PaB nig GMNacx<s; KWKnøwH
sMxan;RtUvrkSasNþab;Fñab;sgÁm.
legion / kgGavuFhtß ¬n¦ GgÁPaBTahanénkgT½Br:UmaMgburaN
Edl manTahanRbEhl 5000 nak; enAeCIgeKak nig Rkumén
TahanCiHesH.
Legislative Assembly / sPanItibBaØatiþ ¬n¦ sPa)aragEdl
manGMNacedIm,IbegáItc,ab; nig yl;RBmRbkass®gÁam Edl)an
begáIteLIgedayrdæFmµnuBaØ qñaM 1791.
legitimacy / FmµanurUPaB ¬n¦ siT§ibnþraCénesþcedIm,IRKb;RKg.
liberals / GñkesrIniym ¬n¦ enABak;kNþalTI1énstvtSr_TI 19
CnCatiGWr:ubTaMgenaH CacMbgKWBYkemdwknaMRkumh‘unGaCIvkmµ nig Gñk
CMnYjfñak;kNþal Edlcg;)ankarpþl;nUvGMNacneya)ayeTAelIsPa
Edl)ane)aHeqñat[.
lineage / RtkUl ¬n¦ mnusS Edlrs;enA søab; nig minTan;cab;
kMeNIt Edl)antBUCBIbuBVCnrYmmYy.
loess / dImanCICati ¬n¦ RsTab;EdlmanCICatiéndIEdlbnSl;TukBI
xSl;Edlbk;naMmk.
Long March / k,ÜndMeNIrd¾Evg ¬n¦ dMeNIrRbEvg 6000 m:al
EdleFVIeLIgenAqñaM 1934-1935 edayBYkkumµúynisþcin EdlePos
xøÜnecjBIkgkmøaMgCatiniymrbs; ECg eCosWu.
lord / m©as; ¬n¦ enAskþiPUmiGWru:b CamnusSEdl)anRtYtRtaelIdI nig
dUecñH Gacpþl;dWenaHeTA[briva.
Lutheran / LÚesIern ¬n¦ smaCikénRBHvihaRbUetsþg;Edl)an
begáIteLIgEp¥kelIkarbeRgonrbs; ma:TI LÚesI.
lycée / lIsIu ¬n¦ salaeronsaFarN³enARbeTs)araMg EdldMeNIr
karedayrdæaPi)al.
lay investiture /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
PtikarI ¬n¦ TahanEdleKCYledIm,IRbyuT§
enAkñúgT½B rbs;breTs.
Meroë / emr:U ¬n¦ mCÄmNÐlkNþalénraCvgS xUs BIqñaM RbEhl
260 munRKwsþskraC dl;qñaM 150 énK>s EdleKTTYlsÁal;
edaysarkarplitGavuF nig ]bkrN_eFVIBIEdk.
Mesoamerica / GaemrikkNþal ¬n¦ tMbn;EdlGUsbnøayBI
miucsIukUkNþaldl; hugdUras EdlCakEnøgénsgÁmsµúKsµajburaN
CaeRcInénGaemrik)anGPivDÆn_ .
mestizo / emsÞIhSÚ ¬n¦ mnusSkat;sasn_eGs,aj nig CnCatiedIm
Gaemrik.
Middle Ages / yuKsm½ykNþal ¬n¦ sm½yenAkñúgRbvtßisaRsþ
GWr:ub EdlsßitenAeRkaykardYlrlMéncRkPBr:UmaMg cab;taMgBIqñaM
RbEhl 500 dl; 1500. eKk¾ehAvafaCayuKsm½ykNþal.
middle class / fñak;kNþal ¬n¦ fñak;sgÁmekItecjBIkmµkr
CMnaj GñkGaCIB GñkCMnYj nig ksikrEdlmanRTBü.
middle passage / dMeNIrqøgsmuRTkNþal ¬n¦ dMeNIrqøgsmuRT
EdlnaMBYkGaRhiVkEdleKcab;xøÜneTA\NÐaxaglic ehIyeRkaymkeTA
GaemrikxageCIg nig xagt,Úg edIm,IykeTAlk;eFVICaTaskr eKehA
dUecñHedaysarfavaRtUv)aneKKitfaCa dMNak;kNþalénBaNiC¢kmµ
RtIekaN.
migration / GenþarRbevsn_ ¬n¦ skmµPaBpøas;TI BITIkEnøgmYyeTA
taMgTIlMenAenAkEnøgepSgeTot.
militarism / eyaFaniym ¬n¦ eKalneya)ayelIktemáIgGMNac
eyaFa ehIyrkSa nig eRtomT½BCanic© sRmab;kareFVIs®gÁam.
Ming dynasty / raCvgSmIg ¬n¦ raCvgScinEdl)anRKb;RKgBIqñaM
1368 dl; qñaM 1644.
Minoans / mINn ¬n¦ mnusSqøgsmuRT nig eFVICMnYj Edlrs;enA
elIekaHeRket BIqñaMRbEhl 2000 dl; 1400 munK>s.
Mississippian / mIsIusIuePon ¬Ku¦ EdlTak;Tgnwgvb,Fm’ ema:n
ebolDW EdlrIklUtlas;enAGaemrikxageCIgrvagqñaM 800 nig 1500
énK>s.
mita / mIta ¬n¦ enAcRkPB GIunxatRmUvkarEdlTamTa[GñksßitenA
eRkamGMNacTaMgGs;EdlmansmtßPaBxagragkayeFVIkar[rdæ kñúg
ry³eBlCak; lak;mYycMnYnénqñaMnimYy².
mercenary /
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 93
KHMER
Epnkarm:asSl ¬n¦ kmµviFICMnYyesdækic©rbs;
shrdæGaemrik dl;RbeTsGWr:ub edIm,ICYyBYkeK[ksagRbeTseLIg
vijbnÞab;BIs®gÁamelakelIkTI2.
martial law / c,ab;s®gÁam ¬n¦ c,ab;beNþaHGasnñrbs;GCJaFr
eyaFaelIRbCaCnsIuvil Fmµtadak;ecjenAeBls®gÁam b¤ karrMeCIb
rMCYlrbs;CnsIuvil.
mass culture / vb,Fm’RbmUlpþúM ¬n¦ plitkmµénkargarsil,³
nig kMsanþ EdleK)anerobcMeLIgedIm,Ipþl;dl;TsSnikCnd¾eRcIn.
materialism / smÖar³niym ¬n¦ karpþl;tMéld¾x<s;elIkarTTYl
)ankarkan;kab;smÖar³.
matriarchal / énmataFibetyü ¬Ku¦ EdlTak;TgnwgRbB½n§sgÁm
EdlmþayKWCaRbFanénRKYsar.
matrilineal / EdlykExSRsLayxagmþay ¬Ku¦ EdlTak;Tgnwg
RbB½n§sgÁm EdlkarepÞrrbs;RKYsar nig siT§iTTYlmrtk KWyktam
mþay.
Mauryan Empire / cRkPB mYrIyan ¬n¦ cRkPBTImYyenA\NÐa
Edl)anbegáIteLIgeday can;RDahÁÚbta mYrIya enAqñaM 321
munK>s.
May Fourth Movement / clnaTI4kñúgEx]sPa ¬n¦ kartva:
rbs;CatienARbeTscinqñaM 1919 EdlRbCaBlrdæ)aneFVI)atukmµ
RbqaMgnwg sn§isBaØaRkugEvkés nig kareRCotERCkrbs;breTs.
Medes / BYkemeds ¬n¦ RbCaCnGasIunirtI Edl)anCYykMeTc
cRkPBGaesrI.
Meiji era / sm½ymICI ¬n¦ GMLúgeBlRbvtþisaRsþCb:unBIqñaM 1867
dl; 1912CaeBlEdlRbeTssßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RBHecA
GFiraC mutsUhItU.
Mein Kampf / min xam ¬n¦ { karts‘Urbs;´ } CaesovePAEdl
)an niBn§edayGadul GIuEFø kñúgGMLúgeBlEdlKat;Cab;Bn§FnaKa
enAqñaM 1923-1924 EdlKat;)ankMNt;kareCOCak;rbs;Kat; nig
eKal bMNgrbs;Kat;sRmab;GaløWm:g.
mercantilism / BaNiC¢vis½yniym ¬n¦ eKalneya)ayesdækic©
EdlRbeTsmYyRbwgERbgedIm,IbegáItRTBüsm,tþi nig GMNacrbs;xøÜn
edaykarTTYlnUvbrimaNmas nig R)ak;d¾eRcIn ehIynigkarlk;
TMnijeRcInCageKTijcUl.
Marshall Plan /
94 WORLD HISTORY
KHMER
smaKmmU:søIm ¬n¦ GgÁkarEdl)anbegáIteLIg
enAqñaM 1906 edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_énBYkmU:søIm\NÐa Edl
eRkaymk)anesñIr\NÐaRtUvEckCaRbeTsm:UsøIm nig hiNÐÚ.
Mutapa / mUta)a: ¬Ku¦ EdlTak;TgeTAnwg cRkPBGaRhVikxagt,Úg
Edl)anbegáIteLIgeday mUtUta enAstvtSr_TI 15énK>s.
Mycenaeans / mIsIunenon ¬n¦ RbCaCn\NÐÚ GWr:ubEdl)antaMgTI
lMenAelITwkdWRkicRbEhlqñaM 2000 munK>s.
myths / eTvkfa ¬n¦ erOgburaNEdlniyayBIRBH buBVburs nig
vIr³Cn Edl)anniyayedIm,IBnül;BIBiPBFmµCati b¤ TMnamTMlab; nig
CMenOénsgÁm.
Muslim League /
N
Rkmrbs;Nab:UeLGug ¬n¦ RbB½n§énc,ab;
EdlTUlMTUlay nig mincMeBaHmux Edl)anbegáIteLIgeday
Nab:UeLGug sRmab;RbeTs)araMg.
National Assembly / rdæsPaCati ¬n¦ sPa)araMgEdl)anbegáIt
eLIgedayGñktMNagfñak;sgÁmTI3 (Third Estate) enAéf¶ 17 Ex
mifuna qñaM 1789 edIm,IGnumtic,ab; nig EkTRmg; kñúgnamRbCaBlrdæ
)araMg.
nationalism / Catiniym ¬n¦ CMenOEdlfaRbCaCnKYrEteQµaHRtg;
eTAnwgCatirbs;BYkeK KWfaesµaHRtg;nwgmnusSEdlBYkeKrYmcMENkkñúg
vb,Fm’ nig RbvtþisaRsþCamYyKña CaCagesµaHRtg;EtelIesþc b¤
GaNacRk.
nation-state / rdæRbeTs ¬n¦ GgÁPaBPUBnþneya)ayÉkraCüén
mnusSEdlmanvb,Fm’ nig lkçN³smÁal;rYm.
NATO / NatU ¬n¦ GgÁkarsn§isBaØaGatøg;TikxageCIg (North
Atlantic Treaty Organization) Casm<½n§PaBeyaFakarBar Edl
)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1949 edayRbeTs 10 enAGWr:ubxaglic
shrdæGaemrik nig kaNada.
Nazca / NahSka ¬n¦ GarüFm’EdllUtlat;xøaMgelIkEnøgEdl
bc©úb,nñKWenAeqñxagt,ÚgénRbeTseb:rU BIqñaMRbEhl 200 munK>s dl;
qñaM 600 énK>S.
Napoleonic Code /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
muq ¬n¦ GarüFm’EdlmankarrIklUtlas;enAkEnøgEdl
\LÚvenAeqñxageCIgénRbeTseb:rURbEhlqñaM 100 dl; 700
énK>s.
monarchy / raCaFibetyü ¬n¦ rdæaPi)almYyEdlGMNacKWsßitenA
kñúgédmnusSEtmñak;.
monastery / buBVCit ¬n¦ shKmsasnaénmnusSRbus ¬eKehAfa
RBHsgǦ Edl)anlHbg;ePaKRTBürbs;xøÜnedaybUCaxøÜnmYyCIvitCa
GñkbYs nig CaTIskáar³.
monopoly / pþac;mux ¬n¦karRtYtRtapþac;muxrbs;RkummYyelIplit
pl nig karEckcayTMnijCak;lak;NamYy.
monotheism / ÉkarTieTniym ¬n¦ CMenOelIRBHEtmYyKt;.
Monroe Doctrine / lT§imunrU ¬n¦ eKalneya)ayRbqaMgrbs;
Gaemrik elIkareRCotERCkrbs;BYkGWr:ubenAGaemrikLaTIn Edl
Rbkas edayelakRbFanaFibetyü eCm munrU enAqñaM 1823.
monsoon / xül;mUsug ¬n¦ xül;Edlpøas;bþÚrTisedAenAeBlevla
Cak;lak;énqñaMnimYy².
mosque / viharGIusøam ¬n¦ kEnøgbUCarbs;BYkGIusøam ¬T> 267¦.
movable type / Bum<EdlGacrMkil)an ¬n¦ dMuelah³ b¤ eQI Edl
manGkSrmYy² EdlGacRtUv)aneKerobcMeFVICaTMB½redIm,Ie)aHBum< .
Mughal / muxhal ¬n¦ GñkmanTIlMenAminnwgnrmñak;Edl)anQøan
Ban]bTVIb\NÐaenAstvtSTI16 ehIy)anbegáItcRkPBEdlman
GMNacenATIenaH.
mujahideen / mUcahIuDIn ¬n¦ enAGahÁanIsßan Gñkcm,aMgsasna
Edl)anrYmpþúMKñaedIm,IvayRbharrdæaPi)alEdlmankarKaMRTBIsUevot
enAcugTsvtSr_qñaM 1970.
mulattos / kUnkat;Es,ks nig exµA ¬n¦mnusSEdlkat;CnCatiGWr:ub
nig GaRhiVk.
mummification / karrkSasB ¬n¦ dMeNIrkarénkarGb;sB nig
eFVI[sBs¶ÜnedIm,IkarBarsBTaMgenaHBIkarrlYy.
Munich Conference / snñisITRkugm:Unic ¬n¦ karCYbCMuGñktMNag
enAqñaM 1938 mkBIGg;eKøs )araMg GIutalI nig GaløWm:g EdlGg;eKøs
nig )araMg)anyl;RBm[BYkNahSI GaløWm:g;bBa©ÚlEpñkéneqkUsøÚv:aKI
eday )anmkvijnUvkarsnüarbs; Gadul GIuEFø elIkarTTYlsÁal;
RBMEdnfµIrbs;eqkUsøÚvaKI.
Muslim / mU:søIm ¬n¦ GñkeKarBsasnaGIusøam.
Moche /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
ktikasBaØaminmankarQøanBan ¬n¦ kic©
snüaEdlRbeTsTaMgLay)ansnüaminvayRbharelIRbeTsepSg
eTot.
nonaligned nations / RbeTsmincUlbkSsm<½n§ ¬n¦ RbeTs
ÉkraCüEdlRbkan;CMhrkNþalenAkñúgkarRbECgéns®gÁamRtCak;
rvagshrdæGaemrik nig shPaBsUevot.
Nuremberg Trials / karkat;eTasenAnUrimeb‘Ík ¬n¦ karRbRBwtþi
eTAéntulakarCabnþbnÞab;EdleFVIeLIgenA NUrimeb‘Ík RbeTsGaløWm:g
bnÞab;BIs®gÁamelakelIkTI 2 EdlBYkemdwknaM NahSI RtUv)aneKkat;
eTasBIbTQøanBan karrMelaPbMBanelIc,ab;éns®gÁam nig ]Rkidækmµ
RbqaMgnwgmnusSCati.
nonaggression pact /
O
fµPMñePøIg ¬n¦ fµPñMePøIgEdlrwgføadUckBa©k; RtUv)anmnusS
CMnan;edImeRbIR)as;edIm,IeFVICaGavuFd¾RsYc.
Old Regime / rbbcas; ¬n¦ RbB½n§neya)ay nig sgÁmEdlekIt
eLIgenARbeTs)araMgmuneBlbdivtþn_)araMg.
oligarchy / Gb,CnaFibetyü ¬n¦ rdæaPi)alEdlGMNacKWenAkñúg
kNþab;édénmnusSBIr bInak; CaBiessGñkEdldwknaMedayEp¥kelI
RTBü sm,tþi .
Olmec / GUlmik ¬n¦ GarüFm’GaemrikkNþalEdleK)ansÁal;BImun
mk Edl)anrIklUtlas;enAqñaMRbEhl 1200 ehIyeRkaymkman
\T§iBlelIsgÁm BaseBjtMbn;.
Open Door Policy / neya)ayebIkcMhrTVa ¬n¦ eKal
neya)ay Edl)anesñIeLIgedayshrdæGaemrikenAqñaM 1899
edayfaRbeTsTaMgGs;KWman»kasesµI²KñakñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµenA
RbeTs cin.
Opium War / s®gÁamGaePon ¬n¦ CemøaHrvagGg;eKøs nig cincab;
BIqñaM 1839 dl;qñaM 1842 elICMnYjGaePonrbs;Gg;eKøsenAkñúg
RbeTscin.
oracle bone / q¥wgGTieTB ¬n¦ q¥wgstVmYy b¤ sm,kGeNþIk Edl
)aneRbIR)as;edayGñkbYscinburaNedIm,IeFVIkarTMnak;TMngCamYynwg
RBHTaMgLay.
obsidian /
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 95
KHMER
NahSIniym ¬n¦ eKalneya)aypþac;karénKNbkS
kmµkrsgÁmniymCatiGaløWm:g; EdlEp¥kelIlT§ipþac;karniym Edl
manCMenOelIPaBx<g;x<s;rbs;Catisasn_mYy nig karRtYtRtarbs;rdæ
elI]sSahkmµ.
Negritude movement / clnabBa¢ak;BIlkçN³CnEs,kexµA ¬n¦
clnaEdlBYkGaRhVikniyayPasa)araMg nig BYk\NÐaPaKxaglic
)aneFVIBiFImrtkénvb,Fm’ nig témørbs;GaRhiVk buraN rbs;BYkeK.
neoclassical / tnþIfµIniym ¬Ku¦ EdlTak;TgnwgrebobsamBaØ
RbNit ¬Ep¥kelIKMnit nig xøwmsarBIBYkRkic nig r:Um buraN¦ Edl)an
kMNt;lkçN³sil,³enAGWr:ubkñúgGMLúgcugstvtSr_qñaM 1700.
Neolithic Age / yuKsm½yfµrfµI ¬n¦ GMLúgeBlbuerRbvtþisaRsþ
Edlcab;epþImBIqñaM RbEhl 8000 munK>s ehIyenA kEnøgxøH)an
bBa©b;enAedImqñaM RbEhl 3000 munK>s CaGMLúgeBlEdlRbCaCn
)ansikSar duHxat;]bkrN_ eFVIBIfµ eFVIeRKOgcanqñaMg daMdMNaM nig
ciBa©wmstV. eKk¾ehAvafaCayuKsm½yfµrfµI.
Neolithic Revolution / bdivtþn_enAcugyuKsm½yfµr ¬n¦
karpøas;bþÚd¾FMeFgénCIvitmnusSelak EdlekIteLIgedaysarkar
cab;epþIménkareFVIksikmµ KWfa edaysarEtkarpøas;bþÚrbs;mnusSBI
RbmUlcMNIGaharmkCaplitcMNIGaharvij.
New Deal / dMeNaHRsayfµI ¬n¦ kmµviFIkMENTRmg;esdækic©rbs;
RbFanaFibtIGaemrik eRhVgKøIn rU:sWEvl Edl)anerobcMeLIgedIm,I
edaHRsaybBaðaEdlekIteLIgedaysarkarFøak;cuHénesdækic©d¾xøaMg
køa.
New Kingdom / raCaNacRkfµI ¬n¦ GMLúgeBlénRbvtþisaRsþ
eGhSIbburaNbnÞab;BIkarTmøak;emdwknaM hIksus cab;BIqñaM RbEhl
1570 dl; 1075 munK>s.
nirvana / niBVan ¬n¦ enAkñúgsasnaRBHBuT§ karrYcputBIkarQWcab;
nig TukçeTas EdlseRmc)anbnÞab;BIyl;dwgsmµasm<úT§ijN.
Nok / nuk ¬n¦ RbCaCnGaRhVikEdl)anrs;enAkEnøgEdlbc©úb,nñKW
nIehSrIy:a rvagqñaM 500 munK>s nig qñaM 200 énK>s.
nomad / GñkminTIlMenAminnwgnr ¬n¦smaCikénRkumEdlminman
TIlMenAGcié®nþy_ edayRtaccrBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyeTotedIm,I
EsVgrkcMNIGahar nig Twk.
Nazism /
KHMER
P
eKménmhasmuRTpasIuhVik ¬n¦ dIEdlhMuB½T§eday
mhasmuRTpasIuhVik CaBiessdIEdlenATVIbGasIu.
Paleolithic Age / yuKsm½ymunfµrlIg ¬n¦ GMLúgeBlbuerRbvtþi
saRsþ cab;BIqñaM RbEhl 2/500/000 dl; qñaM 8000 munK>s Ca
GMLúgeBl EdlmnusS)aneFVIkareRbIR)as;]bkrN_ nig GavuFeFVIBIfµ
EdleRKatRKat. eKk¾ehAvafaCayuKsm½yfµrlIgcas;.
Panama Canal / RbLayTwkpaNam:a ¬n¦ pøÚvTwkeFVIeLIgeday
mnusS EdlP¢ab;mhasmuRTGatøg;Tik nig pasIuhVik sagsg;enA
paNam:a edayshrdæGaemrik ehIy)anebIkenAqñaM 1914.
papyrus / edImpaPIerIus ¬n¦ edImbRbk;x<s;EdlduHenAdIsNþrTenø
nIl Edl)aneRbIR)as;edayCneGhSIbburaN edIm,IeFVICasmÖar³dUc
Rkdas;sRmab;sresr.
parliament / sPa ¬n¦ GgÁénGñktMNagEdlbegáItc,ab;sRmab;
RbeTs.
partition / karbMEbk ¬n¦ karEbgEckeTACaEpñk dUcCagkarEbg
EckGaNaKmGg;eKøsenA\NÐa enAqñaM 1947 CaBIrRbeTsKW \NÐa
nig paKIsßan.
pastoralist / GñkKgValecom ¬n¦ smaCikénRkummanTIlMenAmin
nwgnr EdlRbmUlstVkñúgRsukCahVÚg.
paternalism / bituniym ¬n¦ eKalneya)ayemIlkarxusRtUv
mnusSsßitenAeRkamGMNac edaycat;TukBYkeKdUcCakUnekµg eday
pþl;nUvGVIEdlEdlBYkeKRtUvkarEtmin)anpþl;nUvsiT§i[BYkeKeT.
patriarch / GacarüsasnaRKwsþ ¬n¦ GacarüsMxan;bMput én
sasnaRKwsþ enAEpñkénPaKxagekIt.
patriarchal / énebtþyüka ¬Ku¦ EdlTak;TgeTAnwgRbB½n§énsgÁm
Edlelak«BukKWCaemRKYsar.
Pacific Rim /
96 WORLD HISTORY
GPiCn ¬n¦ enARbeTsrU:mburaN CasmaCikénGñkman
RTBüsm,tþi EdlTTYl)anbuBVsiT§fñak;elI.
patrilineal / EdlykExStam«Buk ¬Ku¦ EdlTak;TgeTAnwgRbB½n§
sgÁmEdlkarepÞrkmµsiT§iRKYsarKWyktam«Buk.
patron / bri)al ¬n¦ mnusSEdlKaMRTGñksil,³ CaBiessKaMRTdl;
Epñk hirBaØvtßú.
Pax Mongolica / paks_ m:ugehÁalI ¬n¦ {snþiPaBrbs;m:ugehÁal}
GMLúgeBlBIBak;kNþalstvtSr_qñaM 1200 dl; Bak;kNþalstvtSr_
qñaM 1300 enAeBlEdlm:ugehÁal )anTTYlnUvesßrPaB nig )andak;
ecjnUvc,ab; nig bTbBa¢aeBjPaKCaeRcInénGWra:sIu.
Pax Romana / paks_ rUm:aNa ¬n¦ GMLúgeBlsnþiPaB nig
vibulPaB BaseBjcRkPBr:UmaMg cab;BIqñaM 27 munK>s dl; 180 én
K>s.
Peace of Augsburg / kic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaB Gkes,Ik ¬n¦ kic©
RBmeRBogqñaM 1555 Edl)anRbkasfa sasnaénrdæGaløWm:gnimYy²
KWGacseRmctamemdwknaMrbs;xøÜn.
Peloponnesian War / s®gÁamepLÚpUeNsIu ¬n¦ s®gÁam cab;BI
qñaM 431 dl; 404 munK>s EdlBYk eGdSin nig sm<½n§mitþrbs;xøÜn
TTYlkarvayRbhar[caj; edayBYk s<ata nig sm<½n§mitþrbs;eK.
penal colony / RkummnusSdUcKñaEdlCab;bTRBhµTNÐ ¬n¦ kar
RKb;RKgRkumTNÐitedaykarbBa©ÚneTA[Bn§FnaKa.
peninsulares / CnGaNaniKmekItenAeGs,aj ¬n¦ enAkñúgsgÁm
GaNaniKmeGs,a:j CaCnGaNaniKmEdlekItenARbeTseGs,aj.
Peninsular War / s®gÁam]bTVIb ¬n¦ CemøaH Edlcab;epþImBIqñaM
1808 dl;qñaM 1813 EdlBYkb:He)areGs,a:j edayCaCMnYyBIkg
kmøaMgGg;eKøs )anvaybeNþjkgT½B)araMgrbs;Nab:UeLGugecjBI
RbeTseGs,:aj ¬T> 669¦.
perestroika / eb:er:RsÞyka¬n¦karsßabnaesdækic©sUevotedIm,IebIk
»kas[mankarseRmccitþkñúgRsukEdl)ancab;epþImeLIgedayelak
mIxaEGl ehÁa)aqUv enAqñaM 1985.
Persian Gulf War / s®gÁamQUgsmuRTEBk ¬n¦ CemøaHqñaM
1991 EdlT½BGgÁkarshRbCaCati)anvaypþÜlkgT½BGIura:k; Edl
)anQøanBanRbeTsKuyevt nig )anKRmamkMEhgQøanBanRbeTs
Gara:b‘Í saGUDIt.
patrician /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
kic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaB GUsøÚ ¬n¦ kic©RBm
eRBogenAqñaM 1993 EdlnaykrdæmRnþIGIuRsaEGl ra:bIun )anGnuBaØati
[ )a:eLsÞInRKb;RKgedayxøÜnÉgenA kahSa RsÞIB nig Evs ebg.
ozone layer / RsTab;GUhSÚn ¬n¦ RsTab;briyakasxagelIEpndI
EdlkarBarrbs;manCIvitBIkarGnþraydl;kaMrsµIGulRtavIyUeLrbs;
RBHGaTitü.
Oslo Peace Accords /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
)a:b ¬n¦ sgÇraCCnCatir:Um CaRbFanénRBHviharr:UmaMg
katUlik.
Popol Vuh / pUpUl vUh ¬n¦ esovePAEdlmanbkRsayénerOgén
karbegáItrbs;m:ayan.
popular culture / vb,Fm’RbCaRbiy ¬n¦ smasFatuvb,Fm’man
kILa t®nþI kun semøókbMBak; CaedIm EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIRbvtþirYm nig
karpøas;bþÚplRbeyaCn_ rbs;RkummYy.
potlatch / buNüpt;Lac ¬n¦ BIFIbuNüEdlR)arB§eLIgedIm,Ibgðaj
BIzanrnþskþi nig vibulPaB enAkulsm<½n§eqñPaKBayBüénCnCatiedIm
Gaemrik.
predestination / eRBgvasna ¬n¦ karbRgonEdlfaRBH)ankMNt;
GVI²TaMgGs;BImunrYcCaeRsc rYmTaMgfamnusSnwgsßitesßrcIrkalrhUt.
Presbyterian / buBVCit ¬n¦ smaCikénRBHviharRbUetsþg;EdlRKb;
RKgedaybuBVCitepSgeTot ¬RBwT§icarü¦ ehIy)anbegáIteLIttamkar
bRgonrbs; cn Nts_ .
PRI / RbI ¬n¦ KNbkSbdivtþn_sßab½N (Institutional
Revolutionary Party) CaKNbkSneya)ayd¾sMxan;enAmiucsIukU .
proletariat / vNѳBlCIB ¬n¦ enAkñúgRTwsþIrbs;ma:sIust_ CaRkumén
GñkeFVIkarEdlTmøak; tSar ehIymkRKb;RKgr:UsSI.
proliferation / saykUn ¬n¦ karekIneLIg b¤ karraldal
CaBiesskarraldalénGavuFbrmaNUdl;RbeTsEdlkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ
minTan;manvaenAeLIy.
propaganda / eXasna ¬n¦ B½t’man b¤smÖar³EdlRtdagbuBVehtu
Camun b¤ edIm,IeFVI[eFVI[Gnþraydl;buBVehturbs;GñkRbqaMg.
Protestant / RbUetsþg; ¬n¦ smaCikénRBHviharRKwsþ Edl)an
begáIteLIgEp¥kelIeKalkarN_énkarkMENrTRmg;.
provisional government / rdæaPi)albdiBaØa ¬n¦ rdæaPi)al
beNþaHGsnñ.
psychology / citþviTüa ¬n¦ karsikSarBIcitþrbs;mnusS nig
Gkb,kiriyarbs;mnusS.
pueblos / PUmi ¬n¦ PUmiénGaKarFM²dUcCabnÞb;sñak;enAEdleFVIBIdI
\dæ nig fµ Edl)ansagsg;eday GaNasahSI nig eRkaymkeTot
edayCnCatiGaemrikaMg enAnirtI.
pope /
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 97
KHMER
s®gÁamEBk ¬n¦ s®gÁambnþrbnÞab;enA stvtSr_
TI 5 munK>s EdlRkug-rdæ Rkic RbyuT§CamYynwgcRkPB EBk.
perspective / enRtTsSn_ ¬n¦ vIFIsil,³ EdlbegáItRTg;RTay
énTMhMbIelIépÞsMEb:t.
phalanx / GgÁPaBT½B ¬n¦ k,ÜneyaFaénTahanefµIeCIg EdlbMBak;
edaylMEBg nig Exl.
pharaoh / RBHecA par:h ¬n¦ esþcénRbeTseGhSIbburaN EdleK
cat;TukfaCaRBH nig CaemdwknaMneya)ay nig kgT½B.
philosophe / TsSnviTU ¬n¦ RkummYyénGñkKitBIsgÁmenARbeTs
)araMgkñúgGMLúgeBlénclnaénkarEsVgyl;.
philosophers / TsSnviTU ¬n¦ GñkKitBicarNaEdleRbIR)as;tká
nig ehtupledIm,IEsVgrkBIFmµCatiénBiPBelak sgÁmmnusS nig
sIlFm’.
Phoenicians / CnCatihVÚnIk ¬n¦ mnusSrs;enAnaysmuRTén
GasIunirtI EdlCaGñkenAqñaMRbEhl 1100 munK>s )ancab;epþImeFVI
CMnYj nig )anbegáItGaNanikmBaseBjtMbn;emDIETra:eN.
Pilgrims / GñkeFVIFmµyaRtaeKcxøÜn ¬n¦ RkuménmnusS EdlenAkñúg
qñaM 1620 )anbegáItGaNaniKm PøIemasd_enAma:saCUestedIm,IeKc
xøÜnBIkareFVI)abenAGg;eKøs.
plebeian / RbCakr ¬n¦ enARbeTsr:UmburaN CaRkummYyénBYk
ksikr sil,³kr nig GñkCMnYj samBaØ EdlCaRbCaCnPaKeRcInén
sgÁm.
plebiscite / RbCasiT§i ¬n¦ kare)aHeqñatpÞal;EdlRbCaCnrbs;
RbeTsmYyman»kasedIm,IseRmcyl;RBm b¤ bdiesFsMeNIr.
PLO / pøÚ ¬n¦ GgÁkaresrIPaB)a:eLsÞIn (Palestine Liberation
Organization) CaGgÁkarEdl)annaMdl;karbegáItrdæÉkraCü sRmab;
)a:eLsÞInenAmCÄwmbUBa.
polis / Rkug-rdæ ¬n¦ Rkug-rdæ RkicEdlCaGgÁPaBneya)aymUldæan
énRkicburaNbnÞab;BIqñaMRbEhl 750 munK>s.
Politburo / KN³kariyal½yneya)ay ¬n¦ KNkmµaFikardwknaM
énKNbkSkuMmµúynisþenAshPaBsUevot.
political dissent / karExVgeyabl;neya)ay ¬n¦ PaBepSgKñaén
KMnitelIbBaðaneya)ay)ay.
polytheism / BhuTieTBniym ¬n¦ CMenOelIRBHCaeRcIn.
Persian Wars /
GFibetyüPaB rac ¬n¦EpñkénRbeTs\NÐaEdlsßitenAeRkam
karRtYtRtarbs;\NÐaenAGMLúgqñaM 1757-1947.
rationing / karkMNt;rbbTij ¬n¦ karkMNt;brimaNénTMnijEdl
RbCaCnGacTij Cajwkjab;KWdak;ecjedayrdæaPi)alkñúgGMLúgeBl
mans®gÁam enAeBlEdlTMnijsßitenAkñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;xVHxat.
realism / R)akdniym ¬n¦ clnasil,³enAstvtSr_TI 19 EdlGñk
niBn§ nig CagKMnUrRbwgERbgedIm,IbgðajfaCIvitKWGBa©wg CaCagfa CIvit
KIWGacGBa©wg.
realpolitik / neya)ayBitR)akd ¬n¦ { neya)ayénkarBit}
CakarGnuvtþn_GMNacneya)ayd¾twgEtedayKµan»kassRmab;menaK
ti niym.
recession / dMeNIrfyeRkay ¬n¦ dMeNIryWt²énesdækic©Cati.
Reconquista / rIxnxVIsþa ¬n¦ karRbwgERbgrbs;emdwknaMsasna
RKwsþedIm,IbeNþjBYkmUsøImecjBIRbeTsRbeTseGs,a:jcab;taMgBI
stvtSr_qñaM 1100 rhUtdl; 1492.
Red Guards / qµaMRkhm ¬n¦ kgCIvBlEdl)anbegáIteLIgeday
Q
RbCaCncinekµg²enAqñaM 1966 edayeqøIytbeTAnwgkarekaHehA
Qin dynasty / raCvgS Qin ¬n¦ raCvgScinEdlmanGayuxøI Edl
rbs;em:A esTug edIm,Ibdivtþn_sgÁm nig vb,Fm’.
)anmkCMnYsraCvgScUvenAstvtSTI3 munK>s.
Reformation / kMENTRmg; ¬n¦ clnaenAstvtSr_TI 16 edIm,IeFVI
Qing dynasty / raCvgSeqg ¬n¦ raCvgScugeRkaybMputrbs;cin
kMENTRmg;sasna EdlnaMdl;karbegáItRBHviharsasnaRKwsþ Edl
Edl)anRKb;RKgBIqñaM 1644 dl; 1912.
minTTYlsÁal;GMNacrbs;)a:b.
Quetzalcoatl / RBHexIVthSakUt ¬n¦ {eBaHeramEs,k} CaRBHrbs;
refugee / CnePosxøÜn ¬n¦ mnusSEdlcakecjBIRbeTsrbs;Kat;
flfik nig RbCaCndéTeToténGaemrikkNþal.
edaypøas;TIeTAkEnøgepSgedIm,IEsVgrksuvtßiPaB.
quipu / k,ac;nBVnþ ¬n¦ karerobcM;ExScgelIdMN EdleRbIR)as;eday
Reign of Terror / rC¢kalénePvkmµ ¬n¦ GMLúgeBlBIBak;kNþal
BYk Giunxa edIm,Ikt;RtaB½t’manéncMnYn.
qñaM 1793 dl; Bak;kNþalqñaM 1794 enAeBlEdl m:asIumIuelon
Qur’an / KUra:n ¬n¦ esovePABisidærbs;sasnaGIusøam.
r:Uebses<óer: )anRKb;RKgRbeTs)araMg EdlswgEtCaemdwknaMpþac;kar
ehIy \sSrCnneya)ay nig RbCaBlrdæsamBaØ rab;Ban;nak;
R
RtUv)anRbharCIvit.
racism / BUCniym ¬n¦ CMenOEdlfaBUCsasn_mYyx<g;x<s;CagBUC
reincarnation / karcab;CatifµI ¬n¦ enAkñúgsasnahiNÐÚ nig
sasn_d¾éT.
RBHBuT§ KWCadMeNIrkarEdlviBaØaNekItsarCafµICabnþbnÞab; rhUtTal;
radicals / ra:DIkal ¬n¦ enABak;kNþalTI1 énstvtSr_TI 19 KWCa
EtviBaØaNenaHseRmc)annUvkaryl;dwgd¾\tex©aH.
BYkGWr:ubEdleBjcitþkarpøas;bþÚrd¾xøaMgkøaedIm,IBRgIklT§iRbCaFib
religious toleration / karGt;»nxagsasna ¬n¦ karTTYlsÁal;
etyü eTAdl;RbCaCnTaMgGs;.
siT§irbs;mnusSkñúgkarkan;CMenOsasnaepSg².
radioactivity / viTüúskmµ ¬n¦ TRmg;énzamBlEdl)anbeBa©j
dUcCakMeTcGatUm.
98 WORLD HISTORY
KHMER
Raj /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
s®gÁam PUnik ¬n¦ s®gÁambIelIkbnþrbnÞab; rvag
BYkr:UmaMg nig xasak ¬264-146 munK>s¦ lT§plcugeRkayeFVI[
mankarEbk)ak;xasak nig karRKbdNþb;rbs;r:UmelIsmuRT
emDIETra:eNPaKxaglic.
Puritans / BYrIFin ¬n¦ RkumnusSEdlEsVgrkesrIPaBBIkareFVIkareFVI
TukçbukemñjEpñksasnaenAGg;eKøs eday)anbegáItGaNaniKmenA
QUg smuRTmasaCUest enAedImstvtSr_qñaM 1600.
push-pull factor / ktþaruj-Taj ¬n¦ ktþaEdlGUsTajRbCaCn
eTAkEnøgdéT ¬ktþaTaj¦ b¤ bgár[BYkeKcakecjBIdIkMeNItrbs;eK
ehIy eFVIGenþaRbevsn_eTAtMbn;d¾éTeTot ¬ktþaCMruj¦.
pyramid / BIra:mIt ¬n¦ sMNg;TaMgdul EdlmanmUldæanCaRtIekaN
nig manRtIekaNbYnenAEpñkmçag² EdldUcnwgGVIEdleK)ansagsg;
enARbeTseGhSIbeFVICakEnøgkb;saksB sRmab;CnénraCaNacRk
para:Gugcas;.
Punic Wars /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
S
sahVavIt ¬n¦ smaCikénraCvgSmU:søIm sIuGa Edl)an
begáItcRkPBenAEBkenAstvtSr_TI 16-18.
Sahel / saehl ¬n¦ tMbn;GaRhiVkEdlsßitenAtambeNþayRBMEdn
xagt,Úgén smuRTxSac;sahara:.
salon / BiB½rN_ ¬n¦ karRbmUlpþúMEpñksgÁménbBaØvnþ nig sil,³kr
dUcEdl)aneFVIeLIgenApÞHrbs;®sþIEdlmanRTBüsm,tþieRcInenATIRkug
)a:rIs nig enATIRkugGWr:ubepSgeTotkñúgGMLúgeBlclnaénkarEsVg
yl;.
SALT / salt_ ¬n¦ kic©RbCMukarkMNt;yuT§saRsþGavuF (Strategic
Arms Limitation Talks) EdlCakarRbCMubnþrbnÞab;enATsvtSr_qñaM
1970 EdlemdwknaMshrdæGaemrik nig shPaBsUevot)anyl;RBm
kMNt;karpÞúkGavuFbrmaNUrbs;RbeTsBYkeK.
Salt March / k,ÚndMeNIr GMbil ¬n¦ kartv:aedaysnþiviFI RbqaMgnwg
c,ab;GMbilenAqñaM 1930 enARbeTs\NÐaEdl mhanda hÁanDI )an
dwknaMGñkKaMRTrbs;Kat; edIrRbEvg 240 m:al eTAsmuRT Edl Ca
kEnøgBYkeK)aneFVIGMbilpÞal;xøÜnedaykarrMhYténTwksmuRT.
samurai / samUér: ¬n¦ RkumGñkcm,aMgGaCIB Edl)anbeRmIRBHecA
GFiraCskþiPUmiCb:un.
sans-culottes / bdivtþn_)araMg san-XüÚLt; ¬n¦ enAeBlbdivtþn_
)araMg Rkumra:DIkal;EdlekItecjBIRkumGñkrkR)ak;EBk nig m©as;hag
TMnijEdlcg;mansemøgeRcInenAkñúgrdæaPi)al cg;[tMélTab Cagmun
nig karbBa©b;énkgVHxatxagGahar.
satrap / GPi)al ¬n¦ GPi)alextþenAcRkPBEBk.
savanna / valesµA ¬n¦ valrabesµI manesµAduH.
Schlieffen Plan / Epnkar esøóhVin ¬n¦ EpnkareyaFarbs;
GaløWm:g;kñúgkarbgá[mans®gÁamelakelIkTI1 edayeyageTAtam
GVIEdlT½BGaløWm:g;vayykQñH)araMg)anya:grh½y ehIybnÞab;mk
pøas;TIbnþeTAPaKxagekItedIm,IvayRbharrUsSI.
scholastics / GñksikSar ¬n¦ GñkecHdwgEdl)anRbmUlpþMú nig
)anbeRgonenAsklviTüal½yenAGWr:ubsm½ykNþal.
scientific method / viFIsaRsþEbbviTüasaRsþ ¬n¦ EbbbTtká
sRmab;karRbmUlBt’manGMBIFmµCatiénBiPBelak edayeRbIR)as;
karBiesaFn_ nig karGegátedIm,IeFVIkarsakl,gsmµtikmµ.
Safavid /
karRbsiT§i ¬n¦ BIFImYyrbs;BYkRKwsþsasnik Edl
karGnueRKaHrbs;RBHKWRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTA[mnusS.
sacrament /
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 99
KHMER
bunPB ¬n¦ ry³eBlénRbvtþisa®sþGWr:ub cab;BIqñaM
RbEhl 1300 dl; 1600kñúgGMLúgeBlEdlbegáItnUvcMNg;cMNUl
citþCafµIenAkñúgvb,Fm’buraN EdlnaMdl;karpøas;bþÚry:agTUlMTUlay
xagEpñksil,³ karsikSa nig TsSn³BiPBelak.
republic / saFarNrdæ ¬n¦ TRmg;énrdæaPi)al EdlGMNacKWsßit
enAkñúgédénGñktMNag ehIyemdwknaMRtUv)aneRCIserIseday
RbCaCn.
Restoration / karsþaeLIgvij ¬n¦ GMLúgeBlénkarRKb;RKg rbs;
qal II elIRbeTsGg;eKøs bnÞab;BIkardYlrlMén rdæaPi)al GUlIevI
eRkamEvl.
reunification / ÉkPaBvUb,nIykmµ ¬n¦ karrYbrYmmþgeTotnUvrbs;
Edl)anEbk)ak; dUcCakarbRgÜbb®gYmmþgeToténGaløWm:gxagekIt
nig GaløWm:gxaglic enAqñaM 1990.
romanticism / menaseBa©tniym ¬n¦ clnaenAedImstvtSr_TI
19 kñúgEpñksil,³ nig KMnit Edl)anepþatelIGarmµN_ nig FmµCati
CaCag ehtupl nig sgÁm.
Roosevelt Corollary / GnusaFü rbs;r:UesEvl ¬n¦ vibulkmµén
lT§im:ugr:U enAqñaM 1904 rbs;RbFanaFibetyü eFdU r:UesEvl EdlKat;
)anRbkasfashrdæGaemrikmansiT§ikñúgkarGnuvtþn_ {GMNacnK)al}
BaseBj GDÆeKalPaKxaglic.
Rowlatt Acts / c,ab;r:UvLat ¬n¦ c,ab;Edl)anGnum½tenAqñaM
1919Edl)anGnuBaØati[rdæaPi)alGg;eKøsenA\NÐadak;Bn§FnaKar
BYkGñktv:aRbqaMgGg;eKøsedayminmankarkat;eTaskñúgry³eBl
2qñaM y:agyU.
Royal Road / vifIesþc ¬n¦ vifIenAcRkPBEBk EdlmanRbEvg Cag
1600 m:al BI sUsaenAEBk eTA saDIs enA GaNatUelo.
Russification / rUsSIvUbnIykmµ ¬n¦ dMeNIrkarénkarCMrujvb,Fm’
rUsSIeTARKb;RkumCatiBn§úTaMgGs;enAkñúgcRkPBrUsSI.
Russo-Japanese War / s®gÁam rUsSI - Cb:un ¬n¦ CemøaHenAqñaM
1904-1905 rvagrU:sSI nig Cb:un ekIteLIgedaysarkarRbwgERbg
rbs;RbeTsTaMgBIr edIm,IRKb;RKg ma:nCU nig kUer: .
Renaissance /
100 WORLD HISTORY
KHMER
shari’a /
sSarIGa ¬n¦ GgÁénc,ab;EdlRKb;RKgkarrs;enArbs;BYk
m:UsøIm.
sSIGa ¬n¦ EpñkmYyénBYkGIusøamEdlsmaCikrbs;xøÜnTTYl
sÁal; GalI nig kUnecArbs;Kat;faCaGñksñgEdleBjsiT§i BI
mhamat; .
Shinto / sasnasIutU ¬n¦ sasnaedImrbs;Cb:un.
Shiva / RBH\sUr ¬n¦ RBHkñúgsasnahiNÐÚ EdlRtUv)aneKcat;Tukfa
CaGñkbMpøajBiPBelak.
“shock therapy” / { kmµviFI Büa)ald¾tk;søút } ¬n¦ kmµviFI
esdækic©Edl)anGnuvtþenArUsSI edayelakbUrI y:asIunenA TsvtSr_qñaM
1990 EdlTak;Tgnwgkarpøas;bþÚrPøam²BIesdækic©Epnkar eTAesdækic©
TIpSaresrI .
shogun / sUKun ¬n¦ enAskþiPUmiCb:unCaemdwknaMeyaFaCan;x<s;Edl
)andwknaMkñúgnamCaRBHecAGFiraC.
Sikh / sIkh_ ¬n¦ smaCikénRkumsasnaGhigSaEdlmanCMenOelI
karbBa©ÚlsmasFatuénsasnaRBHBuT§ hiNÐÚ nig esIhVI.
Silk Roads / pøÚv lk;sURt ¬n¦ RbB½n§dMeNIrTUrKmburaNkat;GasIu
kNþal EdlBYkQµÜjyksURt nig TMnijsRmab;lk;d¾éTeTotlk;
tam beNþatpøÚvenaH.
simony / karTijlk;kEnøg ¬n¦ karlk; b¤ TijtMENgenA RBHvihar
sasnaRKwsþ.
skepticism / mCÄFatuniym¬n¦TsSnviC¢aEdlEp¥kelIKMnitEdlfa
KµanGVIEdlGacdwg)anR)akdenaHeT .
slash-and-burn farming / kab;nwgdutedIm,IeFVIksikmµ ¬n¦
vIFIsaRsþEdlmnusSsm¥atTIvaledaykat; nig dutedImeQI nig esµA
edIm,IykepHEdlGaceFVI[dImanCICati.
Slavs / søav ¬n¦ mnusSecjmkBIéRBPaKxageCIgénsmuRTexµA
Edl CabuBVCnénmnusSPaKeRcInenAGWru:bxagekItbc©úb,nñ.
social contract / kic©snüasgÁm ¬n¦ kic©snüaEdlmnusSkMNt;
nig dak;EdnsiT§buKÁlrbs;BYkeK dUecñHKWbegáIt)anCasgÁmEdlman
karerobcM b¤ rdæaPi)al.
Social Darwinism / sgÁmdavinniym ¬n¦ karGnuvtn_elIKMnit
rbs;qaldavInGMBIkarvivtþn_ nig {karrs;rand¾smrmübMput } rbs;
sgÁmmnusS CaBiesskareFVIyutþikmµsRmab;karBRgIkrbs;GñkcRkBtþi
niym.
Shi’a /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
bdivtþn_viTüasaRsþ ¬n¦ karpøas;bþÚrd¾
FMeFgelIKMnitrbs;BYkGWr:ub Edlcab;epþImenABak;kNþalTsvtSr_qñaM
1500 EdlkarsikSaBIBiPBFmµCati)anRtUv)aneKcab;epþImkMNt;
lkçN³edaykarGegátedayykcitþTukdak; ehIy)anelIksMNYrBI
CMenOepSg²Edl)anTTYlyk.
scorched-earth policy / eKalneya)ay kemøacdI ¬n¦ kar
Gnuvtþn_ kardutdMNaM nig smøab;stVciBa©wm kñúgGMLúgeBls®gÁam
dUecñHehIy sRtUvminGacrkes,óg)anenAelITwkdIenaH)aneT.
scribe / GñkniBn§ ¬n¦ GñkniBnæmYykñúgcMeNamGñkGaCIBrkSa
kMNt;Rta enA GarüFm’edIm.
secede / dkecjBIshB½n§ ¬ki¦ karecjCapøÚvkarBIsmaKm b¤
sm<½n§mitþ.
secular / pøÚvelak ¬Ku¦ EdlTak;TgnwgbBaðakñúgelakCaCagbBaða
xagGarmµN_.
segregation / vieyaKkmµ ¬n¦ karEbgEckc,ab; nig sgÁmén
mnusSEdlmanBUCsasn_epSg²Kña.
self-determination / karebþCJapÞal;xøÜn ¬n¦ esrIPaBrbs;mnusS
kñúgkarseRmcBITRmg;énrdæaPi)alEdlBYkeKcg;rg;enA.
Seljuks / eslcak ¬n¦ RkumCnCatiTYKIEdl)aneFVIGenþaRbevsn_
eTAenAcRkPB Ga)asIud enAstvtSr_TI 10 ehIy)anbegáItcRkPB
pÞal;xøÜnrbs;BYkeKenAstvtSr_TI 11.
senate / RBwT§sPa ¬n¦ enAr:UmburaN CaGgÁRKb;RKgCan;x<s; edIm
eLIy ekItecjEtBIBYkGPiCn.
sepoy / T½B\NÐa ¬n¦ kgT½B\NÐaEdlbeRmI edaysßitenAeRkam
karbBa¢arbs;Gg;eKøs.
Sepoy Mutiny / karbHe)arT½B\NÐa ¬n¦ karbHe)arenAqñaM 1857
énBYkT½BhiNÐÚ nig m:UsøImRbqaMgnwgGg;eKøsenA\NÐa.
serf / ´kBa¢³ ¬n¦ ksikrenAsm½ykNþalEdlCab;kic©snüaRsb
c,ab;kñúgkarrs;enAciBa©wmCIvitelIdIFøIrbs;m©as;Rsuk.
Seven Years’ War / s®gÁam7qñaM ¬n¦ CemøaHenAGWur:ub Gaemrik
xageCIg nig \NÐa cab;taMgBIqñaM 1756 dl; qñaM 1763 EdlkñúgenaH
T½BGg;eKøs nig RbUssIu )anRbyuT§CamYyT½BGURTIs )araMg r:UsSI nig
RbeTs d¾éTeTot.
shah / sSah ¬n¦ raCaEdlbnþmrtk énRbeTsGIur:g;.
Scientific Revolution /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
siT§e)aHeqñat ¬n¦ siT§ikñúgkare)aHeqñat ¬T> 747¦.
Sufi / s‘UhVI ¬n¦ BYkm:UsøImEdlRbwgERbgedIm,IseRmcnUvkarTak;Tg
pÞal;CamYynwgRBH tamry³meFüa)ayGbiyCMenOEbbGFmµCati.
sultan / GñkdwknaMBYkm:UsøIm ¬n¦ {GFiraC} b¤ {GñkEdlmanGMNac}
maneQµaHCaGñkdwknaM GUtUemn kñúgGMLúgeBlrIkceRmInéncRkPB
GUtUemn.
Sunna / san;Na ¬n¦ KMrUrs;enArbs;BYkGIusøam edayEp¥kelI CIvit
nig karbeRgonrbs;mhamat;.
Sunni / san;nI ¬n¦ EpñkénBYkGIusøamEdlsmaCikrbs;BYkeK
TTYlsÁal;RBHecAkalihV4nak;dMbUg CaGñkEdlsñgeBjsiT§rbs;
mhamat;.
surrealism / clnasil,³ ¬n¦ clnaEbbsil,³enAstvtSr_TI 20
EdlepþatelIkargarénKMnitEdlmindwgxøÜn.
sustainable growth / karlUtlas;bnþrbnÞab; ¬n¦ kaGPivDÆn_
esdækic©EdltRmUvtamesckþIRtUvkarrbs;mnusS b:uEnþkarBarbridæan
nig GPirkSelIFnFan sRmab;mnusSCMnan;eRkay.
Swahili / sVahIlI ¬n¦ Pasa)anTUEdlTTYl\T§iBlBIGar:ab; Edl
RtUv)aneKniyayy:agTUlMTUlayenAGaRhiVkxagekIt nig kNþal.
suffrage /
T
karbHe)artayPIg ¬n¦ karbHe)arenABak;
kNþalstvtSr_TI 19 RbqaMgnwgraCvgS eqgenARbeTscin Edl)an
dwknaMeday hug suIvQan.
Taj Mahal / fac mahal ¬n¦ pñÚrd¾s¥atenAGaRka RbeTs\NÐa
Edl)anksageday GFiraCmukhal sSah cahan sRmab;RbBn§
rbs;Kat; mamtahS mahal.
Taliban / talI)an ¬n¦ RkumGPirkSGIusøamEdlRtYtRtaelI
GahÁanIsßanbnÞab;BIshPaBsUevot)andkkgT½Brbs;xøÜn. RtUv)an
beNþjecjBIGMNacedaykgkmøaMgshrdæGaemrikenAExFñÚ qñaM
2001 edaysarEtCakEnøgsñak;enArbs;CnsgS½yePrvkmµ.
Tamil / tamIl ¬n¦ PasaenA\NÐaPaKxagt,Úg. k¾CaRbCaCnEdl
niyayPasaenaHEdr.
technology / bec©kviTüa¬n¦meFüa)ayEdlmnusSeRbIR)as;
cMeNHdwg ]bkrN_ nig karbegáItfµI edIm,ItRmUvtamesckþIRtUvkar
rbs;BYkeK .
Taiping Rebellion /
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 101
KHMER
sgÁmniym¬n¦RbB½n§esdækic©EdlktþaplitkmµepSg²
KWCakmµsiT§rbs;saFarN³ ehIyRbtibtþiedIm,IsuxmalPaBTaMgGs;
Kña.
Solidarity / samKÁIPaB ¬n¦ shCIbBlkmµrbs;b:ULÚjEdlenAkñúg
GMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 )ankøayCakmøaMgd¾cMbgénkarRbqaMgkardwk
naMEbbkMumµúynisþenARbeTsb:ULÚj.
Songhai / sugéh ¬n¦ cRkPBenAGaRhVikxaglic Edlc,aMg
deNþIm m:alI ehIy)anRtYtRtaelICMnYjBIqñaMstvtSr_qñaM 1400 dl;
qñaM 1591.
soviet / sUevot ¬n¦ RkumRbwkSartMNagkñúgRsukmYyEdl)anbegáIt
eLIgenArUsSIbnÞab;BIkardYlrlMén tSar nIkULas II.
Spanish-American War / s®gÁameGs,a:j-Gaemrik ¬n¦
CemøaHenAqñaM 1898 rvagshrdæGaemrik nig eGs,a:j EdlkñúgenaH
shrdæGaemrik)anKaMRT karRbyuT§TamTarÉkraCürbs;Kuy)a.
specialization / ÉkeTskmµ ¬n¦ karGPivDÆn_énCMnaj kñúgRbePT
kargarmYyc,as;las; dUcCaCMnYj b¤ karrkSakMNt;Rta.
sphere of influence / tMbn;TTYl\T§iBl ¬n¦ tMbn;enAbreTs
EdlenATIenaHRbeTsmYymankarRKb;RKgelICMnYj nig skmµPaB
esdækic©d¾éTeTot.
standard of living / bTdæanénkarrs;enA ¬n¦ KuNPaBénCIvit
rs;enArbs;buKÁlmñak; b¤ RbCaCnTaMgmUl dUcEdl)anKUsbBa¢ak;tam
ry³TMnij esvakmµ nig PaBRbNit EdlbuKÁl b¤ RbCaCnTaMgenaH
man.
stateless societies / sgÁménrdæminpøÚvkar ¬n¦ Rkumvb,Fm’
Edl GMNacKWRtUv)anEbgEcktamRtkUlEdlmanGMNacesµI²Kña
CaCagkar eRbIedayrdæaPi)alkNþal.
steppes / valesµAEdls¶Üt ¬n¦ valRKbdNþb;edayesµA s¶Üt.
strike / eFVIkUdkmµ ¬ki¦ bdiesFminRBmeFVIkaredIm,IbgçM[nieyaCk
bMeBjtamtMRmUvkarCak;lak;epSg².
stupa / sþÚb ¬n¦ eRKagdMufµeKdak;CadMbUk Edl)ansagsg;sRmab;
dak;sarIrikFatuRBHBuT§.
subcontinent / ]bTVIb¬n¦dId¾FMlVwgelVIyEdlbegáItCaEpñkd¾c,as;
énTVIbmYy.
Suez Canal / ERBk sUeGhS ¬n¦ pøÚvTwkeFVIedaymnusS Edl)an
ebIkenAqñaM 1869 EdlP¢ab;smuRTRkhm nig smuRTemDIETra:eN.
socialism /
102 WORLD HISTORY
KHMER
RbB½n§TIvalbI ¬n¦ RbB½n§énksikmµEdl
)anbegáIteLIgenAGWr:ubsm½ykNþalEdldIksikmµRtUv)aneKEbgEck
CaTIvalbIEdlmanTMhMesµI²Kña ehIyTIvalnimYy² RtUv)aneKdaMCabnþ
bnÞab;nUvdMNaMenArdUvrga dMNaMenArdUvsøwkeQIRCuH nig Tukecaleday
mindaMGIVTaMgGs;.
Tiananmen Square / visaldæan FanGanmin ¬n¦ TIkEnøg
saFarN³d¾FMenATIRkugeb:kaMg RbeTscin. enAqñaM 1989 CakEnøg
EdlnisSitbHe)aredayKaMRTkMENTRmg;RbCaFibetyü.
tithe / R)ak;cMNaymYyPaKdb; ¬n¦ R)ak;cMNayrbs;RKYsar
mYyPaKdb;éncMNUlrbs;xøÜneTA[RBHvihar.
Tokugawa Shogunate / tUKUhÁav:a sUhÁÚeNt ¬n¦ raCvgSsUKuN
Edl)anRKb;RKgCb:unbRgYbbRgYmBIqñaM 1603 dl; 1867.
Torah / tUrah ¬n¦ esovePATaMgR)aMdMbUgénRBHKm<IhIRbUv EdlCa
GtßbTd¾Bisidæ enAkñúgTMnamTmøab;CIhV.
totalitarianism / pþac;karniym ¬n¦ rdæaPi)alEdlRKb;RKgelI
TidæPaBnimYy²énCIvitrbs;saFarN³ nig ÉkCn.
total war / s®gÁamsrub ¬n¦CemøaHEdlkñúgenaHRbeTsEdl)ancUl
rYm)anbUCaFnFanrbs;xøÜnTaMgGs;edIm,IkarRbwgERbgenAkñúgs®gÁam.
totems / tUtim ¬n¦ stVb¤vtßúFmµCatidéTeTotEdleRbIR)as;CasBaØa
énkarÉkPaBénbkSsm<½n§ b¤ RkuménmnusSdéTeTot.
tournament / karRbkYtRbECg ¬n¦ karRbyuT§EbbcMGkrvagRkum
énBYkGbSb¤T§i.
tragedy / esaFnadükmµ ¬n¦ TRmg;elçanEdlmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶r
edaHRsayCamYynwgkardYlrlMéntYvIrCn b¤ GPiCn.
Treaty of Kanagawa / sn§isBaØa kaNakava: ¬n¦ kic©RBmeRBog
enAqñaM 1854 rvagshrdæGaemrik nig Cb:un Edl)anebIkEpCb:un
cMnYnBIrsMrab;k)a:l;shrdæGaemrik ehIyGnuBaØati[ shrdæGaemrik
begáItsßanTUtenACb:un .
Treaty of Tordesillas / sn§isBaØa tUedsIuLas ¬n¦kic©RBmeRBog
enAqñaM 1494 rvagB½rTuyhÁal nig eGs,a:j EdlRbkasfadIEdl
rkeXIjfµIenAPaKxaglicénRBMEdnEdlmanExSbnÞat;enAkñúgmha
smuRTGatøg;Tik nwgkøayCarbs;eGs,a:j ehIydIEdlrkeXIjfµIenA
PaKxagekIténRBMEdnenaHnwgCarbs;B½rTuyhÁal.
three-field system /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
sm,ftulakaretnIs ¬n¦ karsnüaEdl
eFVIeLIgedaysmaCikénsPaCati)araMgenAqñaM 1789 EdlkñúgenaH
BYkeK)ansc©afabnþrkarRbCMurhUtTal;EtBYkeK)anbegáItnUvrdæFmµnuBaØ
fµI.
terrace / épÞrabesµIénCMralPñM ¬n¦ TRmg;fµIénksikmµenA GksaM
EdlkñúgenaHCYPñMragCaCeNþIRtUv)aneKsagsg;elICRmalPñmedIm,I
CYyrkSaTwk nig kat;bnßykareRcaHdI.
terrorism / ePrvkmµniym ¬n¦ kareRbIR)as;kgkmøaMg b¤ kar
KRmamkMEhgedIm,IvayRbharRbCaCn b¤ rdæaPi)al edIm,Ipøas;bþÚr
eKalneya)ayrbs;BYkeK.
theocracy / eTvaFibetyü ¬n¦ 1> rdæaPi)alEdlkñúgenaHGñk
dwknaM RtUv)aneKyl;eXIjfaCaGaTieTB. 2> rdæaPi)alEdlRtYtRta
edayemdwknaMsasna.
theory of evolution / RTwsþIénkarvivtþn_ ¬n¦ KMnitEdl)anesñIr
eday qal davIn enAqñaM 1859 EdlfaBUCénrukçCati nig stV ekIt
eLIgedaysarmeFüa)ayéndMeNIrkarénkareRCIserIsEbbFmµCati.
theory of relativity / RTwsþIénPaBTMnak;TMng ¬n¦ KMnitrbs;
Galeb‘Ít Ginsþin EdlniyayGMBITMnak;TMngrvageBlevla nig
TIcenøaH nig rvagzamBl nig rUbFatu.
Theravada / hinyan ¬n¦ nikayénsasnaRBHBuT§Edlepþat
eTAelIvin½yxagpøÚvcitþd¾twgrwg EdledImeLIypþl;edayRBHBuT§.
Third Reich / ricTIbI ¬n¦ cRkPBGaløWm:gTIbI Edl)anbegáIteLIg
edayGadul GIuEFø enATsvtSr_qñaM 1930.
Third Republic / saFarNrdæTIbI ¬n¦ saFarNrdæEdl)anbegáIt
eLIgenARbeTs)araMgbnÞab;BIkardYlrMlMén Nab:UeLGug III nig)an
bBa©b;CamYynwgkarRKb;RKgrbs;GaløWm:gelI)araMgkñúgGMLúgs®gÁam
elakelIkTI 2.
Third World / RbeTsttiyelak ¬n¦ kñúgGMLúgs®gÁamRtCak;
KWRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_EdlmincUlsm<½n§mitþCamYynwgshrdæGaemrik
b¤ shPaBsUevot.
Thirty Years’ War / s®gÁam30qñaM ¬n¦ CemøaHenAGWr:ubelI
sasna nig bUrNPaBEdndI nig edIm,IGMNackñúgcMeNamRKYsarEdl
dwknaM cab;taMgBIqñaM 1618 dl; 1648.
Tennis Court Oath /
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
RbCahigSk_ ¬n¦ enARkicburaN buKÁlmanGMNacEdl)an
ykcMeNjelIkarRtYtRtaénrdæaPi)alRkug-rdæ edaysMukarKaMRTBI
GñkRkIRk.
tyrant /
U
G‘umm:ayads_ ¬n¦ raCvgSEdl)anRKb;RKgcRkPB
mU:søImBiqñaM 661 dl; 750 énK>s ehIyeRkaymk)anbegáIt
raCaNacRkenA Gal-GandaeLIs.
union / shCIB¬n¦smaKmkmµkr Edl)anbegáIteLIgedIm,ITamTar
nUvlkçx½NÐkargarRbesIrCagmun nig R)ak;ebovtSr_x<s;Cagmun.
United Nations / GgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬n¦ GgÁkarGnþrCatirkSa
snþiPaB Edl)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1945 edIm,Ipþl;nUvsuvtßiPaBdl;
RbCaCatiTaMgGs;elIBiPBelak.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights / karRbkasCa
sklénsiT§imnusS ¬n¦ esckþIEføgkarenAqñaM 1948 EdlkñúgenaH
GgÁkarshRbCaCati)anRbkasfamnusSelakTaMgGs;mansiT§irs;ran
manCIvit esrIPaB nig suvtßiPaB.
unrestricted submarine warfare / navamuCTwkcm,aMgEdlKµan
karhamXat; ¬n¦ kareRbIR)as;navamuCTwkedIm,ImuCTwkedayminman
karbMBandl;k)a:l;NamYy ¬rYmTaMgk)a:l;GBüaRkit nig navaGñk
dMeNIrEdlminmanbMBak;GavuF¦ EdleKrkeXIjenAkñúgEdnTwkrbs;
sRtUv.
urbanization / nKrUbnIykmµ ¬n¦ karrIklUtlas;énTIRkug nig
kareFVIGenþaRbevsn_rbs;RbCaCneTATIRkugTaMgenaH.
U.S.A. Patriot Act / c,ab;GñkesñharCatishrdæGaemrik ¬n¦
c,ab;RbqaMgGMeBIePrvkmµqñaM 2001 Edl)anBRgwgsiT§irbs;rdæaPi)al
kñúgkarXat;xøÜnCnbreTsEdlmankarsgS½yBIGMeBIePrvkmµ nig
karkat;eTas]RkidækmµePrvkmµ.
U.S. Civil War / s®gÁamsIuvilenAGaemrik ¬n¦ CemøaHrvagrdæenA
PaKxageCIg nig xagt,ÚgénshrdæGaemrik elIbBaðaTasPaB cab;BI
qñaM 1861 dl; 1865.
utilitarianism / karKitRbeyaCn_niym ¬n¦ RTwsþIEdlelIkeLIg
eday eCer:mI binfam enAcugstvtSr_qñaM 1700 EdlfaskmµPaB
rbs;rdæaPi)almanRbeyaCn_ kñúgkrNIEdlBYkeKelIkkm<s;TMnijd¾
Gs©arü sRmab;cMnYnmnusSd¾Gs©arübMput Etb:ueNÑaH.
Umayyads /
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 103
KHMER
sn§isBaØaRkugevIés ¬n¦ sn§isBaØasnþiPaB
Edl)ancuHhtßelxaedayGaløWm:g; nig GMNacrbs;sm<½n§mitþbnÞab;
BIs®gÁamelakelIkTI1.
trench warfare / cm,aMgelNdæan ¬n¦ TRmg;éncm,aMgEdlkñúg
enaHkgT½BénBYkRbqaMgvayKñaeTAvijeTAmk BIelNdæanEdl)anCIk
enATIlanRbyuT§ .
triangular trade / CMnYjRtIekaN ¬n¦ bNþajCMnYjenAÉmha
smuRTGatøg;Tik EdlBYkTaskr nig TMnijdéTeTotRtUv)aneKdwknaM
rvagGaRhVik Gg;eKøs GWr:ub \NÐaPaKxaglic nig GaNaniKmenA
GaemrikxageCIg.
tribune / m®nþItulakar ¬n¦ enAr:UmburaN m®nþIEdl)ane)aHeqñat
eRCIserIs edayRbCara®sþedIm,IkargarsiT§irbs;BYkeK.
tribute / sYysaGakr ¬n¦ karcMNayEdleFVIeLIgedayGñkEdl
manGMNacTn;exSay dl;GñkEdlmanGMNacxøaMg edIm,ITTYlnUvkar
FanasnþiPaB nig suvtßiPaB.
Triple Alliance / sm<½n§RtIKuN ¬n¦ 1> smaKménRkug-rdæén
etNucTItLan tiskUkU nig tøakUpan Edl)annaMdl;karkekIteLIg
éncRkPB GahStik 2> sm<½n§mitþeyaFarvagGaløWm:g; GURTIs-hugRKI
nig GIutalIenAbu:nµanqñaMmuns®gÁamelakelIkTI1.
Triple Entente / karRBmeRBogRtIKuN ¬n¦ sm<½n§mitþeyaFarvag
cRkPBGg;eKøs )araMg nig r:UsSI enAb:unµanqñaMmuns®gÁamelakTI1.
triumvirate / RtICnaPi)al ¬n¦ enAr:UmburaN RkuménemdwknaMbInak;
EdlEbgEckkarRtYtRtarbs;rdæaPi)al.
Trojan War / s®gÁamRtUcan ¬n¦ s®gÁam Edl)anvayRbharenA
qñaM RbEhl 1200 munK>s EdlkñúgenaHkgT½BmYyEdldwknaMeday
esþc mIesenon )anvayRbharTIRkugCMnYjEdlÉkraCüenA Rty enA
GaNatUelo.
troubadour / cinþkvI ¬n¦ kvI nig Gñkt®nþIenAsm½ykNþalEdl)an
eFVIdMeNIrBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyeTot edIm,Ipþl;karkMsanþdl;mnusS
CamYynwgbTceRmoglYgelamesñha.
Truman Doctrine / lT§iRTUemn ¬n¦ )anRbkaseday
RbFanaFibetyü EhrI RTUemnenAqñaM 1947 EdlCaeKalneya)ay
rbs;shrdæGaemrikénkarpþl;CMnYyesdækic© nig eyaFadl;RbeTs
esrITaMgLayNaEdlTTYlkarKRmamkMEhgBIGñkRbqaMgxagkñúg b¤
xageRkA .
Treaty of Versailles /
EdndIsuxekSmkSanþ ¬n¦ TwkdIEdlmanEtkñúgKMnitEdl)an Warsaw Pact / ktikasBaØava:sUvI ¬n¦ sm<½n§PaBeyaFaEdl)an
BiBN’naeday fUm:as m½r enAkñúgesovePArbs;Kat;eQµaHfa EdndI
begáIt eLIgenAqñaM 1955 edayshPaBsUevot nig RbeTsenA
suxekSmkSanþ dUecñHehIy vaCakEnøgd_viessvisalEdlmanEtkñúg
GWr:ubxagekIt 7 eTot.
Weimar Republic / saFarNrdævIym:a ¬n¦ saFarNrdæEdl)an
KMnit.
begáIteLIgenAGaløWm:genAqñaM 1919 ehIy)anbBa©b;enAqñaM 1933.
Western Front / smrPUmimuxPaKxaglic ¬n¦ enAs®gÁamelak
V
elIkTI1 tbn;enAPaKxageCIg)araMgEdlCakEnøgEdlT½Bsm<½n§mitþ
vassal / briva ¬n¦ enAGWr:ubsm½ykNþal CamnusSEdlTTYl)an
nig BYkGMNackNþal)anRbyuT§Kña.
nUvkarpþl;[éndIFøIBIm©as;Rsuk edaypøas;bþÚrCamYynwgkarsnüaBIPaB
westernization / kareFVItambs©wmRbeTs ¬n¦ karTTYleFVItam
esµaHRtg; nig karbeRmI.
sßab½NsgÁm neya)ay b¤ esdækic© énRbeTselakxaglic
Vedas / Km<IevT ¬n¦ GtßbTRbmUlpþúMd¾BisidæTaMgbYnEdlbegáIteLIg
CaBiesstam BYkGWr:ub b¤ shrdæGaemrik.
edayBYkGarüan kñúgGMLúgdMNak;kaldMbUgénkartaMgTIlMenArbs;
BYkeKenA\NÐa.
Y
vernacular / PasaniyaykñúgRsuk ¬n¦ PasaRbcaMéf¶rbs;mnusS
yin and yang / yIg nig ya:g ¬n¦ kñúgKMnitrbs;CnCaticin
enAkñúgtMbn; b¤ RbeTs.
Vietcong / evotkug ¬n¦ RkuménT½BQøbkMumµúynisþ edaymanCMnYy
CaGMNacBIrEdlRKb;RKgcgVak;énCIvitEbbFmµCati ¬yIg tMNag
BIerotNamxageCIg Edl)anvayRbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alevotNam
FatujIenAkñúgskl nig y:ag tMNagFatueQµal¦.
Yoruba / yUrU)a ¬n¦ RbCaCnGaRhVikxaglicEdl)anbegáIt raCaxagt,Úg enAkñúgs®gÁamevotNam.
Vietnamization / evotNamPavUbnIykmµ ¬n¦ yuT§sa®sþrbs;
NacRkBIr bI Edl\LÚvKW eb‘ÍnIn nig nIehSrIya:xagt,Úg.
elakRbFanaFibetyü rIqat nIsun edIm,IbBa©b;karTak;Tgrbs;
shrdæGaemrikenAkñúgs®gÁamerotNam EdlTak;Tgnwgkardkkg
Z
kmøaMgshrdæGaemrikCalMdab;² nig karCMnYsrbs;BYkeKedayT½B
Zapotec / hSapUtik ¬n¦ GarüFm’GaemrikkNþaldMbUgEdlman
evotNam xagt,Úg.
TItaMgkNþalenA eRCaH Gk;sSaka Edl\LÚvKWmiucsIukU ¬T> 242¦.
Vishnu / RBHvisÑú ¬n¦ RBHkñúgsasnahiNÐÚEdlRtUv)ancat;TukfaCa
ziggurat / hSikhÁÚrat; ¬n¦ sMNg;ragBIra:mIterobCafñak; Edl)an
GñkEfrkSaBiPBelak.
begáItEpñkénR)asaTsaMemIeron.
vizier / naykrdæm®nþIBYkmU:søIm ¬n¦ naykrdæm®nþIenAraCaNacRk b¤
Zionism / clnabegáItrdæCIhV ¬n¦ clnaEdl)anbegáIteLIgenA
cRkPBmU:søIm.
TsvtSr_ qñaM 1890 edIm,IelIkkm<s;karbegáItTwkdIrbs;BYkCIhVenA
)a:eLsÞIn.
W
s®gÁambnþraCsm,tþienA
eGs,:aj ¬n¦ CemøaH cab;BIqñaM 1701 dl; 1713 EdlkñúgenaH
smaCikénrdæenAGWr:ub)anvayRbyuT§edIm,IbgáaRKYsar eb‘Íbn BIkar
RtYtRtaeGs,a:j nig )araMg.
War of the Spanish Succession /
104 WORLD HISTORY
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
KHMER
Utopia /
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rkdvtmy[kp7elar rklk]k;
rkdvtmy[kp7elar wfh]PCgxao]efa[ 8k,8q;vadlvo 0vC7elarmujle7aos]kpM7e 9kds]kp[qfF I;,maC
7;k,s,kp 0vC,aoD 7e9edaf7;k, muj1j6.orkdvtmy[kp7elar c,jo7emuj.-h 1j6.osoaClnIPosq;oUD rkdvtmy[kp7elar
.shsohkmuj [aopkp7e c8j]t7eD 7esp=h8jkCM mujwfhoe,k.-h c,jo 8+]qCwxoU G
X7e75olar? n. = noun X7eok,? v. = verb X7edyiypk?
A
;qCdk]yx8%.od5Cc[dcffl,ap[6Iko
Abbasids / lt,k-yyd0vCik-;
n. ik-;qC mujxqd7vClj;o.spj0vCvkok9ad,5l]y, c8jxu 7DlD (&W g4yC !@&)D
Aborigine / vk[=iy9uo n. lt,k-yd0vC-k;gzqjkfACgfu, .ovvlg8g]aPD
absolute monarch / dtlafmujdeveokfmaCs,qf n.
LAOTIAN
ritik-k s]n ik-y ou muj,uveokf1jkC[+,u0v[g0f9edaf
c]tskmkC7;[75,m5d,5,0vClaC7q,D
acropolis / g,nvC[=iy;ko n. xhv,xhvCdao0hkglyd mujlhkCgmyCgouol6C
Angkor Wat / vaCd= ;af n. ;afmujlhkC.o vkok9ad0v, c]t v5myf.shcdj
rit okikp ritg9QkvqCobjC.olklok Iyof6D
a 4n oydkp ;af0vCvaCdyf adj. djP;da[ 7iyl8tlklok
Anglican / zh6mujo[
0vC vaCdyfD
a 4n;yopko n. 7;k,g-njv4n;jk ;yopko ,u.o38lafF
Animism / ]afmyo[
8Qow,hF c]tlyjCma,,t-kfvnjoMD
Annexation / lyjCmuj8nj,g0Qk,k n. dko8nj,r6,yrkdobjC
g0Qk,k.ofyocfo0vC soj;pdkog,nvC muj,u1j6c]h;D
Annul / pqdg]ud v. dko]q[]hkC s]n pqdg]udD
.og,nvC diud l,ap[6IkoD
anti-Semitism / 8+8hko{]afmyloa[lo5o1y; n. vt7t8y8+r;d1y;D
Aksum / vadla, n. ik-vkok9ad va2iydaoF -bjCfP;oUc,jo vumu3vgxaP c]t
apartheid / dkoc[jCcpd-qqo-kkf n. ot3p[kp0vC va2iydk .8h
vuiumgiaPF mujIvf95fl6Cl5f0vCveokf .olaf8t;af mu $D
al-Andalus / vk]{cvofk]al n. r6,yrkd muj1j6.odkoxqd7vC0vC
djP;da[ dko c[jCcpd -qogzqjk1jkClq,[6omkCdqfs,kpF I;,maC
dkoxtdkfshk, [+.sh ,udko8yf8+ it;jkC7qofe c]t 7qo0k;D
,5l]y, muj fP;oU c,jo ltgxoF 9af8AC0bhog,njv laf8t;af muj )D
apostle / lk;qd n. objC.o zh6mujoa[4n ritgp-6 mujltcfCma, c]tgzupczj7e
Allah / vk]k n. ritg9Qk X 7elar vkik[ydF .-h.olklok vyl]k,
lajClvo0vC ritgp-6D
gxaolj;o.spj ?D
appeasement / dkogvqk.9 n. dkopyopv, 8+zh6]5d]ko
Allies / raomt,yf n. .olqC7k,3]d7ACmu objCF xtgmf8jkCM ,u vaCdyfF
grnjvs]ud]jPC[+.sh ,ulqC7k,D
/ iajCF c]t iafg-aPF I;,maCxtgmfvnjoMmuj8+lh61j6 / jkpfP;daoS g-ajofP;daoF
d=,ud5j,xt gmf vnjoM I;,maC vaCdyfF ltstrk[3-;PfF c]t ltstia4 muj
8+8hko veokf 0vC / jkp vadlt .olqC7k,3]d7ACmu lvCD
grnjvlqjCoE wxlj6g0fmuj,uzh67qovk.lD
Almohads / vk]3,Ikfl% n. dj5,7totxt8yI6[ 0vC vyl]k, muj 37jo]Q,
aqueduct / mkCit[kpoE n. m+oE s]n mkCoEws] mujlhkC0bho
aristocracy / dkoxqd7vC3fp05ookC n. ia4[ko
mujveokf1j6.o,n0vCzh6 Ia[veokfln[8+ s]n g-Nvlkp05ookCD
ik-;qC vk]3,ik;uf c]t 9af8AC vkok9ad .ova2iydkgsonv c]t ltgxo .8h
.o laf8t;af mu !@D
Armistice / dko15fiq[ n. laopk15fiq[D
Almoravids / vk]3,ik;ufl% n. 7;k,gxaorujohvCda[lklok vyl]k,
Artifact / ;af45muj,to5fgIaf0bho n. lyjC0vCmuj7qogiafF g-ajo g7njvC,nF vk;5fF
muj wfh8ACvkok9ad .o va2iydkgsonv c]t ltgxo .8h .olaf8t;af mu ly[gvafD
s]n g7njvCgvhD
Amritsar Massacre / dko0hks,j6 .ova,iyf-kk n. dko0hk -k;
vyogfaP gdnv[ $WW 7qo mujmedkoxtmh;C dqfs,kp 3ic]8 3fpmtsko vaCdyf
muj va,iyf-kD
mujgIaflyo7hk fh;p,nD
Anabaptists / vkok c[[8yl n. .odkoxt8yI6[ lklok7iyl8PoF dj5,
x3ic8lc8o8% mujg-njv;jk 7;o9t,urymu 8AC-nj ltgrkt 7qomujvkp5s]kp r=muj9t8af
lyo.9gvCwfh ;jk9tg0Qklklok 7iyl c]t g-njv.odkocpd;af vvd9kd ia4D
Anasazi / vkok-kkly n. -k;gzqjk vyogfaPcfC .op57cid mujvk.l1j6
vtg,iydk 8kg;ao8qd lPC.8hD
Anatolia / 7k[l,5f 0vC gvg-aP ,kpgou n.
cs],.orkd8kg;ao8qd
lPC.8h 0vCgvg-aP -bjCfP;oUc,jo vk.l1j63fpgvg-aP lj;o objC0vC gmudu{
paCIhvCvud;jk gvg-aP ,kpgouD
106
WORLD HISTORY
Artisan / -jjkC / u,n n. zh6gIaf;Pdmuj-eokoF g-ajo oad8+kzhk s]n oadxAos,=hF
Aryans / -kk;vkit1ao n. 1. -k;c0dxqo-k;153ix mujF xt,ko xu
!F&WW xu djvo 7DlD F g]U,phkpg0Qkwx1jmt;ux vyogfaP 2. leia[r;d ok-uF
-k;g1aPit,ao muj9af8AC <zh6gxao.spj0vCg-Nv-kf <D
assembly line / c4;xtdv[-BBolj;olyo7hk n. .o3ICCkoF
;ymu9aflyo7hk 9kd7qoobjC wxlj6vud7qoobjCF -bjCc8j]t7qo9tgIaf;PdxtgrffP;
.odkoz]yflyo 7hkmujz]yfvvdD
assimilation / dko-bb,-a[ n. 1. dkooegvqk;amotma,0vC / jkp,uwg0Qk,k .-hoe / jkpmujxt]kw- 2. ot3p[kp mujxtgmfobjC [aC7a[ s]n loa[ lo5o
.shzh61j6.8hveokf pv,Ia[ lt4k[ao c]t xtgrou 0vC8qoD
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
adj. = adjective
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Assyria / vtg-uugiyP n. ik-vkok9adobjC .o gvg-aP 8kg;ao8qdlPC.8h
mujde veokf 0vCvkok9ad c8jxu )&W g4yC xu *!@ djvo 7DlD
Atlantic Charter / dqfs,kp cvafc]o8yd n. dkoxtdkf dqfs,kp
vto5,af .ogfnvo lyCsk !_$! 3fp okpqdia4,qo8iu vaCdyf ;yol8ao g-u-y]
c]t xtmkokmy[=fu ltstia4 2ciC7iyo i6g-uc;]8%F muj.-hgxaos]ad37Cdko
lao8yrk[ 0vCrao mt,yf grnjvp58y lqC7k,3]d 7ACmulvCD
Atlantic slave trade / dko7hkmkl cvafc]o8yd n. dko-NF 0qolqjCF
c]t 0kp 7qova2iydk grnjv,kgIaf;Pd.o mt;ux vtg,iydkD
Autocracy / gvdkmyxtw8 n. ia4[ko mujzh6oe,uveokf gfaf0kf c]t.-h
Battle of the Bulge / dkolh6iq[ 0vC gfy [a]9% n. dko8+lh6.oxu
!_$${ !_$& mujde]aC0vCraomt,yf wfhw]jda[ dko[5d]5d0vC g1uit,ao
7AC.spgmnjv l5fmhkp 0vClqC7k,3]d7ACmulvCD
Battle of Trafalgar / dkolh6iq[0vC 8ik2k]dk n. dko8+lh6
mkCgInv.oxu !)W& -bjC dvCde]aC0vC ok3x]yvqC wfhglaPw.shcdjdvCma[gInv0vCvaCdyf rkp .8hdko[ao-kdkoiq[0vC 3Igi-y3v
co]laoD
Benin / g[oyo n. ik-vkok9adobjC mujmujgduf0bho .dhxkdc,joE wog9u .o-5,xu
!F#WW c]t dkpwxgxao ia4 le7ao0vC va2iydk 8kg;ao8qd .o-5,xu !F$WWD
veokf 8k,.98qogvCD
Beringia / g[uiyog9aP n. 0q;fyo l,ap[6Iko muj7qog-njv;jk
Axis Powers / veokf vadlt n. .olqC7k,3]d7ACmu lvCF xtgmf
-k;vtg,iydaoc8j fACgfu,X vyogfaPcfC?c,jovqrpq[,k9kdgvg-aP lj6 mt;ux
vtg,iydkD
ayllu / vkp]6 n. .olaC7q, gzqjk vyo7kF xt-k7q,ohvpM s]n 8td6o mujlt,k
Berlin Conference of 1884--85 / dvCxt-55,mujg[u]uo .oxu
!))$--)& n. dkoxt-5, mujzh6cmoxtgmf153ix wfh8aflyo djP;da[
-yd0vCg0qk gIaf;PdIj;,dao grnjvx3pflj;oI;,D
dqfit[P[0vCdkogvqk va2iydk gxaog,nvC0bho 0vC153ixD
B
Bill of Rights / paf8y djP;da[ lyfmygliurk[ n. dko*=g8u, ly[0=hcid
0vCia4ma,,to6o ltstia4F muj xqdxhvClyfmyrNo4ko c]t gliurk[ 0vC
rq]g,nvCD
balance of power / 7;k,lq,f5]0vCveokf n.
lt4kotdkofhkodkog,nvC muj;jk [+,uxtgmf.f ,uveokf
r=muj9tgxaowrcdjzh6vnjoD
Balkans / [k]dao n. r6,yrkd 8kg;aovvdlPC.8h 0vC153ix
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
fP;oUc,jopbf 7vC 3fp diudl%F va][kgoaPF [6]dkgiaPF 3i,kgoaPF
rkdlj;o153ix 0vC gmuduF c]t vtfuf lkmkitotia4 163dl]kg;aPD
Bantu-speaking peoples / rq]g,nvCmujg;Qkrklk [ao86 n.
r;dmujg;Qkrklk mujF g]U,8Qo xt,ko @FWWW xumujzjko,kF vqrpq[9kd va2iydk
8kg;ao8qd l6j lj;o.spj0vC g7yjCmkC.8h 0vC va2iydkD
Baroque / ly]xtc[[];f]kprylfko adj. mujdjP;da[
Bishop / sq;sohk[kfs];C n. g9Qksohkmuj-Aol6C0vC 7iyl8Po
muj,usohkmuj [=iysko 3[f.omhvC4yjo 9eo;oobjCD
blitzkrieg / []yldiPd n. < lqC7k,lkp2hkc][<{ dkolh6iq[ c[[objC
muj medko96j39,c[[dtmaosao fh;pgInv[yo0a[w]j 8yf8k,fh;p
dko96j39,fh;pde ]aC mtskoik[ -5f.spjD
blockade / xyfdko7q,ok7q, n. dko.-hde]aCmtsko s]n gInviq[
grnjvxhvC dao [+.shdkolao9vo mkCdko7hk wfhg0Qk s]n vvd g,nvC s]n
r6,yrkdD
Boer / -kk;3[gvu n. 7qofa- mujvk.l1j6.o vkokoy7q, .o va2iydk.8hD
c[[co;muj.spjF xtfa[xtfk1jkCs]6s]k mujgxao]adltot I6[c8h,153ixF
fqo8iuF c]t lt4kxa8 ptda, .o-5,xu !*WW c]t-5,8Qoxu !(WWD
Boer War / lqC7k,-kk;3[gvu n. dkoryrkfF c8jxu !)__ g4yC !_W@F
Barter / dkoc]dxjPo n. ;ymudko7hk0kpc[[objC muj7qoc]dxjPolyo7hk
c]t [=iydko 3fp[+.-hgCyo8ikD
Bolsheviks / 3[]g-uu;ydl% n. dj5,0vC 7totxt8y;af ,kd-yl iafg-aP zh6muj
7;[75, ia4[ko iafg-aP .ogfnvo rbflt9ydk !_!(D
Battle of Britain / dkolh6iq[ 0vCvaCdyf n. -5fobjC0vCdkolh6iq[
it;jkC dvCma[vkdkfg1uit,ao c]tvaCdyfF lh6dao.ovaCdyf .oxu !_$W{!_$!D
Boxer Rebellion / dko9tik9q] 0vC oad,;p n.
Battle of Guadalcanal / dkolh6iq[ 0vC dq;fk]dkok] n.
dkolh6iq[ .oxu !_$@{!_$# .olqC7k,3]d7ACmulvCF -bjCdvCde]aC /
jkpraomt,yf 0a[w]jDvCde]ac0vCpujxj5o 9kdgdkt cx-y2yd 0vC
dq;fk]dkok]D
muj -k; 3[gvu c]t vaCdyf lh6iq[dao grnjvg0Qk7;[75,fyocfo .o va2iydk.8hD
dko]5dIN .oxtgmf 9uo .oxu !_WWF
xtlqCmuj9tp58yveokf[aC7a[0vCr;d8jkCfhk;.oxtgmfD
boyars / [vp1kl% n. 05ookC mujgxaog9Qk0vCmujfyo .o iafg-aPD
Brahma / ritrq, n. ritzh6gxaog9Qk .olklok Iyof6 gxaozh6lhkC3]dD
Battle of Midway / dkolh6iq[ 0vC ,yfg; n. dko8+lh6mkCmtg]
c]tmkCvkdkf .oxu !_$@ 0vClqC7k,3]d7ACmulvCF mujde]aC0vC
vtg,iydao ,uw- 8+dvCma[pujxj5o .ocx-y2yddkCD
mujxtdv[fh;p oad[;fD
Battle of Stalingrad / dkolh6iq[ 0vC lt8k]yo7cif n. dkolj6iq[
muj0j6;jk 9tmelqC7k, gxaodko38h8v[ 8+dkoi5diko0vClaf8i6D
xu !_$@--!_$# 0vC lqC7k,3]d7ACmulvCF mujdvCde]aC g1uit,ao wfhx]kw.o 8vomujg0qk9tpbfgvqk g,nvC lt8k]yo7cif .o ltstrk[3-;PfD
Bronze Age / p57 mvCleiyf n. itptg;]k .ox;aflkf,to5fF
Brahmin / rik, n. .olaC7q, vkit1aoF lt,k-yd 0vC-Ao.olaC7q,
Brinkmanship / ot3p[kpdkocdhw0lt4kotdko n. ot3p[kp
g]U,c8jxu #FWWW djvo 7DlD .o[kCcsjCF 0totmuj,to5fg]U,.-h mvCleiyfF
cmomuj9tc,jo mvCcfC s]n syoF grnjvgIafc[[g7njvC,n c]t vk;5fD
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 107
LAOTIAN
g1uit,aoF vu8k]uF c]t pujxj5oF -bjCwfh8qd]qC gxaoraomt,yfdao .oxu !_#*D
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bubonic plague / 3i7it[kf Xsjk? n. 3i7IhkpcIC
Chartist movement / dkog7njvows;0vC -kkd8yl n.
mujczjit[kfwxmqj; gvg-aP c]t 153ix .odkClaf8t;afmu !$F
gIaf.sh7qo8kpgxao]hkoM7qoD
xtgmfvaCdyf .o laf8t;af mu !_F lt,k-yd -qo-Aozh6gIaf;Pd IpdIhvC
dkoxt8yI6[.oia4ltrk .o dkog]nvd8AC I;,maClyfmy.odkovvdlPC
leia[zh6-kpm5d7qoD
bureaucracy / it[q[dko[=iyskomuj,u0Ao8vos]kp n. it[q[
dq,dvC c]t vqCdko 8AC0bho,kgrnjvgIaf;Pd.shia4[koD
Chavín / -kk;yo n. 7;k,lu;yw] mujpyjC.spj7Accid 0vCmt;ux
burgher / -kk;g,nvC n. 7qomuj1j6.og,nvC l,apdkCD
vtg,iydk.8hF mujI5jCgInvC.orNomujl6C -bjC xaf95[aooU c,jo xtgmf gxi6
9kdxt,koxu _WW g4yC @WW djvo 7DlD
Bushido / [6-y3f n. dqfit[P[dkoxtrbfmujg7ajC7af g7qkiq[xt8y3fp
checks and balances / d;flv[ c]t 7;k,lq,f5] n.
oadiq[ -k,6wi .opujx5joD
dqfit[P[ mujvvd,k xhvCdao lk0k.flk0kobjC 0vCia4[ko
[+.sh,uveokfgsonv lk0k vnjoMD
C
Cabinet / 7totia4,qo8iu n. 7totmujxbdlk s]n 7totia4,qo8iu
muj4ndg]nvd 0bho,k 3fp zh6oextgmf grnjv,k-j;pia4[ko.odko8aflyo.9D
LAOTIAN
Caliph / dk]yx n. zh6oel6Cl5fmkCdkog,nvC c]t lklok .oia4[ko
,5l]y,D
chivalry / 75olq,[af0vCval;yo n.s]addkoxtrbf leia[ val;yo .ol,ap
dkC 0vC153ixF goAo v5fq,dko g-ajo 7;k,dhkskoF -njlafF c]t 9qCiadradfuD
CIS / -uu wv cvl n. xtgmf .og7nv9addtrq[ muj,ugvdikf
lt,k7q,vylit 0vC lkmkitotia4maCs]kp0vC3-;Pf
muj8AC0bho,k s]aC9kddkol]kp380vC ltstrk[ 3-;PfD
city-state / g,nvC{ia4 n. g,nvC c]t 0qCg0fvhv,cvh, mujfegouo8q;gxao
Calligraphy / dkoxtfyf38vadlvo n. ly]xtdko0Povadlvo.shCk,D
soj;pdkog,nvCvylitD
Calvinism / ]afmy c7;;yo n. oydkpobjC0vClklok
muj,urNo4ko8k,7;k, obd7yf0vC oadxt8yI6[ 9vo c7;;yoD
civil disobedience / dko[+g-nnjv2aCdqfs,kp n.
Camp David Accords / 0=h8qd]qC0vC c7, gf;yf n. soaCln
g-aolaopk vaocid it;jkC vylikcv] c]t xtgmfvkia[xtgmfobjCF
-bjC xtmkokmy[=fu vu1yx mjko vao;k -kfa8 Ia[I6h vylikcv]
gxaoxtgmfmuj4nd8hvC8k,dqfs,kp c]t okpqd ia4,qo8iu vylikcv] mjko
g,okg-a, [udyo 8qd]qClqjc cs], -uokp 7no.shcdj vu1yxD
canon law / ;ywolklok n. s]addkomujxqd7vC 8k,[aopaf0vClklok
dkoxt8yglf3fpg98ok c]tgxufgzup8+dko[+pv,xt8y[af8k,dqfs,kp
mujg0qkgsao;jk [+p58yma,D
civilization / 7;k,lu;yw] n. ;amotma,vaoobjCmuj,u]adltotryglf 0vC
g,nvCF r;dgIaf;Pd 9egrktF lt4k[ao 8jkCMF dkogda[de0=h,6]F c]t ;ympk
dkovaomaol,apD
civil service / ia4dkorq]g,nvC n. lk0k[=iysko0vCia4[ko
7iyl8PoD
3fpltgrkt r;dmujg0Qkgiafdko 3fp4nd9hkCphvo,k84ko
7coo9kddkolv[glaCD
capitalism / ]afmymbooypq , n. it[q[gl4dyf muj,urNo4ko1j6muj gvd-qo
gxaog9Qk 0vC c]t dko]qCmbo.om5itdyfgrnjvzq]dewiD
lvCdj5j, muj1j6.oxtgmffP;daoD
;qC c73i]yo9Po n. dkoxqd7vC 0vC
Carolingian dynasty / ik-;
clan / ;qC8td6o n. dj5,7v[7q; mujln[g-Nvlkp,k9kd[aort[5i5ffP;daoD
ik-;qC 2ciC7ylF 9kdxu 7DlD (&! g4yC _)(D
Caste / -aho;aoot n. objC.olju -Ao;aoot 0vC7qo .oit[q[laC7q,0vC-k;
vtit1ao zh6,k8AC4yjo4ko .ovyogfaP{ ,u rik,F oadiq[F -k;ok s]n r+7hkF c]t
zh6vvdcICCko s]n -jkC / u,n muj[+c,jo7qo vkitpaoD
Catholic Reformation / dkoxt8yI6[ c73m]yd n. dkog7njvows;
.olaf8t;af mu !* muj oydkp 3i,ao c73m]yd skmkCxjPocxC grnjv8v[38h
da[dko xt8yI6[0vC ]afmy 3xc8lc8o8%D
Caudillo / 7=fy]3] n. zh6zgfafdkomtsko 0vC xtgmf ]k8yo vtg,iydaoD
centralized government / ia4[kol6odkC n. ia4[komuj veokf
9t [=iydko9t1j6mujl6odkC -bjC ia4[komhvC4yjo9t8hvCxt8y[af8k,D
Central Powers / l6odkCveokf n. .olqC7k,3]d7ACmu objCF xtgmf
g1uit,ao c]t vvlg8^aP{IaCdkiuF c]txtgmf8jkCMmujIj;,iq[da[ / jkpg0qkD
Chaldeans / 9a]fuo n. -k;gvg-aP 8kg;ao8qdlPC.8h
muj-j;p.odkome]kp vkok9ad val-uiPoD
civil war / lqC7k,rkp.oxtgmf n. dkoryrkf it;jkC d5j,dkog,nvC
classical art / ly]xt-AAogvd n. ly]xt 0vC diud c]t 3i,ao
l,ap[6IkoF -bjCgoAo 7;k,dq,dnoF gxaoit[P[F c]t7;k,lq,f5]D
clergy / oad[;f n. 7totg9Qksohkmuj xtdv[dko[=iydkomkClklok g-ajo
[kfs];CF zh6mesohkmujgxaoritF s]n vk9ko.olklok1y;D
cloning / lyjCmujln[rao9kdit[q[[+,ugrf n. dkolhkC8Qow,h s]n laf muj
4jkprao .sh7ndaoda[ 8Qow,h s]n laf muj,u1j6c]h;D
coalition government / ia4[koxtlq , n. ia4[ko muj
7;[75,-qj;7k; 3fpdj5,raomt,yf 0vC raddkog,nvCD
codex / 37gfadl% n. xbh,muj,usohk mujlk,kfgxufwfhF 7ndaoda[xB,mujmjko
de]aC vjko1j6oUD
Cold War / lqC7k,g1ao n. lt4kotdko mujgxaox=itxadmkCdkom6f
it;jkC ltstia4 c]t ltstrk[ 3-;Pf .o-5, ly[xu s]aC9kd
lqC7k,3]d7ACmu lvCD
collective bargaining / dko8+]vC 3fplj;oI;, n. dkog9it9k
it;jkC ]6d9hkC c]t okp9hkCD
108
WORLD HISTORY
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collective farm / 2ki%, I;,s,j6 n. 2ki%,.spj mujia4[ko gxaozh675,
8AC0bho3fpdkoI;,gvqk 2ki%,ohvpmaCs]kpg0QkdaoD
colony / vkokoy7q, Xg,nvC0bho ? n. fyocfomuj7;[75,3fp
a oypq, n. .og7yjCcid 0vClaf8t;afmu !_F
Conservatives / dj5,vto5]d
-k; 153ix lj;o.sp c,jor;dglf4u g9Qk0vCmujfyo c]t 05ookC mujxtlqC9t
vto5]ad xtgrou dkoxqd7vCit[q[ ik-kmyxtw8 0vC 153ixD
xtgmfmujsjkCwdD
constitutional monarchy /
Colossus of Rhodes / 373]-al vv2 3ifl% n. I6[xAomuj.spj0vC
mujveokf0vCzh6oe4nd9edaf 3fpdqfs,kpD
dkoxqd7vCit[v[dtlafrkp.8hi4a ma, ,to6o n. it[q[dkoxqd7vC
gIg]oyl8yd mujc8jdjvo 1no1j6.dh mjkgInv 3ifl%D
o n.
Columbian Exchange / 37]a,[Po gvadg-o
consul / dqCl5o n. .o lkmkitotia4 3i,aoF objC.olvCg9Qksohkmuj muj,uve
okf 4ndg]nvdc8j]txu grnjv[ao-kdko dvCma[ c]t oerkia4[koD
dko0qophkpmqj;3]d 0vC8Qow,hF lafF c]t 3i7rap mujgduf0bho itptg;]k
muj-k;153ix gvqkmt;ux vtg,iydk gxaovkokoy7q,D
containment / dko9edaf n. ot3p[kp8jkCxtgmf 0vCltstia4
8]qd c[[[+,u ly]xt c]t dkolPfluD
command economy / gl4dyf 8k,[qCdko n. it[q[gl4dyf
mujia5[ko gxaozh68aflyo djP;da[ gl4dyfm5d1jkCD
a mkCdko7hk n.
Commercial Revolution / dkoxt8y;f
oe,k .-h 3fp xtmkokmy[=fu cIiu mi6c,o .o-5,mhkpxu !_$WF -bjC ltstia4
rtpk pk,muj9tp58y dkoczjzkp0vC]afmy 7v,,6oyl 3fpdko9af8AC raomt,yf
c]t -jvpgs]nv xtgmfmujvjvocv .sh8+8hko dkoi5diko 0vC 3-;PfD
Continental System / it[q[ 7vomugoao8k] n. ot3p[kp0vC
ok3x]yvqC muj xhvCdaodko7hk0kp it;jkC vaCdyf c]t mt;ux 153ixF
95fxtlqC muj9tme]kp gl4dyf 0vCvaCdyfD
dkoczjzkp 0vCdko7hk c]t m5itdyf mujxjPocxC gl4dyf 0vC153ix it;jkC
laf8t;af mu !* c]t !(D
Corporation / ;ylkstdyf n. m5itdyf mujg9Qk0vC c,jozh64nIh5o muj,ulj;o
.o zqodewi c8j;jk[+8hvCIa[zyf-v[ .osoUlyo0vC[\iylaf 3fplj;o8q;D
common law / dqfs,kplk,ao n. dkoI;[I;,dqfs,kp
Council of Trent / dvCxt-55, 0vC mgio8% n. dkoxt-5,
muj8AC0bho9kd dqfit[P[0vCzh6ryrkdlk ik-leoad vaCdyf muj.hgxaorNo4ko0vCdqfs,kp .shxtgmf mujxkdrklk vaCdyf
s]kpxtgmf.oxaf95[aoF I;,maC ltstia4D
0vCzh6oe 3i,ao c73m]ydF Ipdxt-5, 3fp lao8txkxk rv] mu #
grnjv8aflyogiNvC7elajC lvo muj / jkpxt8yI6[ x3ic8lc8o8% ;yrkd;y9koD
5 -qoq n. .o 7v,,6oyl 9uoF 2ki%,lj;oI;, muj7qo9eo;o
commune / -5,
dtmaosaoD
coup d'état / ia4xtsko n. dkopbfveokfdkog,nvC.oxtgmf 1jkC
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
s]kp gIaf;Pd c]t vk.l1j6Ij;,daoD
Communist Party / rad 7v,,6oyl n. raddkog,nvCobjC mujxt8y[af8k,
co;7bf 0vC 7ki%] ,kdl% c]t ;u wv g]oyoS g]U,8Qoc,jo rad 3[]g-;yd 0vC
iafg-aPD
Communism / ]afmy 7v,,6oyl n. it[q[dko gl4dyf
mujm5dM;ymudko0vC dkoz]yf{mujfyoF [+cIjF 3ICCkoF dkoiq4w2F c]t
[=iylaf8jkCM{c,jo xt-k-qo gxaog9Qk0vCF 9t[+,u-a[lyolj;o8q;F c]t
lyo7hkm5d1jkC c]tdko[=iydko c,jo C[jCxaodao1jkCgmqjkmP,daoD
covenant / 0=h8qd]qC n. laopk s]n 0=h8qd]qC maClvC / jkp{3fpltgrkt
7elao pk it;jkC ritzh6gxaog9Qk da[ -k; Iu[i6 8k,muj[aombdw;h.orit7eruD
Creoles / 7iu3v]yl n. .olaC7q, vkokoy7q,0vCltgxoF -k;vkokoy7q,
mujgduf1j6 ]k8yo vtg,iydk 9kdr+c,j 7qoltgxoD
Crimean War / lqC7k, 7iu,Po n. dkoryrkfF 9kdxu !)&# g4yC
!)&*F -bjC vkok9ad 3vf38,aoF fh;p7;k,-j;pgs]nv 0vC vaCdyf c]t / iajCF
15fdko czjzkp 0vC iafg-aP .og0f mtg] feD
Concert of Europe / 7vogluf 0vC 153ix n. raomt,yf -5fobjC
.odj5, xtgmf 153ix .o laf8t;afmu !_F 7yf0bho,k 3fp g9Qk-kp 7gi,aol%
;vo c,gg8uoyd grnjvxhvCdao dkod+dko xt8y;afD
crop rotation / dkos,5o;Po0vC rn-zqo n.
a pkmkCw,8iu n. laopk1jkCgxaomkCdko{
Concordat / lqomylo
Crusade / lqC7k,lklok n. objC.odkolei;f mujoadiq[ 7iyl8Po
l,apdkC sk;ymu pbfveokf 0vCfyocfoladlyf 9kd ,5l]y,D
3fpltgrkt laopk it;jkC lao8txkxk c]t ia4[koF
djP;da[dko7;[75,;Pddko 0vC lklokD
Congress of Vienna / 7vCdgifl% vv2 ;Pook n.
dkoxt-5,maC-5f .o xu !)!${!)!&F 0tot zh6oe153ix
-vdsk-jvCmkCmuj9t9af8AC lao8yrk[ c]t 7;k,xvfrap mujpk;oko
s]aC9kddko]Q,l]kp0vC ok3x]yvqCD
Congress Party / rad 7vCdgifl% n. raddkog,nvCmujle7ao0vC-kf
.ovyogfaP{ Ipdvud;jk ia4ltrk csjC-kf 0vC vyogfaPD
it[q[dkox6d/a Crn-zqomuj c8d8jkCdao .ol;o c8j]txu grnjvIadlk
7;k,v5fq,lq,[6o 0vCfyoD
cultural diffusion / dkogzupczj ;amotma, n. dkoczjzkpco;7;k,
7bf s]n lyo7hk 9kd ;amotma, objC wxlj6 ;amotma,objCD
a ;amotma, n. dko9t]k9q] .o
Cultural Revolution / dkoxt8y;f
9uo xu !_**{!_(* oe3fp mtskocfCF 3fp,u95fxtlqC muj9t8AC
laC7q,0vC0k;ok c]t -qo-Aoda,,k-u[ mujm5d7qo9t,u7;k,lg,urk[D
culture / ;amotma, n. ;y4u-u;yf 9egrkt0vC7qoF
mujltcfCvvd9kdg7njvC,nF 0oq[ma,oP,F ly]xtF c]t 7;k,obd7yfD
Conquistadors / 7vod;yl8kf=il% n. mtsko ltgxoF oadlei;fF
c]t zh6 8k,]jk-a[lq,[af muj,ulj;o.odko ry-yf mt;ux vtg,iydk .olaf8t;af
mu !*D
cuneiform / 76go2vi%, n. it[q[dko0Po 3fp.-hg7njvCs,kp
gxaoI6[lyj;F 7bf7Qo0bho,k 3fp-k; -6g,iPo xt,ko #WWW xu djvo 7DlD
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 109
LAOTIAN
Comedy / giNvC8]qd n. ]t7vo-;osq; muj lj;os]kp9t,udkoltcfC
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cyberterrorism / ]afmy0j6.sh1hko3fp.-hh0=h,6] n. dko[5di5dmkC0=h,6]
dictator / zgfafdko n. .od5C3i, l,ap[6IkoF zh6oedkog,nvC
mujdt8h5omkCdkog,nvCD
mujwfhIa[ve okf-U0kf muj9t8Acdqfs,kp c]t[ao-kdkodvCma[
.oitptg;]kvao9edafD
iu]]yd n. vadlvo muj.-h.odko0Po
Cyrillic alphabet / vadlvo w-i
rklk l]k;ydF7bf7Qo0bho .o laf8t;af mu _ 3fp oad[5o w-iy] c]t g,3mfyvalD
czar / -kki% n. 9addtraf iafg-aP X 9kd8ecsojC -u-ki% 0vC 3i,ao ?D
direct democracy / xt-kkmyxtw8 3fpdqC n. ia4[ko mujxt-k-qo
,uveokf3fpdqC cmomuj9tzjkozh6cmoD
dissident / [+gsaorhvC n. / jkpdqCdao0hk,da[ot3p[kp s]n dkoxt8y[af
D
0vC ia4[koD
daimyo / gf,u31 n. 05ookC0vCpujx5jo mujgxaozh6[ao-kdko dvCma[ -k,6wi
c,jozh6cmo0vC ritg9Qk 1j6.oznoczjofyo c]tfajCoAo
9bjCIa[lovC8v[8+ritg9QkgmqjkoAoD
Daoism / ]afmy g8qJk n. xialpkobjC muj,urNo4ko8k,7;k,7yf0vCoad7yf
LAOTIAN
-k;9uo -nj;jk ]k;-bF zh6mujlvo;jk 7qo7;o9t4ndcotoe 3fpde]aC9addt;ko
mujIPd;jk g8qJk XmkC?D
domestication / dkooe,k]hPC.sh7h5o n.
dkooelaf,kcv[.sh75hogrnjv .sh7qooe,k.-h;PdwfhD
dominion / veokfvtmyxtw8 n. .ovkok9ad vaCdyfF xtgmfobjC Xg-ajo
D-Day / fu{gf n. ;aomu * ,y45ok !_$$ gxao,Nmuj / jkpraomt,yf g]U,96j39,
c7okfk? 4ndvto5pkf.shxqd7vC;Pddkorkp.o0vC8qogvCwfhD
153ix czjofyo.spj .o lqC7k,3]d 7ACmulvCD
domino theory / mylfu 3f,u3o n. 7;k,7yfmuj;jk
Declaration of Independence / dkoxtdkf gvdikf n.
4hkxtgmfobjC 8qdwx1j6 rkp.8hdko7;[75,0vC 7v,,6oylF
xtgmf.dh7PCd=9t8qdwx1j6dhvCveokf0vC 7v,,6oyl g-ajofP;daoD
soaCln muj[vddjk; gsfzqo muj vkokoy7q, vtg,iydao 8af0kf9kd vaCdyfF
vto5,af 3fp dvCxt-5, ia4ltrk mqj;mt;ux 7ACmulvC .oxu !((*D
Delta / xkdoE n. r6,yrkd mujgxaosovC gduf0bho9kd0U8q,mujovodQo1j6
xkdc,joED
Demilitarization / gIaf.sh[+,umtsko n. dko]qf7;k,lk,kf0vC
xtgmf muj9t8aflqC7k,F gduf0bhofh;pdko xqfmtsko vvd9kdxt9edko
c]tshk,[+.sh4nvk;5fD
Democracy / xt-kkmyxtw8 n. ia4[ko muj7;[75,3fp xt-k-qoF
3fpdqC s]n zjkozh6cmoD
democratization / gIaf.shgxaoxt-kkmyxtw8 n. ;ymu
lhkCia4[kog]nvd 8AC 3fp xt-k-qoD
;C
Department of Homeland Security / dt-;
Iadlk7;k,xvf wr 0vC[hkog,nvC n. vqCdko ia4[kodkC 0vC
ltstia4 8AC0bho.oxu @WW@ grnjv xtlkoCko rtpkpk, 8+8hko zh6d+dkoIhkp
rkp.oxtgmfD
Détente / dkozjvo7kp7;k,g0ajC8bC n. ot3p[kp ]qf7;k,g-ajC8bC
0vC lqC7k,g1ao muj ltstia4 wfhgvqk,k.-h .og;]k muj iu-ki%f oydlao gxao
xtmkok my[=fuD
developed nation / xtgmf ramok n.
xtgmfmuj,ulyjCveo;p7;k,lf;d muj9egxao leia[ dkoz]yf lyo7hk
v5flkstda, c[[maol,apD
Dorians / f=iPol% n. dj5,7qomujxkdrklk diud
mujF8k,xtgroumujln[8+dao,kF wfhphkp9kddiud czjofyo.spj
s]aC9kddko me]kp 0vC vkitptma, ,kp g-uoPoD
Dreyfus affair / giNvCdjP;da[ fikp26l n. dko38h4PC .o / iajC
.o-5,xu !)_WF ,u95fl6odkC1j6muj dkory9kitok7tfu c]tdkodad0aC
okpmtsko 1y;F ihvpgvd va]2gif dikp26lF muj4nd.ljIhkp;jk
wfh0kp7;k,]a[mkCmtsko .shcdj g1uit,aoD
a fa- vul8% vyogfaP n.
Dutch East India Company / [=iylf
[=iylaf muj 9af8AC0bho3fp -k; I=c]of% .o8Qolaf8t;afmu !( grnjvlhkC
c]t7hk0kplyo7hkmqj; gvg-aPD
dynastic cycle / ;qC9vo 0vC0af8ypt;qC n. c[[ xt;aflkf
0vC7;k, 9giuoF 7;k,g-njv,F c]tdkola[xjPo 0vC ik-;qC8jkCMD
;Cq n. -5f zh6xqd7vC muj,k9kd7v[7q;fP;D
dynasty / ik-;
E
Eastern Front / co;sohk g0fmyf8kg;aovvd n. .olqC7k,3]d
7ACmuobjCF .or6,yrkd 8k,co;-kpcfo g1uit,ao{iafg-aP lt4komuj muj iafg-aP
c]t -k; g-ui%[ 8+lh6da[ g1uit,aoF vvlg8a^PF c]t gmudD
devshirme / gf2g-uui%, n. .ovkok9ad 3v88k,aoF ot3p[kp
muj9a[gvqk]6d 0vC-k;7iyl8Po mujx]kw- wx /bdsafgxaomtsko ,5l]y,D
Edict of Nantes / xtdklyf 0vC oaC8l% n. xtdklyf .oxu !&_) muj
lqfgfafritg9Qk gIaoiu mu $ 0vC / iajC wfhlaopk8+-k; x3ic8lc8o8% ;jk
.shvk.l1j6.oxtgmf / iajC 1jkClao8yrk[ c]t lk,kf8ACgInvoleia[dkorymu
laddkit .o[kCg,nvC .oxtgmf / iajCwfhD
Diaspora / fuvkl3xik n. dkodt9afdt9kp 0vC-k;1y; 9kd[hkogduf
Emancipation Proclamation / xtdkfdkoxjvpgxaovylit n.
g,nvCovo0vCg0qk muj xkc]lw8{3fpltgrkt .oitptg;]k d;jk !F)WW xu muj
s]aC9kddkome]kp;af muj g9i6-kg]a, 3fpr;d 3i,ao .o 7DlD (WD
7elaC vvd3fp xtmkokmy[=fu ltstia4 mjko gv[ikcI, ]yo7vo .oxu
!)*#F ;jk mkl m5d7qo .og0fia4 7vog2gfugif ,ugliurk[D
emerging nation / xtgmfmujde]aC9txkdqf n. xtgmf
mujdkogIaf.shgxao v5flkstda, paC[+legiafIP[IhvpD
110
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Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
lj;o8q;D
divine right / lyfmy ,k9kdl;ao n. 7;k,7yfmuj;jk dtlaf
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émigrés / zh6mujvqrpq[wx1j6mujvnjo n. zh6mujsou9kd[hkogdufg,nvCovo0vC8qo
phvo [aoskdkog,nvCF g-ajo r;d05ookC c]t vnjoM mujsou9kd / iajC
itptdko9t]k 9q] 0vC-k;-qoot[qf .odkoxt8y;af / iajCglfD
empire / vkok9ad n. soj;pdkog,nvC mujs]kp7qo s]n s]kpxtgmf
1j6.8h veokf 0vCzh6xqd7vC zh6fP;D
enclosure / dkoxyf]hv, n. objC.omqjCmuj,uIQ;]hv, s]n IQ;8Qow,hg8AP
vhv, lhkC0bho,k 3fp g9Qk0vCmujfyo vaCdyf mujIajC,u gmyCznofyo mujc8jdjvo
,u-k;[hko wfhgIaf;Pd .ofyocxCoAoD
encomienda / vaC3d,Pofk n. dko,v[mujfyo.sh 3fp ltgxo
cdjzh6muj,k 8AC4yjo4ko .ovtg,iydkF I;,maC lyfmymuj9t.-h -k;vyogfaPcfC
gxaozh6vvdcIC Cko 1j6mujoAoD
English Civil War / lqC7k, rkp.oxtgmf 0vC vaCdyf n.
dkoryrkfF pnfgpNv c8jxu !*$@ g4yC !*$_F mujr;d loa[lo5o r6iy8ao .o
ia4ltrk wfh 8+lh6 da[zh6loa[lo5o ik-kmyxtw8 0vCvaCdyfD
enlightened despot / zh6dqf0uj mujIv[Ih6 n. objC.o ik-k 0vC 153ix
.o laf8t;af mu !) wfhIa[dkofqo[aofko.9 9kd7;k,obd7yf Ih6c9hC
grnjvdkoxqd 7vC 1jkCp58yma, c]t .sh7;k,oa[4ncdj zh6.8h[aC7a[[ao-kD
enlightenment / dko8alih6 n. .o lklokr5mF ltrk[0vCdkoI6hc9hC
3fplq,[6o -bjC 8qo 8hvCg0Qk.9 rNo4ko7;k,9yC djP;da[ 9addt;koD
Enlightenment / 7totIh6c9hC n. dkog7njvows; .o 153ix
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
.olaf8t;afmu !) mujoadxik- rtpkpk,9t.-h s]ad0vCgsfzqo c]t ;ymu
mkC;ympklkf .sh gxaox3pf8+laC7q,D
Entrepreneur / oad;ylkstdyf n. [577qozh6hobjC muj9af8ACF [=iyskoF c]t
Ia[zyf-v[ 8+dkoljPC 0vC m5itdyfD
Epics / giNvCik;csjC7;k,dhksko n. 7edvopk; [a]pkp
lg]u,l]vC 7;k,legiaf 0vCzh6dhksko -bjCgxaooymkog]qjkln[8+dao,kD
Estate / 4koaofvo n. objC.olk, -qo-Ao .o;qClaC7q,0vC / iajC
djvodko xt8y;af{ -qo-AomujobjC ,u ritS -qo-AomulvC c,jor;d05ookCS c]t
-qo-Ao mulk, c,jor;dmujgs]nv0vCrq]g,nvCD
Estates-General / -qqo-AAo muj,uveokf.odkoxqd7vC n. ltrkzh6cmo
9kdmaClk,-qo-AoF s]n -AolaC7q,F .oxtgmf / iajCD
ethnic cleansing / dkod;kf]hkC-qqo-kkf-qqogzqjk n. ot3p[kp
0vCdko xtsko c]t rbf8yda,3sfIhkpvnjoM 3fpmuj -k; g-ui%[ s;aC9tde9af
rq]g,nvC ,5l]y, 0vC [vlgoaP s]aC9kdmujxtgmf 163dl]kg;aP wfhc[jCcpdD
excommunication / dkow]jvvd9kdlklok n. dkogvqklyfmymujgxao
lt,k-yd0vC3[f 7iyl8Po vvd9kd[577qoobjCD
existentialism / ]afmydko7qC-uu[ n. xia-pk
muj,urNo4ko.o7;k,7yfmuj;jk ,to5f .sh7;k,s,kpcdj-u;yf
3fpzjkodkog]nvd c]tdkoxtrbf0vCg0qkgvCD
extraterritorial rights / dko,ulyfmy 1j6ovddqfs,kp n.
dkopqdg;Ao -k;8jkCfhk; 9kddqfs,kp 0vCxtgmfD
F
factors of production / 8q;xtdv[0vCdkoz]yf n. -arpkdvo{
I;,maC mujfyoF cICCkoF c]tgCyombo{muj9egxao.odkoz]yflyo7hk c]tdko
[=iydkoD
Factory / 3ICCko n. 8bds]aC.spj muj.-hg7njvC9ad grnjv z]yflyo7hkD
fascism / ]afmy zgfafdko n. dkog7njvows;mkCdkog,nvC mujloa[lo5o
c[[Iad-kf mujgduo0v[g0fF dkoxt8yglflyfmylj;o[577qoF dkoxqd7vCc[[
radfP; zgfafdkoD
Fatimid / 2k8y,yf n. lt,k-yd 0vC ik-;qC ,5l]y, mujln[g-Nvlkp,k9kd
]6dlk; 0vC ,6sts,af okC 2k8y,k c]tmujwfhlhkCvkok9ad .o va2iydk
gsonvF vkikg[aPF c]t -ugiaP .o laf8t;afmu !W{!@D
favorable balance of trade / 7;k,lq,f5]
0vCdko7hk mugxaomujoypq, n. lt4kotdko mkCgl4dyf
mujxtgmfobjC0kplyo7hkvvd8jkCxtgmf s]kpd;jk -N9kd8jkCxtgmfD
federal system / it[q[ ia4[kodkC n. it[q[0vCia4[ko mujveokf
wfh c[jC it;jkC ia4[kodkC c]t veokfsohkmuj0vCc8j]t ia4D
Fertile Crescent / g2uwm] 7gilg-yyom% n. fyocfox6d
/aCmujv5fq,lq,[6o gxao I6[37hC .ogvg-aP 8kg;ao8qdlPC.8hF it;jkC vjk;
gxug-aP c]t mtg] g,fugmugioPoD
Feudalism / ]afmy ladfyok n. it[q[dkog,nvC muj05ookC wfhIa[lyf
.-hmujfyo mujgxao da,,tlyf0vCdtlafF .odkoc]dxjPo grnjv7;k,l;k,yradF
dkoIa[.-h mkCmtskoF c]t dko7h5,7vCxt-k-qo mujvk.l1j6.oczjofyoD
Fief / mujfyoladfyok n. mujfyomujpqd.sh0hkik-[=iyrko 3fp05ookC-Aozh6.spj
rkp .8hit[q[ladfyok .o 153ix la,pdkCD
filial piety / 7;k,oa[4n0vC]6d,u8+r+c,j n. 7;k,oa[4nmujltcfCvvd
0vC ]6d muj,u8+ r+ c,j c]t zh6l6Cvkp5D
Final Solution / ;ymudko gfaf0kf n. 37Cdko Iyfg]u
muj0hk7qo1y;maCs,qf 1jkC,uit[q[D
Five-Year Plans / 37Cdko & xu n. 37Cdko mujIjkC3fp 39g-r
lt8k]yo .oxu !_@) grnjvdkoramok gl4dyf 0vC ltstrk[ 3-;PfD
Four Modernizations / dkogIaf4nd8hvC8k,l,ap $ 1jkC n.
95fs,kp maC-5f mujoe,k.-h 3fp zh6oe9uo g8YC lP;zyC .omhkplaf8t;afmu @WF
mujrq;raog4yC 7;k,dhk;sohk mkC dtlyda,F v5flkstda,F xhvCdaoxtgmfF
;ympklkf c]t gmad3o3]9uD
Fourteen Points / !$ 95f n. dkolgoumaC-5f muj xtmkokmy[=fu
ltstia4 ;6f3i;% ;y]lao wfhIjkCczodko0bho grnjv[ao]5 lao8yrk[ mujpk;oko
s]aC9kd lqC7k,3]d 7ACmuobjCD
Franks / 3ciC7%l n. -k; g9u,koyd muj8AC4yjo4ko1j6 c7;ho 3i,ao 0vC
3d] Xxt,ko goNvmuj c,jo / iajC7v[7vC1j6fP;oU ?c]t 9af8AC vkok9ad
muj.spj38 .oitpt l,ap dkCD
free trade / dko7hk gliu n. dko7hk0kp it;jkC xtgmf
3fp[+,u0=h9edaf mkC gl4dyf s]n g7njvCduf0;kC Xg-ajo vaf8ik rklu ?D
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 111
LAOTIAN
Lao-Gloss.WorldHistor.qxd
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French and Indian War / lqC7k, / iajC c]t vyogfaPcfC
n. dkory rkf it;jkC vaCdyf c]t / iajC grnjv 7;[75, fyocfo.o
vtg,iydkgsonvF c8jxu !(&$ g4yC !(*#D
G
Great Schism / dkoc8dcpd.spj .ooydkplklok n.
gender inequality / 7;k,[+lg,urk[mkCgrf n. 7;k,c8d8jkC
Greco-Roman culture / ;amotma, 7gi3d 3i,ao n. ;amotma,muj
it;jkC z6j-kp c]t z6jpyC 3fpvyC.lj 7;k,IajC,u c]t 4kotD
genetic engineering / ;ylt;tda, raomtlkf n. dkoxjPorao
9kdlyjC,u -u;yfvaoobjC wxvudvaoobjC grnjv9twfhz]yf lyjC,u-u;yf muj,u]adltot.s,jD
genocide / dkome]kpg-NNvrao n. dko0hk7qomaCdj5,1jkC9qC.9D
gentry / -qqo-AAol6C n. -qo-Ao0vC7qo,uveokfF ,ugCyo ,u7;k,l50leiko
LAOTIAN
Great Purge / dkod;kf]hkC 7AcpyjC.spj n. dko0qo0;kpmujsohk1hko
dq; .oltstrk[3-;Pf .o-5,xu !_#WF muj 39g-2 lt8k]yo skmkCde9af
lt,k-ydraadmaCs,qf c]t xt-k-qovnjoM muj75d7k,8+veokf0vCg0qkD
dkoc[jCcpd.o ;af 3i,ao c73m]yd .ol,apdkCF .oitptoAo 7j6c0jC0vC
lao8txkxk wfh4nd c8jC8AC0bho muj vk;upqC c]tmuj d5C3i,D
gdqjk cdj -bjC ramok 9kddkozlq, ;amotma, diudF gIg]ooyl8ydF c]t 3i,aoD
a lu0P; n. 7;k,rtpkpk,
green revolution / dkoxt8y;f
.olaf8t;afmu @W muj9tgrU, -arpkdvo vksko mqj;3]dF I;,maC
;ymudko.-hx5Jp c]t 1k0hk c,Cw,h c]tdkoramok rn-zqo mujmqo8+g-Nv3i7D
a 8 n. 7qog]qjkoymko 0vC va2iydk 8kg;ao8qd zh6objCD
griot / 7iuvv
.olaC7q,-Aol6CD
guerrilla / dvCs]vo n. lt,k-yd 0vCde]aC8+8hko muj9af8AC0bhoc[[
geocentric theory / mylfu djP;da[l6odkCrNo3]d n. .op57dkCF
s];,M mujg0Qk9j639,dvCde]aC0vClaf8i6 mujg0Qk7v[7vC[hkog,nvC0vCg0qk
1jkCdtmaosaoD
7;k, gsao;jk 3]dgxao.9dkC0vC9addt;ko mujzh6Iv[Ih6 g-njv;jk
3]dgxaolyjCmujgsoaC 8yCwx,k[+wfh c]t8AC1j6.9dkC0vC9addt;koD
geopolitics / r6,ylkfdkog,nvC n. ot3p[kpdkog,nvC8jkCxtgmf
muj,urNo 4kooedko ry9kitok 0vCrNomujp5mlkf s]n lyo7hk 9kdfyovnjoD
Ghana / dkok n. ik-vkok9adobjC.o va2iydk 8kg;ao8qd mujIajC,u0bho phvo
dko gda[rklu c]t 7;[75,dko7hk c]t wfh9af8Acvkok9ad .o laf8t;af mu _
g4yC laf8t;afmu !!D
Ghazi / dk-uu n. oadiq[ 0vC vyl]k,D
Ghettos / g0fl]a, n. g0f75h,.og,nvC muj-k;1y; .o153ix
guild / lt,k7q,vk-uu[ n. lt,k7q, 0vC 7qo.ol,apdkC
mujgIaf;Pdvk-u[ fP;daoF muj7;[75,gCyo8ik c]tik7k 0vC lt,k-ydD
guillotine / cmjo8af7= n. g7njvC8af7=7qoF .-hgxaog7njvC,nxtsko-u;yf
.oitpt dkoxt8y;af / iajCD
Gupta Empire / vkok9ad 75xt8t n. vkok9admulvC 0vCvyogfaPF
8AC0bho 3fp 9aomik 75xt8t muobjC .o 7DlD #@WD
H
4nd[aC7a[.sh1j6D
Glasnost / d]klovl%8 n. ot3p[kpobjC 0vC3-;Pf
djP;da[dkogxufdt cl7;k,7yfgliu c]t0jk;lkoF oe,k.-h .oxu
!_)& 3fp ,yc7] d=[k-Hv2D
global economy / gl4dyf mqj;3]d n. dko,uzqodtmq[-bjCdaoc]tdao
habeas corpus / s,kplkomujIPd8q;[577qo n. soaCln
mujdesoqf.shoe oad3mf,klko s]n,k8+sohkzh6ryrkdlk grnjv9twfh8aflyo;jk
oad3mf4nddad0aC 4nd8hvC8k,dqfs,kps]n[=D
Hagia Sophia / IkgdaP 3-gg2aP n. 3[f.spj 3I]u ;ylfq, .o
7volc8o8u 3ox]%F lhkC8k,7elaC0vC 9addtraf 9al8uoPo 0vC [u-aC8uoD
mkCdkogCyo djP;raoda[7qoF m5itdyfF c]t ia4[ko muj0hk,g0fcfookok-kfD
a mujl;pCk, n. dko]q[]hkCi
Glorious Revolution / dkoxt8y;f
Haiku / Ikvud5 n. dk[dvoc[[objC 0vC pujxj5oF xtdv[fh;p lk,c4;
muj,u ^F *F c]t & rtpkCD
k-[ao]aCg9Qk-u;yf vaCdyf g9,l% mulvC 3fp[+glaPg]nvfgoNv c]t zh60bho,kcmo
c,jo ;y]]P, c]t c,iuD
Hajj / Ik99% n. dkogfuomkCwxot,afltdkomuj g,dtF xt8y[af8k,sohkmuj
Glyph / I6[laopk]ad n. I6[mujgxaolaopk]ad 3fpltgrkt
co;muj.-h.oit[q[ dko0Po leia[dko7;afcdt0=h7;k, w;h.odhvosyoD
Gothic / 3dmyd adj. mujdjP;gonjvCda[ lt4kxa8ptdaa, 0vC3[f mujramok.o
,5l]y,D
;qC Iao n. ik-;qC 9uo mujxqd7vC c8jxu @W@ djvo
Han dynasty / ik-;
7DlD skxu 7DlD _ c]t xqd7vCvud c8j 7DlD @# g4yC 7DlD @@WD
Great Depression / dko8qd8+k1jkC.spjs];C n. dko8qd8+k0vC
Harappan civilization / 7;k,lu;yw] 0vC Ikiaxrao n. vud-njobjC
0vC 7;k,lu;yw] 0vCs5[g0qk vyofal mujI5jCgInvC 8k,c7,c,joE vyofalF
vkf9t 8AC c8j8vo8Qo0vCxu (WWW djvo 7DlDS ]adltotryglf c,jo
dko;kCczozaCg,nvC muj l]a[-a[-hvoD
gl4dyf1jkCI5ocIC 8yf8k,dko]Q,]t]kp0vC8]kfIh5o ltstia4 .oxu
!_@_D
Hausa / Ik;lk n. -k; va2iydao 8kg;ao8qd mujvk.l1j6.os]kpMg,nvC
153ix l,apdkCF ,u]adltot gxaoI6[37hCF xjvCvhP,dt9qdluF w,h7Emuj]vp8q;F
37hC-h5,xt86F c]tpvfcs],0vC8bdmujl6CD
Great Fear / 7;k,1hkodq;mujpyjC.spj n. 7NodkoglaP0;ao1jkC[+,ult8y
mujczjwxmqj;-qoot[qf0vC / iajC s]aC9kddko39,8u0vC [kl8y] .oxu !()_D
s]kpia4 -bjC xaf95[aoc,jo mkCgsonv 0vC wo9ugiaPD
heliocentric theory / mylfu f;Cvkmyfgxaol6odkC n. 7;k,g-njv4n
muj;jk 3]d c]tfk;rtg7ktvnjoM s,5oIv[f;CvkmyfD
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WORLD HISTORY
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Lao-Gloss.WorldHistor.qxd
1/16/2004
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Page 113
Hellenistic / 8giuoc[[diud adj. djP;da[7;k,lu;yw]F rklkF ly]xtF
;ympklkfD c]t ;aoot7tfu 0vCdiud 8ACc8j ia-dko 0vC vkg]ad-kogfu gfy
dgif 9qog4yC [Aomhkp0vClaf7t;af mulvC djvo 7DlD
Helot / mkl n. .olaC7q,0vC ltxkd8k c8j[6IkootdkoF -k;ok
mujz6d,af 1j6da[znofyoD
Hieroglyphics / vadlvo vu1yx [6Iko n. it[q[dko0Po0vC vu1yx
[6Iko -bjC I6[ 9t4nd.-hcmo 7;k,7yf c]t lPCD
Hijrah / Iu9iks% n. dkovqrpq[ 0vC ,6sts,af 9kd g,dt wx 1kmiu[
X g,fuok ?.o 7DlD *@@D
Hittites / Iuw88% n. -k;vyo3f{153ix muj8AC4yjo4ko .o vkok38g]aP
xt,ko @WWW xu djvo 7DlD
Holocaust / 3I3]7vlm% n. dkolaCskos,j6 -k;1y; c]t xt-k-qovnjoMF
3fp7elajC0vCia4[ko ok-u csjC g1uit,ao djvo c]titptlqC7k,3]d7ACmu lvCD
Holy Alliance / 3I]u vt]kpvaol% n. laooy[kf 0vCxtgmf153ix
9af8AC 0bho3fp zh6oe iafg-aPF vvlg8^aPF c]t xialg-aP s]aC9kd 7vodgil
0vC ;PookD
a lyf n. vkok9ad
Holy Roman Empire / vkok9ad 3i,ao mujld
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
muj8AC0bho .o 153ix .olaf8t;afmu !WF c8jgfu, xtdv[fhvp fyocfolj;o.spj
mujxaf95[ao c,jo g1uit,ao c]t vy8k]uD
I
Ice Age / p57 oEdhvo n. itptg;]kmujsok; -bjCczjooEdhvoczjo.spj
wfhdt 9kpvvdwx 9kdg0f0qj;3]dF vaol5fmhkp c,joxt,koxu !F*WWFWWW
djvo 7Dl g4yC xu !WFWWW djvo 7DlD
I Ching / wv 9yC n. xB, gmrpkdvo 0vC9uoF .sh7exbdlk
g,njv8vo1kdwfh 0=hcdhw0[aosk 8k,s]adma,,t c]t s]adxt8y[afD
Icon / I6[[6-k n. I6[9e]vCmkClklok muj.-h3fp-k; 7iyl8Po 8kg;ao
vvdD
Imperialism / ]afmy 9addtrafoypq, n. ot3p[kpobjCmujxtgmfmuj,uveokf
-vdsk;ymu 7;[75,xtgmfvnjo fhkodkog,nvCF gl4dyfF s]n laC7q,D
impressionism / ]afmydkoc8h,I6 [ n. dkog7njvows;.olaf8t;afmu
!_ djP;da[dkoc8h,I6[F -bjC ly]xyo ltcfCdko38h8v[8+
I6[]adltotgs,nvo9yC 3fpdkoltcfC7;k,Ih6lbdmqj;wx0vC[577qo s]n
dk]g;]kD
Indo-Europeans / vyo3f{153ixPo n. dj5,0vC7qomuj[kC7AC ,adrtgo
9voF xt,koxu !(WW djvo 7DlF g]U,vqrpq[ 9kdmujxaf95[aooUc,jo iafg-aP
rkd.8h wxlj6 mt;ux vyogfaPF 153ixF c]t gvg-aP 8kg;ao8qdlPC.8hD
Indulgence / dkozjvozao n. dkopqd3mf.sh7qorQo9kddko]qC3mf
home rule / dkoxqd7vCmhvC4yjo n. dko7;[75,;Pddkorkp.o
,v[.shrq]g,nvC 0vC r6,yrkd 3fp ia4[ko xqd7vCD
phvo[k[D
hominid / lt,k-yyd8td6]7qo n. lt,k-yd 0vCdj5, -u;t;ympk
dkorasmokv5flkstda, grnjv.-hg7njvC9ad z]yflyo7hkD
mujI;,maC7qo c]t laf -toyf mujcpd,k9kd8td6]djP;raodao mujpjkC8AC8q;-njD
a v5flkstda, n. dkoxjPoF
Industrial Revolution / dkoxt8y;f
g]U,.o vaCdyf c8j laf8t;afmu !)F 9kddkoz]yflyo7hkfh;p,n ,kgxaodkogIaf
fh;pg7njvC9adD
Homo sapiens / lafmuj]hPC]6dfh;poq , n. rao-u;t;ympk
muj,to5fl,ap.s,j laCdaf1j6D
House of Wisdom / leoad csjC7;k,Ih6 n. l6odkC7;k,Ih5
industrialization / gIaf.shgxaov5flkstda, n.
Inflation / gCyog2U n. 75o7jk0vCgCyo]qf]qCF 8yf8k,fh;p ik7klyo7hk c]t
muj8AC0bho.o c[dcff .o-5,xu )WWD
dko[=iydko crC0bhoD
Humanism / ]afmy,to5lma, n. dkog7njvows;mkClt8yxaopk
Inquisition / lko0vCritltgxo.ol,apdjvo n. lko 3i,ao c73m]yd
grnjvlv[l;o c]t fegouodko2hvCIhvC fhko7;k,zyfs]ad0vClklok 3fp
ltgrktz6hmuj ,urbf8ydko .oltgxo -5,xu !$WWD
0vCitpt dko2No26 ly]xt ;ympk .omt;ux 153ix mujzh6Iv[I6h lbdlk
;aoot7tfu[6Iko c]t 95fI;,.lj0ufcsjC7;k,lk,kf
c]t7;k,legiaf0vC,to5fD
Institution / l4k[ao n. c[[czomuj,u,kc8jfqooko 0vC vaCdko .o
Hundred Days / Ihvp,N n. itptg;]kvaolAo .oxu !)!& g,njv
xt-k7q,objCD
ok3x]yvqC wfhIa[veokf7ACl5fmhkpF wfh0a[w]j g9Qk-u;yf / iajC c]t0bhogxao
9addtraf 0vC / iajC vudD
dko n. g9Qksohkmuj0vCia4[ko / iajC
intendant / zh6d;fik-d
mujc8jC8AC3fp ritik-k grnjvgda[rklu c]t fegouodkofhkop58yma,D
Hundred Years' War / lqC7k, Ihvpxu n. dkoryrkf muj vaCdyf c]t
/ iajC wfh8+lh6daogmyCfyo / iajC gxaoitpt itpt oa[c8jxu !##( g4yCxu !$&#D
International Space Station / lt4kou vk;tdkf okok-kkf n.
hunter-gatherer / ]jklaf{gda[rn- n. lt,k-yd 0vCdj5,mujrtgo9vo
-bjC lt[Pcvksko0vCg0qk c,jo0bhooedko]jklaf c]t gda[rn-zqo
gxaovkskoD
dkoIj;, xtlkoCko v5x4a, 3fp ltstia4F iafg-aPF c]t vud !$ xtgmf grnjv
9af8AC c]t Iadlk shvCmqf]vCmuj.-hwfh8]vf grnjvdkomqf]vCmkC;ympklkf
.ovk;tdkfD
Internet / vyogmuco8 n. dkoxtlkoCko 7v,ry;g8u mujvto5pkf.sh7qo
Hyksos / Ikp3dl n. d5j,0vC-k;rtgo9vo muj[5di5d 9kd gvg-aP
mqj;3]d wfhc]dxjPo 0=h,6] c]t 8yf8+-bjCdaoc]tdaoD
8kg;ao8qd lPC.8h mujxqd7vC vu1yx 9kdxu !*$W g4yC !&(W djvo 7DlD
Intifada / vyomy2kfk n. dko0qo0;kp0vC xkc]l8uoPo da[dko 0af0no
0vCrq]g,nvC 8+dkopbf7vC /ajC8kg;ao8qd c]t dk-k l8iux 0vC vylikcv]F
-bjCln[8+wx9qoIvf-5,xu !__WD
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 113
LAOTIAN
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Irish Republican Army (IRA) / mtsko0vC wviyl
iur[a iydoa Xwv vki% gv ? n. dvCma[csjC-kf muj[+gxaomkCdko
mujlc;Cskgvdikf.shcdj vkpc]of% 9kdxtgmf vaCdyfD
kamikaze / dkolh6iq[c[[lt]t-uu[0vCpujxj5o n.
iron curtain / zhkdAC gs]ad n. .oitptlqC7k,g1aoF
.olqC7k,3]d 7ACmulvCF dkolt]t-u;yf 0vCoad[yopujxj6o mujwfh4nd
/bdlvo.sh4]qj,gInviq[0vC / jkpraomt ,yf
3fpdkogvqkgInv[yomuj,uitg[ufg8a, g0Qk-qogInvr;doUD
g0fcfo mujcpd xtgmf7v,,6oyl 0vC153ix 8kg;aovvd
9kdxtgmflj;o.spjmujgxaoxtgmfgliu 0vC 153ix 8kg;ao8qdD
Iroquois / vy3idq; n. dj5,-qogzqjkvyogfaPcfC mujxkdrklk7hkp7ndaoF
vk.l1j6 /ajC8kg;aovvd 0vCr6,yrkd dgif g]d 0vCmt;ux vtg,iydk gsonvF
c]t lhkCraomt,yf .omhkp-5,xu !&WWD
karma / da, n. .olklok Iyof6 c]t lklokr5mF dkoI;,maCs,qf0vC
dko dtmefu c]t -qj; muj7qoobjCwfhgIafF g-njv;jk9tdesoqf
3-d-t8k0vCg0qk.o-kf sohkD
vkitg[aP .o laf8t;afmu (D
Khmer Empire / vkok9ad 0v, n. vkok9adobjC .ogvg-aP 8kg;aovvd
lPC.8hF l6odkCc,jo xaf95[aooUIPd;jk xtgmf0g,oF wfhg4yC95fl5fpvf0vC
veokf .oxt,koxu 7DlD!@WWD
Isolationism / ]afmydko1j63fffjP; n.
Khmer Rouge / 0g,ocfC n. d5j,dt[qf 7v,,6oyl
ot3p[kpmujs]uddkorq;raofhko dkog,nvC s]n dkomtsko da[xtgmfvnjoD
mujpbfveokf.o0g,o xu 7DlD !_(&D
Israel / vylikcv] n. ik-vkok9ad mujxqd7vCfh;pg9Qk-u;yf0vC-k;1y;
muj 8h5,]5,dao.o xkc]lw8F c8jxu !W@W g4yCxu _@@ djvo 7DlDS 8+,kF
mkCgsonvl5f 0vCik-vkok9ad lvCcsjC 0vC-k;1y;S xaf95[aoF xtgmf1y;
wfh8AC0bho.o xkc]lw8 .oxu !_$)D
knight / val;yo n. .o153ix l,apdkCF oadiq[,uvk;5flh6iq[3fp0uj,hkD
Islam / vyl]k, n. lklok mujg-njv.oritzh6gxaog9QkvqCfP; muj8AC0bho.o
LAOTIAN
Kaiser / w7g-uu n. 9addtraf g1uit,ao X 9kd7e3i,ao 8ecsojC-u-ki% ?D
J
o n. lklokmuj7Qorq[.o vyogfaP .olaf8t;afmu *
Jainism / lklokg-o
djvo 7DlDF -bjClt,k-ydg-njv;jk m5dlyjC.o9addt;ko ,u;yopko fajCoAo
9bjC[+7;o9t mevao8ikp8+r;dg0qkD
iu n. lt,k-yd0vCzh6fu-Aol6C 0vCdvCma[mtsko
janissary / c9oylc-i
;qC 37iyv5 n. ik-;qC mujxqd7vCgdqks]u c8jxu
Koryu dynasty / ik-;
7DlD #& g4yC !#_@D
Kristallnacht / 7iyl8v]oadm% n. <7nomujdt9qdc8d< { 7no0vC;aomu _
rbl9ydk !_#)F 7nomujmtsko,hkok-u [5dgInvo-k;1y;F m5itdyfF c]t 3[f
0vClklok 1y; mqj;g1uit,aoD
Kuomintang / 3dt,yo8aC n. rad9uo7tot-kfF 8AC0bho
s]aC9kddkos]qj, l]kp 0vCik-;qC -yC .oxu !_!@D
Kush / 75f-%% n. ik-vkok9ad o6[Po .ol,apdjvo mujxqd7vC vu1yx it;jkC
xu @WWW g4yCxu !WWW djvo 7DlD
.o vkok9ad 3v38,aoD
jazz / fqo8iu c9l n. fqo8iu vtg,iydaoc[[objC mujoypq, .olaf8t;afmu @W
ramok 0bho,k 3fpoadfqo8iu va2iydao vtg,iydaoD
L
Jesuits / lt,k-yydoydkpobjC0vC3i,ai c73m]yd n.
laissez faire / c]lg- c2i% n. 7;k,7bfmuj;jk ia4[ko
lt,k-yd0vClaC7q,0vC ritgp-6F lklok 3i,ao c73m]yd 8AC0bho3fp
vydok8yval csjC 3]31]kD
[+7;o9twxsph5CdjP; s]n vvddqfit[P[ djP;da[ v5flkstda, c]t m5itdyfD
"jewel in the crown" / "grafrvp.o,qCd5f" n. vkokoy7q, vyogfaP
3fpc[jC mujfyozno.spj c]t gvqk2ki%,ohvpgs]qjkoU.sh-k;okD
0vC vaCdyfF IPd1jkCoU grkt 7;k,le7ao0vCvyogfaP 8+ vkok9ad vaCdyfF maC
gxaozh6lqjClt[PC 0vC;af45fy[ c]t maCgxao8]kf .shlyo7hk0vCvaCdyfD
La Reforma / ]k iu2=,k n. dkog7njvows; xt8yI6[ c[[d;hkC0;kC
.o c,ad-y3d laf8t;af mu !_F oe3fp g[ou38 Iq;giD
a I;,Ih5o n. m5itdyf mujzh6]qCmbo
joint-stock company / [=iylf
oegvqk-a[ lq,[af,kIj;,dao grnjvzqox3pffP;daoF c]tc[jCxaodewiD
Judah / 96fk n. ik-vkok9ad 0vC1y; .o xkc]lw8F 8AC0bho xt,ko xu
_@@ djvo 7DlD
Justinian Code / s]adgdo 9almuoPo n. xt,;]dqfit[P[rq]g,nvC
3i,ao I;[I;, c]t 9af0bho3fp 7elajC 9kd 9addtraf 9almuoPo csjC d5C
w[c-o8yo xt,ko xu 7DlD &#$D
K
Kabuki / dk[6du n. [qf]t7voc[[objC0vCpujxj5o muj.-hfqo8iuF dkog8Ao]eF
c]t ]t7vow[h grnjvg]qjkgiNvCD
114
WORLD HISTORY
land reform / dkoxt8yI6[mujfyo n. dkoc9d1kpfyogIaf2ki%,
mko n. dkoc8jC8AC
lay investiture / dkoc8jC8AC 3fpritik-m
g9Qksohk muj mkClklok 3fpg9Qk-u;yf s]n 05ookC-Aozh6.spjD
League of Nations / xtgmf laooy[kf n. lt,k7q, okok-kf
muj8AC0bho s]aClqC7k,3]d 7AcmuobjC ,u95fxtlqC grnjv Iadlklao8yrk[
it;jkCxtgmfD
lebensraum / g]g[ol3i, n. <lt4komujfeiqC-u[< g0fcfogrU,g8u,F
8k, vkfav2 Iygg]uF g1uit,ao 8hvCdko grkt7;k,cvvafD
Legalism / ]afmydko4ndqfs,kpgduolq,7;o n. xia-pk
dkog,nvC0vC 9uo muj,urNo4ko 8k,7;k,gsao muj;jk ia4[ko ,uxtlyfmyrk[l6C
c]t ,uveokf c,jo d5oc9 0vC it[P[.olaC7q,D
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Lao-Gloss.WorldHistor.qxd
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Page 115
Legion / dvCmtsko 3i,ao n. soj;pmtsko 0vCdvCma[ 3i,ao l,ap
[6IkoF ,umtskopjkC xt,ko &FWWW 7qo c]t mtsko,hkdj5,objCD
Mandate of Heaven / dkowfhveokf9kdl;ao n. .ox;aflkf9uoF
a paf n. ltrk
Legislative Assembly / dkoxt-55, ltrkoy8y[o
d-tt8kmuj-fa g9o n. 7;k,7yfF
manifest destiny / 3-d
mujgxaomujoypq,0vC xt-k-qovtg,iydao .odkC laf8t;afmu !_F muj;jkc,jolyf
c]tsohkmuj0vC ltstiaf muj9txqd7vC mt;u[ vtg,iydk gsonv c8j ,tskl,5f
cvafc]o8yd sk ,tskl,5f cx-y2ydD
7vCdgil / iajC muj,uveokf vvddqfs,kp c]t vto5,af dkoxtdkflqC7k,F
9af8AC0bho 3fp ia4ma,,to6o xu !(_!D
Legitimacy / 4nd8hvC8k,dqfs,kp n. lyfmy8k,8td6] 0vC ritik-k
dkovto5,af,k9kdl;ao mujg-njv;jk c,jorNo4ko0vCveokfik-;qCD
muj9txqd7vCD
manor / [hkos]aC.spj n. mujfyo0vC05ookC it[q[ ladfyok .o153ixD
Liberals / gliuoypq, n. .o8Qolaf8t;af mu !_F -k;153ix
Maori / gzqjkg,qkiu n. lt,k-yd-qo-kf 3r]uoug-aP muj8AC4yjo4ko.o
lj;o.spj c,jozh6oe mkCm5itdyf itfa[-qo-AodkC c]t r+7hk
muj1kdgvqkveokfmkCdkog,nvC 8nj,.sh ltrkzh6cmoD
oy;-uc]of% xt,ko xu 7DlD )WWD
N lkp n. dj5,7qo muj,u-u;yfF 8kpF c]t [+gduf{mujln[lkp,k9kd
lineage / g-Nv
[aort[5i5f zh6fP;daoD
gl4dyf cdjxtgmf .o153ix grnjv-j;pg0qk.odkolhkClk.s,j s]aClqC7k,3]d
7ACmulvCD
loess / fyogs]nvC n. fyomujv5fq,lq,[6o muj4nd]q,raf,kdvCw;hD
martial law / dqf wvptdkoglyd n. dqf[aC7a[-qj;7k; 0vCmtsko
Long March / dkogfuomkCmujpk;oko n. dkogfuomkC *FWWW w,]%
8+ xt-k dvo rq]gInvoF lj;os]kp oe.-h.oit;jkC lqc7k, s]n
7;k,[+lCq[0vC rq]g,nvCD
mujgduf 0bho.oxu !_#${!_#& 3fp-k;7v,,6oyl 9uo mujsou9kd
dvCde]aC9uo7tot -kf 0vC 9PC g9aPt-uD
mass culture / ;amotma, dj5,.spj n. dkoz]yfCkoly]xt c]tdko.sh
lord / 05ookC-AAozh6.spj n. .o153ix ]afmyladfyokF [577qomuj7;[75,mujfyo
c]t lk,kfgvqkmujfyo.sh[=iy;kowfhD
a n. lt,k-yd ;af x3ic8lc8o8%
Lutheran / ]6gmyio
9af8AC0bho8k,7elvo 0vC ,k8yo ]6gmuD
lycée / ]ug- n. 3ICIPo lkmkitot mujfegouodko3fp ia4[ko .o / iajCD
Marshall Plan / czo ,k-== n. 37Cdko0vC ltstia4 grnjvlqCg7kt
7;k,[aogmuC vvdc[[ grnjv gxaomujfbCf6f zh6-q,}zh62aC dj5,.spjD
materialism / ;af45oypq, n. dko8uik7kl6C 8+;af45 lyjC0vC mujwfh,k
7v[7vCD
matriarchal / grfpyCgxaosq;sohk7v[7q; adj. djP;da[it[q[laC7q, muj
c,jgxaosq;sohk7v[7q;D
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
matrilineal / 8k,mkCc,j adj. djP;da[it[q[laC7q, mujdkoln[mvf
M
Macedonia / ,kg-uu3fgoaP n. ik-vkok9ad .ol,ap[6Iko 1j6gsonv 0vC
diudF zh6xqd7vC c,jo 2u]yx mulvC mujwfhry-yf diud .oxu ##) djvo 7DlD
Maghrib / c,7iu[ n. r6,yrkd .orkd8kg;ao8qd 0vC va2iydk gsonvF
muj,ug0fc7, mtg] g,fugmugioPo -bjCl,apxaf95[ao c,jo ,=iavd3dF m6oug-aPF
c]t va]g9giaPD
7v[ 7q; c]tlyfmyryoa[da, desoqf8k,8td6]mkCc,jD
a n. vkok9adcid.ovyogfaPF
Mauryan Empire / vkok9ad g,qkiu1o
8AC 0bho3fp 9aomik75xt8t g,qkiy1k .oxu #@! Djvo 7DlD
May Fourth Movement / dkog7njvows;0vC;aomu $ rblrk n.
dko xtmh;C mqj;xtgmf .o 9uo xu !_!_F -bjC xt-k-qo xtmh;CgiNvC laopk
c;d-kp c]t dkoc-dc-C0vC8jkCxtgmfD
u n. -qogzqjk gvg-aP 8kg;ao8qdlPC.8h muj-j;pme]kp vkok9ad
Medes / ,ufl
Magna Carta / c,adok 7kmt n. <.[laopkmujpyjC.spj< gvdlkoxtdao
vk-uiPoD
lyfmyrNo4kodkog,nvC .o vaCdyfF 0Po0bho,k 3fp dj5,05ookC c]t vto5,af
3fp 7yC 9vo .oxu !@!&D
Meiji era / p57 g,9y n. itptg;]k .ox;aflkfpujxj5o c8jxu !)*( g4yC
Mahabharata / ,tskrkit8t n. 37Cdvo,tskdk[vaopyjC.spj0vC
vyogfaPF g]qjkg4yCdko8+lh60vC-k; vkit1ao 0totmujphkpwxmkC.8hlj6 vyogfaPD
Mein Kampf / ,kp c7,2% n. < dkofYo]qo0vC0hkrtg9Qk<
Mahayana / ,tskpko n. oydkpobjC 0vClklok r5m
mujveo;pdko-j;p gs]nv;yopko .shrQo9kd vt[kp,5d cdjm5d7qo
c]t pv,Ia[dkoladdkit 9kdx;C-qoD
Maize / s,kdlk]u n. rn--toyfg,af mujx6dc]h;gda[djP;g,afvvd,kgxao
I;C.spj{lj;os]kp IPd;jk s,kdlk]u .oltstia4D
Mali / ,k]u n. vkok9ad va2iydk 8kg;ao8qd muj9giuoI5jCgInvC c8jxu !@#& sk
-5,xu !$WW c]t wfhIa[7;k,IajC,u 9kddko7hk0kpD
Manchus / c,o96 n. 7qoF 7qorNog,nvC0vC c,o96giaPF
mujxqd7vCxtgmf9uo .oit;jkC ik-;qC -yC X !*$$--!_!@ ?D
!_!@F mujxtgmf1j6rkp.8hdkoxqd7vC 0vC 9addtraf ,a8-6Iu38tD
soaClnmuj0Po3fp vtfav2 Iyfg]u .o0totmuj4nd0aC1j6.o75d xu !_@#{!_@$F -bjC
g0qkwfh[a]pkp 7;k,g-njv0vCg0qk c]t 95fxtlqCmujg0qk,u8+ g1uit,aoD
Mercantilism / 7;k,gxaor+7hk n. ot3p[kp gl4dyf
-bjCxtgmfmaCs]kp sk;ymu 0pkp7;k,IajC,u c]t veokf
3fpdv[3dpgvqk 7e c]t gCyo 9eo;o ,kd c]t3fpdko0kplyo7hkvvd
s]kpd;jk-Nlyo7hkg0QkD
Mercenary / mtskoIa[9hkC n. mtsko mujIa[9hkC8uglyd.shdvCma[
8jkCxtgmfD
Meroë / g,u3i n. l6odkC 0vCik-;qC d5- c8jxt,koxu @&W sk !&W xu
djvo 7DlDS ,u-njlPCfh;pdko xtfyfvk;5fgs]ad c]tg7njvC,nD
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 115
LAOTIAN
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Mesoamerica / c7;ho g,3lvtg,iydk n. g0fcfo mujd;,8ACc8jrkd
dkC 0vC c,ad-y3d wxsk Ivof6ikl%F mujlaC7q,gdqjkcdj c]t -a[-hvo
s]kplaC7q, .o mt;ux vtg,iydk wfhramok ,k9kdcsjCoUD
Mestizo / g,l8y3- n. ]6d-vfzlq, ltgxo c]t g-Nvlkp vyogfaPcfCD
Middle Ages / p57dkC n. p57.ox;aflkf 153ix s]aCdkos]Q,l]kp
0vC vkok9ad 3i,aoF 9kdxt,koxu &WW g4yC !&WW{IPdvud;jkp57 g,fu;k]D
middle class / -qqo-AAodkC n. -Ao0vClaC7q, muj,urtoadCkomuj-eokoF
oad;y-k-u[F oadm5itdyfF c]t -k;l;omujIajC,uD
middle passage / sh;CdkogfuomkC8vodkC n. dkogfuomkC
mujoegvqk 7qo va2iydk muj4nd9a[,k c;l8% vyoful%F c]t 8+,k wx
vtg,iydkgsonv c]t .8hF grnjv9twx0kpgxaomkl{IpdfajCoU grkt4n;jk
c,jo-j;CdkC0vCglAomkC dko7hk lk,s]jP,D
migration / dkovqrpq[ n. dkophkp9kd[jvoobjC
LAOTIAN
wx8AC4yjo4kovud[jvoobjCD
Mujahideen / ,69kIufuo n. .o va2dkoyl4koF oadiq[ladlyf
mujIj;,d5j,dao 8+lh6ia4[komujloa[lo5o 3fp3-;Pf .omhkp-5,xu !_(WD
Mulattos / ,6]8a 38 n. ]6d-vf 153ix c]t g-Nvlkp va2iydaoD
Mummification / Iadlklq[[+.shgsoqjkgxnjvp n. ;ymudkofvC
c]t8kdlq[ .shcshC grnjvxhvCdao[+.shgsoqjkD
Munich Conference / dkoxt-55, muj ,6poyd n. dkoxt-5, .oxu
!_#) 0vC zh6cmo9kd vaCdyfF / iajCF vy8k]u c]t g1aPit,aoF -bjC vaCdyf c]t
/ ia j C 8qd ]qC .sh ok-u g1uit,ao pbfgvqklj;oobjC0vC g-ad3dl3];kgdaP
gxaodko8v[cmo muj Iyfg]u pv,g-aolaopk oa[4ng0fcfo.s,j0vC
g-ad3dl3];kgdaPD
Muslim / ,5l]y, n. zh6oa[4n lklok vyl]k,D
Muslim League / laooy[kf ,5l]y, n. vqCdko9af8ACobjC muj8AC0bho .oxu
!_W* grnjvxqdxadIadlk zq]x3pf 0vC ,5l]y, .ovyogfaPF 8+,k wfhlgou
.shvyogfaP c[jCg0fvvdgxaoxtgmf ,5l]y, c]t xtgmf Iyof6D
militarism / ]afmymtsko n. ot3p[kp mujlaoitgluoveokfmtsko c]t
dko8P,mtsko.shrhv,lg,u 8+dkomelqC7k,D
Mutapa / ,68kxk adj. djP;da[ vkok9ad va2iydk rkd.8h 8AC0bho 3fp
;qC ,yC n. ik-;qC 9uo mujxqd7vC.oxu !#*) g4yC
Ming dynasty / ik-;
!*$$D
Mycenaeans / ,kpg-uuoPo n. dj5,7qo vyo3f{153ix muj8AC4yjo4ko.o
diud czjofyo.spj xt,koxu @WWW djvo 7DlD
Minoans / ,u3ovaol% n. dj5,7qo mujmjvCmjP;wx8k,mhvCmtg] c]t
Myths / gm[oypkp n. oymko 8k,xtgrou mujdjP;da[gmrg9Qk8jkCMF [aort
medko 7hk -bjC vk.l1j6gdkt dgi8 9kdxu xt,ko @WWW g4yC !$WW djvo 7DlD
[5i5fF s]n zh6dhkskoF g]qqjk,k grnjv vtmy[kp ma,-kf0vC3]d s]n 0oq[ma,oP,
c]t 7;k,g-njv4n 0vC laC7q,D
Mississippian / ,y-y-y[xPo adj. djP;da[ ;amotma, g,qk[y;gfu
mujI5jCgInvC .omt;ux vtg,iydkgsonv it;jkC xu )WW c]t xu !&WWD
Mita / ,u8k n. .ovkok9ad vyo7kF dko[aC7a[.shm5d7qo muj,u7;k,lk,kf
8hvCgiaf;Pd.shia4 9eo;o9ad,N8+xuD
Moche / 3,- n. 7;k,lu;yw] .og0f mujxaf95[aooUc,jog0f mtg]fhkogsonv
0vC gxi6 8ACc8jxu 7DlD !WW g4yC (WWD
Monarchy / ik-kkmyxtw8 n. ia4[ko mujveokf1j6.ode,n0vC7qo zh6fP;D
monastery / ;af n. dj5,-5,-qozh6-kp .olklok XIPd;jk rit?zh6mujwfhglaP
,6388k .o 7iyl8% laf8t;af mu !&D
N
Napoleonic Code / s]adgdo 0vC ok3x]yvqC n.
it[q[dqfs,kpmujd;hkC 0;kC c]t lvf7jvCdao c8jC0bho3fp ok3x]yvqC
leia[ / iajCD
National Assembly / ltrkcsjC-kkf n. ltrk 7vCdgif 0vC /
iajC muj 9af8AC0bho3fp zh6cmo 0vC gmuf cvlg8f .o;aomu !( ,y45ok !()_ grnjv
vvd dqfs,kp c]t fafcxC .ook,xt-k-qo / iajCD
lt]t lq,[af0vCg0qk grnjv g0Qklj6-u;yf[egraolyo c]t rk;tokD
monopoly / gvdlyf n. dko7;[75,dkoz]yfmaCs,qf0vCdj5,objC c]t
Nationalism / ]afmy-kfoypq, n. 7;k,g-njv4n muj;jk rq]g,nvC 7;o9t
9esojkp lyo7hk[kC1jkCD
9qCIadradfu 8+xtgmf0vC8qogxao.spj s,kpg4yCF rq]g,nvC muj,u;amotma, c]t
x;aflkffP;dao{cmomuj9tc,jo 8+g9Qk-u;yf s]n vkok9adD
monotheism / ]afmy ritg9QkvqCfP; n. dkog-njv.oritg9QkvqCfP;D
nation-state / g,nvC{ia4 n. soj;pgvdikf mkCdkog,nvC mujvyC.lj r6,y
Monroe Doctrine / s]ad ,vo3i n. ot3p[kp0vC ltstia4
djP;da[ dko8+8hko dkosph5CdjP;m5d1jkC 0vC-k; 153ix .o ]k8yo
vtg,iydkF xtdkf 3fp xtmkokmy[=fu g9,l% ,vo3i .oxu !)@#D
Monsoon / ,=itl5, n. ]q,mujxjPomyfmkC.o[kCg;]k .oc8j]txuD
Mosque / l5gs]qjk n. lt4komuj grnjvladdkit[6-k0vC vyl]k,D
movable type / 38ry, mujphkpwfh n. c,jry, gs]ad s]n w,hF c8j]tvao
,u38 soaCln 38fP;F mujlk,kf 9af]PC grnjvmuj9t9afsohk leia[ry,D
Mughal / ,6dk] n. objC.o-k;rtgo9vo muj16j[+gxao[jvo muj[5di5dmt;ux
vyogfaP .olaf8t;afmu !* c]t 9af8AC vkok9aad mujg0A,c0C1j6csjCoAoD
116
WORLD HISTORY
lkf gxaos]ad 0vC7qomuj,u ;amotma, c]t gvd]ad fP;daoD
NATO / ok38 n. vqCdko lqomylaopk 0vC cvafc]o8yd gsonvF raomt,yf
8hkodkoi5diko mkCmtsko 8AC0bho .oxu !_$_ 3fp !W xtgmf .o 153ix
8kg;ao8qdF ltstia4F c]t c7okfkD
Nazca / okldk n. ;amotma,mujI5jCgInvC .og0fmuj xaf95[aooU IPd;jk c7,
mt g] mkC.8h 0vC gxi6 c8jxt,koxu @WW djvo 7DlD g4yCxu 7DlD *WWD
Nazism / ]afmy ok-uu n. ot3p[kp zgfafdko 0vC rad laC7q,oypq,
csjC-kf 0vC7qoCko g1uit,aoF 8AC1j6[qorNo4ko iafmy I;[I;,veokfF
g-njv4n.ogzqjkrao mujgsonvd;jkF c]t ia4 7;[75, v5flkstda,D
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
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Negritude movement / dkog7njvows; godiu86f n.
Olmec / 3v]g,7 n. 7;k,lu;yw] mujIh6;jk c8jcid0vC g,3-vtg,iydaoF muj
dkog7njvows; muj 7qoxkdrklk / iajC -kf va2iydk c]t vyofPo 8kg;ao8qd
XvyogfaPcfC?l]vC ,=itfqd 0vC ;amotma, va2iydk mujfACgfu, c]t ,u75o7jk.
9giuo I5jCgInvC xt,koxu !@WW djvo 7DlDF c]t ,uvyfmyrqo8+laC7q, 8+,k 8]vf
g0foAoD
neoclassical / lt4kxa8ptda,c[[.s,j adj. djP;da[]adltotmujCjkpF
Open Door Policy / ot3p[kp 3vgxyo f= n. ot3p[kpF lgou3fp
ltstia4 .oxu !)__F -bjCxtgmf m5dMxtgmf 9twfh,u3vdkfgmqjkmP,dao .o
dko7hk0kpda[9uoD
a 0afg7njvC,nsyo n. p57djvox;aflkf
Neolithic Age / l,apmuj ,to5fIh69d
muj g]U,c8j xt,ko )WWW xu djvo 7DlD c]t.o[kCg0f lYol5f]qC.o8Qoxu #WWW
djvo 7DlDF0tot mujzh67qoIPoIh6;ymu 0afg7njvC,nsyoF gIafs,=hfyoF x6drn-F c]t
]hPClaf{IPd;jk l,apsyo.s,jD
a l,apsyo.s,j n. dkoxjPocxC
Neolithic Revolution / dkoxt8y;f
muj le7ao.o-u;yf0vC,to5f gduf9kddkog]U,8Qo 0vCdkox6d / aC]hPC
laf{s,kp 7;k,;jkF dkoxjPocxC0vC7qo 9kddkodv[3dpvksko
,kgxaodkoz]yf vkskoD
New Deal / 0=h8qd]qC .s,j n. 37CdkoxjPocxC fhkogl4dyf 0vC
xttmkok my[=fu ltstia4 2ciC7]yo i6lc;]8% vvdc[[grnjvcdh[aosk
muj,k9kdgl4dyf muj 8qd8+k 7AC.spjD
vkok9ad.s,j n. itptg;]k.ox;aflkfvu1yx
New Kingdom / ik-v
c8j [6Ikootdko muj8yf8k,dko37jo]Q,0vCzj6oe Iud3-l%F c8jxt,koxu !&(W
g4yC xu !W(& djvo 7DlD
nirvana / oyrrko n. .olklokr5mF dkorQo9kd7;k,g9a[ c]t
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
m=it,ko s]aC9kd [ao]5dko 8alih6D
Nok / oHvd n. -k;va2iydk mujvk.l16j 0bjCxaf95[aooUc,jo wo9ugiaP it;jkC xu
&WW djvo 7DlD g4yC xu 7DlD @WWD
Nomad / z6hmjvCmjP; n. lt,k-yd0vCdj5,muj[+,u[hkogxaomuj1j64k;voF mjvC
mjP; 9kd[jvoobjCwxvud[jvoobjC grnjvlc;Cskvksko c]t oED
a pk [+i5dikodao n. laopk
nonaggression pact / lqomylo
mujxtgmf8qd ]qC;jk 9t[+i5diko-bjCdaoc]tdaoD
nonaligned nations / xtgmfmuj[+g0QkIj;, / jkp.f n.
xtgmfgvdikf muj7qC7;k,gxaodkC .odko8+lh6 lqC7k,g1ao it;jkC ltstia4
c]t ltstrk[ 3-;PfD
a g[ud n. it[P[dko
Nuremberg Trials / dkory9kitok7tfu o6i,
ry9k itok 0vClkomAC-5f muj,u0bhomuj o6ia,g[udF g1uit,aoF s]aClqC7k,3]d
7ACmulvCF -bjCzh6oe ok-u 4ndry9kitok fhkodkoi5dikoF me]kp
dqfit[P[0vClqC7k,F c]t7;k,zyfmkCvkpk 8+ ,to5f-kfD
O
Obsidian / syor6g0qkw2 n. syomujc0CF 7ncdh;F .-h3fp7qol,apgdqjkcdj
grnjvgIafvk;5fcs],D
Old Regime / it[q[dkoxqd7vCc[[gdqjk n. it[q[dkog,nvC c]t
laC7q, muj.-h1j6.o / iajC djvodkoxt8y;af / iajCD
Oligarchy / 7tokmyxtw8 n. ia4[ko mujveokf1j6.o,n0vC7qosohvp7qo{
3fpltgrkt dkoxqd7vC vyC.lj7;k,IajC,uD
Opium War / lqC7k,1k / yjo n. dkoryrkf it;jkC vaCdyf c]t 9uoF
8ACc8j xu !)#_ g4yC !)$@F giNvCdko7hk / yjo0vC vACdyf .oxtgmf 9uoD
oracle bone / dtf6d gmrpkdvo n. objC.odtf6d0vClaf s]n vvCg8qjk
muj.-h 3fprit9uo l,ap[6Iko .odko8yf8+da[ gmrg9QkD
Oslo Peace Accords / dkog9it9k lao8yrk[ muj 3vl3] n.
laopk .o xu !__# muj okpqdia4,qo8iu vylikcv] ik[yo vto5pkf.sh
xkc]lw8 wfhxqd7vC 8qogvC .og0f dk-k c]t /ajCoE 8kg;ao8qdD
o n. -AogmyC0vCvkdkf 0vC3]dF
ozone layer / -AAo 3v3-o
mujxhvCdaolyjC muj,u-u;yf 9kdclCiaClu lu,j;CD
LAOTIAN
c[[ IP[IhvpX8k,c[[7;k,7yf c]tcdjolko9kfdiud c]t3i,?
mujc,jo]adltot ryglf0vCly]xt .o153ix .omhkp-5,xu !(WWD
P
Pacific Rim / cx-yy2yd iy, n. mujfyomujvhv,,tskl,5f cx-y2ydF
3fpltgrkt fyo.og0f gvg-aPD
Paleolithic Age / l,ap syo n. -j;Cg;]kdjvoxt;aflkf mujd;,c8jxu
@F&WWFWWW g4yC )WWW xu djvo 7DlDF 0totmuj,to5f gIafg7njvC,n c]t
vk;5fsyo{Ipdvud;jk l,apsyogdqjkD
Panama Canal / 7vCoE xkok,k n. mkCoE muj7qolhkC0bho
g-njv,3pC8yf 8+da[ ,tskl,5f cvafc]o8yd c]t cx-y2ydF lhkCmuj xkok,k
3fp ltstia4 c]tgxuf.-h .oxu !_!$D
Papyrus / g9AP0PosoaCln-oyfobjC n. 8Qov=hl6C
mujgduf1j6c4;xkdc,joE0vC c,joEwo]F muj-k; vu1ux l,apdjvo
gvqk,k.-hgxao7ng9AP0PosoaClnD
parliament / ia4ltrk n. lt4komuj mujzh6cmovvddqfs,kpleia[xtgmfD
partition / lj;o n. dkoc[jCgxaolj;oF g-ajo.oxu !_$( cpdvkokoy7q,
vyogfaP 0vCvaCdyf vvdgxaolvCxtgmf gxao vyogfaP c]t xkdult4koD
pastoralist / 7qo]hPClafgxaovk-uu[ n. lt,k-yddj5,7qomjvCmjP; muj]hPC
laf[hkoD
paternalism / ;ymuxqd7vCc[[r+ n. ot3p[kpdkoxt8y[af8+7qo
.o[aC7a[ [ao-k 7ndaoda[]6dF 9afsklyjCmujg0qk0kfc7o
c8j[+.shlyfgliurk[cdjr;dg0qkD
patriarch / sq;sohkrit n. vk9ko.spj .olk0k8kg;aovvd 0vC
7iyl8%lklokD
a ]6d adj. djP;da[ it[q[laC7q, mujr+ gxaosq;sohk
patriarchal / c[[r+d[
7v[7q;D
patrician / g9Qkokpzh6l6Clad n. .od5C3i, l,ap[6IkoF
lt,k-yd0vC-qo-Ao glf4uF ,uveokfgxao7qo-Aol6CD
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patrilineal / 8k,mkCr+ adj. djP;da[ it[q[lAc7q, mujdkoln[g-Nvlkp
7v[7q; c]t lyfmkCryoapda, 3fpoemkCg-Nvr+D
Pilgrims / zh6lc;C[5o n. dj5,7qoF muj.oxu !*@WF 9af8AC vkokoy7q,
r]u,6fm% muj ,k-k96c-fl% grnjvsoudkoxtsafxtskomkClklok .o vaCdyfD
patron / zj6v5x4a, n. [577qomuj.shdkoloa[lo5ovh5,-6 ly]xyoF
3fpltgrktfhko dkogCyoD
Plebeian / lk,ao-qqo n. .od5C3i, l,ap[6IkoF objC.o-k;l;oma,,tfkF
Pax Mongolica / lao8yrk[ ,qC3d]ydk n. <lao8yrk[ ,qC3d]<
itptg;]k 9kd-5,dkCxu !#WW g,njv ,qC3d] desoqf .sh,u7;k,s,Ao7qC
c]tdqfs,kp c]t 7;k,IP[Ihvpmqj; 153ix c]t gvg-aP I;,daoD
plebiscite / dko]qC7tcoolPC0vCxt-kk-qqo n. dko]qC7tcoolPC
3fpdqC muj7qo.oxtgmf ,u3vdkf ltcfC7;k,r=.9 s]n [+r=.9 8+0=hlgouD
Pax Romana / lao8yrk[ 3i,kok n. itptg;]k lao8yrk[ c]t
9af8AC 0vCia4gvdikf leia[-k; xkc]l8uoPo .o8kg;aovvddkCD
7;k, 9giuo mqj; vkok9ad 3i,aoF c8jxu @( djvo 7DlD g4yC 7DlD !)WD
-jkCsaf4tda,F c]t r+7hk mujxtdv[gxaoxt-kdvo lj;o.spjD
PLO / ru cv] 3v n.vqCdko xqfxjvp xkc]lw8{ vqCdkomujv5myf.shcdjdko
Peace of Augsburg / lao8yrk[ vvlg[ud n. laopk.oxu !&&&
polis / g,nvC{ia4 0vCdiud n. soj;pdkog,nvCrNo4ko 0vC diud
l,ap[6Iko s]aC9kdxu (&W djvo 7DlD
mujvvd ,k;jk lklok 0vCc8j]tia4 .og1uit,ao
9t4nd8aflyo3fpzh6oe0vCg0qkgvCD
Politburo / dq,dkog,nvC n. da,,tdko xqd7vC 0vCrad7v,,6oyl .o
ltstrk[ 3-;PfD
LAOTIAN
$#! g4yCxu $W$ djvo 7DlDF muj gvgmo c]t raomt,yf0vCg0qk wfh4ndry-yf 3fp
lxkd8k c]t raomt,yfD
political dissent / dko[+gsaorhv,mkCdkog,nvC n.
dko,u7;k,gsao c8d8jkCdao .o[aoskdkog,nvCD
penal colony / 3mfvkpk vkokoy7q, n. fyocfomujoad3mf4ndlqjcwx
polytheism / ]afmy ritg9Qks]kpvqC n.
cmomuj9t4nd0aC75dD
dkog-njv4n.oritg9Qks]kpvqCD
peninsulares / groyo-66]ki%l n. lqC7q, vkokoy7q, ltgxoF -k;vkok
pope / lao8txkxk n. ritlaC7tik- 0vC3i,F sq;sohk 0vClklok
oy7q, mujgduf.o ltgxoD
3i,aoc73m]ydD
Peninsular War / lqC7k, grouo-66]ki% n. dkoryrkfF c8jxu !)W) g4yC
xu !)!#F mujoad9t]k9q] ltgxo fh;p7;k,-j;pgs]n 9kd dvCma[vaCdyfF
0a[w]j mtsko / iajC vvd9kd ltgxoD
djP;da[dko lhkC3]dD
Perestroika / gxgil8q^;dk n. dkofafcxC gl4dyfc[[.s,j0vC
3-;Pf grnjvloa[lo5odko8aflyo[aosk1j6mhvC4yjoF g]U,3fp ,yc7] d=[k-av2
.oxu !_)&D
Persian Gulf War / lqC7k, vjk; gxug-aP n. dkolh6iq[.oxu !__! muj
dvCma[ ltstxt-k-kf wfhw--tot dvCma[ vuiad mujwfh[5di5d 76g;f
c]t0qj,06j 9ti5diko -kv5fu vkikg[aPD
Persian Wars / lqC7k, gxug-aP n. -5flqC7k, .o laf8t;afmu & djvo
7DlD muj g,nvC{ia4 0vC diud 8+lh6da[ vkok9ad gxug-aPD
Popol Vuh / 3r3r] ;6 n. xbh,muj[ao95giNvCoymko0vC ,k1ao
popular culture / ;amotma,mugxaomujoypq , n. lj;o8jkCM0vC
;amotma,{ dy]kF fqo8iuF -ygo,kF g7njvCo5jCF c]tvnjoM{
mujltcfCvvd-bjCg[NvCs]aC muj7ndao 0vCdj5,
c]tdkoxjPocxC0vC7;k,lqo.9D
potlatch / rvfc]8-%% n. rymudkol]vC .-hleia[ grnjvv;f-Ao c]t7;k,
IajC,u 0vCgzqjkvyogfaPcfC g0fc7,mtg] 8kg;ao8qdlPCgsonvD
d-kk8k n. s]addkomuj;jk
Predestination / desoqf3-d
ritzh6gxaog9Qk wf h dtdko]j;Csohkw;djvos,qfc]h;F I;,maC;jk
zh6.f9twfh4ndoewx.shrQo[k[ -qj;dk]okoD
mujlhkC.sh gsaowfh-af;jk,u # ,y8y gmyCczjocxD
[ucmiPo n. lt,k-yd0vCoydkp x3ic8lc8o8%
Presbyterian / rgi-[
xqd7vC3fp rgil[ugmui Xzh6l6Cvkp5? c]t 9af8AC8k,7elvo0vC 9vo oavd-D
Phalanx / co;mtsko n. dko9af8AcmtskopjkC muj4nvk;5f gxaosvd
PRI / ru vki% wv n. rad lt4k[ao xt8y;af 0vC c,ad-y3d {
c]t 3]h[aCD
raddkog,nvCmujle 7ao 0vC c,ad-y3dD
pharaoh / 2k3i n. g9Qk-u;yf vu1yx l,ap[6IkoF oa[4ngxaogmrg9Qk maCgxao
Proletariat / lk,ao-qqo n. .omylfu ,ki%d-yl8%F dj5,da,,tdvo 9t
zh6oemkCdkog,nvC c]t zh6oemkCmtskoD
37jo]Q, 9addtraf csjCiafg-aP c]t 9tdeveokfxqd7vC iafg-aPD
v2 n. objC.odj5, oad7yf0vClaC7q, .o / iajC
philosophe / 2u3]-v
Proliferation / dkogzupczj n. dkog8u[38 c]t czjzkp{3fpltgrkt
dkogzupczj0vC vk;5foy;7g]aP 8+xtgmf mujxaf95[aooUpaC[+,uD
a lj;o n. gmadoyd ly]xt
Perspective / gmadoyddko0Po.shwfhlf
.oit;jkC g;]k dkoIv[Ih6D
philosophers / oadxia-pk n. oad7yf muj.-hgsfzqo c]t lt8y
grnjvln[lk; djP;da[ 9addt;koF laC7q,,to5fF c]t ly]ma,D
;og-nnjv n. 0=h,6] s]n v5xdvo
Propaganda / dko37ltok-;
Phoenicians / 2you-Pol% n. 7qogInv mujmjvCmjP;wx8k,mtg] .o gvg-aP
Protestant / x3ic8lc8o8% n. lt,k-yd0vC;af 7iyl8Po
8kg;ao8qd lPC.8h muj xt,koxu !!WW djvo 7DlD g]U, gIafdko7hk c]t 9af8AC
vkokoy7q, mqj;fyocfo g0f g,fugmugioPoD
muj8AC1j6[qorNo 4ko s]addko 0vC dkoxt8yI6[D
118
WORLD HISTORY
dt9kpvvd grnjv]5dsohk s]n d+.shgduf7;k,glaPskpcdj / jkpdqCdao0hk,D
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Peloponnesian War / lqC7k, gx3]xvoou-Po n. lqC7k, c8jxu
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provisional government / ia4[ko-qqj;7k; n. ia4[ko-qj;7k;D
realism / ]adltotgs,nvo9yC n. dkog7njvows;mkCly]xt .olaf8t;af
psychology / 9y8;ympk;D
mu !_F mujoad0Po c]t oadc8h, lc;Csk dkoltcfC-u;yf 8k,ltrk[gxao9yC
cmomuj9tc,jo -u;yfmuj7;o9tgxaoD
psychology / 9y8;ympk n. . dkolbdlkdjP;da[9y8 c]t
pueblos / s,6j[hkovyogfaPcfC n. s,j6[hkomuj,u8bd 7n vtrkfg,ao gIaffh;p
realpolitik / iy;r=]u8yd n. < ;y-k dkog,nvC 8k,7;k,gxao9yC< {
dkoxt 8y[af ;y-kdkog,nvC fh;pveokfI5ocIC
3fp[+,u[jvoleia[v5fq,dkoD
fyo soP; c]t dhvosyoF lhkC3fpgzqjk vkok-k-y c]t 8+,k c,jo-k;
vtg,iydao 8kg;ao8qd lPC.8hD
recession / gl4dyf8qd8+k n. dko-hk]qC0vCgl4dyf.oxtgmfD
7;k,xtrbf0vC ,to5fD
Punic Wars / lqC7k, r6oyd n. lqC7k, # 7AC it;jkC 3i, c]t 7kgm9
Xxu @*${!$* djvo 7DlD?S ,uzq] 7n 7kgm9 4ndme]kp c]t 3i, ,uveokf
gsonv g0f 8kg;ao8qd 0vC g,fygmugioPoD
Reconquista / iu7vo7;yl8k n. 7;k,rtpkpk,0vCzh6oe 7iyl8Po
muj9t0a[w]j ,5l]y, vvd9kd ltgxoF c8j-5,xu !!WW 9qog4yC xu !$_@D
a n. dj5,7qo mujlc;Csk gliurk[
Puritans / r6iy8o
8AC0bho3fp-k; soj5, 9uo .oxu !_** .odkoltcfC8v[8+dkoIPdIhvC0vC
g,qkg9u85C grnjvdko xt8y;aflaC7q,c]t ;amotma,D
sou9kddkoxtsafxtsko mkClklok .ovaCdyf 3fp9af8AC vkokoy7q,
.ovjk; ,k-k96c-8l% .o8vo8Qo -5,xu !*WWD
push-pull factors / dkoph5{fbC n. ltrk[dkomujfbC7qowxg0fvnjo
Xd=itoufbC? s]n gIaf.sh7qosou9kd[hkogdufg,nvCovo c]t vqrpq[wxg0fvnjo
Xd=itou ph6?D
pyramid / ruit,yf n. lyjCd+lhkCmuj.spjcsohosok ,u4ko lujs]jP,pk;
c]t gxaolk,s]jP,maClujfhkoF 7nlyjCmujlhkC.o vu1yx gxaomuj /aClq[0vC
ik-vkok9ad gdqjk 2k3iD
Q
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
;qC 0yo n. ik-;qC 0vC9uo muj1j6wfh[+fqo muj,kcmo
Qin dynasty / ik-;
ik-;qC 39 .o laf8t;afmu # djvo 7DlD
;qC 0yC n. ik-;qCmujl5fmhkp 0vC9uoF mujxqd7vC
Qing dynasty / ik-;
c8jxu !*$$ g4yC !_!@D
Quetzalcoatl / gdaf-kk]378]% n. < C6 muj,u0qoc[[oqd < gmrg9Qk
0vC-k; 38]g8adl% c]t rq]g,nvC g,3lvtg,iydao vnjoMD
Quipu / dux6 n. dko9afg-nvd.shgxao0vfF .-h3fp-k; vyo7k
grnjv[aombd0=h,6] gxao38g]dD
Qur'an / d5s]jko n. 7erumujladlyf 0vC vyl]k,D
R
Red Guards / mtskocfC n. soj;pmtsko vklkl,ad
Reformation / dkoxt8yI6[ n. dkog7njvows; .o laf8t;af mu !*
leia[ Dkoxt8yI6[ lklokF oe,k-bjCdko 9af8AC ;af7iyl8Po .s,j
muj[+pv,Ia[ veokf [aC7a[ 0vC lao8txkxkD
Refugee / zh6]Uwr n. 7qomujsou9kd[hkog,nvC mujphkpwx[jvo.s,j grnjvskmuj
xvfwrD
Reign of Terror / dkoxqd7vCmujsohk1hko n. -j;Cg;]kF c8jdkCxu
!(_# g4yC dkCxu !(_$F g,njv c,ad-u,u]Po 3ic[lxucvi% xqd7vC / iajC
gdnv[gxao zgfafdko c]t xt-k-qo oa[ raoM7qo 4ndxtsko-u;yfD
Reincarnation / dkogduf.s,j n. .o lklok Iyof6 c]t
lklok r5mF co; mkCmuj;yopko 9tgduf.s,jg]NvpMwx
9qod;jk,ao9twfhIa[7;k,g0Qk.9mujfurhv,D
religious toleration / dkopv,mqomkClklok n. 7;k,Ia[Ih6
;jk7qo,u lyf muj9t,u7;k,g-njv4n mkClklok c8d8jkC9kdzh6vnjoD
Renaissance / p572No26 n. itptg;]k.oxt;aflkf153ixF 9kdxt,ko
xu !#WW g4yCxu !*WWF 0totmuj7qo da[7no,k.sh7;k,lqo.9 ;amotma,-Aogvd
gIaf .sh,udkoxjPocxC .ofhkoly]xt1jkC.spjs];CF maCfhkoIPoIh6 c]t
malot 0vC3]dD
Republic / lkmkitot n. I6[c[[ia4[ko mujveokf1j6.o,n0vCzh6cmo
c]tzh6oemuj4ndg]nvd8AC 3fp iklfvoD
Restoration / dkolhkC7no.s,j n.
itptg;]k0vCdkodkoxqd7vC0vC -k]l% mu @ 1j6 vaCdyfF
s]aC9kddkos]Q,l]kp0vCia4[ko v=]ug;u 73i,c;]l%D
Racism / ]afmyg-NNv-kkf n. 7;k,g-njv;jk g-Nv-kfobjC l6Cd;jk-kfvnjoMD
reunification / dkoI;,8q;.s,j n.
radicals / r;dsq;I5ocIC n. .og7yjCcid 0vClaf8t;af mu !_F
dkoI;,gvqklyjCmujc8dcpddao,kg0QkdaovudF g-ajo
dkoI;,g1uit,ao8kg;aovvd da[ g1uit,ao 8kg;ao8qd .oxu !__WD
-k;153ix mju loa[lo5odkoxjPocxCc[[I5ocIC grnjv0pkp xt-kmyxtw8
wxskm5d7qoD
romanticism / c[[3ic,o8yd n. .o[Ao8Qo 0vC laf8t;afmu !_
radioactivity / rk;tda,,ao8trk[iaClu n. c[[r]aCCkomuj4ndxjvp
7No2vC ly]xt c]t 7;k,obd7yfF mujgoAog4yC7;k,Ih6lbd c]t ma,,t-kf
cmomuj9tc,jo gsfzqo c]t laC7q,D
g,njv xtit,ko6 glnjv,]qCD
Raj / ik9 n. g0f0vCvyogfaP mujvACdyf7;[75, .oxu !(&({!_$(D
Rationing / dkoxaolj;o n. dko9edaf9eo;olyo7hk muj7qo9t-Nwfh{
lj;o s]kp c,jo gvqk,k.-h3fp ia4[ko .oitpt lqC7k,F g,njvlyo7hk,usohvpD
Roosevelt Corollary / i6lc;]m% 373ic]iu n. dko8nj,.ljs]ad
,vo3i .oxu !_W$ 0vC xtmkokmy[=fu gm3vf= i6lc;]m%F -bjCxtdkf;jk
ltstia4 ,ulyf muj9t.-h <veokf 8ei;f< 8]vfg0f-ud3]d fhko8kg;ao8qdD
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 119
LAOTIAN
Lao-Gloss.WorldHistor.qxd
Lao-Gloss.WorldHistor.qxd
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Rowlatt Acts / dqfs,kp 3i;%c]8 n. dqfs,kp mujvto5,af .oxu !_!_
scientific method / ;ymu mkC;ympklkf n. co;mkC 8k,s]ad
muj vto5pkf.sh ia4[kovaCdyf .o vyogfaP 9a[0aCr;dmujxtmh;C vaCdyf
3fp[+8hvC 0bholko wfhg4yC @ xuD
;ympk lkf grnjvgvqk0=h,6] djP;da[ 3]dma,,t-kfF -bjC dkomqf]vC
c]tdkolaCgdf 9t.-hw;h grnjv ryl6f 0=hlq,,5fD
leoad n. 4oqoglAoobjC.o vkok9ad gxug-aPF
Royal Road / 4oqo ik-l
a fhko;ympklkf n.
Scientific Revolution / dkoxt8y;f
pk;d;jk !F*WW w,] goajC9kd -6-k .o gxug-aP wx -kdful .o vkok38g]aPD
dkoxjPocxC mujpyjC.spj .o7;k,7yf-k;153ixF g]U,c8jdkC-5,xu !&WWF
-bjCdkolbdlk0vC 3]dma,,t-kf g]U,9t,u ]adltot
wxmkCdkolaCgdf1jkCitvPf c]t dko lv[4k,
djP;da[7;k,g-njvmujg7uppv,Ia[dao3fpmqj;wxD
Russification / ial-uu2ug7-ao n. co;mkCmuj9tpaf1Pf ;amotma,
iafg-aP .shcdjdj5,-qogzqjk8jkCM .o vkok9ad iafg-aPD
Russo-Japanese War / lqC7k, iafg-aP{pujxj5o
n. .oxu !_W${!_W& Dko8+lh6it;jkC iafg-aP c]t pujxj5oF
gduf9kd7;k,rtpkpk,0vCmaClvCxtgmf muj9tpbf7vC
c,o96giaP c]t gdqks]uD
scorched-earth policy / ot3p[kp me]kpm5d1jkC n.
dko.-h;ymu gzqk rn-zq] c]t0hklaf]hPC .oitpt lqC7k, grnjv.sh laf8i6
[+lk,kfvk.l1j6.o fyo c4[oAowfhD
S
Sacrament / rymu.olklok7iyl8% n. objC.orymu 0vC 7iyl8Po
raomt,yfD
mujgvqk7;k, dti5ok0vCritg9Qk czjzkpwx.sh7qoD
secular / .omkC3]d adj. sj;Cc8jmkC3]d cmomuj9tmkC9yf.9D
Safavid / -kk2k;uf n. lt,k-yd 0vCik-;qC -y vk ,5l]y,
segregation / cpd38vvd n. dkoc[jCcpdmkCdqfs,kp s]n laC7q,
mujlhkCvkok9ad 0bho .o gxug-aP .o laf8t;af mu !* g4yC !)D
Sahel / -kkcIo n. r6,yrkd .o va2iydk g]kt8k,-kpcfomkC.8h 0vC
-kIkikD
secede / cpdvvd v. dko4vo1jkCgxaomkCdko 9kdlt,k7q, s]n
0vC7qo 9kds]kpg-Nv-kfD
self-determination / dko8aflyo.9fh;p8qogvC n. gliurk[0vC7qo
muj9t8aflyo;jk ia4[ko c[[.f mujg0qkxik4ok9t1j6oeD
salon / dko-55,o5, grnjvlaClao n. dkolaClao 0vC laC7q, xaopk-qo c]t
ly]xyoF g-ajor;dmujgIaf1j68k,gInvo0vCglf4uou .od5C xkiul c]t 8k,g,nvC
8jkM .o153ix .o-j;Cg;]kdkoIh6c9hCD
]95dl% n. dj5, gmudyl mujphkp,k8AC4yjo4ko1j6 vkok9ad
Seljuks / g-]
v]m% n. laopk p5m;ymu dko9edaf vk;5f{ xt-5,maC-5f .o-5,xu
SALT / -v
senate / ltrkl6C n. .od5C 3i, l,ap[6IkoF
!_(WF mujzh6oe0vC ltstia4 c]t ltstrk[3-;Pf 8qd]qC muj9t9edaf dko
ltlq, vk;5f oy;7g]aP xtgmf0vCg0qkD
Salt March / dkogfuoxtmh;C gdnv n. dkoxtmh;C1jkClao8y 8+dqfs,kp
gdnv .oxu !_#W .o vyogfaP -bjC 3,Iaofkl 7aomu oerk zh6mujloa[lo5o pjkCwxlj6
mtg] itptmkC @$W w,]F otmujoAo d=wfhrkdaogIafgdnv
9kdoEmtg]muj]tgsupc]h;D
Samurai / -kk,6wi n. objC.o oadiq[vk-u[ mujIa[.-h 05ookCpujxj5o .o]afmy
ladfyokD
a 8l% n. .odkoxt8y;af / iajCF
sans-culottes / -kkol%{d6]v
d5j,sq;I5ocIC muj,u r;dgIafdko-k;xkiu-Po c]tg9Qk0vCIhko7hkohvp
muj1kd,ulPC .oia4[ko s]kp0bhoF 1kd.shik7klyo7hk8+k]qCF c]t
p58ydko0kfg0uovkskoD
vt[klyf .o laf8t;af mu !W c]t9af8AC vkok9ad0vCg0qkgvC .o laf8t;af mu
!!D
ltrkxqd7vCmuj,uveokfl6Cl5fF g]U,8Qo c,jo,uc8j -qo-Aol6CD
sepoy / mtskoc0dvyogfaP n. mtsko vyogfaP Ia[.-h
rkp.8h[aC7a[[ao-k 0vC vaCdyfD
Sepoy Mutiny / mtskoc0dd+dko0[qf n.
dkod+dko0[qf0vCmtsko c0dvyogfaP .oxu !)&( 0vCmtsko
Iyof6 c]t ,5l]y, 8+ vaCdyf .o vyogfaPD
Serf / 0hkczjofyo n. -k;-qoot[qf .ol,apdkC mujz6d,af1jkCgxaomkCdko
muj9t 8hvC1j6da[znoczjofyo 0vC05ookCD
Seven Years' War / lqC7k,g9afxu n. dko8+lh6 .o153ixF vtg,iydk
gsonvF c]t vyogfaPF c8jxu !(&* g4yC !(*#F mujde]aC 0vC vaCdyf c]t
xiafg-aP 8+lh6da[de]aC vvlg8a^PF / iajCF iafg-aPF c]t xtgmfvnjoMD
satrap / -kk8cix n. g9Qkg,nvC .osq;g,nvC 0vCvkok9ad gxug-aPD
shah / dtlafvyiko n. dtlafmujln[8+,k9kd[aort[5i5f0vC vyikoD
j Ik[ n. mqjCIk[muj,usphkD
savanna / mqC
shari'a / -kkiu vk n. 8q;dqfs,kpmujxqd7vC-u;yf0vC ,5l]y,D
Schlieffen Plan / 37Cdko l]y2g2o n. 37Cdkomtsko0vCg1uit,ao
Shi'a / -uu vk n. lk0k 0vC vyl]k, mujlt,k-ydIa[Ih6 vk]u c]tzh6ln[ltd5o
0vCg0qk ;jkc,jozh6ln[8ecsojC 1jkC4nd8hvC0vC ,6sts,afD
8vog]U,8Qo 0vClqC7k,3]d 7ACmuobjCF 8k,37Cdko mtskog1uit,ao 9tgvqk
-tot / iajC c]h;phkpwx mkC8kg;aovvd grnjvwx8u iafg-aPD
scholastics / zh67qCcdjIPo n. oad;y-kdko mujg8Qk3I, c]t lvo1j6
,tsk;ympk]ap .o153ix l,apdkCD
120
WORLD HISTORY
y 38 n. lklok rNog,nvC 0vCpujxj5oD
Shinto / -yo
Shiva / ritly;t n. gmrg9QkvqCobjC 0vC Iyof6 muj4n;jk gxaozh6me]kp3]dD
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
LAOTIAN
scribe / oad[aombd n. objC.or;d9qf[aombdvk-u[ .ol,aplu;yw]
c8jg]U,8QoD
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"shock therapy" / dkoIadlk3fp;ymugIaf.shltfh5C n.
a -kkf n. dj5,;amotma,
stateless societies / laC7q,wIhlo
37Cdkogl4dyf mujoe,k.-h.o iafg-aP 3fp [=iyl cp]-yo .o-5,xu !__WF
muj.-hdkoxjPocxC 1jkC dtmaosao 9kdgl4dyfveokf7;[75, ,kgxao gl4dyf
8]kfgliuD
mujveokfc,joc[jC xaodao8k,g-Nvlkpmju,uveokfgmqjkdao
cmomuj9tc,joxtdv[3fp ia4[kodkCD
do5 n. it[q[ladfyok .opujxj5oF zh6[ao-kdkomtskol6Cl5f muj
shogun / 3-d
xqd7vC .ook, 0vC 9addtraf pujxj5oD
y s% n. lt,k-yd0vCd5j,lklok muj[+I5ocIC mujg-njv.o [aopafxtlq,
Sikh / -yd
0vC lklokr5mF Iyof6 c]t ]afmy-62uD
Silk Roads / glAomkCzhkws, n. it[q[4oqoleia[
0[;opkorkstot.o l,apdjvo mujzjko gvg-aPdkCF -bjC
r+7hkwfh0qolqjczhkws, c]t lyo7hkvnjoMD
simony / -yy3,ou n. dko-N s]n 0kp8ecsojC .o;af 7iyl8PoD
skepticism / 7;k,lqC.l n. xia-pk muj8AcrNo4kow;h .o7;k,7bfmuj;jk
strike / 15fCkoxtmh;C v. dko[+pv,gIaf;Pd grnjv0qj,06jokp9hkC .sh8v[
lovC 8k,7;k,IpdIhvC[kC1jkCD
stupa / mkf n. lyjCmujlhkC0bhofh;psyo gxao3ood;, ritmkfXdtf6d? mujlad
lyf 0vClklokr5mD
subcontinent / mt;uxohvp n. czjofyomuj.spj -bjC9afgxaolj;oryglf0vC
mt;uxD
Suez Canal / 7vC -55gvf n. mkCoE muj7qogIafF gxuf.-h.oxu !)*_F
8+mtg]cfC ,k.lj mtg] g,fugmugioPoD
[+,u spaCmuj9tIh6wfh1jkCcojovoD
Suffrage / lyfvvdlPC n. lafmy.odko]qC7tcoolPCD
slash-and-burn farming / dkogIafwIj n. ;ymugIaf2ki%, 3fp7qo9t
6 u n. 7qo ,5l]y, mujlc;Csk mkC[ao]5 dkola,zafda[ritzh6gxaog9Qk
Sufi / -62
3fpmkC ]bd]a[D
4kd4kCmujfyo 3fpdko8af c]t gzqk 8Qow,h c]tsphkF 0Ugmqjk0vC,ao-bjC.-hw;h
gxaox6Jp.ljfyoD
sultan / l5]8k] n. < g9Qkgsonvsq;< s]n <zh6,uveokf<F 7e.-hcmo-nj0vC
Slavs / l]k2l% n. 7qomuj,k9kdxjkmkCgsonv 0vC mtg]feF
zh6xqd7vC 3vf38,ao .oitptdkoz5f0bho0vC vkok9ad 3vf38,aoD
gxao[aort[5i5f 0vC-kfs]kpM-kf 0vC153ix 8kg;aovvd .oxaf95[aoD
5 ot n. c[[1jkCdkofeiqC-u;yf c[[ vyl]k,F ,urNo4ko1j68k,
Sunna / -5o
-u;yf c]t7elajClvo0vC ,6Ia,s,afD
social contract / laopk laC7q, n. 0=h8qd]qC muj7qodesoqf c]t
9edaflyfmy lj;o[577qoF fajCoAo 9bjClhkC 9af8AC laC7q, s]n ia4[koD
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
steppes / mqjC.spj n. mqjCmujcshC c]t,usphk75,D
Social Darwinism / laC7q, ]afmy fki%;yo n. dko.-h7;k,7yf0vC
-k] fki%;yo djP;da[ ;y;amokdko c]tdko1j6]vf0vC7;k,gs,ktlq,
,k.ljlaC7q, ,to5f 3fpltgrkt gxaodko.shgsfzqo.odkoczjveokf0vC
9addtrafD
socialism / ]afmylCa 7q,oypq , n. it[q[gl4dyf muj8q;xtdv[dkoz]yf
c,jo gxaog9Qk0vCIj;,dao c]t fegouowx grnjv7;k,zkl500vCm5dM7qoD
]yfkiu8u n. ltstraocICCko 0vC 3r]yl it;jkC -5,xu
Solidarity / 3-]
!_)W mujwfhdkp,kgxaoveokfvaole7ao 0vCdko8+8hko 8+dkoxqd7vC
7v,,6oyl .o 3xc]of%D
vCIkp n. vkok9ad va2iydao 8kg;ao8qd mujry-yf ,k]u c]t
Songhai / -v
7;[75,dko7hk c8j-5,xu !$WW skxu !&_!D
5 ou n. objC.olk0k vyl]k, mujlt,k-ydIa[Ih6 zh6ln[8ecsojC0vC
Sunni / -5o
,6Ia,s,af $ 7qocid ;jkgxaozh6ln[ mvfmuj4nd8hvCD
Surrealism / ]afmygsonv7;k,gxao9yC n. dkog7njvows; mkCly]xt .o
laf8t;afmu @W mujgoAodkomeCko0vC7;k,Ih6lbdrkp.o0vC,to5fD
sustainable growth / dko7E95o.shg8u[38 n.
dkoramokmkCgl4dyf mujgs,ktda[7;k,8hvCdko0vC7qo c]t
IadlklyjCc;f]hv, c]tx1af -arpk dvo w;h.sh7qo]h5os]aCD
Swahili / l;kIu]u n. rklk [ao86 mujwfhIa[vyfmyrqo 9kdrklk vkik[yd muj
.-h.odkoxkdg;Qk 1jkCd;hkC0;kC .o 8kg;aovvd c]t .9dkC va2iydkD
T
;Pf n. objC.o 7totda,,tdkoltrkzh6cmomhvC4yjo 8AC0bho .o
Soviet / 3-;
iafg-aP s]aC9kd -ki% oy3d]al mu @ s,qfveokfD
Taiping Rebellion / dko9]k9q] wmxyC n. dko9]k9q]
a n.
Spanish-American War / lqC7k, ltgxo{vtg,iydo
Taj Mahal / ma- ,kIko n. l5lko mujl;pCk, .o vt7ikF xtgmf
vyogfaPF lhkC3fp 9addtraf ,adIko -ks% 9kIko grnjv ,tgslu ,5,8a- ,kIkoD
dko8+lh6.oxu !)_) it;jkC ltstia4 c]t ltgxoF -bjCltstia4
wfhloa[lo5odko8+lh60vC-k; 7y;[k grnjvgvdikfD
eokogxaoryglf n. dkoramok
Specialization / ,u7;k,-e
7;k,-eoko .o;Pddkovao.fvaoobjCF g-ajo 7hk0kp s]n [aombd0=h,6]D
sphere of influence / ;qCvyfmyrqo n. r6,yrkd 8jkCxtgmf
mujxtgmfobjC ,uveokfd;,dko7hk c]t dy9da, gl4dyfvnjoMD
standard of living / -uu;yfdkogxao1j6c[[,k84ko n.
75ootrk[0vC -u;yf 0vC7qo s]n rq]g,nvCF vyC8k,lyo7hkF dko[=iydkoF
c]t 0vC25,g2nvp muj[577qo s]n rq]g,nvC9tskwfhD
.odkClaf8t ;af mu !_ 8+ik-;qC -yC .o 9uoF oe3fpIqC -y;d;oD
a n. dj5,vyl]k, 9kIufoypq, mujwfh75,veokf
Taliban / mk]y[o
va2dkoyl4ko s]aC9kd ltstrk[3-;Pf 4vode]aCmtskoS
4nddvCde]aCmtsko ltstia4 0a[w]jvvd9kdveokf .ogfnvo mao;k @WW!F
grktdko.shmujradryC cdjzh6muj4nd lqC.l;jk gxaozh6d+dkoIhkpD
Tamil / mt,y] n. rklk0vCmkC.8h 0vC vyogfaPS vud1jkCF
7qomujxkdrklkoUD
Technology / ;ympkdkol,ap.s,j n. ;ymumuj7qo.-h7;k,Ih6F g7njvC,nF
c]t 0vCmujxtfyf0bho,k grnjvlovC7;k,8hvCdko0vC,to5fD
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 121
LAOTIAN
Lao-Gloss.WorldHistor.qxd
Lao-Gloss.WorldHistor.qxd
1/16/2004
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Page 122
Tennis Court Oath / 7elk[ko lok,gmaooyl n.
total war / lqC7k, maCs,qf n. dko8+lh6mujxtgmfmuj,ulj;oIj;,vto5,af
7ext8ypko 8+lt,k -yd 0vC ltrkcsjC-kf0vC / iajC .oxu !()_F
mujr;dg0qklk[ko;jk9txt-5,8+wx 9qod;jk 9tIjkC ia4ma,,to6oc]h;D
-arpk dvomaCs,qf .shcdjdkomelqC7k,D
Terrace / dkox6d / Ca c[[gxao-AAo n. ;ymudtlyda,c[[.s,j.o vad-a,F
mujlao gxao0AoM gmyC7hvpr6-jvp.shdadoE c]txhvCdaooEg-ktD
Terrorism / ]afmyd+dkoIhkp n. dko.-hde]aC c]tdko06j grnjv0qj,06j7qo
s]n ia4[ko .shxjPoot3p[kpD
totems / 3mgma,l% n. laf s]n 0vCma,,t-kfvnjoM
muj.-hgxaog7njvCs,kp0vC 7;k, lk,ad7u 0vC ltd5] s]n dj5,7qovnjoMD
tournament / dkoxt]vC / u,n n. dkoxt]vCp5m it;jkCdj5,val;yoD
tragedy / ]t7vomuj3ldglQk n. dkolcfC]t7voc[[9yC9aC
djP;da[dko 7;k,skptot 0vC ;uit[5i5f s]n 05ookC-Aol6CD
Theocracy / dkoxqd7vC3fprit n. 1. ia4[ko
mujzh6oe4n;jkgxao[577qo,k 9kdritg9QkD . 2. ia4[ko muj7;[75,3fp
zzh6oemkC lklokD
a okdko n. 7;k,7bfF lgou3fp
theory of evolution / mylfu dko;y;m
theory of relativity / mylfu la,raomtrk[ n. 7;k,obd7yf0vC
va]g[u8 wvlw8 djP;da[7;k,la,rao it;jkCg;]k c]t-jvC;jkC c]tit;jkC
r]aCCko da[ ;af45D
a pk m=fu-uila n. laopk .oxu
Treaty of Tordesillas / lqomylo
!$_$ it;jkC x=85dk] c]t ltgxoF xtdkf;jk fyocfo mujskd7Qorq[1j6
/ajC8kg;ao8qd 0vCglAolq,,5f .o,tskl,5f cvafc]o8yd 9tgxao0vC ltgxo
c]t fyocfo muj7Qorq[.s,j 1j6 /ajC8kg;aovvd0vCglaho 9tgxao0vC x=85dk]D
a pk c;-kkpl% n. lqomylaopk lao8yrk[
Treaty of Versailles / lqomylo
g-ao3fp g1uit,ao c]t veokfraomt,yf s]aClqC7k,3]d 7ACmuobjCD
Theravada / oydkp g4it;kf n. oydkp0vCritr5mlklok goAogiNvC
Iadlk ;yoap mkC9y8.9 1jkCg7ajC7af mujloa[lo5o,kc8jcid 3fpritr5mg9QkD
trench warfare / dkolqC7k, 7ao76 n. lqC7k,-toyfobjC mujmtsko
/ jkpdqC dao0hk, 8+lh6dao 9kd7ao76muj05f]qCwx.olok,iq[D
Third Reich / ia4mulk,0vCg1uit,ao n. vkok9admulk,
0vCg1uit,aoF 8AC0bho3fp vtfav2 Iyfg]u .o-5,xu !_#WD
triangular trade / dko7hk lk,s]jP, n. it[q[dko7hk0hk,mt;ux
Third Republic / lkmkitotia4 mu lk, n. lkmkitotia4
muj0hkmkl c]t lyo7hkvnjoMwfh4nd0qolqjC it;jkC va2iydkF vaCdyfF 153ixF c;l
vyoful c]t vkokoy7q, .omt;ux vtg,iydkgsonvD
muj9af8AC0bho .o / iajC s]aC9kddko lYol5fdkoxqd7vC0vC ok3x]yvqC mu #
c]t g-qk]qCfh;p g1uit,ao g0Qkpbfgvqk / iajC it;jkC lqC7k,3]d 7ACmulvCD
tribune / zh6xhvCdaoxt-kk-qqo n. .o 3i, l,ap[6IkoF g9Qksohkmuj mujwfhIa[
g]nvd8AC 9kdlk,ao-qo grnjvxhvCdao lyfmy0vCr;dg0qkD
Third World / 3]dmulk, n. .oitpt lqC7k,g1aoF
xtgmfmujde]aCramok muj[+wfhgxaoraomt,yfda[ ltstia4 s]n ltstrk[ 3-;PfD
Thirty Years' War / lk,ly[xu csjCdkolqC7k, n. dko8+lh6.o153ix
giNvClklok c]t fyocfoF c]tmkCfhkoveokf it;jkC7v[7q;mujxqd7vCF
c8j xu !*!) g4yCxu !*$)D
three-field system / it[q[ mqjC # cxC n. it[q[dkogIaf2ki%,
mujramok .o153ix l,apdkCF muj fyo2ki%, 4ndc[jCvvdgxao # cxC
muj,u0okffP;dao c]t c8j]tcxC 9t4ndx6d /aC wx8k,]efa[
fh;prn-itf6sok;Frn-itf6.[w,hxqjCF c]t xjvp [+.shx6dlyjC.fD
Tiananmen Square / mPovaogs,yo lt7c;I% n. gfujolkmkitot muj
d;hkC.spj .o xaddyjCF xtgmf9uoS .oxu !_)_F l4komujxtmh;C0vCoadlbdlk
grnjv loa[lo5o dkoxt8yI6[ xt-kmyxtw8D
Tithe / dkogda[lj;p-ttoyfobjC n. dko9jkp0vC7v[7q; 9eo;o !W
gxug-ao 0vC ikpwfh wx.sh ;afD
d5go8 n. ik-;qC 3-d5o
Tokugawa Shogunate / 38d6dk;t 3-d
tribute / [aookdko n. dko9jkp 3fpzh6,uveokf fhvpd;jk .shcdjzh6,ude]aC
veokfgsonvd;jk grnjvIa[xtdao lao8yrk[ c]t 7;k,xvfwrD
Triple Alliance / raomt,yf # 8+ n. 1. lt,k7q, 0vC g,nvC{ia4 0vC
g83o-my]koF gmad3d3dF c]t m]k3dxkoF mujoe,k-bjCdko9af8AC 0vC vkok
9ad va-g8adD . 2. raomt,yf mkCmtsko it;jkC g1uit,aoF vvlg8a^PF IaCdkiuF
c]t vy8k]u .os]kpxu djvolqC7k,3]d7ACmuobjCD
Triple Entente / 7;k,g0Qk.9it;jkCxtgmf # 8+ n. raomt,yf
mkCmt sko it;jkC vaCdyfF / iajC c]t iafg-aP .os]kpxu
djvolqC7k,3]d7AcmuobjCD
triumvirate / zh6,uveokf # 7qo n. .o 3i, [6IkoF dj5,zh6oe # 7qo mujc[jC
xaoveokf 0vCia4[koD
Trojan War / lqC7k, m3i9ao n. lqC7k,F .oxu !@WW djvo 7DlDF
mujmtsko oe3fp dtlaf ,kpg-uoPo wfh39,8u g,nvCdko7hkgvdikf 0vC
mivp .o vkok38g]aPD
mujxqd 7vC pujx5jo mujIj;,dao 8ACc8jxu !*W# g4yC !)*(D
Troubadour / oadc8jCdvoIhvCgrC n. oadc8jCdvo c]t oadfqo8iu .o
Torah / 3miks% n. objC.o & 7eru 0vC Iu[i6{soaClnmujgxaomujladdkit mujl5f
l,apdkC mujgfuomkCwxc8j]tl4komujF .sh7;k,[aogmuCcdjzh67qofh;pgrC 7;k,
Iad c[[l5rk[IP[IhvpD
.oxtgrou 1y;D
Totalitarianism / ]afmyxqd7vCc[[zgfafdko n.
ia4[ko7;[75,m5dcCj 0vC-u;yf maC0vC-5,-qo c]t gvd-qoD
122
WORLD HISTORY
Truman Doctrine / s]addko mi6c,o n. xtdkf3fp xtmkokmy[=fu
cIiu mi6c,o .oxu !_$(F djP;da[ ot3p[kp0vC ltstia4 muj.shdkoj;pgs]nv fhkogl4dyf c]tdkomtsko cdjxtgmf gliu muj4nd0qj,0j6 9kdlaf8i6
rkp.o c]t rkoovdD
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
LAOTIAN
-k]l% fki%;yo .oxu !)&_F ;jk -oyf8Qow,h s]n laf gduf0bho phvo;ymudkog]nvd
c[[ma,,t-kfD
a pk dkokdk;t n. laopk .oxu !)&$
Treaty of Kanagawa / lqomylo
it;jkC ltstia4 c]t pujxj5oF .odkogxufmjkgInv 0vCpujxj5o @ csjC .shcdjdexajo
0vC ltstia4 c]t vto5pkf.sh ltstia4 8AClt4kom6f .opujxj5oD
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WO°dF∞U° ”dN≠
‰uBH∞« w≠ …¸uØcL∞« WOºOzd∞« ‹ULKJ∞« s± dO∏J∞ Íbπ°_« VO¢d∑∞« Vº• X§¸œ√ WLzUÆ u≥ ”dNH∞« «c≥
tO≠ ‹œ¸Ë Íc∞« qJA∞« vK´ XI∂© UN•d®Ë ”dNH∞« «c≥ w≠ W§¸bL∞« ‹UÅöª∞« .UNO≤UF± dOºH¢ l±
:WO∞U∑∞« ‹«¸UB∑îù« X±bª∑ß« .‹ULKJ∞« s± qJ∞ w≠dB∞« ŸuM∞« ”dNH∞« wDF¥ .»U∑J∞« «c≥ w≠ ‹ULKJ∞«
qF≠ = v.
rß« = n.
WHÅ = adj.
sOOJ¥d±ô« s± W´uLπ± .Í“UßU≤« / n. Anasazi
‹U¥ôu∞« »d¨ »uM§ w≠ «u®U´ )dL• œuM≥( sOOKÅô«
.WOJ¥d±ô« …b∫∑L∞«
…d∑≠ rEF± XLJ• W∞öß .ÊuOßU∂F∞« / n. Abbasids
1258 v∑• Ë 750 ÂU´ s± WO±ößù« W¥¸u©«d∂±ù«
»d¨ »uM§ w≠ …d¥e§ t∂® .‰u{U≤ô« / n. Anatolia
.W¥œöO±
UC¥« vLº¢ - UOØd¢ s± ÍuOßü« rºI∞« Êü« UNKGA¥ UO߬
.ÈdGB∞« UO߬
»uF® s± VF® Í√ s± œd≠ .sO§¸u°¬ / n. Aborigine
.qz«Ë_« UO∞«d∑ßË√
w≠ wßËbM≥ b∂F± .‹«Ë ¸uJG≤« / n. Angkor Wat
.dOLª∞« VF® ÁUM° U¥œu∂LØ
‹«– WJK± Ë√ pK± .oKD± pK± / n. absolute monarch
d≥UE± qØ vK´ …dDOºK∞ vFº¥ …œËb∫± dO¨ WO•öÅ
WºOMJ∞« v∞≈ wL∑M¥ .w≤UJOKJ≤« / adj. Anglican
.lL∑πL∞«
.W¥eOKJ≤ù«
WM¥b± w≠ WMB∫± WFKÆ .fO∞u°ËdØ_« / n. acropolis
…œu§u± ÕËd∞« ÊU° œUI∑´ù« .WO•«Ë¸ô« / n. animism
.WL¥bÆ WOI¥d¨≈
.Èdî« WO• ‹UMzUØ Ë ‹U¢U∂M∞« Ë ‹U≤«uO∫∞« bM´
cM± ͸Uπ∑∞« ‰œU∂∑K∞ W±U≥ WM¥b± .ÂuºØ« / n. Aksum
v∞« U± WIDM± r{ Ë« W≠U{≈ .r{ / n. annexation
U
O
°
u
O£S° ÂuO∞« ·dF¢ .œöOL∞« bF° s±U∏∞« v∑• Ë ‰Ëô« ÊdI∞«
.WLzUÆ WOßUOß …b•Ë w{«¸«
jO∫L∞« Ë dL•ô« d∫∂∞« »dÆ UNFÆu± V∂º° ‹d≥œ“«
.U± TA∞ W¥UN≤ lC¥ .wGK¥ / v. annul
.ÍbMN∞«
.œuNO∞« b{ eO∫¢ .WO±Uº∞« b{ / n. anti-Semitism
ÊuLKºL∞« UNLJ• WIDM± .f∞b≤ô« / n. al-Andalus
»uM§ w≠ WßUOß .eOOL∑∞« WßUOß / n. apartheid
.ÍœöO± s±U∏∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ XºßQ¢ .UO≤U∂ßS° ÂuO∞« ·dF¢Ë
«c≥ qLA¥ Ë UO≤u≤UÆ Ë U±U¢ öB≠ ‚«d´_« qBH¢ UOI¥d≠≈
w≠ ÊuLKºL∞« UNKLF∑º¥ WO°d´ WLKØ( t∞≈ .tK∞« / n. Allah
.iO∂∞« Ë œuº∞« sO° WO´UL∑§≈ ‹UÆö´ Í« lM±
.)v∞Ëô« W§¸b∞«
dA≤Ë k´Ë `OºL∞« ŸU∂¢« b•√ .͸«u• / n. apostle
‰Ëœ ,v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« w≠ .¡UHK∫∞« / n. Allies
.tLO∞UF¢
Èdî_« ‰Ëb∞« p∞cØË UOßË¸Ë Uº≤d≠Ë vLEF∞« UO≤UD¥d°
W∞Ëb∞ ‹ô“UM¢ r¥bI¢ .¡U{d∑ß≈ / n. appeasement
rC¢ - ‰Ëb∞« W´uLπ± ,UC¥√ ;UN∂≤U§ v∞« X°¸U• w∑∞«
.»d∫∞« ŸuÆË VMπ¢ q§« s± W¥b∑F±
…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«Ë w∑O≠uº∞« œU∫¢ù«Ë vLEF∞« UO≤UD¥d°
ÁUOL∞« dπ∞ XOM° …UMÆ Ë« »u∂≤√ .ÁUO± …UMÆ / n. aqueduct
.WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« w≠ ¸u∫L∞« ÈuÆ X{¸U´ w∑∞«
.ÊUJº∞U° WK≥ü« o©UML∞« v∞«
sO∫KBL∞« s± W´uLπ± .ÊËb•
Ò uL∞« / n. Almohads
UNO≠ ÊuJ¢ W±uJ• .WO©«dI∑߸ô« / n. aristocracy
W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ «uºß«Ë sOD°«dL∞« W≠öî «u∂KÆ sOO±ößù«
.¡ö∂≤ s´ Ë« WLØU• WI∂© s´ W£¸«u∑± WDKº∞«
.dA´ w≤U∏∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ UO≤U∂ß≈ »uM§ Ë UOI¥d≠≈ ‰UL® w≠
.‰U∑I∞« nÆu∞ ‚UH¢« .W≤b≥ / n. armistice
sOLKº± Ê«uî≈ W´uLπ± .ÊuD°«dL∞« / n. Almoravids
w≠ UO≤U∂ß≈ »uM§ Ë UOI¥d≠≈ ‰UL® w≠ W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ «uºß«
Ë« W∞PØ ÊUº≤ô« lMÅ s± ¡w® .wFMÅ ÃU∑≤ / n. artifact
.ÍœöO± dA´ ÍœU∫∞« ÊdI∞«
.‹«d≥uπ± WFDÆ Ë« Õöß
W∫°c± .¸U∑º¥d±« W∫°c± / n. Amritsar Massacre
¸UªH∞« l≤UÅ Ë« pzU∫∞UØ d≥U± q±U´ .w≠d• / n. artisan
bÆ «u≤UØ ÍbM≥ 400 »¸UI¥ U± WO≤UD¥d° ‹«uÆ UN° XK∑Æ
.t¥bO° t¢Uπ∑M± lMB¥
.X∞˸ sO≤«uÆ vK´ ÃUπ∑•û∞ ¸U∑º¥d±√ w≠ «uFLπ¢
U± s± ‹d§U≥ WOÆd´ W´uLπ± -1 .Êu¥¸ü« / n. Aryans
W´uLπ± .œULF∞« b¥bπ∑° Êu´«b∞« / n. Anabaptists
XM©u∑ß«Ë vDßu∞« UO߬ ‹d∂´ Ë UOß˸ »uM§ Êü« u≥
s±R¢ X≤UØ WO∑≤U∑º¢Ëd∂∞« WHzUD∞« s± ÕöÅù« bN´ w≠
W∂ºM∞U° -2 .œöOL∞« q∂Æ 1500 ÂU´ W¥bMN∞« …¸UI∞« t∂® w≠
."bOº∞« ‚dF∞«" Xºß√ WO≤U±d§ »uF® - sO¥“UMK∞ «u≤UØ «–≈ d¥dI∑° rN∞uª¥ sº° r≥ s± jI≠ bOLF¢ Vπ¥ t≤Q°
WºOMJ∞« ‰UBH≤U° s±R¢ ULØ WO∫OºL∞« «uIM∑F¥ Ê√ ÊËb¥d¥
.W∞Ëb∞« s´
124 WORLD HISTORY
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ARABIC
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„¸UF± WKºKß .UO≤UD¥d° WØdF± / n. Battle of Britain
w≠ UO≤UD¥d° ‰u• ‹¸«œ WO≤UD¥d∂∞«Ë WO≤UL∞_« ‹ «uI∞« sO°
.1941 - 1940
.‰UMI∞«œ«u¨ WØdF± / n. Battle of Guadalcanal
1943 - 1942 w≠ WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« w≠ WØdF±
…d¥e§ s± WO≤U°UO∞« ‹ «uI∞« ¡UHK∫∞« ‹ «uÆ UN∞öî X§dî√
.ÍœUN∞« jO∫L∞« w≠ ‰UMI∞«œ«u¨
W¥d∫° WØdF± ."ÍËbO±" WØdF± / n. Battle of Midway
X±e≥ ,WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« ¡UM£√ 1942 w≠ ‹¸«œ W¥u§Ë
jO∫L∞« jßË w≠ WO≤U°UO∞« ‹«uI∞« WOJ¥d±_« ‹«uI∞« UNO≠
.ÍœUN∞«
WØdF± ."œ«dGMO∞U∑ß" WØdF± / n. Battle of Stalingrad
UNO≠ X±e≥ 1943 - 1942 w≠ WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« w≠
WM¥b± vK´ ¡öO∑ßö∞ rN∑∞ËU∫± ¡UM£√ WO≤UL∞ô« ‹«uI∞«
.w∑O≠uº∞« œU∫¢ù« w≠ œ«dGMO∞U∑ß
‹¸«œ WØdF± .ZK∂∞« WØdF± / n. Battle of the Bulge
w≤UL∞√ Âuπ≥dî¬ œd° ¡UHK∫∞« UNO≠ `π≤ 1995 - 1994 ÂU´
.WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« ¡UM£√
WØdF± .d¨_« ·dD∞« WØdF± / n. Battle of Trafalgar
…œUOI° w≤UD¥d° ‰uDß√ UNO≠ Âe≥ 1805 ÂU´ W¥d∫°
.ÊuOK°U≤ ‹ «uÆ ÊuºKO≤ uOß«¸u≥
w≠ dπ¥UM∞« dN≤ U∑∞œ »dÆ ‹ QA≤ WJKL± .sOM° / n. Benin
.1400 «u´_« w≠ WOºOz¸ W∞Ëœ X∫∂Å√Ë 1300 «u´_«
ÊQ° bI∑F¥ r¥bÆ Íd° dº§ ."UOπM¥dO°" / n. Beringia
v∞≈ UO߬ s± rN¢dπ≥ ¡UM£√ ÁËd∂´ qz«Ëô« sOOJ¥d±ô«
.sO∑J¥d±ô«
sO∞d° dL¢R± / n. Berlin Conference of 1884-85
WO°Ë¸Ë√ ‰Ëœ wK∏L± t∞öî oH¢« ŸUL∑§≈ .1885 - 1884 ÂUF∞
.UOI¥d≠ù w°Ë¸Ë_« ¸ULF∑ßô« b´«uÆ vK´
‹ö¥bF¢ …dAF∞« .‚uI∫∞« ‚U∏O± / n. Bill of Rights
XL• w∑∞«Ë wJ¥d±_« ¸u∑ßb∞« vK´ X¥d§√ w∑∞« v∞Ë_«
.rN¢U¥d•Ë WOßUß_« sOM©«uL∞« ‚uI•
WOM¥œ W∂¢dL° w∫Oº± .Ê«dD± Ë√ nIß√ / n. bishop
.WOK∫L∞« fzUMJ∞« s± œb´ vK´ ·dA¥ WO∞U´
s± Ÿu≤ .WH©Uî »d• -o´UÅ Âuπ≥ / n. blitzkrieg
UNF∂∑¥ Wµ§UH± ‹ULπN° WF¥dº∞« ‹«dzUD∞« tO≠ ÂuI¢ »d∫∞«
.…UAL∞« ‹ «uI∞ WHOM´ ‹U±uπ≥
lML∞ sHº∞« Ë√ ‹«uI∞« «bª∑ß« .¸UB• / n. blockade
.U± WIDM± s± ÃËdª∞« Ë√ ‰uîœ s± W¥¸Uπ∑∞« sHº∞«
.UOI¥d≠≈ »uM§ w≠ ÍbM∞u≥ dLF∑º± ."d¥u°" / n. Boer
1899 ÂU´ s± «œ Ÿ«dÅ .d¥u∂∞« »d• / n. Boer War
rJ• vK´ sOO≤UD¥d∂∞« Ë d¥u∂∞« VF® t∞öî Ÿ“UM¢ 1902 v∞≈
.UOI¥d≠« »uM§ w≠ WIDM±
U± lMB± w≠ dO°b¢ .lOLπ∑∞« jî / n. assembly line
qØ ÂuI¥ YO• dî¬ v∞≈ q±U´ s± Wπ∑ML∞« WFKº∞« tO≠ qI∑M¢
ÃU∑≤≈ q•«d± s± …b•«Ë WK•d± Ë« …b•«Ë WHO™u° hª®
.WFKº∞« Ác≥
»uKG± VF® rKÆU¢ -1 .»UFO∑ß« / n. assimilation
W∞Ëœ lπ
Ò A¢ Ë√ UNO≠ d∂π¢ WßUOß -2 V∞UG∞« VFA∞« W≠UI∏°
Ë UN¢«œU´ ”U∂∑Æ«Ë rKÆQ∑∞U° UN∞ WF{Uª∞« W∞Ëb∞« U±
.U≥bO∞UI¢
UO߬ »d¨ »uM§ w≠ WJKL± .¸u®¬ WJKL± / n. Assyria
q∂Æ 612 v∑• Ë 850 w∞«u• s± WFß«Ë W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ XLJ•
.œöOL∞«
∆œU∂± Êö´≈ .wºK©_« ‚U∏O± / n. Atlantic Charter
fOzd∞«Ë q®dA¢ s∑º≤Ë w≤UD¥d∂∞« ¡«¸“u∞« fOz¸ UNºß√
¡UHK∫∞« eJ¢¸« .1941 »¬ w≠ XK≠“˸ sOKJ≤d≠ wJ¥d±_«
»d∫∞« W¥UN≤ w≠ Âöº∞« jDª± l{u∞ ∆œU∂L∞« Ác≥ vK´
.WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞«
d∂´ oOÆd∞« …¸Uπ¢ / n. Atlantic slave trade
w≠ qLFK∞ sOOI¥d≠ô« lO° Ë qI≤Ë ¡«d® .wºK©ô«
.sO∑J¥d±ô«
UNO≠ ÊuJ¥ W±uJ• .oKDL∞« œdH∞« rJ• / n. autocracy
.Íœ«b∂∑ß« qJA° UN±bª∑º¥ …œËb∫± dO¨ WDKß rØU∫K∞
WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« w≠ .¸u∫L∞« ÈuÆ / n. Axis Powers
ÂU´ UHK• XKJ® w∑∞« ,ÊU°UO∞«Ë UO∞UD¥≈Ë UO≤UL∞√ ,WO≤U∏∞«
.1936
WO∞U§ Ë« W´uLπ± - ÍbM≥ lL∑π± ." uK¥ü« " / n. ayllu
W∫KBL∞« q§« s± iF° l± U≥œ«d≠« qL´ …dOGÅ
.WØd∑AL∞«
B
WOßUOß W∞U• .ÈuI∞« Ê“«u¢ / n. balance of power
vK´ «dDî qJA∑∞ WO≠UJ∞« …uI∞« W∞Ëœ Í« pKL¢ ô YO•
.Èdîô« ‰Ëb∞«
U°Ë¸Ë√ ‚d® »uM§ w≠ WIDM± .ÊUIK∂∞« / n. Balkans
¡eπ∞«Ë UO≤U±Ë¸Ë U¥¸UGK°Ë UO≤U∂∞√Ë ÊU≤uO∞« Êü« UNKGA¢
.UI°Uß UO≠ößu¨u¥ ‹U¥¸uNL§Ë UOØd¢ s± w°Ë¸Ëô«
WI©U≤ »uF® / n. Bantu-speaking peoples
s± «Ëd§U≥ W°¸UI∑± ‹UG∞ s± W´uLπL° sOI©UM∞« .u∑≤U∂∞U°
cM± UOI¥d≠√ s± w°uMπ∞« rºI∞« rEF± v∞≈ UOI¥d≠√ »d¨
.ÂU´ 2000 W°«dÆ
s± »uKß U° rº∑± ."„˸U∂∞«" s≠ / adj. baroque
w≠ œUß …¸ULF∞«Ë vIOßuL∞«Ë rßd∞UØ w°Ë¸Ëô« wMH∞« dO∂F∑∞«
.dA´ l°Uº∞« ÊdI∞« qz«Ë√Ë dA´ ”œUº∞« ÊdI∞«
tO≠ ‰œU∂∑¥ …¸Uπ∑∞« ‰UJ®√ s± qJ® .WC¥UI± / n. barter
.WKLF∞« ‰ULF∑ß« ÊËœ ‹U±bª∞«Ë lKº∞« ”UM∞«
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 125
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d¥b¢ sO≤«uÆ W´uLπ± .wºOMJ∞« Êu≤UI∞« / n. canon law
.WO∫Oº± WºOMØ w≠ WOM¥b∞« rO∞UF∑∞«
tßUß√ ÍœUB∑Æ≈ ÂUE≤ .WO∞ULß√d∞« / n. capitalism
wMπ∞ W¥¸Uπ¢ ‹UOKL´ w≠ ‰UL∞« ¸UL∏∑ß«Ë WÅUª∞« WOJKL∞«
.`°d∞«
.WOπM∞˸UJ∞« Wßöº∞« / n. Carolingian dynasty
.ÍœöO± 987 v∑• Ë 751 s± X±«œ Z≤d≠√ …œUÆ W∞öß
s± …b•«Ë .”ËbMN∞« bM´ WO´UL∑§« WI∂© / n. caste
w≠ XM©u∑ß« ͸ü« w´UL∑§ô« ÂUEM∞« w≠ ‹UI∂© WF°¸√
ŸUMÅ Ë ‰UL´ Ë ¸Uπ¢ Ë√ Êu•ö≠ - Êu°¸U∫± - WMNØ - bMN∞«
.sO¥¸¬ dO¨
.wJO∞u£UJ∞« ÕöÅô« / n. Catholic Reformation
WºOMJ∞« UN∞öî ‹œ«¸√ dA´ ”œUº∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ WØd•
.w∑MDº¢Ëd∂∞« ÕöÅù« vK´ «œ¸ ‹«dOOG¢ ¡«d§≈ WOJO∞u£UJ∞«
UJ¥d±Q° bK° w≠ ÍdJº´ ¸u¢U∑Øœ ."uK¥œËUØ" / n. caudillo
.WOMO¢ö∞«
.W¥eØd± W±uJ• / n. centralized government
‹U±uJ∫∞« ÊuJ¢ Ë W¥eØd± WDKß UNOK´ dDOº¢ W±uJ•
.UN∞ WF°U¢ WOK∫L∞«
»d∫∞« ¡UM£√ .W¥eØdL∞« ÈuI∞« / n. Central Powers
dπL∞« - UºLM∞«Ë UO≤UL∞√ w≥ ‰Ëœ W´uLπ± v∞Ë_« WL∞UF∞«
.UN∂≤U§ v∞≈ X°¸U• Èdî√ ‰Ëœ l±
»d¨ »uM§ w≠ »uF® .ÊuO≤«bKJ∞« / n. Chaldeans
.W¥¸u®ü« W¥¸u©«d∂±ù« vK´ ¡UCI∞« w≠ ‹b´Uß UO߬
s± œ«d≠√ .WOIO£u∞« WØd∫∞« / n. Chartist movement
dA´ lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ X∂∞U© WO≤UD¥d∂∞« WK±UF∞« WI∂D∞«
o• p∞– w≠ UL° ‹U°Uª∑≤ô«Ë ÊUL∞d∂∞« w≠ ‹U•öÅS°
.‰U§d∞« qJ∞ X¥uB∑∞«
UJ¥d±√ w≠ W±U≥ …¸UC• ‰Ë√ .sO≠U® / n. Chav né
s± "ËdO°" rßU° ÂuO∞« ·dF¢ ‹UFH¢d± w≠ ‹d≥œ“« WO°uMπ∞«
.œöOL∞« q∂Æ 200 v∑•Ë 900 w∞«u•
.W∂ßU∫±Ë ‹UF§«d± / n. checks and balances
…dDOº∞U° W∞Ëb∞« ‹UDKß s± WDKß Í√ lML∞ XLLÅ dO°«b¢
.sO¥dî_« sO∑DKº∞« vK´
ÊUßdH∞ wJKº± ÂUE≤ .WOßËdH∞« ÂUE≤ / n. chivalry
Ë W´UπA∞UØ ‹UO∞U∏± ÷d≠ U°Ë¸Ë√ w≠ vDßu∞« ¸uBF∞«
.¡U≠u∞« Ë ’öîù«
‹U¥¸uNL§ s± W´uLπ± .…d∫∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« œU∫¢« / n. CIS
¸UON≤« bF° XKJA¢ - WO∂º≤ W¥d∫° WF∑L∑± w∑O≠uº∞« œU∫¢ô«
)1049 ’( .w∑O≠uº∞« œU∫¢ô«
WDO∫L∞« o©UML∞«Ë WM¥b± .W∞Ëœ - WM¥b± / n. city-state
.WKI∑º± WOßUOß …b•uØ qLF¢ UN°
ÂU´ i≠¸ .w≤b± ÊUOB´ / n. civil disobedience
.‰œU´ dO¨ Êu≤UÆ W´U©ù bLF∑±Ë
126 WORLD HISTORY
¸«u∏∞« s± W´uLπ± .pOHA∞u∂∞« / n. Bolsheviks
w≠ WOßËd∞« W±uJ∫∞« vK´ «u∞u∑ß« ”Ëd∞« sOOºØ¸UL∞«
.1917 d∂L≠u≤ / ‰Ë_« s¥dA¢
w≠ œdL¢ ."fØu∂∞« œdL¢" / n. Boxer Rebellion
vK´ WO∂M§_« …dDOº∞« ¡UN≤≈ v∞≈ ·b≥ 1900 ÂU´ sOB∞«
.sOB∞«
¡ö∂M∞« w{«¸_« »U∫Å√ s± WI∂© .¸U¥u∂∞« / n. boyars
.UOß˸ w≠
d∂∑F¥ wßËbM≥ t∞≈ .UOKF∞« ‹«c∞« "UL≥«d°" / n. Brahma
.ÊuJ∞« o∞Uî
s± nI∏± ͸ü« lL∑πL∞« w≠ .w≤UL≥«d∂∞« / n. Brahmin
.ÊU∂≥¸ s± WH∞R± UOK´ WI∂©
WßUOß .»d∫∞« dOH® WßUOß / n. brinkmanship
.Ê«Ëb´ Í√ vK´ «œ¸ »d∫∞« sA° b¥bN∑∞« UN±«uÆ
a¥¸U∑∞« s± W∂I• .Íe≤Ëd∂∞« dBF∞« / n. Bronze Age
U± sØU±√ w≠ œöOL∞« q∂Æ 3000 ÂU´ w∞«u• ‹√b° ÍdA∂∞«
Ë√ ”U∫M∞« s´ U{u´ e≤Ëd∂∞« ‰ULF∑ßU° ”UM∞« UN∞öî √b°
.W∫Kß√Ë ‹«Ëœ√ lMB∞ …¸Uπ∫∞«
XOL± ÷d± .wK°b∞« Êu´UD∞« / n. bubonic plague
,dA´ l°«d∞« ÊdI∞« nB∑M± w≠ U°Ë¸Ë√Ë UO߬ w≠ dA∑≤«
.”UM∞« s± sO¥ö± t∂∂º° ‹U±
vK´ wM∂± ÂUE≤ .WO©«dÆËdO∂∞« / n. bureaucracy
.WO±uJ∫∞« ‰UL´_U° ÂUOIK∞ qJA¢ ‹UµON∞« Ë ‹«¸«œù«
¸uBF∞« w≠ WM¥bL∞« w≠ rOI± .s©«u± / n. burgher
.vDßu∞«
tF∂¢« ¸UÅ wÆöî√ Êu≤UÆ ."ËbO®u°" / n. Bushido
.ÊU°UO∞« w≠ Í«¸u±Uº∞« Êu°¸U∫L∞«
C
s¥¸UA∑ºL∞« s± W´uLπ± .¡«¸“u∞« fKπ± / n. cabinet
–Uª¢« vK´ t¢b´UºL∞ U± W∞Ëœ fOz¸ r≥¸U∑ª¥ ¡«¸“u∞« Ë√
.W∞Ëb∞U° WÅUî ‹«¸«dÆ
w≠ wM¥œ Ë√ wßUOß vK´√ bzUÆ .WHOKî / n. caliph
.WO±öß≈ W±uJ•
W¥ËbO∞« W°U∑J∞« s≠ .ÍËb¥ jODª¢ / n. calligraphy
.WKOLπ∞«
rO∞UF¢ W´uLπ± .sOOMOH∞UJ∞« V≥c± / n. Calvinism
.ÊUH∞UØ Êu§ `KBL∞« ¸UJ≠√ vK´ WOM∂± WOM¥œ
.bOH¥œ V±UØ ‹UOÆUH¢≈ / n. Camp David Accords
UN∞öî ·d∑´« w°d´ bK°Ë qOz«dß≈ sO° XFÆË WOÆUH¢≈ ‰Ë√
WO´d® W∞ËbØ qOz«dßS° ‹«œUº∞« ¸u≤√ ÍdBL∞« fOzd∞«
t∂® bOF¥ Ê√ sGO° rO•UM± wKOz«dßù« ¡«¸“u∞« fOz¸ o≠«ËË
.¡UMOß …d¥e§
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sO≤«uÆ W´uLπ± .„d∑A± Êu≤UÆ / n. common law
w≥Ë ,ÊuOÒJK± …UCÆ «d∑KJ≤≈ rJ• U±bM´ XKJA¢ …b•u±
UL° W¥eOKJ≤ùU° WI©UM∞« ‰Ëb∞« s± dO∏Ø w≠ sO≤«uIK∞ ”Uß√
.…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« UNO≠
sOB∞« w≠ WO≤ËUF¢ W´¸e± .ÊuOLJ∞« / n. commune
.”UM∞« s± «dO∂Ø «œb´ UNO≠ gOF¥ Ë qLF¥ WO´uOA∞«
»e• .w´uOA∞« »e∫∞« / n. Communist Party
»e∫∞« - sOOMO∞ Ë fØU± ‰¸UØ ¸UJ≠√ o∂D¥ wßUOß
.o°Uº∞« wßËd∞« wHA∞u∂∞«
tO≠ ÊuJ¢ ÍœUB∑Æ« ÂUE≤ .WO´uOA∞« / n. communism
pJº∞«Ë l≤UBL∞«Ë r§UML∞«Ë ÷¸_« - ÃU∑≤ù« qzUßË qØ
WÅUª∞« WOJKLK∞ œu§Ë ô - VFAK∞ pK± ‰UL´_« Ë W¥b¥b∫∞«
.ÍËUº∑± qJA° ‹U±bª∞« Ë lKº∞« lOLπ∞« rßUI∑¥Ë
W´uLπ± .w°Ë¸Ë_« ‚UH¢ô« / n. Concert of Europe
dA´ lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ WO°Ë¸Ë_« ‰Ëb∞« sO° ‹«œU∫¢≈
.…¸u£ Í√ ¸UπH≤« lML∞ ZO≤d∑O± Êu≠ fMOLKØ dO±_« U≥dJ∑°«
WÅUî - wL߸ ‚UH¢« .W¥u°U° WOÆUH¢« / n. concordat
rJ∫∑∞«Ë WºOMJ∞« …¸«œS° oKF∑¥ - W±uJ∫∞« Ë U°U∂∞« sO°
.UN∞UL´Q°
WKºKß .UMOO≠ dL¢R± / n. Congress of Vienna
…œUI∞« UN∞öî ÈœU≤ 1815 - 1814 w≠ ‹U´UL∑§≈
WL¥e≥ bF° b±_« wK¥u© s±√Ë Âöß ¡UA≤S° ÊuO°Ë¸Ë_«
.ÊuOK°U≤
wßUOß »e• .dL¢RL∞« »e• / n. Congress Party
wM©u∞« ”dG≤uJ∞« rßS° UC¥√ ·dF¥ - bMN∞« w≠ ÂU≥ wM©Ë
.ÍbMN∞«
- ÊU∂ßù« œuMπ∞« .Êu∫¢UH∞« / n. conquistadors
Ëe¨ w≠ «uØd∑®« - …Ëd∏∞« s´ Êu∏•U∂∞« - ÊuHAJ∑ºL∞«
.dA´ ”œUº∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ sO∑J¥d±_«
s± ‰Ë_« nBM∞« w≠ .ÊuE≠U∫L∞« / n. conservatives
s± U∂∞U¨ - sOO°Ë¸Ë_« s± W´UL§ dA´ lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞«
‹UOJKL∞« vK´ ÿUH∫∞« «Ëœ«¸√ ¡ö∂M∞«Ë ¡UOM¨_« sOØöL∞«
.U°Ë¸Ë√ w≠ W¥bOKI∑∞«
ÂUE≤ .W¥¸u∑ßœ WOJK± / n. constitutional monarchy
.Êu≤UI∞U° …œb∫± rØU∫∞« WDKß tO≠ ÊuJ¢ rJ•
s± b•«Ë WO≤U±Ëd∞« W¥¸uNLπ∞« w≠ .qBMÆ / n. consul
gOπ∞« …œUOI∞ ÂU´ qØ Vª∑M¥ W¥uÆ WDKß ÍË– sOH™uL∞«
.W±uJ∫∞« …¸«œ≈Ë
WO§¸Uî WOJ¥d±√ WßUOß .¡«u∑•≈ / n. containment
X∞ËU• ‹UMOF°¸_« dî«Ë√ w≠ ÊU±Ëd¢ ͸U≥ fOzd∞« U≥UM∂¢
p∞–Ë WO´uOA∞« ¸UA∑≤≈ nÆu¢ Ê√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« UN∞öî
ÂbI∑∞« W±ËUIL∞ WHOFC∞« ‰Ëb∞« …b´Uº±Ë ‹«œU∫¢≈ ¡UA≤S°
.w∑OO≠uº∞«
,ÊbL∞« w≠ q∏L∑¥ W≠UI£ Ÿu≤ .…¸UC• / n. civilization
‹UMËbL∞« kH•Ë ,‹UºßR±Ë sOBBª∑± ‰UL´Ë
.W±bI∑± UO§u∞uMJ¢Ë
w≠ W¥¸«œù« dz«Ëb∞« .WO≤b± W±bî / n. civil service
”Uß√ vK´ UNOH™u± sOÒF¢ w∑∞« pK¢ WÅUª°Ë - U± W±uJ•
.’u∫H∞« w≠ rN¢U±ö´ ŸuLπ±
Ë√ sO°e• sO° Ÿ«e≤ .WOK≥_« »d∫∞« / n. civil war
.…b•«Ë W∞Ëœ sL{ sO∑OßUOß sO∑´uLπ±
b§ s± ‹¸b∫≤« ”UM∞« s± W´uLπ± .…dOA´ / n. clan
.b•«Ë Vº≤Ë
U±Ë¸ Ë ÊU≤uO∞« ÊuM≠ .wJOßöJ∞« sH∞« / n. classical art
.Ê“«u∑∞« Ë “«dD∞« Ë ÂUπº≤ô« vK´ ‹eظ WL¥bI∞«
Êu±uI¥ sOH™uL∞« s± W´uLπ± .s¥b∞« ‰U§¸ / n. clergy
.sOO±UîU∫∞« Ë√ ÊU∂≥d∞« Ë WMNJ∞UØ WOM¥œ ‹U±bª°
Ë√ ‹U¢U∂≤ oKî Ë√ À«b•≈ .ŒUºM∑ß« / n. cloning
.w• Ê«uO• Ë√ ‹U∂≤ ‹UMOπ∞ WI°UD± UN¢UMO§ ‹U≤«uO•
W±uJ• .WO≠ö∑z≈ W±uJ• / n. coalition government
.…œbF∑± WOßUOß »«e•√ s± XÆR± n∞U∫¢ U≥d¥b¥
,t¢U∫HÅ VKI¢ Ê√ sJL¥ »U∑Ø .W©uDª± / n. codex
.Êü« Á√dI¢ Íc∞« »U∑J∞UØ
WOßU±uK°œ …Ë«b´ W∞U• .…œ¸U∂∞« »d∫∞« / n. Cold War
w∑∞« ‹«uMº∞« w≠ w∑OO≠uº∞« œU∫¢ù«Ë …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« sO°
.WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« XF∂¢
.WO´UL§ ‹U{ËUH± / n. collective bargaining
.qLF∞« »U°¸√ Ë ‰ULF∞« sO° ÷ËUH¢
…dO∂Ø W´¸e± .WO≤ËUF¢ W´¸e± / n. collective farm
.…dOGB∞« Ÿ¸«eL∞« s± «œb´ rC° XKJA¢ W∞Ëb∞« U≥d¥b¢
.UNM´ …bOF° W∞Ëœ UNLJ∫¢ ÷¸√ .…dLF∑º± / n. colony
‰U∏L¢ .”˜˸ ‰U∏L¢ / n. Colossus of Rhodes
.”˜˸ Q≠d± »dÆ U∂B∑M± o°Uº∞U° ÊUØ rª{ w∑ºMOKO≥
WOKL´ .w∂±u∞uJ∞« ‰œU∂∑∞« / n. Columbian Exchange
¸ULF∑ßù« ‰öî XL¢ ÷«d±_«Ë ‹U≤«uO∫∞«Ë ‹U¢U∂MK∞ qI≤
.sO∑J¥d±ú∞ w°Ë¸Ë_«
U≤UO•√ sLC∑¢ WO∞e≥ WO•dº± .U¥bO±uJ∞« / n. comedy
.WOzUπ≥ l©UI± Ë Z¥dN¢
s± t§u± œUB∑Æ« / n. command economy
‹«¸«dI∞« qØ W∞Ëb∞« tO≠ cª∑¢ ÍœUB∑Æ« ÂUE≤ .W±uJ∫∞«
.W¥œUB∑Æô«
lßu¢ .W¥¸Uπ∑∞« …¸u∏∞« / n. Commercial Revolution
‰öî U°Ë¸Ë√ œUB∑Æ« quÒ• W¥¸Uπ∑∞« ‹UOKLF∞« Ë …¸Uπ∑∞«
.dA´ l°Uº∞« Ë dA´ ”œUº∞« sO≤dI∞«
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ARABIC
D
UÅUî UAO§ œUÆ w≤U°U¥ w´UDÆ≈ .uOL¥«œ / n. daimyo
.Í«¸u±Uº∞« s±
dJHL∞« ¸UJ≠√ vK´ WOM∂± WHºK≠ .W¥Ë«b∞« / n. Daoism
s¥dOÒº± ”UM∞« ÊuJ¥ Ê√ Vπ¥ t≤√ ráKÒ´ Íc∞« Í“Ëô wMOB∞«
.)WI¥dD∞«( "Ë«œ" vLº¢ WO≤uØ …uI°
√b° Íc∞« ÂuO∞« ,1944 Ê«d¥e• 6 ."‰«œ" ÂuO∞« / n. D-Day
»d∫∞« ¡UM£√ WO°Ë¸Ë_« w{«¸_« vK´ rN±uπ≥ ¡UHK∫∞« t°
.WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞«
Êö´≈ / n. of Declaration Independence
‹«dLF∑ºL∞« ‰UBH≤≈ »U∂ß√ s´ ÊUO° .‰öI∑ßù«
ÂU´ w≤U∏∞« ͸UI∞« ”dG≤uJ∞« ÁdÆ√ UO≤UD¥d° s´ WOJ¥d±_«
.1776
‹U∂ßd¢ s± XKJA¢ ‹UFIM∑º± WIDM± .U∑∞b∞« / n. delta
.dNM∞« VB± w≠ wL©
WO≤UJ±≈ s± b∫∞« .Õöº∞« Ÿe≤ / n. demilitarization
‰uB∫∞« s± UNFM±Ë UN¢«uÆ q∫° p∞–Ë »d∫∞« sA° U± W∞Ëœ
.Õöº∞« vK´
U≥d¥b¥ W±uJ• .WO©«dÆuL¥b∞« / n. democracy
.»«u≤ ‰öî s± Ë√ …d®U∂± U±≈ U≥uM©«u±
‰ö•≈ ,W©dI±b∞« / n. democratization
.vFA∞« UN∂ª∑M¥ W±uJ• nO∞Q¢ WOKL´ .WO©«dÆuL¥b∞«
s±_« …¸«“Ë / n. Department of Homeland Security
WO∞«¸b≠ …¸«“Ë .)W∞Ëb∞« s±√ …¸«“Ë ( wKî«b∞« wM©u∞«
b{ WO∞Ëb∞« œuNπ∞« oOºM∑∞ 2002 ÂU´ XºßQ¢ WOJ¥d±√
.»U≥¸ù«
WßUOß .WO∞Ëb∞« ‹UÆöF∞« w≠ ëdH≤≈ / n. d téente
…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« UN∑F∂¢« …œ¸U∂∞« »d∫∞« ◊uG{ nOHª¢
.ÊuºJO≤ œ¸UA∑¥¸ WßUz¸ ¡UM£√
qØ UN¥b∞ W∞Ëœ .W±bI∑± W∞Ëœ / n. developed nation
.W±bI∑L∞« lKº∞« W´UMÅË ÃU∑≤û∞ W±“ö∞« ‹PAML∞«
¡UM£√ XºßQ¢ WßUOß .W¥¸UAJ≤ù« / n. devshirme
WO∫OºL∞« »uFA∞« œôË√ UNO≠ v°d¥ w≤UL∏F∞« rJ∫∞«
.sOLKº± «œuM§ «u∫∂BO∞ W±ËeNL∞«
w≠ rN{¸√ s± œuNO∞« XO∑A¢ .‹U∑A∞« / n. Diaspora
b∂F± Âb≥ XK¢ WMß 1800 …d∑≠ ‰öî UÅuBîË sODºK≠
.W¥œöO± 70 ÂU´ ÊU±Ëd∞« q∂Æ s± ”bI∞«
U±Ë¸ w≠ .b∂∑º± rØU• - ¸u¢U∑J¥œ / n. dictator
sO≤«uI∞« sº∞ WIKD± WDKß wD´√ wßUOß bzUÆ ,WL¥bI∞«
.…œËb∫± …d∑H∞ gOπ∞« …œUOÆË
ÂUE≤ .…d®U∂± WO©«dÆuL¥œ / n. direct democracy
.sOK∏L± o¥d© s´ fO∞Ë …d®U∂± VFA∞« tO≠ rJ∫¥ rJ•
128 WORLD HISTORY
WßUOß .͸UI∞« ÂUEM∞« / n. Continental System
- W¥¸UI∞« U°Ë¸Ë√Ë vLEF∞« UO≤UD¥d° sO° …¸Uπ∑∞« lML∞ ÊuOK°U≤
.w≤UD¥d∂∞« œUB∑Æù« dO±b¢ UNM± W¥UG∞«
Ë√ ͸Uπ¢ qL´ .WL≥Uº± WØd® / n. corporation
«uºO∞ rNMJ∞ ÕU°¸_« ÊuLßUI∑¥ ÊuL≥Uº± tJKL¥ w´UMÅ
.Êu¥b∞« s´ sO∞ËRº±
ŸUL∑§≈ .wºMJ∞« X≤d¢ fKπ± / n. Council of Trent
WAÆUML∞ Y∞U∏∞« f∞u° U°U∂∞« tO∞« v´œ pO∞u£UJ∞« …œUI∞«
.XMDº¢Ëd∂∞« Êu∫KBL∞« U≥bI∑≤« ∆œU∂±
rJ• ÂUE≤ VKÆ v∞≈ ÍœR¢ WØd• .»öI≤≈ / n. coup d’ téat
.…uI∞U°
- ‰œU∂∑± b´Ë Ë√ ‚UH¢≈ - ‚U∏O± .bN´ / n. covenant
w≠ ¸uØc± u≥ ULØ w≤«d∂F∞« VFA∞«Ë tK∞« sO° bN´ WÅUª°Ë
.…«¸u∑∞«
- dLF∑º± w≤U∂ß≈ lL∑π± .ÊuO∞u¥dJ∞« / n. creoles
.sOO≤U∂ß« q≥√ s± WOMO¢ö∞« UJ¥d±√ w≠ «Ëb∞Ë ÊËdLF∑º±
1853 s± «œ Ÿ«e≤ .ÂdI∞« »d• / n. Crimean War
œ«b∑±≈ WO≤UL∏F∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±ù« Ád£√ vK´ XHÆË√ 1856 v∑•Ë
UO≤UD¥d° …b´UºL° p∞–Ë œuß_« d∫∂∞« o©UM± v∞≈ UOß˸
.Uº≤d≠Ë
W´«¸“ ÂUE≤ .W°ËUM∑± W´«¸“ / n. crop rotation
vK´ WE≠U∫LK∞ U± qI• w≠ ÂU´ qØ WHK∑ª± qOÅU∫±
.÷¸_« W°uBî
w∑∞« ‹öL∫∞« Èb•≈ .WO∂OKB∞« WKL∫∞« / n. Crusade
UNO≠ «uFß vDßu∞« ¸uBF∞« w≠ ÊuO∫Oº± ÊuK¢UI± UN° ÂUÆ
s± WßbIL∞« w{«¸_« vK´ …dDOº∞« ŸU§d∑ß« v∞≈
.sOLKºL∞«
Ë√ ¸UJ≠√ ¸UA∑≤« .w≠UI£ ¸UA∑≤« / n. cultural diffusion
.Èdî√ v∞≈ …¸UC• s± ‹Uπ∑M±
w≠ W{UH∑≤≈ .WO≠UI∏∞« …¸u∏∞« / n. Cultural Revolution
UN∑¥U¨ dL•_« ”d∫∞« …œUOI° 1976 - 1966 sO° sOB∞«
UNO≠ lOLπ∞« ÊuJ¥ ‰ULF∞«Ë sO•öH∞« s± lL∑π± fOßQ¢
.ÊËËUº∑±
,bO•Ë WAOF± jL≤ .…¸UC• - .W≠UI£ / n. culture
.r≥¸UJ≠√Ë rN≤uM≠Ë rN¢«œU´Ë ”UM∞« ‹«Ëœ√ w≠ vKπ∑¥
‰UJ®√Ë “u±¸ .w
Ò MOHßù« qJA∞« / n. cuneiform
.œöOL∞« q∂Æ 3000 ÂU´ w∞«u• Êu¥d±uº∞« UN´d∑î«
‹U±uπ≥ .w¢U±uKF± »U≥¸≈ / n. cyberterrorism
.WO±ö´≈ WLE≤√ vK´ WOßUOß l≠«Ëb°
WOJOK¥dOº∞« W¥bπ°_« / n. Cyrillic alphabet
w≠ U≥dJ∑°« WO≠öº∞« ‹UGK∞« W°U∑J∞ ·d•√ .)WO≠öß(
.”u¥œu∏O±Ë q¥dOß ÍœöO± lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞«
VIK∞« s±( UOß˸ w≠ ¸u©«d∂±≈ .dBOÆ / n. czar
.)dBOÆ w≤U±Ëd∞«
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UNO≠ rJ∫¥ WOßUOß W´uLπ± .W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ / n. empire
.œö∂∞«Ë »uFA∞« s± «œb´ b•«Ë bzUÆ
WπOÒºL∞« ‰uI∫∞« b•√ .WπOÒº± ÷¸√ / n. enclosure
Êu´¸«e± ÊUØ ÷¸√ vK´ ¡UOM¨√ ÊuO≤UD¥d° „ö± U≥QA≤√
.o°Uº∞« w≠ UNOK´ ÊuKLF¥
v∞« UO≤U∂ß« UN∑∂≥Ë ÷¸√ .«bMOO±uJ≤≈ / n. encomienda
«bª∑ß≈ o• t∑∫M±Ë sO∑J¥d±_« Èb•≈ w≠ s©u∑º±
.tO≠ ôUL´ )dL∫∞« œuMN∞«( sOOKÅ_« ÊUJ¥d±_«
.W¥eOKJ≤ù« WOK≥_« »d∫∞« / n. English Civil War
s¥c∞« ÊU∑¥¸uO∂∞« t∞öî »¸U• 1649 v∞« 1642 s± «œ Ÿ«e≤
.W¥eOKJ≤ù« WJKLL∞« Íb¥R± ÊUL∞d∂∞« «Ëb≤Uß
b•√ .¸uMÒL∞« b∂∑ºL∞« / n. enlightened despot
¸UJ≠√ t∑LN∞√ dA´ s±U∏∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ sOO°Ë¸Ë_« „uKL∞«
.t´U∂¢√ ‚uI• Âd∑∫¥ Ê√Ë ‰bF° rJ∫¥ ÊQ° …dOM±
WLJ• W∞U• W¥–u∂∞« w≠ .d¥uM∑∞« / n. enlightenment
.WOßUß_« ÊuJ∞« ozUI• UN∞öî s± œdH∞« rNH¥ W±U¢
WØd• .)w•Ë¸ Ë√ w≠UI£( d¥uM¢ / n. Enlightenment
UN∞öî ‰ËU• dA´ s±U∏∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ U°Ë¸Ë√ w≠ X±UÆ
qØ vK´ WOLKF∞« ‚dD∞«Ë qIF∞« ∆œU∂± «uI∂D¥ Ê√ ÊËdJHL∞«
.lL∑πL∞« ‹UµO≥
d¥b¥Ë rEM¥ hª® .‰ËUI± ,bNF∑± / n. entrepreneur
.W¥¸Uπ¢ WOKLF° ·“Uπ¥Ë
‰UD°√ d£PL° vMG∑¥ q¥u© wHÅË dF® .WL∫K± / n. epics
.sO¥bOKI∑∞« ‰UD°_« Ë√ dO©Uß_«
‹UI∂© Àö£ s± …b•«Ë .WO´UL∑§≈ WI∂© / n. estate
WI∂D∞« n∞Q∑¢ - WOº≤dH∞« …¸u∏∞« q∂Æ Uº≤d≠ w≠ WO´UL∑§≈
wÆU° s± W∏∞U∏∞«Ë ¡ö∂M∞« s± WO≤U∏∞«Ë s¥b∞« ‰U§¸ s± v∞Ë_«
.vFA∞«
‹UI∂DK∞ ÂU´ fKπ± / n. Estates-General
WO´UL∑§ù« ‹UI∂D∞« s± sOK∏L± W´uLπ± .WO´UL∑§ù«
.Uº≤d≠ w≠ Àö∏∞«
Ë√ q∑Æ WßUOß .wÆd´ dOND¢ / n. ethnic cleansing
vK´ «uCI¥ Ê√ »dB∞« UNO≠ q±Q¢ Èdî√ nM´ ‰UL´√
.UO≠ößu¨u¥ Wzeπ¢ bF° WMßu∂∞« w≠ rKºL∞« VFA∞«
‚uI• V∫ß .wºMØ Âd• / n. excommunication
.WO∫Oº± WOºMØ v∞« t°Uº∑≤≈ s± U± hª®
√b∂± vK´ WOM∂± WHºK≠ .W¥œu§u∞« / n. existentialism
rN¢«¸UOî ‰öî s± rN¢UO∫∞ vMF± ÊuDF¥ ”UM∞« Ê√
.rN∞UL´√Ë
ÍË– V≤U§_« ‚uI• / n. extraterritorial rights
.bK∂∞« sO≤«uÆ s± sOLOIL∞« V≤U§_« ¡UH´≈ .W≤UB∫∞«
Ë√ W±uJ∫∞« ‹UßUOº∞ ÷¸UF± .oAM± / n. dissident
.UN∞UL´_
uK∏L± r≥ ÂUJ∫∞« Ê√ …dJ≠ .wN∞≈ o• / n. divine right
.tK∞« ÂU±√ jI≠ Êu∞ËRº± r≥ w∞U∑∞U°Ë ÷¸_« vK´ tK∞«
wØ ‹U≤«uO∫∞« i¥Ëd¢ .sO§b¢ / n. domestication
.ÊUº≤ù« UN±bª∑º¥
‰Ëœ s± WKI∑º± W∞Ëœ .ÊuOM±Ëœ qO≥Q¢ / n. dominion
UN∞UL´√ d¥b¢ Ê√ UN∞ `Lß )ö∏± «bMØ( w≤UD¥d∂∞« ÃU∑∞«
.UNºHM° WOKî«b∞«
t≤√ UN±«uÆ …dJ≠ .uMO±Ëb∞« W¥dE≤ / n. domino theory
‰Ëb∞« ÊS≠ sOO´uOA∞« …dDOß X∫¢ U± W∞Ëœ XFÆË «–≈
.sOO´uOA∞« …dDOß X∫¢ UC¥√ `∂B∑ß …¸ËUπL∞«
WO≤U≤uO∞« WGK∞U° o©U≤ VF® .Êu¥¸Ëb∞« / n. Dorians
…¸UC∫∞« ¸UON≤« bF° ÊU≤uO∞« v∞« «Ëd§U≥ rN≤√ bI∑F¥
.WOMOºL∞«
w≠ qB• ‰b§ .”uH¥¸œ WOCÆ / n. Dreyfus affair
j°UC∞« sπß Ë WLØU∫± vK´ eظ 1890 «u´_« w≠ Uº≤d≠
¸«dß√ lO∂° rN¢Ô« Íc∞« ”uH¥¸œ b¥dH∞√ s∑°UJ∞« ÍœuNO∞«
.UO≤UL∞√ v∞≈ W¥dJº´
bMN∞« ‚d® WØd® / n. Dutch East India Company
ÊdI∞« qz«Ë√ w≠ Êu¥bM∞uN∞« UNºß√ WØd® .W¥bM∞uN∞«
.UO߬ d∂´ …¸Uπ∑∞« …¸«œ≈Ë fOßQ∑∞ dA´ l°Uº∞«
wª¥¸U¢ ÖuL≤ .w∞öß rJ• …¸Ëœ / n. dynastic cycle
.WLØU∫∞« ‹ôöº∞« q¥b∂¢Ë¸«b∫≤«Ë ÷uNM∞
.…b•«Ë WKzU´ s± ÂUJ• WºKß .w∞öß rJ• / n. dynasty
E
»d∫∞« ¡UM£√ .WOÆdA∞« WN∂π∞« / n. Eastern Front
WO≤UL∞_« œËb∫∞« ‰u© vK´ WIDML∞« - v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞«
ÊUL∞_« l± »dB∞«Ë ”Ëd∞« „¸UF¢ YO• WOßËd∞«
.„«d¢_«Ë sO¥ËUºLM∞«Ë
1598 rK´ Êö´≈ ."X≤U≤"Âußd± / n. Edict of Nantes
gOF¥ Ê√ l°«d∞« ÍdM≥ wº≤dH∞« pKL∞« t∞öî b´Ë
…œU∂´ ¸Ëœ ¡UM∂° rN∞ `LßË Uº≤d≠ w≠ Âöº° ÊuO∑≤U∑º¢Ëd∂∞«
.WOº≤dH∞« ÊbL∞« iF° w≠
d¥d∫¢ Êö´≈ / n. Emancipation Proclamation
w≠ s∞uJM∞ ÂU≥«d°√ wJ¥d±_« fzd∞« Á¸bÅ√ ÊUO° .bO∂F∞«
‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ s¥œu§uL∞« bO∂F∞« qØ Ê√ tO≠ sK´√ 1863
.«¸«d•√ «u∫∂Å√ W¥œU∫¢ù«
UNO≠ ÊuJ¢ W∞Ëœ .Wµ®U≤ W∞Ëœ / n. emerging nation
.bF° W±U¢ dO¨ lOMB∑∞« WK•d±
wKÅ_« r≥bK° ÊuØd∑¥ ”U≤ .ÊËd§UNL∞« / n. m
é igré
‰öî Uº≤d≠ «uØd¢ s¥c∞« r≥dO¨Ë ¡ö∂M∞UØ WOßUOß »U∂ß_
.WOº≤dH∞« …¸u∏∞« ¡UM£√ sO•öH∞« W{UH∑≤≈
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ÊËœ ‰Ëb∞« sO° ͸Uπ¢ ‰œU∂¢ .…d• …¸Uπ¢ / n. free trade
.)ö∏± Âußd∞UØ( oz«u´ Ë√ W¥œUB∑Æ≈ œuOÆ v∞« ŸuCª∞«
WOº≤dH∞« »d∫∞« / n. French and Indian War
vK´ …dDOº∞« ‰u• UO≤UD¥d°Ë Uº≤d≠ sO° Ÿ«e≤ .W¥bMN∞«
.1763 v∞≈ 1754 s± «œ ,UJ¥d±√ ‰UL® w≠ ÷«¸√
G
ARABIC
.sOOºMπ∞« sO° ‹ËUH¢ / n. gender inequality
.w≤u≤UI∞« l{u∞«Ë …Ëd∏∞« ‰UπL° ¡UºM∞«Ë ‰U§d∞« sO° WÆdH∑∞«
WO£«¸u∞« WßbMN∞« / n. genetic engineering
ÃU∑≤ù dî¬ v∞≈ w• szUØ s± ‹UMO§ qI≤ WOKL´ .)WOMOπ∞«(
.…b¥b§ ‹ULßË ‹«eOL° w• szUØ
qJA° tKLØQ° VF® q∑Æ .WO´UL§ …œU°≈ / n. genocide
.rEM±
,–uH≤ ‹«– VFA∞« s± WI∂© .UOKF∞« WI∂D∞« / n. gentry
.WO∞U´ WO´UL∑§≈ WOF{u° l∑L∑¢ ,UO∞U± …¸b∑I±Ë
¸uBF∞« w≠ .W¥eØdL∞« W¥dE≤ / n. geocentric theory
bI∑´« YO• eØdLØ ÷¸_U° WIKF∑L∞« r∞UF∞« …dE≤ ,vDßu∞«
.ÊuJ∞« jßË w≠ WF{
Ò u∑±Ë W∑°U£ X≤UØ ÷¸_« Ê√ ¡ULKF∞«
bM∑º¢ WO§¸Uî WßUOß .WOßUOßuOπ∞« / n. geopolitics
÷
Ú «¸√ ÃU∑≤Ë WOπO¢«d∑ßô« lÆ«uL∞« ¸U∂∑´ù« sOF° cî_« v∞«
.Èdî√
s± XM∑¨« UOI¥d≠≈ »d¨ w≠ WJKL± .U≤U¨ / n. Ghana
Xºß√Ë UN∑∂Æ«d±Ë W¥¸Uπ∑∞« ‹UOKLF∞« vK´ Vz«dC∞« ÷d≠
.ÍœöO± dA´ ÍœU∫∞«Ë lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞« sO° W¥¸u©«d∂±√
.Âößù« q§√ s± »¸U∫± .Í“U¨ / n. ghazi
œuNO∞« d∂§ - WM¥bLK∞ …¸ËUπ± o©UM± .u∑O¨ / n. ghettos
.UNO≠ gOF∞« vK´ ÊuO°Ë¸Ë_«
UN∑¥U¨ ÕU∑H≤û∞ WO∑O≠uß WßUOß .ÕU∑H≤ù« / n. glasnost
qOzUªO± UN±bÆ ,‹U±uKFL∞«Ë ¸UJ≠ú∞ d∫∞« o≠b∑∞«
.1985 ÂU´ ·uA¢U°¸u¨
‹ö±UFL∞« .wL∞U´ œUB∑Æ≈ / n. global economy
‰UL´_« ‰U§¸Ë VFA∞« UNO≠ „d∑A¥ w∑∞« WO∞UL∞«
.WO∞Ëb∞« œËb∫∞« vDª∑¢ w∑∞«Ë ‹U±uJ∫∞«Ë
W•U©≈ .…bOπL∞« …¸u∏∞« / n. Glorious Revolution
VOBM¢ Ë ¡U±œ pHß ÊËœ w≤U∏∞« fLO§ ÍeOKJ≤ù« pKL∞«
.t≤UJ± ͸U±Ë ÂUO∞Ë
pK¢ WÅUîË W¥e±¸ …¸uÅ .W®uIM± …¸uÅ / n. glyph
vK´ qzUßd∞« X∫M∞ W°U∑Ø WI¥d© s± ¡eπØ qLF∑º¢ w∑∞«
.…¸Uπ∫∞«
…¸UL´ s≠ »uKß√ v∞« wL∑M¥ .w¢uG∞« / adj. Gothic
V¥œ«dß “d∂¥ vDßu∞« ¸uBF∞« w≠ U°Ë¸Ë√ w≠ ¸uD¢ fzUMJ∞«
nB≤( ‹«d≠«“Ë W≤uK± WO§U§“ c≠«u≤Ë W±u´b± ‹«dL±Ë
.WO∞U´ ëd°√Ë …“¸U° d©UMÆ Ë )¸«bπ∞« UN° r´b¥ d©UMÆ
130 WORLD HISTORY
F
¸œUBL∞« .ÃU∑≤ù« q±«u´ / n. factors of production
lKº∞« ÃU∑≤ù W±“ö∞« ‰UL∞« ”√¸Ë qLF∞«Ë ÷¸_« UNO≠ UL°
.lzUC∂∞«Ë
‹ôü« tO≠ Âbª∑º¢ dO∂Ø ¡UM° .lMB± / n. factory
.lKº∞« W´UMB∞
·dD∑± Ÿu≤ “eF¢ WOßUOß WØd• .WO®UH∞« / n. fascism
b•«Ë »e• rJ•Ë ,œdH∞« ‚uI∫∞ Ê«dJ≤ ,WOM©u∞« s±
.͸u¢U∑J¥œ
WLØU• WLKº± W∞öß s± œd≠ .w
Ò L©UH∞« / n. Fatimid
W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ ‹QA≤√Ë bL∫± w∂M∞« WM°≈ WL©U≠ v∞≈ Vº∑M¢
ÊdI∞« ‰öî U¥¸ußË W¥œuFº∞« WO°dF∞«Ë ,UOI¥d≠≈ ‰UL® w≠
.dA´ w≤U∏∞« v∑•Ë d®UF∞«
.`°«¸ ͸Uπ¢ Ê«eO± / n. favorable balance of trade
d∏Ø√ øUª∞« v∞« lzUC° lO∂¥Ë ¸bB¥ U± bK° œUB∑Æ≈ W∞U•
.œ¸u∑º¥ UL±
tO≠ Ÿ“u¢ rJ• ÂUE≤ .w∞«¸b≠ ÂUE≤ / n. federal system
.WKI∑ºL∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« s± œb´ Ë W¥eØd± WDKß sO° WDKº∞«
WO´«¸“ ÷¸√ .vOBª∞« ‰öN∞« / n. Fertile Crescent
ZOKª∞« sO° UO߬ »d¨ »uM§ w≠ ”uÆ qJ® vK´ WOM¨
.jßu∑L∞« iO°_« d∫∂∞«Ë w߸UH∞«
¡ö∂M∞« ÊUØ wßUOß ÂUE≤ .ŸUDÆù« / n. feudalism
rNJK± UNJKL¥ w∑∞« w{«¸_« «bª∑ß≈ o• ÊuááDF¥Ô t∂§uL°
W¥UL•Ë W¥dJºF∞« W±bª∞« ¡«œ√Ë rNzôË q°UI± UO≤u≤UÆ
.÷¸_« Ác≥ ‚u≠ ÊuAOF¥ s¥c∞« ’Uª®_«
¡UM£√ l°U¢ v∞« bOº∞« UN∂N¥ ÷¸√ WFDÆ .W´UDÆ≈ / n. fief
.vDßu∞« ÊËdI∞« w≠ U°Ë¸ËQ° bzUº∞« w´UDÆù« ÂUEM∞«
v∞« œôË_« t¥b∂¥ «d∑•« .s¥b∞«u∞« W´U© / n. filial piety
.sOMºL∞«Ë rN¥Ë–
qØ q∑I∞ dK∑≥ Z±U≤d° .wzUNM∞« q∫∞« / n. Final Solution
.rEM± qJA° ÍœuNO∞« VFA∞«
UNL߸ WDî .WOºLª∞« WDª∞« / n. Five-Year Plans
œU∫¢ù« œUB∑Æ≈ d¥uD∑∞ 1928 ÂU´ w≠ sO∞U∑ß n¥“u§
.w∑O≠uº∞«
.WF°¸_« ‹U∏¥b∫∑∞« / n. Four Modernizations
w≠ mM°ËUO® m≤œ wMOB∞« bzUI∞« U≥UM∂¢ ·«b≥√ W´uLπ±
W´«¸e∞« ‰Uπ± w≠ ÂbI∑∞« sLC∑¢ s¥dAF∞« ÊdI∞« dî«Ë√
.UO§u∞uMJ∑∞«Ë ÂuKF∞«Ë ŸU≠b∞«Ë W´UMB∞«Ë
W´uLπ± .dA´ WF°¸_« ◊UIM∞« / n. Fourteen Points
WDî sºK¥Ë ˸œË wJ¥d±_« fOzd∞« UN∞öî r߸ ‹U•«d∑Æ≈
.v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« bF° rz«œ rKß “Uπ≤ù
WF©UI± w≠ sJß w≤U±d§ VF® .Z≤d≠ù« / n. Franks
)Uº≤d≠ ÂuO∞« UNKGA¢ w∑∞« WIDML∞« U∂¥dI¢( WO≤U±Ëd∞« ‰uG∞«
.vDßu∞« ¸uBF∞« w≠ vLE´ W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ fß√Ë
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.sOLKºL∞« vK´ ÷d≠ Áƒ«œ« WJ± v∞« Z∫∞« .Z∫∞« / n. hajj
WOMOÅ W∞öß .WLØU∫∞« ÊU≥ W∞öß / n. Han dynasty
…d±Ë ÍœöO± 9 v∑• œöOL∞« q∂Æ 202 ÂU´ s± XLJ•
.ÍœöO± 220 ÂU´ v∑• 23 ÂU´ s± Èdî√
dî¬ rß« .ÊU°«¸UN∞« …¸UC• / n. Harappan civilization
”Ëb≤ù« dN≤ ‰u© vK´ ‹d≥œ“« ”Ëb≤ù« Íœ«Ë …¸UC∫∞
Êb± rOEM∑° ‹eOL¢ ,œöOL∞« q∂Æ 7000 ÂU´ cM± U∂¥dI¢
.sH∞« WFO≠¸
‘U´ UOI¥d≠≈ »d¨ w≠ VF® .«“ËUN∞« VF® / n. Hausa
.WO∞ULA∞« U¥dOπ¥U≤ Êü« vLº¢ ‰Ëb∞« - ÊbL∞« s± œb´ w≠
Ê√ …dJ≠ .Ê«¸Ëb∞« W¥dE≤ / n. heliocentric theory
.fLA∞« ‰u• ¸Ëb¢ Èdî_« VØ«uJ∞«Ë ÷¸_«
s≠Ë WG∞Ë …¸UC∫° oKF∑¥ .w∑ºMOKON∞« / adj. Hellenistic
v∑•Ë dO∂J∞« ¸bMJß« rJ• cM± wI¥d¨ù« r∞UF∞« »œ√Ë ÂuK´Ë
.œöOL∞« q∂Æ w≤U∏∞« ÊdI∞« dî«Ë√
Õö≠ ,WL¥bI∞« W©¸U∂ß≈ lL∑π± w≠ .‹uKN∞« / n. helot
.÷¸_U° j∂¢d±
bM´ W°U∑Ø »uKß√ .WOHOK¨ËdO≥ / n. hieroglyphics
¸UJ≠√ s´ dO∂F∑K∞ ¸uB∞« tO≠ X±bª∑ß« ¡U±bI∞« sO¥dBL∞«
.‹«uÅ√Ë
»d∏¥ v∞« WJ± s± bL∫± w∂M∞« …dπ≥ .…dπN∞« / n. Hijrah
.ÍœöO± 622 ÂU´ )WM¥bL∞«(
s©u∑ß« ÍbM≥ - w°Ë¸Ë√ VF® .ÊuO∏∫∞« / n. Hittites
.œöOL∞« q∂Æ 2000 ÂU´ w∞«u• ‰u{U≤_« w≠
œuNOK∞ WO´UL§ …¸eπ± .WÆd∫L∞« / n. Holocaust
¡UM£√Ë q∂Æ Í“UM∞« UO≤UL∞√ rJ• UN° ÂUÆ s¥dî¬ sOO≤b±Ë
.WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞«
‰Ëœ s± WµO≥ .”bIL∞« nK∫∞« / n. Holy Alliance
dL¢R± bF° UOßËd°Ë UºLM∞«Ë UOß˸ ÂUJ• UNKJ® WO°Ë¸Ë√
.nOM§
WO≤U±Ëd∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±ù« / n. Holy Roman Empire
d®UF∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ U°Ë¸Ë√ w≠ XºßQ¢W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ .WßbIL∞«
UO≤UL∞Q° ÂuO∞« ·dF¢ ÷
Ú «¸√ s± qÅ_U° XH∞Q¢ ÍœöOL∞«
.UO∞UD¥≈Ë
¸u±_« vK´ …dDOº∞« o• .wKî«œ rJ• / n. home rule
.U± WIDM± w≠ sOLOILK∞ WLØU• W±uJ• t∑∫M± WOKî«b∞«
qLA¢ WO§u∞uO° W´uLπ± uC´ .bOMO±uN∞« / n. hominid
qJA°( W∂B∑M± dOº¢ UNO∞≈ W°uºM± ·UMÅ√Ë WO∫∞« ‹UMzUJ∞«
.)ÍœuL´
U´u≤ tHÅu°( ÊUº≤ù« / n. Homo sapiens
ÊUº≤ù« UNO∞≈ wL∑M¥ w∑∞« WO§u∞uO∂∞« Ÿ«u≤_« .)UO§u∞uO°
.Y¥b∫∞«
rOKF∑K∞ eØd± .WLJ∫∞« XO° / n. House of Wisdom
.800 «u´_« w≠ œ«bG° w≠ TA≤√
œU• ¸u≥b¢ .dO∂J∞« œUºJ∞« / n. Great Depression
ÂU´ UJ¥d±√ w≠ WŸu∂∞« ‚uß ¸UON≤≈ WπO∑≤ œUB∑Æû∞
.1929
UN∞ vMF± ô ·uî W§u± .dO∂J∞« d´c∞« / n. Great Fear
w≠ qO∑ßU∂∞« vK´ ÂuπN∞« d£√ vK´ wº≤dH∞« n¥d∞« X•U∑§«
.1789 ÂU´
w≠ »U≥¸≈ WKL• .Èd∂J∞« WOHB∑∞« / n. Great Purge
sO∞U∑ß n¥“u§ UN° ÂUÆ ‹UMO£ö∏∞« w≠ w∑O≠uº∞« œU∫¢ù«
«u≤UØ s¥c∞« w´uOA∞« »e∫∞« ¡UC´√ qØ s± hKª∑K∞
.tLJ• vK´ «dDî ÊuKJA¥
w≠ ‚UIA≤≈ .dO∂J∞« ‚UIA≤ù« / n. Great Schism
UN∞öî XKJA¢ wDßu∞« ÊËdI∞« w≠ WOJO∞u£UJ∞« WºOMJ∞«
.U±Ë¸Ë ÊuOM≠¬ w≠ ÊU∑º≠UM∑± ÊU∑¥u°U°
- WO≤U±Ëd∞« …¸UC∫∞« / n. Greco-Roman culture
‹«¸UC∫∞« Z±œ s± ‹¸uD¢ WL¥bÆ …¸UC• .WM¥U≤uO∞«
.WO≤U±Ëd∞«Ë WO∑ºMKN∞«Ë WO≤U≤uO∞«
XLÒ¢ W∞ËU∫± .¡«dCª∞« …¸u∏∞« / n. green revolution
¡U∫≤√ qØ w≠ WOz«cG∞« œ¸«uL∞« …œU¥e∞ s¥dAF∞« ÊdI∞« w≠
‹«bO∂±Ë …bLß_« ‰ULF∑ß« W∞ËU∫L∞« Ác≥ XMLC¢Ë ,r∞UF∞«
.÷«d±ú∞ W±ËUI± ‹U´«¸“ d¥uD¢Ë ‹«dA∫∞«
ÍËd¥ WO°dG∞« UOI¥d≠≈ w≠ hª® .w¢«uJ• / n. griot
.U¥UJ∫∞«
W°¸U∫± …uÆ s± œd≠ .W°UB´ w≠ q¢UI± / n. guerrilla
s¥c∞« ËbF∞« ‹«uÆ vK´ Wµ§UH± ‹«¸UG° ÂuI¢ WLEM± t∂®
.Áœö° ÊuK∑∫¥
ÊËdI∞« w≠ ”UM∞« s± W´uLπ± .W°UIM∞ rß« / n. guild
œ«d≠_« V¢«Ë¸ VÆ«d¢ X≤UØ WMNL∞« fHM° ÊuKLF¥ vDßu∞«
.¸UFß_«Ë
”UM∞« ”˃¸ UN° lDI¥ W∞¬ .WKBI± / n. guillotine
.WOº≤dH∞« …¸u∏∞« ‰öî «b´≈ WKOßuØ XKLF∑ß«
w≤U£ .U∑°u¨ W¥¸u©«d∂±« / n. Gupta Empire
320 ÂU´ ‰Ë_« U∑°u¨ «¸b≤U® UNºß√ bMN∞« w≠ W¥¸u©«d∂±«
.ÍœöO±
H
sOπß ¡U´b∑ßù WIO£Ë .‰u∏± d±√ / n. habeas corpus
ÊUØ «–≈ «Ë¸dI¥ wØ sOHK∫L∞« ÂU±√ ‰u∏L∞«Ë WLJ∫L∞« v∞«
.ô Â√ w≤u≤UÆ tMπß
WLJ∫∞« WOz«¸b¢UØ .UO≠uÅ U¥¬ l±U§ / n. Hagia Sophia
¸u©«d∂±ù« U≥¡UM∂° d±√ WOMODMDºI∞« w≠ WßbIL∞«
.ÊUOM∑º§ wD≤eO∂∞«
Ë√ W£ö£ s± n∞Q∑¥ w≤U°U¥ dF® Ÿu≤ .uJ¥U≥ / n. haiku
Ë√ WºLî s± n∞R± dDß qØ ,WIßUM∑± dO¨ dDß√ WºLî
.WO¢uÅ l©UI± WF∂ß
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 131
ARABIC
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t∂∫DB¥ ,‰UL∞« WLOÆ ¸u≥b¢ .rªC¢ / n. inflation
.‹U±bª∞«Ë lKº∞« ¸UFß√ w≠ ŸUH¢¸≈
WOJO∞u£UØ WLJ∫± .gO∑H∑∞« rØU∫± / n. Inquisition
WDAM∞« WÅUîË rN∑LØU∫±Ë WI©dN∞U° sOLN∑L∞« s´ Y∫∂K∞
.1400 «u´_« ‰öî UO≤U∂ß≈ w≠ UNM±
¸Ëcπ∞« aß«¸ rEM± jL≤ .…œU´ - ·d´ / n. institution
.U± lL∑π± w≠
wº≤d≠ w±uJ• n™u± .vz«d{ w°U§ / n. intendant
.‰bF∞« W±UÆ≈ Ë Vz«dC∞« W¥U∂π∞ pKL∞« tMO´
WOzUCH∞« WD∫L∞« / n. International Space Station
WOJ¥d±_« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« UN∑KHØ WO≤ËUF¢ …d±UG± .WO∞Ëb∞«
qL´ d∂ª± W≤UOÅË fOßQ∑∞ Èdî√ W∞Ëœ 14Ë UOß˸Ë
.¡UCH∞« s´ WOLKF∞« »¸Uπ∑K∞
`Lº¥ d¢uO∂LØ ‹UJ∂® ‰UB¢≈ .X≤d∑≤« / n. Internet
l± ‰UB¢ù«Ë ‹U±uKFL∞« ‰œU∂∑° r∞UF∞« ¡U∫≤√ qØ w≠ ”UMK∞
.iF°
WOMODºK≠ w≤b± ÊUOB´ WKL• .W{UH∑≤ù« / n. intifada
…e¨ ŸUDÆË WO°dG∞« WHC∞« w≠ wKOz«dßù« ‰ö∑•ù« b{
.1990 «u´_« Èb± vK´ ‹dL∑ß«
͸uLπ∞« gOπ∞« / n. Irish Republican Army (IRA)
XFß WOL߸ dO¨ WO≤b± W¥dJº´ …uÆ .ÍbM∞d¥ù«
.vLEF∞« UO≤UD¥d° s´ «bM∞d¥≈ ‰öI∑ßô
»d∫∞« ‰öî .Íb¥b∫∞« ¸U∑º∞« / n. iron curtain
U°Ë¸Ë√ w≠ WO´uOA∞« ‰Ëb∞« qB≠ e§U• v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞«
.WO©«dIL¥b∞« WO°dG∞« U°Ë¸Ë√ ‰Ëœ rEF± s´ WOÆdA∞«
»uF® s± W´uLπ± .ÍuØËd¥_« / n. Iroquois
‹UG∞ ÊuLKJ∑¥ «u≤UØ )dL∫∞« œuMN∞«( sOOKÅ_« sOOJ¥d±_«
vLEF∞« ‹«dO∫∂∞« WIDM± ‚d® w≠ «u®U´ ,ÍuØËd¥ü«
.1550 «u´_« dî«Ë√ w≠ œU∫¢≈ «uKJ®Ë ,UJ¥d±√ ‰ULA°
w≠ ‹¸uD¢ b•«Ë t∞S° s±R¢ W≤U¥œ .Âößù« / n. Islam
.ÍœöO± l°Uº∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ WO°dF∞« …d¥eπ∞«
VMπ¢ UN±«uÆ WßUOß .WO∞«eF≤ù« / n. isolationism
.Èdî√ ‰Ëœ l± ÍdJºF∞«Ë wßUOº∞« ◊¸u∑∞«
sODºK≠ w≠ s¥b∫∑L∞« œuNO∞« WJKL± .qOz«dß≈ / n. Israel
,bF° ULO≠ .œöOL∞« q∂Æ 920 v∞« 1020 w∞«u• s± X±«œ
W∞Ëb∞« Êü«Ë ,œuNO∞« w∑JKL± s± w∞ULA∞« rºI∞« rEF±
.1948 ÂU´ sODºK≠ w≠ XºßQ¢ w∑∞« W¥œuNO∞«
J
ÊdI∞« w≠ bMN∞« w≠ XºßQ¢ W≤U¥œ .WO≤UO∞« / n. Jainism
t∞ ÊuJ∞« w≠ w® qØ ÊQ° UNK≥√ bI∑´« œöOL∞« q∂Æ ”œUº∞«
.È–Q° tº± Âb´ Vπ¥ w∞U∑∞U°Ë Õ˸
s± W∂ª∑M± …uÆ s± œd≠ .͸UAJ≤≈ ÍbM§ / n. janissary
.WO≤UL∏F∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±ù« w≠ œuMπ∞«
132 WORLD HISTORY
ÂU¥√ WO≠UI£ WØd• .WO≤Uº≤ù« WØd∫∞« / n. humanism
«ËeØ¸Ë WOJOßöØ ’uB≤ ÊËdJHL∞« UN∞öî ”¸œ WCNM∞«
.t¢«“Uπ≤≈Ë ÊUº≤ù« …uÆ vK´
‰öî …eO§u∞« …d∑H∞« .Âu¥ WµL∞« / n. Hundred Days
ŸU§d∑ßô ÊU≥¸ dîP° ÊuOK°U≤ ÂUÆ U±bM´ 1815 ÂU´
Èdî√ …d± tºH≤ »dB
Ò ≤Ë Uº≤d≠ pKL° ÕU©√ ,WDKº∞«
.Uº≤d≠ vK´ «¸u©«d∂±≈
Ÿ«e≤ .WMß WµL∞« »d• / n. Hundred Years’ War
qJA° WOº≤d≠ ÷«¸√ vK´ Uº≤d≠Ë «d∑KJ≤≈ UNO≠ XظUF¢
.1453 v∑•Ë 1337 ÂU´ s± lDI∑±
s± W´uLπ± .lLπ± - œUOÅ / n. hunter-gatherer
lL§ vK´Ë ‹U≤«uO∫∞« bOÅ vK´ rNz«c¨ w≠ ÊËbL∑F¥ Ëb∂∞«
.WOz«cG∞« ‹U¢U∂M∞«
s± Ëb∂∞« …«eG∞« s± W´uLπ± .”uºJN∞« / n. Hyksos
q∂Æ 1570 v∑•Ë 1640 s± dB± «uLJ• UO߬ »d¨ »uM§
.œöOL∞«
I
dA∑M¢ …œ¸U° WOM±“ …d∑≠ .ÍbOKπ∞« dBF∞« / n. Ice Age
X±«œ ,WO∂DI∞« o©UML∞« w≠ WLª{ W¥bOK§ ‹U∫OHÅ UNO≠
.œöOL∞« q∂Æ 10[000 v∞« 1[600[000 s± …d∑≠ dî¬
tO∞≈ l§d¥ wMOÅ w•Ë »U∑Ø .mMO® ͬ / n. I Ching
.WOKL´ Ë√ WOÆöî√ WKµß√ vK´ W°U§≈ vK´ ‰uB∫K∞ ”UM∞«
WºOMJ∞« uO∫Oº± UNKL∫¥ WOM¥œ …¸uÅ .W≤uI¥√ / n. icon
.WOÆdA∞«
W∞Ëœ UNO≠ Y∫∂¢ WßUOß .WO∞U¥d∂±ù« / n. imperialism
Ë√ U¥œUB∑Æ≈Ë UOßUOß Èdî√ Ê«bK° vK´ …dDOºK∞ W¥uÆ
.UO´UL∑§≈
ÊdI∞« w≠ WØd• .WO´U∂D≤ù« / n. impressionism
sO≤UMH∞« qF≠ œÒdØ X≤UØ w∑¥e∞« rßd∞U° oKF∑¢ dA´ lßU∑∞«
s´ rN¢U´U∂D≤≈ qI≤ v∞« «uFß YO• WOFÆ«u∞« b{
.ÊU±e∞« w≠ ‹UE∫∞ s´Ë√ ’Uª®_«
W´uLπ± .ÊuO°Ë¸Ë_« œuMN∞« / n. Indo-Europeans
…dπN∞U° œöOL∞« q∂Æ 1700 v∞«u• «Ë√b° Ëb° nB≤ »uF®
ÍbMN∞« jO∫L∞« t∂® v∞« WO°uMπ∞« UOß˸ ÂuO∞« u≥ U± s±
.UO߬ »d¨ »uM§Ë U°Ë¸Ë√Ë
»UI´ s± hª® o∑F¥ uH´ .Ê«dH¨ / n. indulgence
.UN∂J¢¸« WµODî V∂º°
V∂º° ‹U´UMB∞« ¸uD¢ .lOMB∑∞« / n. industrialization
.‹ôü« WDß«u° lKº∞« ÃU∑≤≈
‰u∫¢ .WO´UMB∞« …¸u∏∞« / n. Industrial Revolution
lKº∞« W´UMÅ s± dA´ s±U∏∞« ÊdI∞« ‰öî «d∑KJ≤≈ w≠ √b°
.‹ôüU° W´UMB∞« v∞« bO∞U°
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fßQ¢ wMOÅ wM©Ë »e• .m≤U∑O±uØ / n. Kuomintang
.1912 w≠ WLØU∫∞« mMOJ∞« W∞öß ◊uIß bF°
UN¢œUÆ rJ• ,WL¥bÆ WO°u≤ WJKL± .‘uØ WJKL± / n. Kush
.œöOL∞« q∂Æ 1000Ë 2000 ÂU´ sO° dB±
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
L
Ê√ UN±«uÆ …dJ≠ .Ídπ¢ ¸u±_« „d¢ / n. laissez faire
‰UL´_«Ë ‹U´UMB∞« …¸«œ≈ Ë√ qîb∑∞« Âb´ W±uJ∫∞« vK´
.W¥¸Uπ∑∞«
w{«¸_« l¥“u¢ …œU´≈ .÷¸_« ÕöÅ≈ / n. land reform
vK´ UNF¥“u¢Ë …dOGÅ Ÿ¸«e± v∞« WFß«u∞« ‹UOJKL∞« rOºI∑°
.sO•öH∞«
U≥œUÆ WO∞«d∂O∞ ÕöÅ≈ WØd• .ÕöÅù« / n. La Reforma
.pOºJL∞« w≠ dA´ lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ e¥¸«u≥ u∑OMO°
sOH™u± sOOF¢ .vBM± bOKI¢ / n. lay investiture
.¡ö∂M∞« Ë√ „uKL∞« q∂Æ s± sOM¥b∑±
WO∞Ëœ WLEM± .r±_« W∂B´ / n. League of Nations
vK´ WE≠U∫L∞« UN≠b≥ v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« bF° XºßQ¢
.‰Ëb∞« sO° Âöº∞«
w{«¸_« - "ÍuO• ÊUJ±" .ÂË«dºM∂∞ / n. lebensraum
- dK∑≥ n∞Ëœ¬ Í√¸ Vº• - UO≤UL∞√ X≤UØ w∑∞« WO≠U{ù«
.ÊUJº∞U° WL•œe± X≤UØ UN≤_ UNO∞≈ W§U∫°
WOMOÅ WOßUOß WHºK≠ .Êu≤UI∞U° bOI∑∞« / n. Legalism
w≥ W¥uÆË WO∞U´ W§¸b∞ W∞UF≠ W±uJ• Ê√ …dJ≠ vK´ X±UÆ
.w´UL∑§≈ ÂUEM∞ ÕU∑H±
,WL¥bI∞« U±Ë¸ gO§ w≠ W¥dJº´ …b•Ë .oKO≠ / n. legion
…UAL∞« WÆd≠ s± ÍdJº´ 5000 w∞«u• s± W≤uJ±
.ÊUßdH∞«Ë
.wF¥dA∑∞« fKπL∞« / n. Legislative Assembly
vK´ WI≠«uL∞«Ë sO≤«uÆ sº∞ WDKº∞« t∞ wº≤d≠ ”dG≤uØ
.1791 ÂU´ ¸u∑ßœ V§uL° qJA¢ - »d∫∞« Êö´≈
.rJ∫¥ wØ pKLK∞ À¸«u∑± o• .WO´dA∞« / n. legitimacy
ÊdI∞« s± ‰Ë_« nBM∞« w≠ .ÊuO∞«d∂OK∞« / n. liberals
‰U§¸ s± rN∂K¨√ - sOO°Ë¸Ë_« W´uLπ± ,dA´ lßU∑∞«
«uDF¥ Ê√ «Ëœ«¸√ -¸Uπ¢Ë ,WDßu∑L∞« WI∂D∞« s± ‰UL´√
.d∂Ø√ WOßUOß …uÆ W∂ª∑ML∞« ‹U≤UL∞d∂∞«
dO¨ Ë√ ‹«u±√ Ë√ ¡UO•√ ¡«uß œ«d≠_« .qº≤ / n. lineage
.„d∑A± b§ s± «Ë¸b∫≤« - bF° s¥œu∞u±
s± qJA∑¢ W∂Bî V߫˸ .w∞UHD∞« Vß«d∞« / n. loess
.ÕU¥d∞« t° nBF¢ »«d¢
W≠UºL∞ …dHß .WK¥uD∞« …dOºL∞« / n. Long March
ÊuOMOB∞« ÊuO´uOA∞« 1935Ë 1934 ÂU´ UN° ÂUÆ qO± 6000
.WO±uI∞« "wAOO§ m≤UO§" ‹«uÆ s± Êu°¸UN∞«
ÊdI∞« w≠ WO∂FA∞« vIOßuL∞« s± Êu∞ .“Uπ∞« / n. jazz
- ÊuOJ¥d±_« ÊuOIOßuL∞« v∞Ë_« W§¸b∞U° U≥¸u© s¥dAF∞«
.ÊuOI¥d≠ù«
W´UL§ ,`OºL∞« WOFL§ ¡UC´√ .w´uº¥ / n. Jesuits
.ôu¥u∞ ·Ë√ ”uO¢UM¨≈ UNºß√ WOJO∞u£UØ WOM¥œ
…dL∑Fº± .ÃU∑∞« …d≥u§ / n. “jewel in the crown”
UN∑OL≥√ V∂º° rßù« «cN° XOLß WO≤UD¥d∂∞« bMN∞«
…¸Uπ∑∞ ‚ußË ÂUî œ«u± œËeLØ WO≤UD¥d∂∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±û∞
.WO≤UD¥d∂∞« lKº∞«
…¸Uπ¢ Ÿu≤ .WL≥Uº± WØd® / n. joint-stock company
·b≥ q§√ s± rN¢«Ëd∏° ÊuLNº¥ ,ÊËdL∏∑ºL∞« UNO≠ ÂuI¥
.ÕU°¸_« ÊuLßUI∑¥ r£ b•«Ë
XºßQ¢ sODºK≠ w≠ WO≤«d∂´ WJKL± .«–uN¥ / n. Judah
.œöOL∞« q∂Æ 922 ÂU´ w∞«u•
wºOzd∞« ¡eπ∞« .ÊUOM∑º§ Êu≤UÆ / n. Justinian Code
s± d±Q° tLOEM¢Ë tFL§ r¢ w≤U±Ëd∞« w≤bL∞« Êu≤UI∞« s±
.ÍœöO± 534 ÂU´ w∞«u• ÊUOM∑º§ wD≤eO∂∞« ¸u©«d∂±ù«
K
Âbª∑º¢ ,WO≤U°U¥ WO•dº± Ÿu≤ .WOØu°UJ∞« / n. kabuki
÷dF∞ WOzUL¥ù« ‹UØd∫∞«Ë hÆd∞«Ë vIOßuL∞« UNO≠
.hBI∞«
w≤U±Ëd∞« VIK∞« s±( w≤UL∞√ ¸u©«d∂±« .¸e¥UØ / n. kaiser
.)dBOÆ
,WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« ¡UM£√ .Í“UJO±UØ / n. kamikaze
¡UHK∫∞« sHß ‚«d¨ù «u° ˆ¸ÒœÔ ÊuO≤U°U¥ Êu¥¸U∫∑≤≈ Ê˸UO©
.œuÆu∞U° WµOK± ‹«dzUD° UN±bB° p∞–Ë
ŸuLπ± ,W¥–u∂∞«Ë W¥bMN∞« W≤U¥b∞« w≠ .U±¸UØ/ n. karma
bI∑F¥ ,U± hª® UN° ÂuI¥ w∑∞« WµOº∞«Ë …bOπ∞« ‰UL´_«
.b¥b§ s± b∞u¥ Ê√ bF° ˆ¸ÒbÆ œb∫¢ UN≤√
W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ .dOLª∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ / n. Khmer Empire
XKÅË ,U¥œu∂LØ ÂuO∞« u≥ ULO≠ ‹eØd¢ UO߬ ‚d® »uM§ wÆ
.ÍœöO± 1200 ÂU´ w∞«u• UN¢uÆ WLÆ v∞«
s¥œdL∑± W´uLπ± .dL∫∞« dOLª∞« / n. Khmer Rouge
.1975 ÂU´ U¥œu∂LØ wÆ rJ∫∞« vK´ «u∞u∑ß« sOO´uO®
,U°Ë¸Ë√ w≠ vDßu∞« ¸uBF∞« w≠ .”¸U≠ / n. knight
.ÊUB• dN™ vK´ »¸U• `Kº± »¸U∫±
W∞öß .WLØU∫∞« u¥¸uØ W∞öß / n. Koryu dynasty
.1392 v∞« 935 ÂU´ s± U¥¸uØ XLJ•
ÃU§e∞« WKO∞ "Ë√ .‰U∑º¥dJ∞« WKO∞ / n. Kristallnacht
«uÆ UNO≠ XL§U≥ 1938 d∂L≠u≤ s± lßU∑∞« WKO∞ ,"¸uºJL∞«
rN¢œU∂´ ¸ËœË rNKL´ WMJ±√Ë œuNO∞« ‹uO° W¥“UM∞« WHÅUF∞« ‹
.UO≤UL∞√ ¡U∫≤√ qØ w≠
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W¥dJº´ ‹UDKß rJ• .w≠d´ Êu≤UÆ / n. martial law
w≠ Ë√ »d∫∞« s±“ w≠ …œU´ o∂D¥ sOO≤b± ÊUJß vK´ XÆR±
.w≤b± d¢u¢ ‰U•
WOM≠ ‰UL´√ ÃU∑≤≈ .ÍdO≥UL§ s≠ / n. mass culture
.dO∂Ø ¸uNL§ ÂU±√ ÷dFK∞ XLLÅ WONO≠d¢Ë
…dJH∞ …dO∂Ø WLOÆ ¡UD´≈ .W¥œU± / n. materialism
.W¥œU± ‹UJK∑L± vK´ ‰uB∫∞«
ÂUE≤ v∞≈ wL∑M¥ s± .Â_« rJ• / adj. matriarchal
.…dß_« ”√¸ Â_« tO≠ ÊuJ¢ w´UL∑§≈
v∞« wL∑M¥ s± .Â_« ·d© s± W¥¸– / adj. matrilineal
.Â_« v∞≈ W£«¸u∞« ‚uI•Ë VºM∞« tO≠ œuF¥ w´UL∑§≈ ÂUE≤
‰Ë√ .WO≤U¥¸uL∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±ù« / n. Mauryan Empire
321 ÂU´ U¥¸u± U∑°u¨«¸b≤U® UNºß√ bMN∞« w≠ W¥¸u©«d∂±≈
.œöOL∞« q∂Æ
.u¥U± s± l°«d∞« WØd• / n. May Fourth Movement
VFA∞« UNO≠ d≥UE¢ 1919 ÂU´ sOB∞« w≠ WO∂F® …d≥UE±
.w∂M§_« qîb∑∞« b{Ë ÍUßd≠ …b≥UF± b{
b´Uß UO߬ »d¨ »uM§ w≠ VF® .f¥bOL∞« / n. Medes
.W¥¸u®ü« W¥¸u©«d∂±ù« ◊UIß≈ vK´
ÊU°UO∞« a¥¸U¢ w≠ WK•d± .wπOL∞«dBF∞« / n. Meiji era
¸u©«d∂±ù« UN∞öî bK∂∞« rJ• 1912 v∞« 1867 s±
.u∑O≥uº¢u±
dK∑O≥ n∞Ëœ¬ t∂∑Ø »U∑Ø ."w•UHØ" / n. Mein Kampf
tO≠ ÷d´ 1924 - 1923 «u´_« w≠ tMπß …d∑≠ ¡UM£√
.UO≤UL∞√ q§√ s± t≠«b≥√Ë ÁbzUI´
W¥œUB∑Æ≈ WßUOß .W¥¸Uπ∑∞« ÕËd∞« / n. mercantilism
vK´ ‰uB∫∞U° UN¢uÆË UN¢Ëd£ …œU¥e∞ »uFA∞« UN∞öî XFß
s± d∏Ø√ lKß WOLØ lO°Ë WCH∞«Ë V≥c∞« s± …dO∂Ø ‹UOLØ
.U≥Ëd∑A¥ w∑∞«
w≠ ‰U∑IK∞ d§Q∑º± ÍbM§ .‚e¢dL∞« / n. mercenary
.w∂M§√ gO§
w∞«u• s± WO®uJ∞« WJKLL∞« w≠ eØd± ."ÍËdO±" / n. Merö
W∫Kß_« W´UMB° dN∑®« .150 v∑•Ë œöOL∞« q∂Æ 250
.W¥b¥b∫∞« ‹«Ëœ_«Ë
s± b∑L¢ WIDM± ."UJ¥d±√ ËeO±" / n. Mesoamerica
‹UFL∑π± UNO≠ XKJA¢ .”«¸ËbM≥ v∑•Ë pOºJL∞« jßË
.WHK∑ª± WOJ¥d±√ WL¥bÆ
s± Z¥e± s± ¸b∫M¥ hª® .sOπN∞« / n. mestizo
.WOKÅ√ WOJ¥d±√Ë WO≤U∂ß≈ sO∑∞öß
a¥¸U∑∞« s± W∂I• .vDßu∞« ÊËdI∞« / n. Middle Ages
s± X±«œ WO≤U≤uO∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±ù« ◊uIß XK¢ w°Ë¸Ë_«
ÊËdI∞« …d∑≠ UC¥√ vLº¢ 1500 v∞« 500 ÂU´ w∞«u•
.vDßu∞«
134 WORLD HISTORY
vK´ rJ∑•« hª® ,WO´UDÆù« U°Ë¸Ë√ w≠ .œ¸u∞ / n. lord
.t´U∂¢√ v∞« ÷«¸√ `M± s± w∞U∑∞U° sJL¢Ë ÷«¸√
XKJA¢ WO∑≤U∑º¢Ëd° WºOMØ uC´ .Íd£u∞ / n. Lutheran
.d£u∞ s¢¸U± rO∞UF¢ Vº•
.Uº≤d≠ w≠ WO±uJ• W߸b± .W߸b± - tOºO∞ / n. lycée
M
ÊU≤uO∞« ‰UL® WL¥bÆ WJKL± .UO≤ËbI± / n. Macedonia
.œöOL∞« q∂Æ 338 ÂU´ ÊU≤uO∞« w≤U∏∞« VOKO≠ U≥bzUÆ «e¨
UOI¥d≠≈ »d¨ ‰UL® w≠ WIDM± .»dGL∞« / n. Maghrib
·dF¢ U± Ë√ jßu∑L∞« iO°_« d∫∂∞« q•«uß s± n∞Q∑¢
.dz«eπ∞«Ë f≤u¢Ë »dGL∞« rßS° ÂuO∞«
- "Èd∂J∞« …b≥UFL∞«" .dO∂J∞« ‚U∏OL∞« / n. Magna Carta
UN∂∑Ø ,«d∑KJ≤≈ w≠ WOßUß_« WOßUOº∞« ‚uI∫∞« sLC¢ WIO£Ë
.ÍœöO± 1215 ÂU´ Êu§ pKL∞« U≥dÆ√Ë ¡ö∂M∞«
ÍbM≥ wL∫K± dF® .U¢«¸UN°U≥U± / n. Mahabharata
u∫≤ U°uM§ rN∞UI∑≤≈ ¡UM£√ sO¥¸ü« ‹U´«dÅ ¸uB¥ rOE´
.bMN∞«
’öª∞« `ML¥ W¥–u∂∞« s± Ÿd≠ .U≤U¥U≥UL∞«/ n. Mahayana
.W±UF∞« sØU±_« w≠ ‹«œU∂F∞« W߸ULL° `Lº¥Ë lOLπK∞
Wπ∑ML∞« ‹U´Ë¸eL∞« s± Ÿu≤ ."e¥U±",…¸c∞« / n. maize
‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ …¸c∞« …œU´ vLº¢ qL∫¢ »u∂∫K∞
.WC¥d´ “«uØ√ vK´ U≥¸Ëc°˛.…b∫∑L∞«
s± ‹d≥œ“« UOI¥d≠√ »d¨ w≠ W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ .w∞U± / n. Mali
.…¸Uπ∑∞« s± XM∑¨«Ë 1400 «u´_« v∑•Ë 1235
U¥¸uAM± s± tKÅ√ VF® .Êu¥¸uAML∞« / n. Manchus
.)1912 - 1644( "mMOJ∞«" W∞öß ‰öî sOB∞« rJ•
w≠ .¡ULº∞« s± ÷uHL∞« / n. Mandate of Heaven
WDKº∞« ”Uß√ UN≤√ bI∑F¥ ,…b∞Uª∞« WI≠«uL∞« ,sOB∞« a¥¸U¢
.WOJKL∞«
UJ¥d±√ w≠ …dJ≠ .¸bI∞« ÊUO° / n. manifest destiny
s± t≤√ UN±«uÆ ,dA´ lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞« nB∑M± ‰öî ‹dA∑≤«
UJ¥d±√ ‰UL® rJ∫¢ Ê√ UN∂§«Ë s±Ë …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« o•
.ÍœUN∞« jO∫L∞« v∞« wºK©_« jO∫L∞« s±
U°Ë¸Ë√ w≠ bOº∞« W´¸e± .W´¸e± ,÷¸√ / n. manor
.WO´UDÆù«
s©u∑ß« ÍeOMO∞u∂∞« VFA∞« s± œd≠ ."͸ËU±" / n. Maori
.ÍœöO± 800 w∞«u• «bMK¥“uO≤ w≠
wJ¥d±√ Z±U≤d° .‰U®¸U± WDî / n. Marshall Plan
…œU´≈ s± sJL∑¢ wØ U¥œUB∑Æ« WO°Ë¸Ë_« ‰Ëb∞« …b´UºL∞
.WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« bF° U≥¡UM°
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t∂® ‹e¨ Ëb∂∞« ‹U´UL§ Èb•≈ .‰uGL∞« / n. Mughal
UNOK´ ‹QA≤√Ë dA´ ”œUº∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ W¥bMN∞« …¸UI∞«
.W¥uÆ W¥¸u©«d∂±≈
Êu°¸U∫± ,ÊU∑º≤UG≠√ w≠ .ÊËb≥UπL∞« / n. mujahideen
XOO≠uº∞« UNL´œ w∑∞« W±uJ∫∞« W°¸U∫L∞ «uM±UC¢ ÊuM¥b∑±
.‹UMOF∂º∞« dî«Ë√ w≠
s± Ê˸b∫M¥ ’Uª®√ .b∞uL∞« ,wßöª∞« / n. mulattos
.wI¥d≠≈Ë w°Ë¸Ë√ Z¥e±
dODF¢Ë jOM∫¢ WOKL´ .jOM∫∑∞« / n. mummification
.aºH∑∞«Ë œUºH∞« s± UN∑≤UOB∞ Y∏π∞« nOHπ¢Ë
r¢ ŸUL∑§≈ .a≤uO± dL¢R± / n. Munich Conference
UO≤UL∞√Ë UO∞UD¥≈Ë Uº≤d≠Ë UO≤UD¥d° s± sOK∏LL∞ 1938 ÂU´
¡e§ rC° W¥“UM∞« UO≤UL∞_ Uº≤d≠Ë UO≤UD¥d° t∞öî XI≠«Ë
œËb• «d∑•U° dK∑≥ n∞Ëœ¬ b´Ë ¡UI∞ UOØU≠uKßuJOA¢ s±
.…b¥bπ∞« UOØU≠uKßuJOA¢
.Âößù« oM∑F¥ s± .rKºL∞« / n. Muslim
WLEM± .WO±ößù« W∂BF∞« / n. Muslim League
X•d∑Æ« ,bMN∞« sOLKº± `∞UB± W¥UL∫∞ 1906 ÂU´ XºßQ¢
WLKº± ,sO∑KBHM± sO∑∞Ëœ v∞« bMN∞« rOºI¢ bF° ULO≠
.WOßËbM≥Ë
»uM§ w≠ W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ v∞≈ wL∑M¥ .U°U¢uL∞« / adj. Mutapa
.ÍœöO± dA´ f±Uª∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ U°U¢u± UNºß√ UOI¥d≠√
w°Ë¸Ë√ - ÍbM≥ VF® .ÊuOMOºOL∞« / n. Mycenaeans
.œöOL∞« q∂Æ 2000 w∞«u• ÊU≤uO∞« d° w≠ s©u∑ß«
s´ W¥bOKI¢ hBÆ .‹U≠«dª∞« ,dO©Uß_« / n. myths
Ë√ r∞UF∞« WFO∂© ÕdA∞ vJ∫¢ ,‰UD°_« Ë√ œ«b§_«Ë WN∞ü«
.U± lL∑πL∞ ‹«bI∑FL∞«Ë ‹«œUF∞«
N
sO≤«uÆ ÂUE≤ .ÊuOK°U≤ Êu≤UÆ / n. Napoleonic Code
.Uº≤d≠ q§√ s± ÊuOK°U≤ UNºß√ b•u±Ë q±U®
fKπ± .wM©u∞« fKπL∞« / n. National Assembly
Ê«d¥e• 16 w≠ W∏∞U∏∞« WI∂D∞« s± »«u≤ tºß√ wº≤d≠
.wº≤dH∞« VFA∞« rßU° ‹U•öÅ≈Ë sO≤«uÆ sº∞ 1789
vK´ ÊQ° ÊUL¥ù« .WOM©u∞« ,WO±uI∞« / n. nationalism
”UMK∞ UBKª± wMF¥ «c≥Ë ,t∑±_ UBKª± ÊuJ¥ Ê√ VFA∞«
ÊuJ¥ Ê√ U{u´ ,a¥¸U∑∞«Ë W≠UI∏∞« ‹«– t≤uظUA¥ s¥c∞«
.¸u©«d∂±≈ Ë√ pKL∞ r≥¡ôË
s± WKI∑º± W´uLπ± .WO±uI∞« W∞Ëb∞« / n. nation-state
…b•«Ë WOßUOß WO≠«dG§ q±«u´ dO£Q¢ X∫¢ ÊuAOF¥ ”UM∞«
.W¥uN∞«Ë W≠UI∏∞« ‹«– rN∞Ë
œU∫¢≈ .wºK©_« ‰UL® nK• …b≥UF± WLEM± / n. NATO
ÂU´ WO°dG∞« U°Ë¸Ë√ s± ‰Ëœ …dA´ t∑KJ® w´U≠œ ÍdJº´
.«bMØË WOJ¥d±_« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«Ë 1949
lL∑πL∞« s± WI∂© .vDßu∞« WI∂D∞« / n. middle class
sO´¸«e±Ë ‰UL´√ ‰U§¸Ë ,sOO≠d•Ë …dN± ‰UL´ s± n∞Q∑¢
.¡UOM¨√
w∑∞« …dHº∞« .wDOßu∞« ¸ËdL∞« / n. middle passage
WO°dG∞« bMN∞« ¸e§ v∞« Èdß_« ÊuOI¥d≠ù« UN∞öî dC•√
lKC∞« ‹d∂∑´« UN≤_ rßù« «cN° XOLß - bO∂FØ «u´U∂O∞
.WO£ö£ …¸Uπ¢ s± jßË_«
ÊUJ± s± ‰UI∑≤ù« WOKL´ .…dπ≥ / n. migration
.dî¬ ÊUJ± w≠ ÊUDO∑ßù«Ë
…uI∞« rOEF¢ WßUOß .U¥¸U¢dJºF∞« / n. militarism
.‰U∑IK∞ U±Ëœ V≥Q∑± rz«œ gOπ° ÿUH∑•ùU° W¥dJºF∞«
W∞öß .WLØU∫∞« "m∂O±" W∞öß / n. Ming dynasty
.1644 v∑•Ë 1368 ÂU´ s± sOB∞« XLJ•
…¸Uπ∑∞U° qG∑®« VF® ."ÊuO≤«uMOL∞«" / n. Minoans
w∞«u• s± X¥dØ …d¥e§ vK´ ‘U´Ë W¥d∫∂∞« W•öL∞«Ë
.œöOL∞« q∂Æ 1400 v∑•Ë 2000
…¸UC• v∞≈ wL∑M¥ .w∂OºOºOL∞« / adj. Mississippian
ÂU´ sO° WO∞ULA∞« UJ¥d±√ w≠ ‹d≥œ“« w∑∞« "¸bKO° b≤ËUL∞«"
.1500Ë 800
qØ vK´ ÷d≠ ,UJM¥ù« W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ w≠ ."U∑O±" / n. mita
ÂU¥_« s± UMOF± «œb´ W∞ËbK∞ qLF¥ Ê√ WOM∂∞« ÍuÆ hª®
.WMº∞U°
u≥ ULO≠ ‹d≥œ“« …¸UC• ."g¢uL∞«" …¸UC• / n. Moche
.700 v∞« 100 ÂU´ w∞«u• s± ËdO∂∞ w∞ULA∞« q•Uº∞« Êü«
Íb¥Q° WDKº∞« tO≠ ÊuJ¢ rJ• .WOJKL∞« / n. monarchy
.b•«Ë hª®
‰U§d∞« s± wM¥œ lL∑π± .W´UL§ ,d¥œ / n. monastery
rNºH≤√ «Ë¸c≤Ë rN¢UJK∑L± qØ s´ «u∞“UM¢ )ÊU∂≥¸ ÊuLº¥(
.b∂F¢Ë …öÅ UNKØ …UO∫∞
ÃU∑≤≈ vK´ U± W´uLπ± …dDOß .¸UJ∑•≈ / n. monopoly
.lKº∞« iF° l¥“u¢Ë
.b•«Ë t∞S° ÊUL¥ù« .bO•u∑∞« / n. monotheism
W{¸UF± WßUOß .Ëd≤u± ÊUO° / n. Monroe Doctrine
UNMK´√ ,WOMO¢ö∞« UJ¥d±√ w≠ w°Ë¸Ë√ qîb¢ Í_ WOJ¥d±√
.1823 ÂU´ Ëd≤u± fLO§ fOzd∞«
UN≥Uπ¢≈ dOG¢Ë VN¢ ÕU¥¸ .WOLßu± ÕU¥¸ / n. monsoon
.WMº∞« s± WMOF± ‹UÆË√ w≠
bM´ …œU∂´ ÊUJ± .bπºL∞« ,l±Uπ∞« / n. mosque
.sOLKºL∞«
.p¥d∫∑K∞ WK°UÆ WOF∂D± ·Ëd• / movable n. type
sJL¥ b•«Ë ·d• UNM± qØ qL∫¥ WO∂Aî Ë√ WO≤bF± ‹U∂FJ±
.W´U∂DK∞ W∫HÅ qOJA∑∞ UNHOHB¢
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s± WºKß .⁄d∂≤¸u≤ ‹ULØU∫± / n. Nuremberg Trials
bF° ,UO≤UL∞Q° ⁄d∂≤¸u≤ w≠ ‹d§ WOzUCÆ ÍËU´œË ‹«¡«d§≈
Êu¥“UM∞« …œUI∞« UN∞öî rØu• ,WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞«
b{ rNLz«d§Ë ,»d∫∞« sO≤«uI∞ rNÆdîË rNz«b∑´ù
.WO≤Uº≤ù«
ARABIC
O
wßUÆ w§U§“ w≤UØd° dªÅ .Z∂º∞« / n. obsidian
.…œU• W∫Kß√ lMB∞ v±«bI∞« ÊuOz«b∂∞« ”UM∞« tKLF∑ß«
wßUOº∞« ÂUEM∞« .r¥bI∞« ÂUEM∞« / n. Old Regime
…¸u∏∞« q∂Æ Uº≤d≠ w≠ «bzUß ÊUØ Íc∞« w´UL∑§ù«Ë
.WOº≤dH∞«
WDKº∞« tO≠ ÊuJ¢ rJ• .WOKÆ_« rJ• / n. oligarchy
tO≠ ÊuJ¢ Íc∞« rJ∫∞« WÅUîË - ”UM∞« s± qOKÆ œb´ Íb¥Q°
.…Ëd∏∞« vK´ WOM∂± WDKº∞«
jß«Ë√ w≠ W≠ËdF± …¸UC• ÂbÆ√ .pOL∞Ë_« / n. Olmec
dO£Q¢ UN∞ ÊUØË œöOL∞« q∂Æ 1200 w∞«u• ‹d≥œ“« UJ¥d±√
.WIDML∞« ¡U§¸√ qØ w≠ UN∑K¢ w∑∞« ‹«¸UC∫∞« vK´
WßUOß .Õu∑HL∞« »U∂∞« WßUOß / n. Open Door Policy
ÊuJ¢ YO• 1899 ÂU´ WOJ¥d±_« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« UN∑•d∑Æ«
.sOB∞« l± …¸Uπ∑K∞ W¥ËUº∑± ’d≠ ‰Ëb∞« qJ∞
UO≤UD¥d° sO° Ÿ«e≤ .ÊuO≠_« »d• / n. Opium War
UO≤UD¥d° …¸Uπ¢ ‰u• 1842 v∞« 1839 ÂU´ s± «œ sOB∞«Ë
.sOB∞« w≠ ÊuO≠ú∞
‹U≤«uO∫∞« ÂUE´ b•√ .w•u∞« WLE´ / n. oracle bone
v±«bI∞« ÊuOMOB∞« ÊuJßUM∞« UNKLF∑ß« …UH∫Kß …dAÆ Ë√
.WN∞ü« l± ‰UB¢û∞
.ÂöºK∞ uKßË√ ‹UOÆUH¢≈ / n. Oslo Peace Accords
¡«¸“u∞« fOz¸ UN∞öî `M± 1993 ÂU´ Èd§ ‚UH¢≈
…e¨ ŸUDÆ w≠ w¢«c∞« rJ∫∞« sOOMODºKH∞« sO°«¸ wKOz«dßù«
.WO°dG∞« WHC∞«Ë
·öG∞« vK´ WI∂© .ÊË“Ë_« WI∂© / n. ozone layer
fLA∞« WF®√ s± ‹UMzUJ∞« wL∫¢ ,÷¸ú∞ vK´_« Íuπ∞«
.WƸU∫∞« WOπºHM∂∞« ‚u≠
P
.ÍœUN∞« jO∫L∞« T©U® w{«¸√ / n. Pacific Rim
…œu§uL∞« pK¢ WÅUª°Ë ÍœUN∞« jO∫L∞U° WDO∫L∞« w{«¸_«
.UO߬ w≠
Ídπ∫∞« w£uO∞U∂∞« dBF∞« / n. Paleolithic Age
v∞« 2500000 w∞«u• s± X±«œ a¥¸U∑∞« q∂Æ WK•d± .r¥bI∞«
- W∫Kß√Ë ‹«Ëœ√ UN∞öî ”UM∞« qLF∑ß« ,œöOL∞« q∂Æ 8000
.r¥bI∞« Ídπ∫∞« dBF∞« UC¥√ vLº¢Ë
136 WORLD HISTORY
u≥ ULO≠ ‹d≥œ“« …¸UC• .UØ“UM∞« …¸UC• / n. Nazca
œöOL∞« q∂Æ 200 w∞«u• s± ËdO∂∞ w°uMπ∞« q•Uº∞« ÂuO∞«
.ÍœöO± 600 v∑•Ë
‰ULF∞« »e∫∞ WO®UH∞« ‹UßUOº∞« .W¥“UM∞« / n. Nazism
W¥¸u¢U∑Øb∞« vK´ WOM∂± ,wM©u∞« wØ«d∑®ù« w≤UL∞_«
vK´ W∞Ëb∞« …dDOßË dî¬ vK´ ‚d´ ‚uH∑° œUI∑´ù«Ë
.W´UMB∞«
WØd• .Ãu≤e∞« WØd• / n. Negritude movement
bMN∞« ¸e§ ÊUJßË WOº≤dH∞U° sOI©UM∞« WƸU≠_« UNO≠ qH∑•«
.W¥bOKI∑∞« WOI¥d≠_« rOI∞«Ë W≠UI∏∞« s± rN£«d∑° WO°dG∞«
WÆö´ t∞ .b¥b§ wJOßöØ / adj. neoclassical
s± lO{«u±Ë ¸UJ≠√ vK´ wM∂±( lz«¸Ë jOº° »uKßS°
dî«Ë√ w≠ U°Ë¸Ë√ w≠ ÊuMH∞« nÅË )WL¥bI∞« U±Ë¸Ë ÊU≤uO∞«
.1700 «u´_«
W¥«b° dB´( w∑O∞uOM∞« dBF∞« / n. Neolithic Age
œöOL∞« q∂Æ 8000 w∞«u• ‹√b° a¥¸U∑∞« q∂Æ …d∑≠ .)dC∫∞«
rKF¢ ,ÍœöO± 3000 w∞«u• XN∑≤« o©UML∞« iF° w≠Ë
,¸UªH∞« lMÅË ,W¥dπ∫∞« ‹«Ëœ_« «uKIB¥ Ê√ UN∞öî ”UM∞«
dBF∞« UC¥√ vLº¢Ë ,‹U≤«uO∫∞« WO°d¢Ë qOÅU∫L∞« W´«¸“Ë
.Ídπ∫∞«
.WO∑O∞uOM∞« …¸u∏∞« / n. Neolithic Revolution
- W´«¸e∞« w≠ qLF∞« ¡b° s´ QA≤ dA∂∞« …UO• w≠ ÂU≥dOOG¢
œ«uL∞« ÃU∑≤≈ v∞≈ WOz«cG∞« œ«uL∞« lL§ s± ”UM∞« ‰u∫¢ Í√
.WO´«¸e∞«
fOzd∞« Z±U≤d° .b¥bπ∞« Z±U≤d∂∞« / n. New Deal
q∫∞ rLÅ ÍœUB∑Æù« ÕöÅû∞ XK≠“˸ sOKJ≤d≠ wJ¥d±_«
.dO∂J∞« œUºJ∞« s´ XLπ≤ w∑∞« qØUAL∞«
a¥¸U∑∞« WK•d± .…b¥bπ∞« WJKLL∞« / n. New Kingdom
,”uºJON∞« …œUI∞U° W•U©ù« bF° ‹¡U§ r¥bI∞« ÍdBL∞«
.œöOL∞« q∂Æ 1075 v∞« 1570 w∞«u• s± X±«œ
r∞_« s± ’öª∞« ,W¥–u∂∞« w≠ .U≤U≠dOM∞« / n. nirvana
.d¥uM∑∞« bF° r∑¥ Íc∞« »«cF∞«Ë
Êü« u≥ ULO≠ ‘U´ wI¥d≠√ VF® .„uM∞« / n. Nok
.œöOL∞« q∂Æ 200Ë 500 sO° U¥dOπ¥U≤
UN∞ fO∞ W´uLπ± s± œd≠ .q•¸ - Ëb° / n. nomad
¡«cG∞« s´ U∏∫° ÊUJ± v∞≈ ÊUJ± s± qI∑M¢ ,rz«œ s©u±
.¡UL∞«Ë
.¡«b∑´≈ Âb´ …b≥UF± / n. nonaggression pact
.Èdî_« vK´ …b•«u∞« Âuπ≥ ÂbF° ‰Ëb∞« tO≠ bNF∑¢ ‚UH¢≈
‰Ëœ .“UO∫≤ù« Âb´ ‰Ëœ / n. nonaligned nations
sO° …œ¸U∂∞« »d∫∞« …d∑≠ Wº≠UM± ¡UM£√ W¥œUO• XOI° WKI∑º±
.w∑O≠uº∞« œU∫¢ù«Ë …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
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«œ Ÿ«dÅ .…d¥eπ∞« t∂® »d• / n. Peninsular War
ÊU∂ßù« ÊËœdL∑L∞« tO≠ »¸U• ,1813 v∞« 1800 s±
WOº≤dH∞« ÊuOK°U≤ ‘uO§ ëdîù WO≤UD¥d° ‹«uÆ …b´UºL°
.UO≤U∂ß≈ s±
œUB∑Æù« ¡UM° …œU´≈ .¸UL´ù« …œU´≈ / n. perestroika
`LºO∞ 1985 ÂU´ nOA¢U°¸u¨ qOzUªO± U≥√b° w∑O≠uº∞«
.lßË√ qJ® vK´ WOK∫± ‹¸«dÆ œUª¢S°
Ÿ«dÅ .w߸UH∞« ZOKª∞« »d• / n. Persian Gulf War
‹«uI∞« …b∫∑L∞« r±_« ‹«uÆ t∞öî X±e≥ 1991 ÂU´
WO°dF∞« WJKLL∞« ËeG° ‹œb≥Ë X¥uJ∞« X•U∑§« w∑∞« WOÆ«dF∞«
.W¥œuFº∞«
s± WKºKß .WO߸UH∞« »Ëd∫∞« / n. Persian Wars
‰Ëœ UN∞öî X°¸U• œöOL∞« q∂Æ f±Uª∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ »Ëd∫∞«
.”dH∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ WO≤U≤uO∞« WM¥bL∞«
rßd∞ WOM≠ WOMI¢ .͸uEML∞« rßd∞« / n. perspective
`Dß vK´ œUF°_« WO£ö£ …¸uÅ Àb∫¢ YO∫° ¡UO®_«
.`Dº±
œuMπ∞ ÍdJº´ qOJA¢ .W¥dJº´ W∂O∑Ø / n. phalanx
.ŸË¸œË ÕU±d° sO∫Kº± …UA±
UN∞≈ d∂∑F¥ ÊUØ ,WL¥bI∞« dB± pK± .Êu´d≠ / n. pharaoh
.U¥dJº´Ë UOßUOß «bzUÆË
s¥dJH± W´uLπ± s± œd≠ .·uºKO≠ / n. philosophe
.d¥uM∑∞« …d∑≠ ¡UM£√ Uº≤d≠ w≠
Êu±bª∑º¥ ÊËdJH± .WHßöH∞« / n. philosophers
w≤Uº≤ù« lL∑πL∞«Ë ÊuJ∞« WFO∂© s´ Y∫∂K∞ oDML∞«Ë qIF∞«
.‹UOÆöî_«Ë
W´UMB° qLF¥ VF® .ÊuOIOMOH∞« / n. Phoenicians
q∂Æ 1100 w∞«u• …¸Uπ∑∞U° √b° ,UO߬ »d¨ »uM§ w≠ ¸U∫∂∞«
iO°_« d∫∂∞« WIDM± ‰u© vK´ ‹«dLF∑º± fß√Ë œöOL∞«
.jßu∑L∞«
ÂU´ «uºß√ ”UM∞« s± W´uLπ± .ÃUπ∫∞« / n. Pilgrims
s± U°d≥ f∑ßuA¢UßU± W¥ôË w≠ ÀuLOK° …dLF∑º± 1620
.«d∑KJ≤≈ w≠ wM¥b∞« œUND{ù«
sO•öH∞« W±U´ s± œd≠ .w≤U±Ëd∞« w±UF∞« / n. plebeian
WO∂K¨√ ÊuKJA¥ «u≤UØ ¸Uπ∑∞« Ë√ ŸUMB∞« Ë√ WL¥bI∞« U±Ë¸ w≠
.ÊUJº∞«
wDF¥ d®U∂± X¥uB¢ .ÂU´ ¡U∑H∑ß« / n. plebiscite
.tC≠¸ Ë√ Õ«d∑Æ« vK´ WI≠«uLK∞ U± W∞Ëœ VFA∞ WÅdH∞«
XßdØ WLEM± .WOMODºKH∞« d¥d∫∑∞« WLEM± / n. PLO
‚dA∞« w≠ sOOMODºKHK∞ WKI∑º± W∞Ëœ fOßQ∑∞ UN©UA≤
.jßË_«
…b•u∞« ,WL¥bI∞« ÊU≤uO∞« w≠ .WM¥bL∞« W∞Ëœ / n. polis
q∂Æ 750 ÂU´ bF° WL¥bI∞« ÊU≤uOK∞ WOßUß_« WOßUOº∞«
.U∂¥dI¢ œöOL∞«
lMÅ s± wzU± Èdπ± .U±U≤U° …UMÆ / n. Panama Canal
t¢dH• ÍœUN∞«Ë wºK©_« sODO∫L∞« sO° qB¥ ÊUº≤ù«
.1914 ÂU´ `∑∑≠«Ë U±U≤U° w≠ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
dN≤ U∑∞œ w≠ uLM¥ q¥u© VBÆ .Íœd∂∞« / n. papyrus
‚¸u∞« t∂A¢ …œU± lMB∞ ¡U±bI∞« Êu¥dBL∞« tKLF∑ß« qOM∞«
.W°U∑JK∞
sÒº¢ )»«u≤( sOK∏L± WµO≥ .ÊUL∞d∂∞« / n. parliament
.W∞Ëb∞« sO≤«uÆ
Íc∞« rOºI∑∞UØ ¡«e§√ v∞≈ rOºI¢ .rOºI¢ / n. partition
w∑∞Ëœ v∞« bMN∞« w≠ WO≤UD¥d∂∞« …dLF∑ºLK∞ 1947 ÂU´ qB•
.ÊU∑ºØU∂∞«Ë bMN∞«
v´d¥ Ëb∂∞« W´uLπ± s± œd≠ .Íu´¸ / n. pastoralist
.WM§b± ‹U≤«uO•
œ«d≠ú∞ ”UM∞« WK±UF± WßUOß .W¥u°_« / n. paternalism
r≥uDF¥ Ê√ ÊËœ rN¢U§U• ÊuM±RÒ¥ ,r≥œôË√ «u≤UØ u∞ ULØ
.rNÆuI•
WºOMJ∞« w≠ wºOz¸ nIß√ .„d¥dD∂∞« / n. patriarch
.WOÆdA∞«
ÊuJ¥ w´UL∑§≈ ÂUE≤ v∞≈ wL∑M¥ .Íu°√ / adj. patriarchal
.WKzUF∞« ”√¸ »_« tO≠
s± œd≠ ,WL¥bI∞« U±Ë¸ w≠ .w≤U±Ë¸ qO∂≤ / n. patrician
.‹«“UO∑±≈ ‹«– WOÆ«¸ WOM¨ WI∂©
w´UL∑§≈ ÂUE≤ v∞≈ wL∑M¥ .W¥u°√ W¥¸– / adj. patrilineal
.»_« v∞≈ W£«¸u∞« ‚uI•Ë VºM∞« tO≠ œuF¥
qHJ¥Ë v´d¥ hª® .w´«d∞« ,dONE∞« / n. patron
.U¥œU± WÅUîË sO≤UMH∞«
nB∑M± sO° …d∑H∞« .UO∞uGM± Âöß / n. Pax Mongolica
¸«dI∑ßù« ‰uGML∞« UN∞öî ÷d≠ 1300 nB∑M± v∞« 1200
.UOß«¸Ë√ s± d∂Ø_« ¡eπ∞« w≠ ÂUEM∞«Ë Êu≤UI∞«Ë
w≠ ¸U≥œ“«Ë Âöß WK•d± .U±Ë¸ Âöß / n. Pax Romana
œöOL∞« q∂Æ 27 s± X±«œ ,WO≤U±Ëd∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±ù« ¡U∫≤√ qØ
.ÍœöO± 180 v∑•
ÂU´ WOÆUH¢≈ .⁄d∂º¨Ë√ Âöß / n. Peace of Augsburg
.UN∑≤U¥œ œb∫¥ WO≤UL∞√ W¥ôË qØ bzUÆ Ê√ vK´ XB≤ 1555
.W¥eO≤u°uKO∂∞« »Ëd∫∞« / n. Peloponnesian War
UN∞öî X±e≥ œöOL∞« q∂Æ 404 v∞« 431 s± X±«œ »d•
.UN¢UHOK•Ë W©¸U∂ß≈ q∂Æ s± UN¢UHOK•Ë UMO£√
qßd¥ …dLF∑º± .»UIF∞« …dLF∑º± / n. penal colony
.sπº∞« s± ôb° Êu±uJ∫L∞« UNO∞≈
lL∑π± w≠ .…d¥eπ∞« t∂® ÊUJß / n. peninsulares
w≠ «Ëb∞Ë s¥c∞« ÊËdLF∑ºL∞« ,WO≤U∂ßù« …dLF∑ºL∞«
.UO≤U∂ß≈
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s± W´uLπ± .ÊËdND∑L∞« - ÊuO≤U∑¥¸uO∂∞« / n. Puritans
«d∑KJ≤≈ w≠ WOM¥b∞« WI•öL∞« s± ¸d∫∑∞« «ËbA≤ ”UM∞«
qz«Ë√ w≠ f∑ßu®UßU± ZOKî w≠ …dLF∑º± «uºß√Ë
.1600 «u´_«
·Ëd™ .»c§ - l≠œ q±«u´ / n. push-pull factors
w≠ V∂º¢Ë )»cπ∞« q±U´( Èdî√ lÆ«u± v∞« ”UM∞« l≠b¢
q±«u´( Èdî√ WIDM± v∞« …dπN∞«Ë r≥¸U¥b∞ ”UM∞« „d¢
.)l≠b∞«
WKOD∑º± …b´UÆ t∞ rª{ ¡UM° .«d≥√ / n. pyramid
s≠b∞ dB± w≠ XOM° w∑∞« pK∑Ø ,qJA∞« W∏K∏± V≤«u§ WF°¸√Ë
.WL¥bI∞« WJKLL∞« WM´«d≠
Q
w≠ W∞öß .WLØU∫∞« "sOØ" W∞öß / n. Qin dynasty
w≠ "u§" W∞öß q∫± XK•Ë …dOGÅ …d∑≠ XLJ• sOB∞«
.œöOL∞« q∂Æ Y∞U∏∞« ÊdI∞«
w≠ WKØU• W∞öß dî¬ ."mMOØ" W∞öß / n. Qing dynasty
.1912 v∞« 1644 ÂU´ s± XLJ• ,sOB∞«
VF® bM´ t∞≈ ."g¥d∞« Ë– ÊU∂F∏∞«" / n. Quetzalcoatl
.UJ¥d±√ jß«Ë√ w≠ Èdî√ »uF®Ë pO∑∞u∑∞«
vK´ …œuIFL∞« ◊uOª∞« s± nÅ ."u∂¥uØ" / n. quipu
.WOLƸ ‹U±uKF± qOπº∑∞ UJ≤ù« VF® UNKLF∑ß« q∂•
.”bIL∞« sOLKºL∞« »U∑Ø .ʬdI∞« / n. Qur'an
ARABIC
R
s± vK´√ U± ‚d´ ÊQ° œUI∑´ù« .W¥dBMF∞« / n. racism
.Èdî_« ‚«d´_«
nBM∞« w≠ .Êu≠dD∑L∞« - ÊuO∞UJ¥œ«d∞« / n. radicals
«Ëb¥Ò√ s¥c∞« Êu≠dD∑L∞« ,dA´ lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞« s± ‰Ë_«
.VFA∞« qØ vK´ WO©«dÆuL¥b∞« dAM∞ ͸cπ∞« dOOG∑∞«
w∑∞« WÆUD∞« s± Ÿu≤ .w´UF®≈ ◊UA≤ / n. radioactivity
.‹«¸c∞« qK∫∑° dA∑M¢
X±«œ bMN∞« UN∞öî ÊuO≤UD¥d∂∞« rJ• …d∑≠ .ë¸ / n. Raj
.1947 v∞≈ 1857 s± WMß 90 w∞«u•
w∑∞« lKº∞« WOLØ b¥b∫¢ .œËb∫± l¥“u¢ / n. rationing
w≠ U≤UO•√ W±uJ∫∞« tI∂D¢ dO°b¢ - ”UM∞« UN¥d∑A¥ Ê√ sJL¥
.…d≠u∑L∞« lKº∞« WOLØ iHªM¢ U±bM´ »d∫∞« …d∑≠
dA´ lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ WOM≠ WØd• .WOFÆ«Ë / n. realism
fO∞Ë w≥ ULØ …UO∫∞« ¸UN™≈ v∞« Êu±Ußd∞«Ë »U∑J∞« vFß
.ÊuJ¢ Ê√ Vπ¥ ULØ
oO∂D¢ ."lÆ«u∞« WßUOß" .…uI∞« WßUOß / n. realpolitik
.‹UO∞U∏LK∞ ‰UπL∞« `º≠ ÊËœ W±¸UB∞« WDKº∞« ‹UßUOß
138 WORLD HISTORY
.w´uOA∞« »e∫∞« w≠ W¥eØdL∞« WMπK∞« / n. Politburo
.w∑OO≠uº∞« œU∫¢ù« w≠ w´uOA∞« »e∫K∞ WLØU∫∞« WMπK∞«
¡«¸ü« ·ö∑î≈ .WOßUOß W{¸UF± / n. political dissent
.WOßUOß lO{«u± ‰u•
.WN∞¬ …bF° ÊUL¥ù« .tK∞U° „«d®ù« / n. polytheism
.WOJO∞u£UJ∞« WºOMJ∞« fOz¸ ,U±Ë¸ nIß√ .U°U∂∞« / n. pope
dOºH¢ vK´ Íu∑∫¥ »U∑Ø .wM¥œ »U∑Ø / n. Popol Vuh
.WIOKª∞« WBI∞ U¥UL∞« VF®
- WO≠UI∏∞« q±«uF∞« .WO∂F® W≠UI£ / n. popular culture
WOHKî fJF¢ w∑∞« ....a∞« ,¡U¥“√ ,Âö≠√ vIOßu± ,W{U¥¸
.W∞b∂∑L∞« rN¢U±UL∑≥«Ë U± W´uLπL∞ WØd∑A±
t° qH∑∫¥ bO´ .œuMN∞« bM´ ¡U∑A∞« ÊU§dN± / n. potlatch
dL∫∞« œuMN∞« qzU∂Æ iF° bM´ ¸U≥œ“ù«Ë …d≠u∞« ÷dF∞
.WO°dG∞« WO∞ULA∞« q•«uº∞« «uMJß s¥c∞«
œUI∑´ù« .¸bI∞«Ë ¡UCI∞« …bOI´ / n. predestination
w∑∞« »uFA∞« p∞– w≠ UL° UHKß T® qØ dOB± ¸dÆ tK∞« ÊQ°
.Íb°√ qJA° cIM∑Ôß
WO∑≤U∑º¢Ëd° WºOMØ uC´ .wªOA± / n. Presbyterian
.fØu≤ Êu§ rO∞UF¢ vK´ XºßQ¢Ë )‰uNØ( ŒuO® U≥d¥b¥
wßUOº∞« »e∫∞« .w´UL∑§ù« ͸u∏∞« »e∫∞« / n. PRI
.pOºJL∞« w≠ wºOzd∞«
W¥dEM∞« w≠ ,‰ULF∞« WI∂© .U¥¸U∑O∞Ëd∂∞« / n. proletariat
dBOI∞U° «u•U©√ s¥c∞« ‰ULF∞« W´uLπ± ,WOºØ¸UL∞«
.UOß˸ w≠ rJ∫∞« «uLK∑ß«Ë
’Uî qJA°Ë - ¸UA∑≤≈ Ë√ uL≤ .¸UA∑≤≈ / n. proliferation
XÆu∞U° UNJKL¢ ô w∑∞« ‰Ëb∞« v∞« W¥ËuM∞« W∫Kß_« ¸UA∑≤≈
.d{U∫∞«
dAM¢ œ«u± Ë√ ‹U±uKF± .W¥U´b∞« / n. propaganda
WOCÆ w≠ È–√ À«b•ù Ë√ ÂU±_« v∞« U± WOCÆ l≠b∑∞
.rBª∞«
WO∫Oº± WºOMØ uC´ .w∑≤U∑º¢Ëd° / n. Protestant
.wM¥b∞« ÕöÅù« ∆œU∂± vK´ XºßQ¢
UL∏¥¸ .W∑ÆR± W±uJ• / n. provisional government
.WLz«œ W±uJ• qOJA¢ r∑¥
„uKº∞«Ë qIF∞« Wß«¸œ .fHM∞« rK´ / n. psychology
.ÍdA∂∞«
w≤U∂L∞« t∂A¥ U± UNO≠ ÈdÆ ."uK∂¥u∂∞«" / n. pueblos
r£ Í“UßU≤_« VF® U≥UM° ,dπ∫∞«Ë sOD∞« s± WOM∂± …dO∂J∞«
.wJ¥d±_« w°dG∞« »uMπ∞« v∞« bF° ULO≠ ‹¡U§ w∑∞« »uFA∞«
Àö£ W´uLπ± .W§U©dÆ »Ëd• / n. Punic Wars
)œöOL∞« q∂Æ 146 - 264( W§U©dÆ Ë U±Ë¸ sO° »Ëd•
d∫∂∞« »d¨ vK´ U±Ë¸ …dDOßË W§U©dÆ dO±b∑° XN∑≤«
.jßu∑L∞« iO°_«
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
5AraGloss.WorldHistor
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Page 139
W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ w≠ o¥d© .wJKL∞« o¥dD∞« / n. Royal Road
œö° w≠ Ußuß s± qO± 1600 s± d∏Ø√ vK´ ‹b∑±« ”dH∞«
.‰u{U≤_« w≠ f¥œ¸Uß v∑•Ë ”¸U≠
WOKL´ .WOßËd∞« W≠UI∏∞« ÷d≠ / n. Russification
w≠ WOÆdF∞« ‹U´uLπL∞« qØ vK´ WOßËd∞« W≠UI∏∞« ÷d≠
.WOßËd∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±ù«
- WOßËd∞« »d∫∞« / n. Russo-Japanese War
QA≤ ÊU°UO∞«Ë UOß˸ sO° 1905 - 1904 ÂU´ Ÿ«e≤ .WO≤U°UO∞«
.U¥¸uØË U¥¸uAM± vK´ …dDOº∞U° s¥bK∂∞« œuN§ s´
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
S
‹ôUH∑•ù« b•√ .”bIL∞« ÊU°dI∞« / n. sacrament
.”UM∞« v∞« tK∞« WL•¸ t∞öî qI∑M¢ WO∫OºL∞«
WLKºL∞« WFOA∞« W∞öß s± œd≠ .wzUHB∞« / n. Safavid
”œUº∞« sO≤dI∞« ¡UM£√ ”¸U≠ œö° w≠ W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ XM°
.dA´ s±U∏∞«Ë dA´
vK´ œbL¢ w∑∞« WOI¥d≠ù« WIDML∞« .q•Uº∞« / n. Sahel
.¡«d∫BK∞ WO°uMπ∞« œËb∫∞« ‰u©
sO≤UMH∞«Ë ¡U°œ_« ŸUL∑§≈ .w°œ_« Êu∞UB∞« / n. salon
‹UOMG∞« ‹«bOº∞« ¸uBÆ w≠ bIF¢ X≤UØ w∑∞« ‹U´UL∑§ùUØ
.ÍdJH∞« d¥uM∑∞« …d∑≠ ‰öî Èdî√ WO°Ë¸Ë√ Êb±Ë f¥¸U° w≠
.WOπO¢«d∑ßù« W∫Kß_« s± b∫∞« ‹U∏•U∂± / n. SALT
UN∂§uL° o≠«Ë ,1970 «u´_« ‰öî ‹U´UL∑§≈ WKºKß
s± b∫∞« vK´ w∑OO≠uº∞« œU∫¢ù«Ë …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« wºOz¸
.W¥ËuM∞« W∫Kß_« s± rN∞Ëœ ÊËeª±
b{ WOLKß …d≥UE± .`KL∞« …dOº± / n. Salt March
”«bM≥u± UN∞öî œUÆ 1930 ÂU´ bMN∞« w≠ `KL∞« sO≤«uÆ
d∫∂∞« ÁUπ¢U° öO± 240 ‹b∑±« …dOº± w≠ t´U∂¢√ Íb≤U¨
.d∫∂∞« ÁUO± dOª∂¢ o¥d© s´ `KL∞« «uFMÅ YO•
sO≠d∑∫L∞« sO°¸U∫L∞« b•√ .Í«¸u±Uº∞« / n. samurai
.sOO´UDÆ≈ sOO≤U°U¥ …œUß «u±bî
W≠dD∑± W´uLπ± .Êu∞Ëdº∑±ö∞« / n. sans-culottes
»U∫Å√Ë œËb∫L∞« qîb∞« ÍË– s± WOº≤dH∞« …¸u∏∞« ÂU¥√
w≠ ÈuÆ√ ‹uB° «u∂∞U© sOOº¥¸U∂∞« …dOGB∞« ‹ö∫L∞«
.¡«cG∞« w≠ hIMK∞ b• l{ËË ,¸UFß_« iOHª¢Ë ,W±uJ∫∞«
‹UF©UI± Èb•≈ w≠ rØU• .ÊU°“dL∞« / n. satrap
.WO߸UH∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±ù«
.»UA´_U° uºJ± jº∂M± qNß .U≤U≠Uº∞« / n. savanna
ÍdJº´ jDª± ."sHOK®" WDî / n. Schlieffen Plan
t∂§uL° ÂeN¢ ,v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« »uA≤ ¡UM£√ w≤UL∞√
rπN∑∞ ‚dA∞« u∫≤ tπ∑¢ r£ W´dº° Uº≤d≠ WO≤UL∞_« ‹«uI∞«
.UOß˸ vK´
W∞Ëœ œUB∑Æ≈ w≠ œuظ .ÍœUB∑Æ≈ ¸u∑≠ / n. recession
.U±
…œUI∞« œuN§ .¡öO∑ßù« …œU´≈ / n. Reconquista
s± X±«œ ,UO≤U∂ß≈ s± sOLKºL∞« ëdîù sOO∫OºL∞«
.1492 v∑• 1100 «u´_«
UOAOKO± ‹«b•Ë .dL•_« ”d∫∞« / n. Red Guards
¡«b≤ vK´ «œ¸ 1966 ÂU´ sOOMOÅ »U∂® s± XKJA¢
.WO≠UI£Ë WO´UL∑§≈ …¸u∏∞ m≤u¢ wº¢ËU±
ÊdI∞« w≠ X±UÆ WØd• .ÕöÅ≈ WØd• / n. Reformation
fzUMØ U≥d£√ vK´ XºßQ¢ wM¥b∞« ÕöÅû∞ dA´ ”œUº∞«
.U°U∂∞« WDKß XC≠¸ WO∫Oº±
bK° v∞« qI∑M¥Ë ÁbK° „d∑¥ hª® .T§ô / n. refugee
.ÊU±_« s´ U∏∫° dî¬
nB∑M± sO° …d∑H∞« .»U≥¸ù« bN´ / n. Reign of Terror
U∂¥dI¢ Uº≤d≠ dOO∂º°Ë¸ UN∞öî rJ• 1794 nB∑M±Ë 1793
sOM©«u±Ë WOßUOº∞« ‹UOBªA∞« s± ·u∞√ Âb´√Ë b∂∑ºLØ
.sO¥œU´
W¥–u∂∞«Ë W¥bMN∞« W≤U¥b∞« w≠ .hLI¢ / n. reincarnation
.‰ULJ∞« v∞≈ qB¢ v∑• WO∞U∑∑± ‹«d± b¥b§ s± ÕËd∞« b∞«u¢
o∫° ·«d∑´ù« .wM¥œ `±Uº¢ / n. religious toleration
.WHK∑ª± ‹U≤U¥œ ‚UM∑´U° ”UM∞«
a¥¸U∑∞ « s± WK•d± .WCNM∞« dB´ / n. Renaissance
UN∞öî ‹œ√ 1600 v∞« 1300 w∞«u• s± X±«œ w°Ë¸Ë_«
‹«dOOG¢ v∞« WOJOßöJ∞« W≠UI∏∞U° …œbπ∑L∞« ‹U±UL∑≥ù«
.r∞UF∞« v∞« …dEM∞«Ë rOKF∑∞«Ë sH∞« w≠ ÈbL∞« …bOF°
WDKº∞« tO≠ ÊuJ¢ rJ• ÂUE≤ .W¥¸uL§ / n. republic
.t¢œUÆ VFA∞« Vª∑M¥Ë sOK∏L± Íb¥Q°
‰¸U® UNO≠ rJ• …d∑≠ .b¥bπ∑∞« bN´ / n. Restoration
.q¥u±«dØ dHO∞Ë√ …uJ• ◊uIß bF° «d∑KJ≤≈ w≤U∏∞«
UNCF° l± ¡UO®√ lL§ .bO•u¢ …œU´≈ / n. reunification
l± WOÆdA∞« UO≤UL∞√ bO•u¢ …œU´≈ ‰U∏± ,XKB≠ bÆ X≤UØ
.1990 ÂU´ WO°dG∞« UM¥UL∞√
w≠ W¥dJ≠Ë WOM≠ WØd• .WOº≤U±Ëd∞« / n. romanticism
WFO∂D∞«Ë d´UAL∞« vK´ ‹eظ ,dA´ lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞« qz«Ë√
.lL∑πL∞«Ë qIF∞« s± d∏Ø√
√b∂L∞ o∫K± .XK≠“˸ W±“ô / n. Roosevelt Corollary
ÕdÅ 1904 ÂU´ XK≠“˸ ¸ËœuO£ fOzd∞« Á¸bÅ√ "Ëd≤u±"
¸Ëœ" ”¸UL¢ Ê√ w≠ o∫∞« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞ Ê√ t∞öî
.w°dG∞« WO{¸_« …dJ∞« nB≤ ¡U∫≤√ qØ w≠ "w©dA∞«
‹¸bÅ sO≤«uÆ ."‹ôË˸" sO≤«uÆ / n. Rowlatt Acts
s㧛 Ê√ bMN∞« w≠ WO≤UD¥d∂∞« W±uJ∫K∞ X∫Lß 1919 ÂU´
.sO∑Mß W¥UG∞ WLØU∫± ÊËœ sOO≤UD¥d∂∞« w{¸UF±
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 139
ARABIC
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wK´ ÊQ° Áœ«d≠√ bI∑F¥ Âößù« s± Ÿd≠ .WFOA∞« / n. Shi'a
.sOO´dA∞« bL∫± w∂M∞« ¡UHKî r≥ t´U∂¢√Ë
.ÊU°UO∞« w≠ wKÅ_« s¥b∞« .u∑MA∞« / n. Shinto
.r∞UF∞« d±b± t≤√ bI∑F¥Ô wßËbM≥ t∞≈ .UHO® / n. Shiva
Z±U≤d° .W±bB∞U° Ãö´ / n. "shock therapy"
«u´_« w≠ UOß˸ w≠ sOº∑K¥ f¥¸u° tI∂© ÍœUB∑Æ≈
œUB∑Æ« v∞« dOºL∞« œUB∑Æù« s± œU• q¥u∫¢ t±«uÆ ,1990
.d∫∞« ‚uº∞«
bzUÆ ,WO´UDÆù« ÊU°UO∞« w≠ .s¨u® / n. shogun
.¸u©«d∂±ù« rßS° rJ• vK´√ ÍdJº´
WHOM´ dO¨ WOM¥œ W´uLπ± s± œd≠ .aOº∞« / n. Sikh
WOßËbM≥Ë W¥–u° ∆œU∂± s± Z¥e± s´ …¸U∂´ UN¢«bI∑F±
.WO≠uÅË
WL¥bÆ q≠«uÆ ‚d© ÂUE≤ .d¥d∫∞« ‚d© / n. Silk Roads
.Èdî√ lKßË d¥d∫∞« ¸Uπ∑∞« tOK´ qL• ,UO߬ jß«Ë√ d∂´
w≠ U± VBM± ¡«d® Ë√ lO° .WO≤uLOº∞« / n. simony
.WO∫OºL∞« WOºMJ∞«
t≤√ …dJ≠ vK´ ÂuI¢ WHºK≠ .WOØuJA∞« / n. skepticism
.bOØ√ qJA° T® W≠dF± sJL¥ô
.‚d•«Ë lDÆ« W´«¸“ / n. slash-and-burn farming
lDI° p∞–Ë rN∞uI• Êu´¸«eL∞« UNO≠ nEM¥ W´«¸“ WI¥d©
bOLº∑° Z¢UM∞« œU±d∞« ÂuI¥Ë .UNÆd•Ë »UA´_«Ë ¸Uπ®_«
.W∂Bî UNKF§Ë ÷¸_«
œuß_« d∫∂∞« ‰UL® ‹U°U¨ ÊUJß .ÊuO≠öº∞« / n. Slavs
.ÂuO∞« WOÆdA∞« U°Ë¸Ë√ ÊUJß s± dO∏Ø ·öß√Ë œ«b§√ r≥Ë
w∑∞« WOÆUH¢ù« .w´UL∑§≈ bN´ / n. social contract
p∞c° sOH∞R± ,W¥œdH∞« rNÆuI• UN∞öî s± VFA∞« œb∫¥
.WLEM± W±uJ• Ë√ UFL∑π±
oO∂D¢ .WO´UL∑§ù« WO≤˸«b∞« / n. Social Darwinism
w≠ "ÈuÆú∞ ¡UI∂∞«"Ë ¸uD∑∞« W¥dE≤ ‰u• Ê˸«œ ¸UJ≠√
.WO∞U¥d∂±ù« ¸UA∑≤≈ d¥d∂∑∞ WÅUîË WO≤Uº≤ù« ‹UFL∑πL∞«
pKL¥ ÍœUB∑Æ≈ ÂUE≤ .WOØ«d∑®ù« / n. socialism
.lOLπ∞« WO≥U≠d∞ .ÃU∑≤ù« q±«u´ tO≠ VFA∞«
`∂Å√ UO≤u∞u° w≠ w∞UL´ »e• .s±UC∑∞« / n. Solidarity
w´uOA∞« rJ∫K∞ WOºOz¸ W{¸UF± …uÆ 1980 «u´_« ‰öî
.UO≤u∞u° w≠
w≠ W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ .ÍUG≤uº∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ / n. Songhai
«u´_« s± …¸Uπ∑∞« vK´ ‹dDOßË w∞U± ‹e¨ UOI¥d≠√ »d¨
.1591 v∞« 1400
WOK∫L∞« »«uM∞« f∞Uπ± b•√ .XOO≠uº∞« / n. soviet
.w≤U∏∞« ”ôuJO≤ dBOI∞« ◊uIß bF° UOß˸ w≠ XKJA¢
140 WORLD HISTORY
¡ULKF∞« .ÊuO∑ßôuJº∞« WHßöH∞« / n. scholastics
¸uBF∞« w≠ WO°Ë¸Ë_« ‹UF±Uπ∞U° «u߸œË «uFL∑§« s¥c∞«
.vDßu∞«
WOIDM± WOKL´ .WOLK´ WI¥d© / n. scientific method
»¸Uπ∑∞« UNO≠ ÂUI¢ ,wFO∂D∞« r∞UF∞« s´ ‹U±uKFL∞« lLπ∞
.‹UO{dH∞« ¸U∂∑îù ‹UE•öL∞«Ë
dO∂Ø dOOG¢ .WOLKF∞« …¸u∏∞« / n. Scientific Revolution
,1500 «u´_« nB∑M± s± √b° ,w°Ë¸Ë_« dOJH∑∞« w≠
WIOÆb∞« WE•öL∞U° wFO∂D∞« r∞UF∞« Wß«¸œ t∞öî ‹eOL¢
.W∞u∂IL∞« ‹«bI∑FL∞« W∞œUπ±Ë
÷¸_« WßUOß / n. scorched-earth policy
w®«uL∞« q∑ÆË ‹U´Ë¸eL∞« ‚d• WOKL´ .WÆËd∫L∞«
gOF∞« s± ËbF∞« sJL∑¥ô wØ »d∫∞« …d∑≠ ¡UM£√ s§«Ëb∞«Ë
.÷¸_« ‹Uπ∑M± s±
w≠ sO≠d∑∫L∞« ‹öπº∞« w≤Ëb± b•√ .aßUM∞«/ n. scribe
.WO∞Ë_« ‹«¸UC∫∞« …d∑≠
Ë√ WOFL§ s± UOL߸ V∫ºM¥ .V∫ºM¥ / v. secede
).œU∫¢≈
s± d∏Ø√ W¥uO≤b∞« ¸u±_U° r∑N¥ .ÍuO≤œ / adj. secular
.‹UO•Ëd∞«
Ë√ w≤u≤UÆ eOOL¢ .ÍdBM´ eOOL¢ / n. segregation
.WHK∑ª± ‚«d´√ s± ’Uª®_ w´UL∑§≈
VFA∞« W¥d• .dOBL∞« d¥dI¢ / n. self-determination
.t∑∫¢ «uAOF¥ Ê√ ÊËb¥d¥ Íc∞« rJ∫∞« Ÿu≤ d¥dI∑°
v∞« ‹d§U≥ WOØd¢ W´uLπ± .sOOÆuπKº∞« / n. Seljuks
Xºß√Ë d®UF∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ WOßU∂F∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±ù«
.dA´ ÍœU∫∞« ÊdI∞« w≠ WÅUî W¥¸u©«d∂±≈
WµON∞« ,WL¥bI∞« U±Ë¸ w≠ .ŒuOA∞« fKπ± / n. senate
.jI≠ WO©«dI∑߸_« WI∂D∞« s± …œU´ n∞Q∑¢ UOKF∞« WLØU∫∞«
…œUOÆ X∫¢ rJ• ÍbM≥ ÍbM§ .w≥U∂º∞« / n. sepoy
.WO≤UD¥d°
t° ÂUÆ œdL¢ .sOO≥U∂º∞« …¸u£ / n. Sepoy Mutiny
sOO≤UD¥d∂∞« b{ 1857 ÂU´ sOLKºL∞«Ë ”ËbMN∞« œuMπ∞«
.bMN∞« w≠
ÂeK±Ô vDßu∞« ¸uBF∞« ‰öî Õö≠ .÷¸_« b∂´ / n. serf
.bOº∞« W´¸e± w≠ gOF¥ Ê√ UO≤u≤UÆ
w≠ Ÿ«e≤ .WF∂º∞« sOMº∞« »d• / n. Seven Years' War
,1763 v∞« 1756 s± «œ bMN∞«Ë WO∞ULA∞« UJ¥d±√Ë U°Ë¸Ë√
W¥ËUºLM∞« ‹«uI∞« UOßËd°Ë UO≤UD¥d° ‹«uÆ t∞öî XK¢UÆ
.Èdî√ ‰Ëœ ‹«uÆË WOßËd∞«Ë WOº≤dH∞«Ë
.Ê«d¥≈ w≠ À¸«u∑± pK± .ÁUA∞« / n. shah
…UO• t§u¢ sO≤«uÆ W´uLπ± .WF¥dA∞« / n. shari'a
.sOLKºL∞«
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T
w≠ œdL¢ .mMO∂¥U¢ œdL¢ / n. Taiping Rebellion
W∞öß b{ Ê«uØuO® m≤u≥ ÁœUÆ dA´ lßU∑∞« ÊdI∞« nB∑M±
.sOB∞« w≠ WLØU∫∞« mMOØ
bMN∞U° «dØ√ w≠ WKOL§ …d∂I± .q∫± ÃU¢ / n. Taj Mahal
.q∫± “U∑L± t∑§Ëe∞ ÊU≥U§ ÁU® ‰uGL∞« ¸u©«d∂±≈ U≥UM°
WE≠U∫± WO±öß≈ W´uLπ± .ÊU∂∞U© / n. Taliban
‹«uI∞« »U∫º≤≈ bF° ÊU∑º≤UG≠√ w≠ rJ∫∞« vK´ X∞u∑ß«
w≠ WDKº∞« s´ WOJ¥d±_« ‹«uI∞« rN∑•«“√ ,UNM± WOßËd∞«
.rN° t∂∑A± sOO°U≥¸ù rNz«u¥≈ V∂º° ,2001 d∂Lº¥œ
vK´ UC¥√ oKD¥ ,bMN∞« »uM§ WG∞ .qO±U∑∞« / n. Tamil
.WGK∞« Ác≥ rKJ∑¢ w∑∞« »uFA∞« rß≈
‹«Ëœ_«Ë ‚dD∞« .UO§u∞uMJ¢ / n. technology
.rN¢U§U∫° «uHO∞ ”UM∞« UNI∂D¥ w∑∞« ‹U´«d∑îù«Ë
bNF∑∞« .fM∑∞« VFK± rºÆ / n. Tennis Court Oath
1789 ÂU´ WOM©u∞« Uº≤d≠ WOFL§ ¡UC´√ Ácî√ Íc∞«
s± «uN∑M¥ v∑• ŸUL∑§ùU° ¸«dL∑ßù« vK¨ t∞öî «uLºÆ√
.b¥b§ ¸u∑ßœ W¨UOÅ
ÂuºØ¬ w≠ W´«¸e∞« w≠ b¥b§ qJ® .W∂DB± / n. terrace
…b´UºLK∞ WOK∂§ ‹«¸b∫M± vK´ W§¸b± ‰ö¢ XOM° YO•
.÷¸_« qØP¢ nOHª¢Ë ¡UL∞« ¡«u∑•≈ vK´
‹«b¥bN∑∞« Ë√ …uI∞« «bª∑ß« .»U≥¸ù« / n. terrorism
.rN∑ßUOß «ËdOG¥ wØ ‹U±uJ∫∞« Ë√ ”UM∞« n¥uª∑∞
v∞≈ UNO≠ dEM¥ W±uJ• -1 .WO©«dÆuO∏∞« / n. theocracy
…œUÆ U≥d¥b¥ W±uJ• -2 .WßbI± …¸uÅ t≤QØË rØU∫∞«
.ÊuM¥b∑±
…dJ≠ .¸uD∑∞« W¥dE≤ / n. theory of evolution
·UMÅ√ Ê√ UN±«uÆ ,1859 ÂU´ Ê˸«œ ‰¸U® UN•d∑Æ«
.wFO∂D∞« ¡UHDÅù« WI¥dD° QAM¢ ‹U≤«uO∫∞«Ë ‹U¢U∂M∞«
¸UJ≠√ .WO∂ºM∞« W¥dEM∞« / n. theory of relativity
sO°Ë ÊUJL∞«Ë ÊU±e∞« sO° ‹UÆöF∞« ‰u• s¥U∑AM¥¬ ‹d∂∞¬
.…œUL∞«Ë WÆUD∞«
‹eظ W¥–u° WHzU© .«œU≠«dO∏∞« WHzU© / n. Theravada
.öÅ√ «–u° U≥b¥√ ¸UB∞« w≤U•Ëd∞« ◊U∂C≤ù« vK´
WO≤UL∞_« W¥¸u©«d∂±ù« .Y∞U∏∞« a¥«d∞« / n. Third Reich
.‹UMO£ö∏∞« w≠ dK∑≥ n∞Ëœ√ UNºß√ W∏∞U∏∞«
W¥¸uNLπ∞« .W∏∞U∏∞« W¥¸uNLπ∞« / n. Third Republic
XN∑≤«Ë Y∞U∏∞« ÊuOK°U≤ jIß bF° Uº≤d≠ w≠ XKJA¢ w∑∞«
.WO≤U∏∞« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« ¡UM£√ Uº≤dH∞ UO≤UL∞√ ‰ö∑•U°
,…œ¸U∂∞« »d∫∞« ¡UM£√ .Y∞U∏∞« r∞UF∞« / n. Third World
l± ôË …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« l± n∞U∫∑¢ r∞ w∑∞« WO±UM∞« ‰Ëb∞«
.w∑O≠uº∞« œU∫¢ù«
- WO≤U∂ßù« »d∫∞« / n. Spanish-American War
ÂU´ ÂUÆ UO≤U∂ß≈Ë …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« sO° Ÿ«e≤ .WOJ¥d±_«
s± sOO°uJ∞« ÕUHJ∞ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« …b≤Uº± V∂º° 1898
.‰öI∑ßù« q§√
Ÿu≤ w≠ ‹«¸UNL∞« ¸uD¢ .hBª∑∞« / n. specialization
.‹öπº∞« s¥Ëb¢ Ë√ …¸Uπ∑∞UØ qLF∞« s± sOF±
WIDM± .–uH≤ WIDM± / n. sphere of influence
‹U©UA≤Ë …¸Uπ∑∞« vK´ UNO≠ W∞Ëb∞« dDOº¢ WO§¸Uî
.Èdî√ W¥œUB∑Æ≈
…UO• Ÿu≤ .WAOFL∞« Èu∑º± / n. standard of living
‹U±bª∞«Ë lKº∞« UNOK´ ‰b¢ ULØ WO≤UJß W´uLπ± Ë√ hª®
.U± VFA∞ Ë√ ÊUº≤ù …d≠u∑L∞« WO≥U≠d∞«Ë
‹U´uLπ± .W∞Ëœ ö° ÂuÆ / n. stateless societies
WDKº∞« W¥ËUº∑± ‹ôöß UNO≠ WDKº∞« rßUI∑¢ WO≠UI£
.W¥eØd± W±uJ• q∂Æ s± W±uJ∫± UN≤uØ s´ U{u´
…uºJ± W≠U§ t∂® ‰uNß .»uNß / n. steppes
.gOA∫∞U°
qLF∞« »¸ d∂πO∞ qLF¥ Ê√ i≠d¥ .»dC¥Ò / v. strike
.U± ‹U∂K© WO∂K∑°
‚u≠ wM° W∂Æ qJ® vK´ Ídπ• ¡UM° .W∂Dßù« / n. stupa
.”bI± Í–u° d£√
WFß«Ë ÷¸√ WFDÆ .…¸UI∞« t∂® / n. subcontinent
.…¸UÆ s± `{«Ë ¡e§ qJA¢
lMÅ s± wzU± Èdπ± .f¥uº∞« …UMÆ / n. Suez Canal
d∫∂∞U° dL•_« d∫∂∞« qB¥ ,1869 ÂU´ `∑∑≠« ÊUº≤ù«
.jßu∑L∞« iO°_«
.»Uª∑≤ù« o• .X¥uB¢ / n. suffrage
l± d®U∂± ‰UB¢≈ W±UÆù vFº¥ rKº± .w≠uÅ / n. Sufi
.WOM©U° WO≠uÅ qzUßË ‰öî s± tK∞«
VI∞ ,oKD± rØU• Ë√ vK´√ bOß .ÊUDKß / n. sultan
.WO≤UL∏F∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±ù« WCN≤ ‰öî sOO≤UL∏F∞« ÂUJ∫∞«
WAOFLK∞ w±öß≈ ÖuL≤ .W¥u∂M∞« WMº∞« / n. Sunna
.bL∫± w∂M∞« rO∞UF¢Ë …UO• vK´ wM∂±
ÊQ° Áœ«d≠√ bI∑F¥ Âößù« s± Ÿd≠ .WMº∞« q≥√ / n. Sunni
.bL∫± w∂MK∞ ÊuO´dA∞« ¡UHKª∞« r≥ sO∞Ë_« WF°¸_« ¡UHKª∞«
ÊdI∞« w≠ X±UÆ WOM≠ WØd• .WO∞U¥dº∞« / n. surrealism
.w´«Ëö∞« qIF∞« ‰UL´√ vK´ ‹eظ s¥dAF∞«
¸uD¢ .jI≠ W¥UHJK∞ uL≤ / n. sustainable growth
vK´ WE≠U∫L∞« l± sJ∞ ”UM∞« ‹U§UO∑•« wHJ¥ ÍœUB∑Æ≈
.W±œUI∞« ‰UO§ú∞ WOFO∂D∞« ¸œUBL∞« W¥UL•Ë WµO∂∞«
WO°dF∞U° ‹d£Q¢ u∑≤U∂∞« q≥√ WG∞ .wKO•«uº∞« / n. Swahili
.lß«Ë qJA° UOI¥d≠√ jß«Ë√Ë ‚d® ÊUJß UNLKJ∑¥
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d∂´ …¸Uπ¢ WJ∂® .W∏K∏L∞« …¸Uπ∑∞« / n. triangular trade
«d∑KJ≤≈Ë UOI¥d≠√ sO° bO∂F∞«Ë lKº∞« qI≤ UN∞öî r¢ jO∫L∞«
.WO∞ULA∞« UJ¥d±√ ‹«dLF∑º±Ë WO°dG∞« bMN∞« ¸e§Ë U°Ë¸Ë√Ë
U±Ë¸ w≠ .vFA∞« ‚uI• s´ l≠«bL∞« / n. tribune
.rNÆuI• W¥UL∫∞ W±UF∞« t∂ª∑M¥ n™u± WL¥bI∞«
v∞« nOF{ hª® tF≠b¥ mK∂± .…ËU¢√ ,W¥e§ / n. tribute
.tM±√Ë W∑±öß ÊULC∞ ÈuÆ√ hª®
- ‰Ëœ œU∫¢≈ -1 .w£ö∏∞« nK∫∞« / n. Triple Alliance
fOßQ¢ v∞≈ Èœ√ UL± ÊU°uØö¢Ë uØuJºJ¢ ,Êö∑O∑ØuMO¢ Êb±
- UO≤UL∞√ sO° ÍdJº´ œU∫¢≈ -2 .pO¢“¬ W¥¸u©«d∂±≈
w∑∞« «u´_« ‰öî UO∞UD¥≈Ë ,dπL∞« - UºLM∞« W¥¸u©«d∂±√
.v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« XI∂ß
ÍdJº´ œU∫¢≈ .w£ö∏∞« r≥UH∑∞« / n. Triple Entente
XI∂ß w∑∞« «u´_« ‰öî UOßË¸Ë Uº≤d≠Ë UO≤UD¥d° sO°
.v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞«
,WL¥bI∞« U±Ë¸ wÆ .W£ö∏∞« W±uJ• / n. triumvirate
.rJ∫∞« ÂU±“ «uظUA¢ …œUÆ W£ö£ s± W´uLπ±
w∞«u• X±UÆ »d• .…œË«d© »d• / n. Trojan War
„uK± …œUOI° gO§ UN∞öî r§U≥ œöOL∞« q∂Æ 1200
.‰u{U≤_« w≠ …d∫∞« W¥¸Uπ∑∞« …œË«d© WM¥b± sOOMOºO±
¸uBF∞« s± wIOßu± d´U® .¸ËœU°Ëd∑∞« / n. troubadour
s´ tO≤U¨Q° ”UM∞« »dDO∞ dî¬ v∞≈ ÊUJ± s± qI∑M¥ vDßu∞«
.gzUπ∞« V∫∞«
WOJ¥d±√ WßUOß .ÊU±Ëd¢ …bOI´ / n. Truman Doctrine
UN∞öî s± X±bÆ 1947 ÂU´ ÊU±Ëd¢ ͸U≥ fOzd∞« UNMK´√
‹œb≥Ô w∑∞« …d∫∞« ‰ËbK∞ W¥dJº´Ë W¥œUB∑Æ≈ …b´Uº±
.WO§¸Uî Ë√ WOKî«œ ‹UN§«uL°
hª® ,WL¥bI∞« ÊU≤uO∞« w≠ .b∂∑º± ,WO¨U© / n. tyrant
s± t∂KD° W∞Ëœ - WM¥b± W±uJ• vK´ …dDOº∞« w≠ `π≤ ÍuÆ
.ÁËb´Uº¥ Ê√ ¡«dIH∞«
U
W¥¸u©«d∂±ù« XLJ• W∞öß .Êu¥u±_« / n. Umayyads
WJKL± bF° ULO≠ Xºß√Ë 750 v∞« 661 ÂU´ s± WO±ößù«
.f∞b≤_« œö° w≠
÷ËUH∑K∞ XKJA¢ ‰UL´ WOFL§ .W°UI≤ ,œU∫¢≈ / n. union
.vK´√ V¢«Ë¸Ë qC≠√ qL´ ·Ëd™ q§√ s±
WO∞Ëœ WLEM± .…b∫∑L∞« r±_« / n. United Nations
‰Ëœ w≠ s±_« oOI∫∑∞ 1945 ÂU´ XºßQ¢ Âöº∞« kH∫∞
.r∞UF∞«
/ n. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
r±_« t¢¸bÅ√ ÊUO° .ÊUº≤ù« ‚uI∫∞ wL∞UF∞« Êö´ù«
o∫∞« rN∞ dA∂∞« qØ Ê√ t∞öî s± XMK´√ 1948 ÂU´ …b∫∑L∞«
.s±_«Ë W¥d∫∞«Ë …UO∫∞U°
142 WORLD HISTORY
Ÿ«dÅ .U±U´ sO£ö∏∞« »d• / n. Thirty Years' War
sO° WDKº∞« q§√ s±Ë ,w{«¸_«Ë s¥b∞« ‰u• w°Ë¸Ë√
.1648 v∞« 1618 s± «œ WLØU∫∞« ‹özUF∞«
w≠ W£ö∏∞« ‰uI∫∞« ÂUE≤ / n. three-field system
,vDßu∞« ¸uBF∞« w≠ U°Ë¸Ë√ w≠ ¸uD¢ W´«¸“ ÂUE≤ .W´«¸e∞«
W¥ËUº∑± ‰uI• W£ö£ v∞« WO´«¸e∞« w{«¸_« XLºÆ YO•
W¥u∑® ‹U´Ë¸eL° w∞U∑∑∞U° …b•«Ë qØ X´¸“Ë W•UºL∞«
.Ÿ¸“ ÊËœ …d∑≠ vI∂¢ r£ WOFO°¸ ‹U´Ë¸e±Ë
W±U´ W•Uß .sL≤U≤UO¢ W•Uß / n. Tiananmen Square
W{UH∑≤ù« lÆu± ,1989 ÂU´ w≠ ,sOB∞U° sOJ° w≠ WLª{
.WO©«dÆuL¥b∞« ‹U•öÅù« bO¥Q∑∞ X±UÆ w∑∞« WO°öD∞«
UNKîœ s± WKG∞« dAF∞ WKzUF∞« l≠œ .dAF∞« l≠œ / n. tithe
.WºOMJ∞« v∞«
- «ËU¨uØu¢ W∞öß / n. Tokugawa Shogunate
b•uL∞« ÊU°UO∞« XLJ• WLØU∫∞« ÊU¨u® W∞öß .‹U≤u¨u®
.1867 v∞« 1603 s±
qOπ≤ù« s± qz«Ë_« V∑Ø fLª∞« .…«¸u∑∞« / n. Torah
.W¥œuNO∞« rO∞UF∑∞« w≠ WOßbÆ ‹U°U∑J∞« d∏Ø√ - w≤«d∂F∞«
W±uJ∫∞« …dDOß .W¥œ«b∂∑ßù« / n. totalitarianism
.WÅUª∞«Ë W±UF∞« …UO∫∞« d≥UE± s± dNE± qØ vK´
‰Ëb∞« tO≠ ÂuI¢ Ÿ«dÅ .WOKØ »d• / n. total war
.w°d∫∞« œuNπLK∞ U≥œ¸«u± qØ f¥dJ∑° W´“UM∑L∞«
Èdî√ WOFO∂© ‰UJ®√ Ë√ ‹U≤«uO• .r©«uD∞« / n. totems
s± Èdî√ ‹U´uLπ± Ë√ dzUAF∞« …b•u∞ “u±dØ qLF∑º¢
.dA∂∞«
sO° W¥¸uÅ „¸UF± .‹U¥¸U∂± WºKß / n. tournament
.ÊUßd≠ ‹U´uLπ±
U±«¸b∞« s± Íb§ qJ® .…UßQ± ,U¥bO§«d¢ / n. tragedy
.WKO∂≤ WOBª® Ë√ qD° ◊uIß w≠ Y∫∂¥
WOÆUH¢≈ .«ËU¨U≤UØ …b≥UF± / n. Treaty of Kanagawa
X∫∑≠ ,ÊU°UO∞«Ë …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« sO° 1854 ÂU´ XL¢
‹U¥ôuK∞ X∫LßË WOJ¥d±_« sHºK∞ sOµ≠d± ÊU°UO∞« UN∂§uL°
.ÊU°UO∞« …¸UHß ¡UA≤S° …b∫∑L∞«
.”öOº¥œ¸u£ …b≥UF± / n. Treaty of Tordesillas
Ê√ XMK´√ ,UO≤U∂ß≈Ë ‰UG¢d∂∞« sO° 1494 ÂU´ XL¢ WOÆUH¢≈
w≠ wL≥Ë jî »d¨ UN≠UA∑Ø« r∑¥ w∑∞« …b¥bπ∞« w{«¸_«
…b¥bπ∞« w{«¸_«Ë UO≤U∂ßù WF°U¢ ÊuJ¢ wºK©_« jO∫L∞«
.‰UG¢d∂∞« l∂∑¢ jª∞« «c≥ ‚d® UN≠UA∑Ø« r∑¥ w∑∞«
…b≥UF± .ÍUßd≠ …b≥UF± / n. Treaty of Versailles
WOL∞UF∞« »d∫∞« bF° ¡UHK∫∞« ÈuÆË UO≤UL∞√ UN∑FÆË w∑∞« rKß
.v∞Ë_«
»d∫∞« s± Ÿu≤ .‚œUMª∞« »d• / n. trench warfare
‹dH• ‚œUMî ‰öî s± WLÅUª∑L∞« ‘uOπ∞« UNO≠ q¢UI∑¢
.WØdFL∞« qI• w≠
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W
»d• / n. War of the Spanish Succession
,1713 v∞« 1703 s± «œ Ÿ«dÅ .UO≤U∂ß≈ w≠ W≠öª∞«
…dDOº∞« s± "Êu°¸u∂∞«" WKzU´ lML∞ WO°Ë¸Ë√ ‰Ëœ t∞öî XK¢UÆ
.Uº≤d≠Ë UO≤U∂ß≈ vK´
qJA¢ ÍdJº´ œU∫¢≈ .u߸«Ë nK• / n. Warsaw Pact
U°Ë¸Ë√ s± ‰Ëœ WF∂ßË w∑OO≠uº∞« œU∫¢ù« sO° 1955 ÂU´
.WOÆdA∞«
w∑∞« W±uJ∫∞« ."¸ULO≠" W±uJ• / n. Weimar Republic
.1933 ÂU´ XN∑≤«Ë 1919 ÂU´ UO≤UL∞√ w≠ XºßQ¢
»d∫∞« w≠ .WO°dG∞« WN∂π∞« / n. Western Front
‹«uÆ XK¢UI¢ YO• Uº≤d≠ ‰UL® w≠ WIDM± ,v∞Ë_« WOL∞UF∞«
.W¥eØdL∞« ÈuI∞« l± ¡UHK∫∞«
…UO∫∞« jL≤ ”U∂∑Æ« .V¥dG∑∞« / n. westernization
- WO°dG∞« ‰ËbK∞ W¥œUB∑Æù«Ë WOßUOº∞«Ë WO´UL∑§ù«
.WOJ¥d±_«Ë WO°Ë¸Ë_« ‰Ëb∞« WÅUª°
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Y
Ê√ wMOÅ œUI∑´« .m≤U¥Ë sO¥ U¢uÆ / n. yin and yang
q∏L¢ YO•( WOFO∂D∞« …UO∫∞« ŸUI¥« ÊULJ∫¢ sO¢uI∞« sO¢U≥
…dØcL∞« ‹UHB∞« m≤U¥ …uÆ q∏L¢Ë ,W∏≤RL∞« ‹UHB∞« sO¥ …uÆ
.)r∞UF∞« w≠
UOI¥d≠√ »d¨ w≠ VF® ."U°Ë¸u¥" VF® / n. Yoruba
U¥dOπ¥U≤Ë sOMO° rßS° Êü« ·dF¢ ‹UJKL± …b´ «uºß√
.WO°uMπ∞«
Z
»uM§ q≥√ …¸UC• .pO¢u°«e∞« …¸UC• / n. Zapotec
Êü« ·dF¢Ë UØUºØ«Ë√ Íœ«Ë w≠ ‹eØd¢ pOºJL∞«
.pOºJL∞U°
…b´ s± n∞R± w±d≥ ¡UM° .‹«¸uG¥e∞« / n. ziggurat
.Íd±uß b∂F± s± «¡e§ ÊUØ ·uHÅ
«u´_« w≠ XKJA¢ WØd• .WO≤uONB∞« / n. Zionism
.sODºK≠ w≠ œuNOK∞ bK° fOßQ¢ e¥eF∑∞ 1890
»d• / n. unrestricted submarine warfare
Í√ ‚«d¨ù ‹UÅ«uG∞« «bª∑ß« .…bOHL∞« dO¨ ‹UÅ«uG∞«
‹öÆU≤Ë W¥œUO∫∞UMHº∞« UNO≠ UL°( ¸«c≤≈ o°Uß ÊËœ WMOHß
.ËbF∞« ÁUO± w≠ ‹b§Ë )W∫KºL∞« dO¨ s¥d≠UºL∞«
”UM∞« …dπ≥Ë ÊbL∞« uL≤ .ÊbL¢ / n. urbanization
.UNO≠ sJºK∞
.WOJ¥d±_« WOM©«uL∞« Êu≤UÆ / n. U.S.A. Patriot Act
W∞Ëb∞« ‚uI• r´œ 2001 ÂU´ ¸bÅ »U≥¸ù« b{ Êu≤UÆ
Âdπ° rN∑LØU∫±Ë rN° t∂∑A± sOO°U≥¸≈ vK´ i∂I∞« ¡UI∞ù
.»U≥¸ù«
Ÿ«dÅ .WOJ¥d±_« WOK≥_« »d∫∞« / n. U.S. Civil War
Ÿu{u± ‰u• WO°uMπ∞«Ë WO∞ULA∞« WOJ¥d±_« ‹U¥ôu∞« sO°
.1865 v∞« 1861 ÂU´ s± «œ ‚d∞«
UN•d∑Æ« W¥dE≤ .WFHML∞« W¥dE≤ / n. utilitarianism
‹U©UA≤ Ê√ UN±«uÆ 1700 «u´_« dî«Ë√ w≠ ÂUN∑M° wL¥dO§
œb´ d∂Ø_ lH≤ d∂Ø√ “eF¢ U±bM´ jI≠ …bOH± ÊuJ¢ W±uJ∫∞«
.”UM∞« s±
¸u± ”U±u¢ UNHÅË WO∞UOî WM¥b± .UO°u¢u¥ / n. Utopia
.w∞U∏L∞« ÊUJL∞« UN≤Q° "UO°u¢u¥" t°U∑Ø w≠
V
,WO´UDÆù« U°Ë¸Ë√ w≠ .w´UDÆû∞ l°U∑∞« / n. vassal
¡ôu∞U° t∞ bNF∑¥ Ê√ q°UI± ÷¸√ WFDÆ bOº∞« t∫ML¥ hª®
.‹U±bª∞« r¥bI∑°Ë
WßbI± ‹U°U∑J∞ ‹U´uLπ± l°¸√ .«bOH∞« / n. Vedas
.bMN∞« w≠ rN≤UDO∑ß« …d∑≠ qz«Ë√ w≠ Êu¥¸ü« UN£b•√
UNLKJ∑¥ w∑∞« WO±UF∞« WGK∞« .W±UF∞« WG∞ / n. vernacular
.WO±uO∞« rN¢UO• ‰öî U± bK° Ë√ WIDM± w≠ ”UM∞«
‹U°UB´ W´uLπ± .m≤uJ∑OO≠ Êu°¸U∫± / n. Vietcong
b{ WO∞ULA∞« ÂUM∑OO≠ q≥√ …b´UºL° X°¸U• WO´uO®
.ÂUM∑OO≠ »d• ‰öîWO°uMπ∞« ÂUM∑OO≠ W±uJ•
œ¸UA∑¥¸ fOzd∞« WDî .WLM∑OO≠ / n. Vietnamization
hM¢ ,ÂUM∑OO≠ »d• w≠ wJ¥d±_« „«d∑®ù« ¡UN≤ù ÊuºJO≤
UN∞«b∂∑ß«Ë wπ¥¸b¢ qJA° WOJ¥d±_« ‹«uI∞« »U∫º≤≈ vK´
.WO°uMπ∞« ÂUM∑OO≠ s± ‹«uI°
k≠U• ”ËbMN∞« Ád∂∑F¥ t∞≈ ."uMAO≠ "t∞ù« / n. Vishnu
.r∞UF∞«
W¥¸u©«d∂±≈ Ë√ WJKL± w≠ ¡«¸“u∞« fOz¸ .d¥“Ë / n. vizier
.WO±öß≈
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 143
ARABIC
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GLOSE KREYOL AYISYEN
Glosè a se yon lis ki nan lòd alfabetik ki genyen anpil nan tèm enpòtan ki nan chapit
yo, ak tout definisyon yo. Definisyon ki liste nan Glosè a se yo ki aplike pou jan mo
yo sèvi nan liv sa a. Glosè a bay klasifikasyon chak mo. Abrevyasyon sila yo itilize:
HAITIAN CREOLE
A
Abbasids / Abasid n. yon dinasti ki te dirije pi fò
nan anpi mizilman an de 750 a 1258 apre Jezikri.
Aborigine / Aborijin n. yon manm nan nenpòt ki
pèp natif Ostrali.
absolute monarch / monak absoli n. yon wa
oubyen yon rèn ki gen pouvwa san limit e ki ap chèche
kontwole tout aspè nan sosyete a.
acropolis / akwopolis n. yon somè fòtifye nan
yon ansyen vil grèk.
Aksum / Aksòm n. yon wayom afriken, ki kote
Etyopi ak Eritrea ye kounyela a e ki te rive nan tèt
pouvwa li nan katriyèm syèk apre Jezikri.
al-Andalus / al-Andalis n. yon rejyon dirije pa
Mizilman kote Lespay ye kounyela a, e ki te etabli nan
wityèm syèk apre Jezikri.
Allah / Ala n. Bondye (yon mo arabik, itilize
prensipalman nan Izlam).
Allies / Alye yo n. nan premye Gè Mondyal la,
nasyon Grann Bretay, Lafrans, ak Larisi, ak lòt nasyon
tou ki te goumen sou bò yo; epi tou, gwoup nasyon –
ikonpri Grann Bretay, Linyon Sovyetik, ak Etazini – ki te
kont pouvwa Aksis yo nan dezyèm Gè Mondyal la.
Almohads / Almowad n. yon gwoup refòmis
izlamik ki te fè koudeta sou dinasti Almoravid la e te
etabli yon anpi nan nò Lafrik ak nan Lespay disid nan
12yèm syèk apre Jezikri.
Almoravids / Almoravid n. yon fratènite relijye
izlamik ki te etabli yon anpi nan nò Lafrik ak Lespay
disid nan 11yèm syèk apre Jezikri.
Amritsar Massacre / Masak Amritsa n.
asasina pa twoup britanik yo de prèske 400 Endyen ki te
rasanble nan Amritsa pou pwoteste Lwa Rowlatt yo.
Anabaptists / Anabatis n. pandan Refòmasyon
an, yon gwoup pwotestan ki te kwè nan batize sèlman
moun ki te vye granmoun ase pou deside pou yo Kretyen
e te kwè nan separasyon legliz ak leta.
Anasazi / Anasazi n. youn nan premye pèp
ameriken endyen ki te viv nan sidwès ameriken an.
Anatolia / Anatoli n. penensil sidwès Lazi ki
kounyela a okipe pa pati azyatik nan Latiki – ki rele tou
Lazi Minè.
144
WORLD HISTORY
n. = non
v. = vèb
Angkor Wat / Angkor Wat n. yon konplèks tanp
ki te konstwi sou anpi Khmer a e ki te konsakre a dye
Endou Vishnu an.
Anglican / Anglikan adj. ki gen pou wè ak legliz
Angletè a.
animism / animis n. kwayans ke espri yo prezan
nan bèt, plant, ak lòt objè natirèl.
annexation / anèksyon n. aksyon ajoute yon
rejyon a teritwa yon inite politik ki egziste deja.
annul / anile v. dekòmande oubyen mete fen a.
anti-Semitism / anti-semitis n. prejije kont
Jwif.
apartheid / segregasyon n. yon politik Afrik
disid ki mande separasyon de ras total, ikonpri
entèdiksyon tout kontak sosyal ant nwa ak blan.
apostle / apot n. youn nan disip Jesikri yo ki te
preche e simaye ansèyman ni yo.
appeasement / apèzman n. fè konsesyon ak yon
agresè pou evite lagè.
aqueduct / akedik n. yon kanalizasyon oubyen
yon kannal konstwi pou pote dlo nan zòn peple.
aristocracy / aristokrasi n. yon gouvènman kote
pouvwa nan men yon klas oubyen noblès ki eritye li.
armistice / amistis n. yon akò pou sispann
goumen.
artifact / objè fabrike n. yon objè ke imen fè,
tankou zouti, zam oubyen yon pyès bijou.
artisan / atizan n. yon travayè ak konpetans, tankou
yon tisran oubyen yon potye, ki fè machandiz ak men ni.
Aryans / Aryen n. 1. yon pèp endo-ewopeyen ki,
ozalantou 1500 avan Jezikri, te kòmanse emigre nan
soukontinan endyen an. 2. pou Natzi yo, pèp jèmanik ki
te fòme yon “ras siperyè.”
assembly line / chenn montaj n. nan yon
faktori, yon aranjman kote yon pwodwi deplase de
travayè a travayè, ak chak moun ki ap fè yon sèl travay
nan fabrikasyon ni.
assimilation / asimilasyon n. 1. adopsyon kilti
yon konkeran pa pèp konki a. 2. yon politik kote yon
nasyon fòse oubyen ankouraje yon pèp soumi a adopte
etablisman ak koutim ni.
Assyria / Asyri n. yon wayom sidwès azyatik ki te
kontwole yon gwo anpi de apeprè 850 a 612 avan
Jezikri.
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Atlantic Charter / Akò Atlantik n. yon
deklarasyon prensip pibliye an out 1941 pa premye
minis britanik Winston Churchill ak prezidan Etazini
Franklin Roosevelt, ki te sèvi kòm baz pou plan lapè
Alye a nan fen dezyèm Gè Mondyal.
Atlantic slave trade / komès atlantik
esklav n. acha, transpò ak vant afriken pou travay nan
Lamerik yo.
autocracy / otokrasi n. yon gouvènman kote
dirijan an gen pouvwa san limit e itilize li yon fason
sanprensip.
Axis Powers / Pouvwa Aksis n. nan dezyèm
Gè Mondyal la, nasyon Almay, Itali, ak Japon, ki te
fòme yon alyans an 1936.
ayllu / ayilou n. nan sosyete enka, yon ti kominote
oubyen klan kote manm yo travay ansanm pou byennèt
komen.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
B
balance of power / balans pouvwa n. yon
sitiyasyon politik kote okenn nasyon gen ase pouvwa
pou poze yon menas a lòt yo.
Balkans / Balkan n. rejyon sidès Lewòp ki okipe
kounyela a pa Lagrès, Albani, Boulgari, Woumani, pati
ewopeyen Latiki, ak ansyen repiblik Yougoslavi.
Bantu-speaking peoples / pèp ki pale
Bantu n. moun ki pale menm gwoup lang ki, nan
kòmansan prèske 2.000 ane de sa, te emigre de Lafrik
delwès pou etabli nan majorite pati sid Lafrik.
baroque / bawòk adj. ki gen rapò ak yon gran
estil ak dekò, ki te karakterize penti, mizik ak achitekti
ewopeyen nan ane 1600 ak kòmansman ane 1700 yo.
barter / echanj n. yon kalite komès kote moun fè
echanj machandiz ak sèvis san yo pa itilize lajan.
Battle of Britain / Batay Bretay n. yon seri
batay ant lame nan lè alman ak britanik, ki te fèt anlè
Bretay an 1940–1941.
Battle of Guadalcanal / Batay Guadalkanal
n. yon batay 1942–1943 pandan dezyèm Gè Mondyal,
kote twoup Alye yo te repouse fòs japonè yo de il
Pasifik Guadalkanal la.
Battle of Midway / Batay Midway n. yon
batay 1942 nan lanmè ak nan lè pandan dezyèm Gè
Mondyal la, kote fòs ameriken yo te bat fòs japonè yo
nan Pasifik santral la.
Battle of Stalingrad / Batay Stalingrad n.
yon batay 1942–1943 pandan dezyèm Gè Mondyal la,
kote fòs alman yo te pèdi nan jefò yo pou kaptire vil
Stalingrad nan Inyon Sovyetik la.
Battle of the Bulge / Batay Adèn n. yon batay
1944–1945 kote fòs Alye yo te repouse dènye gwo atak
Alman an pandan dezyèm Gè Mondyal la.
Battle of Trafalgar / Batay Trafalgar n. yon
batay naval 1805 kote fòs Napoleon yo te pèdi devan yon
flòt britanik anba dirijans Horatio Nelson.
Benin / Benen n. yon wayom ki devlope toupre
bouch Flèv Nijè nan ane 1300 yo e te tounen yon gwo
eta Lafrik delwès nan ane 1400 yo.
Beringia / Berenji n. yon ansyen pon fèt ak tè kote
yo kwè ke premye ameriken yo te pase pou emigre de
Lazi a Lamerik yo.
Berlin Conference of 1884–85 / Konferans
Bèlen 1884–85 n. yon reyinyon kote reprezantan
nasyon ewopeyèn yo te dakò sou règleman pou
kolonizasyon Lafrik pa Ewopeyen.
Bill of Rights / Deklarasyon Dwa Delòm n.
dis premye amannman nan Konstitisyon Etazini an, ki
pwoteje dwa ak libète fondamantal sitwayen.
bishop / evèk n. yon ofisye kretyen ki wo plase e ki
sipèvize plizyè legliz lokal.
blitzkrieg / blitzkrieg n. “gè zèklè”—yon kalite
batay kote atak masiv ak fòs enfantri swiv atak sipriz ak
avyon rapid.
blockade / blokay n. lè fòs ame oubyen navi itilize
pou anpeche transpò machandiz rantre oubyen soti nan
yon vil oubyen yon rejyon.
Boer / bowè n. yon kolon olandè nan Lafrik disid.
Boer War / Gè Bowè n. yon konfli, ki te dire de
1899 a 1902, kote Bowè ak Britanik yo te goumen pou
kontwòl teritwa Lafrik disid.
Bolsheviks / bolchevik yo n. yon gwoup ris
maksis revolisyonè ki te pran kontwòl gouvènman Larisi
an novanm 1917.
Boxer Rebellion / Rebelyon Boksè n. an 1900,
revòlt nan Lachin, ki te genyen kòm objektif pou li
sispann enfliyans etranje nan peyi a.
boyars / boya n. nòb ki pwopriyetè tè nan Larisi.
Brahma / Brama n. yon dye endou ki konsidere
kòm kreyatè lemonn.
Brahmin / Bramin n. nan sosyete aryen, yon manm
klas sosyal ki konsiste de prèt.
brinsksmanship / estrateji nan direksyon
tchouboum n. yon politik fè menas fè lagè pou
reponn a agresyon nenpòt enmi.
Bronze Age / Epòk Bwonz n. yon peryòd nan
listwa imanite, ki te kòmanse anviwon nan 3.000 avan
Jezikri nan sèten zòn, kote moun te kòmanse itilize
bwonz, olyede kwiv oubyen wòch, pou fabrike zouti
ak zam.
bubonic plague / pès bibonik n. yon maladi
mòtèl ki te pwopaje atravè Lazi ak Lewòp nan mitan
14yèm syèk, ki te touye milyon moun.
bureaucracy / biwokrasi n. yon sistèm depatman
ak ajans fòme pou antreprann travay gouvènman an.
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HAITIAN CREOLE
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burgher / bègè n. yon abitan medyeval nan yon vil.
Bushido / Boushido n. kòd estrik pou konpòtman
ke gerye samuray swiv nan Japon.
HAITIAN CREOLE
C
cabinet / kabinè n. yon gwoup konseye oubyen
minis ki chwazi pa chèf yon peyi pou ede pran desizyon
gouvènman.
caliph / kalif n. yon chèf siprèm politik ak relijye
nan yon gouvènman mizilman.
calligraphy / kaligrafi n. la bèl ekriti.
Calvinism / Kalvinis n. yon seri ansèyman relijye
baze sou ide refòmis John Calvin.
Camp David Accords / Akò Kan David n.
premye akò siyen ant Izrayèl ak yon peyi arab, kote
prezidan ejipsyen Anwar Sadat te rekonèt Izrayèl tankou
yon eta legal e premye minis izrayelyen Manchem Begin
te dakò pou remèt penensil Sinay la bay Lejip.
canon law / lwa kanonik n. seri lwa ki gouvène
pratik relijye nan yon legliz kretyen.
capitalism / kapitalis n. yon sistèm ekonomik
baze sou pwopriyete prive ak sou envestisman lajan nan
antrepriz biznis pou fè yon pwofi.
Carolingian dynasty / dinasti Kawolingyen
n. yon dinasti dirijan franch ki te dire de 751 a 987 apre
Jezikri.
caste / kas n. youn nan kat klas moun nan sistèm sosyal
aryen yo ki te etabli nan Lend — prèt, gerye, peyizan
oubyen komèsan, ak travayè oubyen atizan non-aryen.
Catholic Reformation / Refòm katolik n.
yon mouvman 16yèm syèk kote Legliz Katolik te chèche
fè chanjman nan repons a Refòm pwotestan an.
caudillo / kòdiyo n. yon diktatè militè nan yon
peyi Lamerik latin.
centralized government / gouvènman
santralize n. yon gouvènman ki gen pouvwa li
konsantre nan yon otorite santral kote gouvènman lokal
yo soumèt a li.
Central Powers / Pouvwa santral n. pandan
dezyèm Gè Mondyal la, nasyon Almay ak Otrich-Ongri,
ak lòt nasyon ki te goumen sou bò yo.
Chaldeans / Chaldeyen n. yon pèp sidwès Lazi
ki te ede detwi anpi asiryen an.
Chartist movement / Mouvman chatis n.
nan 19yèm syèk nan Bretay, manm yon klas ouvriyè ki
te egzije refòm nan Paleman ak nan eleksyon, ikonpri
sifraj pou tout òm.
Chavín / Chavin n. premye gran sivilizasyon
Lamerik disid, ki te devlope nan mòn kote ki Pewou
kounyela a de apeprè 900 a 200 avan Jezikri.
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WORLD HISTORY
checks and balances / tchèk ak balans n.
yon seri mezi ki deziyen pou anpeche yon branch nan
gouvènman an domine lòt yo.
chivalry / chivalri n. yon kòd konpòtman pou
chevalye nan Lewòp medyeval, ki te aksantye ideyal
tankou kouraj, lwayote, ak devosyon.
CIS / KEE n. Kominote Eta Endepandan yo — yon
asosyasyon detache de ansyen repiblik sovyetik ki te
fòme apre disolisyon Inyon Sovyetik la.
city-state / vil-eta n. yon vil ak tè ozalantou li ki
fonksyone tankou yon inite politik endepandan.
civilization / sivilizasyon n. yon kalite kilti ki
gen karakteristik vil, travayè espesyalize, etablisman
konplèks, sistèm pou kenbe dosye ak teknoloji avanse.
civil service / sèvis sivil n. depatman
administratif yon gouvènman — espesyalman sa ki
gen anplwaye ke yo angaje selon nòt egzamen yo.
civil war / gè sivil n. yon konfli ant de gwoup
politik nan yon menm peyi.
clan / klan n. yon gwoup moun ki se desandan yon
zansèt komen.
classical art / la klasik n. la ansyen Grès ak
Wòm, kote yo te aksantye sou amoni, lòd, ak balans
clergy / klèje n. yon òganis fonksyonè ki te fè sèvis
relijye — tankou prèt, pastè, oubyen raben.
cloning / klonin n. kreyasyon plant oubyen bèt ki
jenetikman idantik a yon plant oubyen yon bèt ki deja
egziste.
coalition government / gouvènman
kowalisyon n. yon gouvènman kontwole pa yon
alyans tanporè de plizyè pati politik.
codex / kodèks n. yon liv ak paj ki ka vire, tankou
liv wap li kounyela a.
Cold War / Gè Frèt n. kondisyon ostilite
diplomatik ant Etazini ak Inyon Sovyetik nan deseni
apre dezyèm Gè Mondyal la.
collective bargaining / negosyasyon
kolektif n. negosyasyon ant travayè ak patwon yo.
collective farm / fèm kolektif n. yon gwo fèm
kontwole pa gouvènman fòme pa konbinezon plizyè ti
fèm ansanm.
colony / koloni n. yon tè kontwole pa yon nasyon
ki lwen.
Colossus of Rhodes / Kolòs Rhodes n. yon
estati elenistik enòm ki te kanpe anvan toupre pò Rhodes
la.
Columbian Exchange / Echanj kolonbyen n.
transfè global plant, zannimo ak maladi ki te fèt pandan
kolonizasyon Lamerik yo pa Ewopeyen.
comedy / komedi n. yon kalite dram komik ki trè
souvan enkli anpil fas ak sati.
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command economy / ekonomi kòmann n.
yon sistèm ekonomik kote gouvènman an pran tout
desizyon ekonomik yo.
Commercial Revolution / Revolisyon
komèsyal n. ekspansyon komès ak biznis ki
transfòme ekonomi ewopeyen yo pandan 16yèm ak
17yèm syèk yo.
common law / lwa ki baze sou lakoutim
n. yon seri lwa inifye fòme apatide desizyon jij wayal
Angletè ki sèvi tankou baz pou lalwa nan plizyè peyi
kote yo pale angle jodiya, ikonpri Etazini.
commune / komin n. nan Lachin kominis, yon
fèm kolektif kote yon gran nonm moun travay ak viv
ansanm.
Communist Party / Pati kominis n. yon pati
politik ki pratike ide Karl Marx ak V.I. Lenin;
inisyalman Pati Bolshevik Ris.
communism / kominis n. yon sistèm ekonomik
kote tout mwayen pwodiksyon yo — tè, min, faktori,
chemennfè, ak biznis — se pwopriyete pèp la,
pwopriyete prive pa egziste, e tout machandiz ak sèvis
pataje egalman.
Concert of Europe / Konsè Lewòp n. yon seri
alyans ant nasyon ewopeyen nan 19yèm syèk, devlope
pa Prens Klemens von Metternich pou anpeche
deklanchman revolisyon.
concordat / konkòda n. yon akò ofisyèl —
patikilyèman youn ant pap la ak gouvènman an, ki
konsène kontwòl zafè legliz.
Congress of Vienna / Kongrè Vyèn n. yon
seri reyinyon an 1814–1815, kote dirijan ewopeyen yo te
chèche etabli lapè ak sekirite pèmanan apre defèt
Napoleon.
Congress Party / Pati kongrè n. yon pati
politik nasyonal enpòtan an Nend — ki rele Kongrè
Nasyonal Endyen tou.
conquistadors / konkistadò n. solda panyòl yo,
eksporatè, ak chasè fòtin ki te patisipe nan konkèt
Lamerik yo nan 16yèm syèk la.
conservatives / konsèvatè n. pandan premye
mwatye 19yèm syèk la, ewopeyen — sitou pwopriyetè tè
ak nòb rich — ki te vle prezève monachi tradisyonèl
Lewòp yo.
constitutional monarchy / monachi
konstitisyonèl n. yon sistèm gouvène kote pouvwa
chèf la limite pa lalwa.
consul / konsil n. nan repiblik women an, youn nan
de reprezantan pwisan eli chak ane pou kòmande lame ak.
containment / frenay n. yon politik etranje
Etazini adopte pa prezidan Harry Truman nan fen ane
1940 yo, kote Etazini te eseye bloke dispèsyon kominis
ak kreyasyon alyans e eseye ede peyi fèb reziste avans
sovyetik yo.
Continental System / Sistèm kontinantal
n. politik Napoleon pou anpeche komès ant Grann
Bretay ak Lewòp kontinantal, ki te gen kòm objektif pou
li detwi ekonomi Grann Bretay la.
corporation / kòporasyon n. yon biznis ki se
pwopriyete aksyonè ki pataje pwofi mè ki pa responsab
pèsonèlman pou dèt li yo.
Council of Trent / Konsèy Trent n. yon
reyinyon ant dirijan Katolik yo, òganize pa Pap Paul III
pou pran desizyon sou doktrin kritike pa refòmis
pwotestan yo.
coup d’état / koudeta n. yon kapti souden
pouvwa politik nan yon nasyon.
covenant / angajman n. yon pwomès mityèl oswa
yon akò — espesyalman yon akò ant Bondye ak pèp
ebre a dapre ekriti nan Labib.
creoles / kreyol n. nan sosyete kolonyal panyòl,
kolon ki te fèt nan Lamerik Latin de paran panyòl.
Crimean War / Gè Krimeyèn n. yon konfli ki
te dire de 1853 a 1856, kote anpi Otoman nan, ak èd
Bretay ak Lafrans, te sispann ekspansyon ris nan rejyon
Lanmè Nwa.
crop rotation / wotasyon rekòt n. sistèm
kiltive diferan kalite rekòt sou yon chan chak ane pou
prezève fètilite tè a.
Crusade / Kwazad n. youn nan ekspedisyon kote
gerye kretyen medyeval te chèche repran kontwòl Tè
Sent nan men Mizilman yo.
cultural diffusion / difizyon kiltirèl n.
pwopagasyon ide oubyen pwodwi de yon kilti a yon lòt.
Cultural Revolution / Revolisyon kiltirèl n.
yon soulèvman an 1966–1976 nan Lachin dirije pa Gad
Wouj yo, ki te gen objektif etabli yon sosyete peyizan ak
travayè kote tout moun egal.
culture / kilti n. yon mòd devi inik yon pèp, ki
reflete nan zouti, koutim, la, ak ide li.
cuneiform / kuneyifòm n. yon sistèm ekriti ak
senbòl ki gen fòm iregilye, envante pa Simeryen nan ane
3000 avan Jezikri yo.
cyberterrorism / teworis atravè sistèm
enfòmatik [sibèteworis] n. atak politik sou
sistèm enfòmatik.
Cyrillic alphabet / Alfabè sirilik n. yon alfabè
pou ekriti lang slavik yo, envante nan nevyèm syèk apre
Jezikri pa Sen Cyril ak Methodius.
czar / tza n. yon anprè ris (de tit Women Seza
[Caesar] a).
D
daimyo / daimyo n. yon chatlen feodal japonè ki te
kòmande yon ame samuray prive.
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Daoism / Dawoyis n. yon filozofi baze sou ide
pansè chinwa Laozi, ki te anseye ke moun dwe swiv yon
fòs inivèsèl ki rele Dao (Metòd).
D-Day / Jou J n. 6 jen, 1944 – jou Alye yo te anvayi
teritwa prensipal ewopeyen an pandan dezyèm Gè
Mondyal la.
Declaration of Independence / Deklarasyon
Endepandans n. yon dokiman ki bay rezon pou
separasyon koloni ameriken yo ak Bretay, apwouve pa
Dezyèm Kongrè Kontinantal la an 1776.
delta / dèlta n. yon rejyon ak marekaj fòme pa depo
limon nan bouch yon rivyè.
demilitarization / demilitarizasyon n. yon
rediksyon nan kapasite yon peyi pou fè lagè, ki rive apre
disolisyon fòs ame li yo ak anpechman pou li resevwa zam.
democracy / demokrasi n. yon gouvènman ki
kontwole pa sitwayen ni yo, swa dirèkteman, oubyen
atravè reprezantan.
democratization / demokratizasyon n.
pwosesis kreye yon gouvènman eli pa pèp la.
Department of Homeland Security /
Depatman Sekirite Enteryè n. yon ajans federal
Etazini kreye nan ane 2002 pou kowòdine jefò nasyonal
kont teworis.
détente / detant n. yon politik ke Etazini te adopte
pou diminye tansyon pandan Gè Frèt la pandan
prezidans Richard Nixon.
developed nation / nasyon devlope n. yon
nasyon ak tout fasilite nesesè pou avansman nan
pwodiksyon machandiz fabrike.
devshirme / devshim n. nan anpi Otoman, politik
kote yo pran timoun de pèp kretyen ke yo konkeri pou
antrene yo kòm solda mizilman.
Diaspora / Dyaspora n. dispèsyon Jwif yo de tè
natif yo nan Palestin — patikilyèman pandan peryòd ki
te dire plis pase 1.800 ane ki te swiv destriksyon Tanp la
pa Women yo nan Jerizalèm nan ane 70 apre Jezikri.
dictator / diktatè n. nan peyi Wòm nan tan lontan
yo, yon chèf politik ki te resevwa pouvwa absoli pou fè
lwa ak kòmande lame pou yon tan limite.
direct democracy / democrasi dirèk n. yon
gouvènman kote sitwayen yo dirije dirèkteman olyede
atravè reprezantan.
dissident / disidan n. yon moun ki kont politik
oubyen aksyon yon gouvènman.
divine right / dwa diven n. ide ke monak yo se
reprezantan sou latè Bondye e alòs dwe reponn sèlman a
Bondye.
domestication / domestikasyon n. aksyon
aprivwaze zannimo pou pou imen ka sèvi ak yo.
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dominion / dominyon n. nan anpi britanik la, yon
nasyon (tankou Kanada) ki gen dwa gouvène pwòp zafè
domestik li.
domino theory / teyori domino n. lide ke si
yon peyi tonbe sou kontwòl kominis, peyi tou pre li yo
ap tonbe sou kontwòl kominis tou.
Dorians / Doryan n. yon pèp ki pale grèk ki daprè
tradisyon, emigre nan tè prensipal Lagrès apre
destriksyon sivilizasyon Misenayen an.
Dreyfus affair / Afè Dreyfus n. yon konfli
nan Lafrans nan ane 1890 yo ki te baze sou jijman ak
anprizonman yon ofisye ame jwif, Kapitèn Alfred
Dreyfus, ki te fosman akize de vann sekrè militè bay
Almay.
Dutch East India Company / Konpayi
Olandè Lend delès n. yon konpayi fonde pa
Olandè yo nan kòmansman 17yèm syèk pou etabli ak
dirije komès atravè Lazi.
dynastic cycle / sik dinastik n. modèl istorik
devlopman, deklen, ak ranplasman dinasti yo.
dynasty / dinasti n. yon seri dirijan ki soti nan yon
sèl fanmi.
E
Eastern Front / Fasad Ès n. pandan premye Gè
Mondyal la, rejyon ki te chita sou fwontyè alman-ris
kote Ris ak Sèb yo te goumen kont Alman, Otrichyen,
ak Tik yo.
Edict of Nantes / Dekrè Nant n. yon
deklarasyon ane 1598 kote wa fransè a Henry IV te
pwomèt ke pwotestan yo te kapab viv an pè nan Lafrans
e te kapab etabli lokal pou priye nan sèten vil fransè.
Emancipation Proclamation /
Pwoklamasyon delivrans n. yon deklarasyon
prezidan Etazini, Abraham Lincoln te pase an 1863, ki te
deklare ke tout esklav nan Eta Konfedere yo te lib.
emerging nation / nasyon an devlopman n.
yon nasyon kote pwosesis endistriyalizasyon an poko fin
etabli.
émigrés / emigre n. moun ki kite peyi natif yo
pou rezon politik, tankou nòb yo ak lòt ki te kouri kite
Lafrans pandan soulèvman peyizan yo nan Revolisyon
fransè a.
empire / anpi n. yon inite politik kote yon sèten
nonm moun oubyen peyi kontwole pa yon sèl dirijan.
enclosure / kloti n. youn nan chan ki gen kloti
oubyen fèmen ak baryè ke pwopriyetè rich tè britanik te
envante e mete sou tè kote fèmye zòn yo te konn travay.
encomienda / enkomyennda n. yon sibvansyon
tè ke Lespay te bay kolon Lamerik yo, ki te enkli dwa
pou itilize ameriken natif yo kòm travayè sou tè sa a.
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English Civil War / Gè sivil anglè n. yon
konfli, ki te dire de 1642 a 1649, kote patizan Piriten
Paleman yo te goumen ak patizan monachi Angletè a.
enlightened despot / despòt eklere n. youn
nan monak ewopeyen 18yèm syèk ki te enspire pa ide
Eklèsisman yo pou dirije onètman ak respekte dwa sijè yo.
enlightenment / eklèsisman n. nan relijyon
Boudis, yon kondisyon sajès konplè kote yon moun
konprann verite prensipal sou inivè a.
Enlightenment / Eklèsisman n. mouvman
ewopeyen nan 18yèm syèk lè filozòf te eseye aplike
prensip sou larezon ak metòd syantifik sou tout aspè
sosyete a.
entrepreneur / antreprenè n. yon moun ki
òganize, jere, e pran ris nan biznis.
epics / epik n. powèm resite ki long e ki selebre
aksyon ewo lejandè oubyen tradisyonèl.
estate / domèn n. youn nan twa klas sosyal nan peyi
Lafrans avan Revolisyon Fransè a — Premye Domèn nan
te genyen klèje; Dezyèm Domèn nan, noblès, e Twazyèm
Domèn nan te genyen rès popilasyon an.
Estates-General / Domèn Jeneral n. yon
asanble ak reprezantan de touletwa domèn yo, oubyen
klas sosyal, nan peyi Lafrans.
ethnic cleansing / netwayaj etnik n. yon
politik touye ak lòt zak brital kote Sèb yo te espere
elimine popilasyon mizilman Bosni an apre disolisyon
Yougoslavi.
excommunication / ekskominikasyon n.
aksyon retire dwa yon moun pou li vin manm nan yon
legliz kretyen.
existentialism / egzistansyalis n. yon filozofi
baze you lide ke moun bay vi yo enpòtans selon chwa ak
aksyon yo.
extraterritorial rights / dwa andeyò teritwa
n. yon egzonerasyon rezidan etranje de lwa yon peyi.
F
factors of production / faktè pwodiksyon
n. resous — tankou tè, travay, ak kapital — ki nesesè
pou pwodwi machandiz ak sèvis.
factory / faktori n. yon batiman byen gran kote yo
itilize machin pou fabrike machandiz.
fascism / fasis n. yon mouvman politik ki
ankouraje yon fòm nasyonalis ekstrèm, yon refi de
dwa endividyèl, e yon règ otoritè yon pati.
Fatimid / Fatimid n. yon manm yon dinasti
mizilman ki trase zansèt li jiska pitit fi Muhammad ki te
rele Fatima e ki te konstwi yon anpi nan Lafrik dinò,
Arabi, ak Siri nan 10yèm ak 12yèm syèk yo.
favorable balance of trade / ekilib
komèsyal favorab n. yon sitiyasyon ekonomik
kote yon peyi vann plis machandiz aletranje ke li achte
de peyi etranje.
federal system / sistèm federal n. yon sistèm
gouvènman kote pouvwa a divize ant yon otorite santral
ak yon nonm eta endividyèl.
Fertile Crescent / Kwasan Fètil n. yon chan ki
rich ak rekòt nan sidwès Lazi, ant Gòlf Pèsik ak Lanmè
Mediterane an.
feudalism / feodalis n. yon sistèm politik kote
nòb yo gen dwa sèvi ak tè ki legalman se pwopriyete wa
yo, annechanj pou fidelite, sèvis militè, ak pwoteksyon
abitan ki viv sou tè a.
fief / fif n. yon abitasyon ke yon chatlen bay yon
vasal nan sistèm feodal la nan Lewòp medyeval.
filial piety / devosyon filyal n. respè ke timoun
akòde paran ak moun ki pi gran pase yo.
Final Solution / Solisyon final n. pwogram
Hitlè pou otomatikman touye tout pèp jwif la.
Five-Year Plans / Plan Senkan n. plan ke
Joseph Stalin te etabli an 1928 pou devlopman ekonomi
Inyon Sovyetik la.
Four Modernizations / Kat Modènizasyon
n. yon seri objektif ke chèf chinwa Deng Xiaoping te
adopte nan fen 20yèm syèk la, ki te konsiste de progrè
nan agrikilti, endistri, defans, ak lasyans ak teknoloji.
Fourteen Points / Katòz pwen n. yon seri
pwopozisyon kote prezidan Etazini an Woodrow Wilson
te rezime yon plan pou rive genyen lapè toutan apre
premye Gè Mondyal la.
Franks / Franks n. yon pèp jèmanik ki te etably nan
pwovens women Gaul (preske zòn ki kounyela okipe pa
Lafrans) e te etabli yon gran anpi pandan aj mwayen yo.
free trade / komès lib n. yon komès ant nasyon
san restriksyon ekonomik oubyen baryè (tankou tarif).
French and Indian War / Gè fransè ak
endyen n. yon konfli ant Bretay ak Lafrans pou
kontwòl teritwa Lamerik dinò, ki te dire de 1754 a 1763.
G
gender inequality / inegalite seksyèl n.
diferans ant gason ak fi depandan de richès ak pozisyon
nan sosyete a.
genetic engineering / manipilasyon jenetik
n. transfè jèn de yon èt vivan a yon lòt pou pwodwi yon
òganis ak nouvo trè.
genocide / jenosid n. asasina otomatik de tout yon
pèp.
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gentry / moun wot sosyete n. yon klas moun
pwisan, ki ap viv byen e ki ap jwi yon gwo pozisyon nan
sosyete a.
geocentric theory / teyori jeosantrik n. nan
Aj Mwayen yo, opinyon ki santre sou tè a sou linivè a
kote filozòf te kwè ke latè a te yon objè ki pa bouje e ki
sitiye nan sant inivè a.
geopolitics / jeopolitik n. yon politik etranjè
baze sou yon konsiderasyon plizyè kote oubyen pwodwi
estratejik lòt peyi.
Ghana / Gana n. yon wayom Lafrik oksidantal ki
te vin rich nan enpoze enpo ak kontwole komès e ki te
etabli yon anpi nan 9yèm ak 11yèm syèk apre Jezikri yo.
ghazi / gazi n. yon gerye nan Izlam.
ghettos / geto n. katye nan vil kote yo te fòse Jwif
ewopeyen viv.
glasnost / glasnos n. yon politik sovyetik ke
Mikhail Gorbachev te entwodwi an 1985 ki te ankouraje
echanj ide ak enfòmasyon lib.
global economy / ekonomi mondyal n.
tout entèaksyon — ki gen rapò ak moun, biznis, ak
gouvènman — ki travèse fwontyè entènasyonal.
Glorious Revolution / Revolisyon Laglwa n.
koudeta ki te fèt sou wa anglè James II san okenn san
pat koule, e ranplasman ni pa William ak Mary.
glyph / glif n. yon imaj senbolik — sitou youn ki
sèvi tankou pati yon sistèm ekriti pou grave mesaj sou
wòch.
Gothic / Gotik adj. ki gen rapò ak yon modèl
achitekti legliz ki te devlope nan Lewòp medyeval, e ki
te genyen kavo manbre, fenèt ak vit souye, kontrefò
volan, vout pwenti, ak plafon wo.
Great Depression / Gran Depresyon n.
resesyon ekonomik grav ki te swiv chit bous Etazini an
an 1939.
Great Fear / Gran Krent n. yon seri panik san
rezon ki te devlope atravè andeyò Lafrans apre
anvayisman nan Bastiy an 1789.
Great Purge / Gran netwayaj n. yon kanpay
terè nan Inyon Sovyetik pandan ane 1930 yo, kote
Joseph Stalin te chèche elimine tout manm Pati Kominis
yo ak lòt sitwayen ki te menase pouvwa li.
Great Schism / Gran Shis n. yon seksyon nan
Legliz Katolik medyeval la, lè pap an opozisyon te etabli
nan Avinyon e nan Wòm.
Greco-Roman culture / kilti greko-women
n. yon ansyen kilti ki te devlope apatide yon melanj kilti
grèk, elenistik, ak women.
green revolution / revolisyon vèt n. yon
tantatif 20yèm syèk pou ogmante resous manje atravè
lemonn, ki te konsiste de itilizasyon angrè ak pestisid ak
devlopman yon rekòt ki kapab reziste maladi.
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griot / griyo n. yon Afriken delwès ki rakonte istwa.
guerrilla / gerila n. yon manm yon fòs konba mal
òganize ki fè atak sipriz sou twoup enmi ki okipe peyi li.
guild / gild n. yon asosyasyon medyeval de moun ki
nan menm metye, ki kontwole salè ak pri manm ni yo.
guillotine / giyotin n. yon machin pou koupe tèt
moun, ki te pou egzekite moun pandan Revolisyon
Fransè a.
Gupta Empire / Anpi Gupta n. dezyèm anpi nan
Lend, ki te fonde pa Chandra Gupta I nan 320 apre
Jezikri.
H
habeas corpus / habeas corpus n. yon
dokiman ki dekrete ke yo dwe mennen yon prizonye
nan tribinal oubyen devan yon jij pou yo ka deside si
anprizonman ni an legal.
Hagia Sophia / Hagia Sophia n. Katedral
Lasajès Sent nan Konstantinòp, konstwi anba lòd anprè
bizanten Justinian.
haiku / haykou n. yon fòm pwezi japonè, ki
konpoze ak twa liy ki pa rime e ki gen senk, sèt, ak senk
silab.
hajj / hajj n. yon pelerinaj rive Meka, ki se devwa
Mizilman yo.
Han dynasty / dinasti Hann n. yon dinasti
chinwa ki te dirije de 202 avan Jezikri jis 9 apre Jezikri
e ankò de 23 jis 220 apre Jezikri.
Harappan civilization / sivilizasyon Arapan
n. yon lòt non pou sivilizasyon Vale Endis ki te devlope
sou tout longè Flèv Endis, petèt depi 7000 avan Jezikri;
karakterize pa planifikasyon vil sofistike.
Hausa / Haoussa n. yon pèp Afrik oksidantal ki te
viv nan plizyè vil-eta kote ki kounyela a Nijeri dinò.
heliocentric theory / teyori elyosantrik n.
ide ke latè a ak lòt planèt yo vire toutotou solèy la.
Hellenistic / Elenistik adj. ki gen rapò ak
sivilizasyon, lang, la, lasyans, ak literati nan sosyete
grèk depi peryòd dirijans Alexann Le Gran [Alexander
The Great] jis nan fen dezyèm syèk avan Jezikri.
helot / elo n. nan sosyete ansyen Spata, yon peyizan
ki atache a tè a.
hieroglyphics / yewoglifik n. yon ansyen sistèm
ekriti ejipsyen kote yo te itilize imaj pou reprezante ide
ak son.
Hijrah / Ijra n. deplasman Muhammad de Meka a
Yatrib (Medina) an 622 apre Jezikri.
Hittites / Itit n. yon pèp endo-ewopeyen ki te etabli
nan Anatolya nan anviwon 2000 avan Jezikri.
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Holocaust / Olokòs n. yon masak anpil Jwif ak lòt
sivil, ke gouvènman Natzi a te fè avan e aprè dezyèm Gè
Mondyal.
Holy Alliance / Alyans Sent n. yon lig nasyon
ewopeyen fòme pa chèf Larisi, Otrich, ak Prisi apre
Kongrè Vyèn nan.
Holy Roman Empire / Anpi Women Sen n.
yon anpi etabli nan Ewòp nan 10yèm syèk apre Jezikri,
ki te konpoze prensipalman nan kòmansman an de tè
nan kote ki rele Almay ak Itali kounyela a.
home rule / dirijans lakay n. yon kontwòl sou
zafè enteryè ke yon gouvènman anchèf bay rezidan yon
rejyon.
hominid / ominid n. manm yon gwoup biyolojik ki
enkli èt imen ak menm kalite espès sa yo ki mache tou
dwat.
Homo sapiens / Omosapyen n. espès biyolojik
ki enkli èt imen.
House of Wisdom / Chanm Lasajès n. yon
sant ansèyman ki te etabli nan Bagdad nan ane 800 yo.
humanism / imanis n. yon mouvman entelektyèl
Renesans la kote filozòf yo te etidye tèks klasik e te
konsantre sou potansyèl ak akonplisman imen.
Hundred Days / San Jou n. peryòd brèf an 1815
lè Napoleon te fè dènye òf pou pouvwa a, rejte wa fransè
a e te vin anprè Lafrans ankò.
Hundred Years’ War / Gè Santan n. yon konfli
kote Angletè ak Lafrans te goumen sou tè fransè
detanzantan de 1337 a 1453.
hunter-gatherer / chasè-ramasè n. yon manm
yon gwoup nomad kote pwovizyon manje li depann sou
chase bèt ak ranmase manje plant.
Hyksos / Iksos n. yon gwoup anvayisè nomad ki te
soti nan sidwès Lazi ki te dirije Lejip de 1640 a 1570
avan Jezikri.
I
Ice Age / Peryòd Glasyè n. yon peryòd fredi kote
gwo kouch glas te etann vè eksteryè de rejyon pòl, kote
dènye a te dire de apeprè 1.600.000 a 10.000 avan Jezikri.
I Ching / I Ching n. yon liv revelasyon chinwa, ke
yo konsilte pou reponn pwoblèm moral ak pratik.
icon / ikòn n. yon imaj relijye itilize pa Kretyen
oryantal yo.
imperialism / enperyalis n. yon politik kote yon
nasyon pwisan ap chèche domine lòt peyi nan politik,
ekonomi, oubyen zafè sosyal.
impressionism / enpresyonis n. yon mouvman
nan penti 19yèm syèk, lè atis te reyaji kont reyalis nan
chèche reprezante enpresyon yo de sijè oubyen moman
nan letan.
Indo-Europeans / Endo-Ewopeyen n. yon
gwoup pèp seminomad ki, nan anviwon 1700 avan
Jezikri, te komanse deplase kite kote ki kounyela a sid
Larisi pou ale nan soukontinan endyen, Ewòp, ak sidwès
Lazi.
indulgence / endiljans n. yon padon ki sove yon
moun de pinisyon poutèt yon peche.
industrialization / endistriyalizasyon n.
devlopman endistri pou pwodiksyon machandiz nan
machin.
Industrial Revolution / Revolisyon
endistriyèl n. chanjman, ki te kòmanse nan peyi
Angletè pandan 18yèm syèk, de fabrikasyon machandiz
alamen a fabrikasyon ak machin.
inflation / enflasyon n. yon deklen nan valè lajan,
ki akonpaye pa yon ogmantasyon nan pri machandiz ak
sèvis.
Inquisition / Enkizisyon n. yon tribinal katolik
pou envestige e pouswiv nan lajistis akizasyon blasfèm
— patikilyèman sa ki te aktif nan peyi Lespay nan ane
1400 yo.
institution / enstitisyon n. yon modèl
òganizasyon ki dire pandan lontan nan yon kominite.
intendant / entandan n. yon fonksyonè
gouvènman fransè ki deziyen pa monak la pou kolekte
enpo ak administre lajistis.
International Space Station / Estasyon
espasyal entènasyonal n. antrepiz kowoperativ
ke Etazini, Larisi, ak 14 lòt nasyon te parene pou etabli
e mentni yon laboratwa ki fonksyone pou eksperimantasyon syantifik nan lespas.
Internet / Entènèt n. yon chèn koneksyon rezo
konpitè ki pèmèt moun atravè lemonn echanje
enfòmasyon e kominike youn ak lòt.
intifada / intifada n. kanpay dezobeyisans sivil
palestinyen kont okipasyon izraelyen de bò oksidantal ak
bann Gaza yo, ki te kontinye jis ane 1990 yo.
Irish Republican Army (IRA) / Ame
Repibliken Ilandè (ARI) n. yon fòs militè
nasyonalis ki pa ofisyèl ki ap chèche endepandans pou
Ilann de Gran Bretay.
iron curtain / rido fè n. pandan Gè Frèt la, limit
ki te separe nasyon kominis Ewòp oryantal de majorite
nasyon demokratik Ewòp oksidantal la.
Iroquois / Iwokwa n. yon gwoup pèp ameriken
endyen ki te pale lang ki sanble, te viv nan rejyon
oryantal Gran Lak yo nan Amerik dinè, e te fòme yon
alyans nan fen ane 1500 yo.
Islam / Izlam n. yon relijyon monoteyis ki te
devlope nan peyi Arabi nan setyèm syèk aprè Jezikri.
isolationism / isolasyonis n. yon politik kote yo
evite patisipasyon politik oubyen militè ak lòt peyi.
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Israel / Izrayèl n. yon wayom ebre ini nan Palestin,
ki te dire de apeprè 1020 jis 922 avan Jezikri; pita, pami
toulede wayom ebre yo se li ki te sitiye pi wo pase lòt yo
nan rejyon nò a; kounyela, se nasyon jwif laki te etabli
nan Palestin an 1948.
J
Jainism / Jenis n. yon relijyon fonde nan peyi Lend
pandan 6yèm syèk avan Jezikri, ki te gen manm ki te
kwè ke tout bagay nan inivè a te genyen nanm e akoz de
sa pa dwe domaje.
janissary / janisèri n. yon manm yon fòs solda elit
nan anpi Otoman nan.
jazz / djaz n. yon estil mizik popilè nan 20yèm syèk ki
te devlope prensipalman ba mizisyen afriken ameriken.
Jesuits / Jezwit n. manm yon Sosyete Jezi, yon òd
katolik relijye ke Ignatius de Loyola te fonde.
“jewel in the crown” / “bijou nan
kouwòn” n. koloni britanik End lan — ki rele konsa,
poutèt enpòtans li nan anpi britanik la tankou yon
founisè matyè premyè e tankou yon mache pou komès
britanik.
joint-stock company / sosyete pa aksyon
n. yon biznis kote moun ki envesti yo mete richès yo
ansanm pou yon objektif komen, e apre yo pataje pwofi
yo.
Judah / Jida n. yon wayom ebre nan Palestin, ki te
etabli nan anviwon ane 922 avan Jezikri.
Justinian Code / Kòd Jistinyen n. gwoup lwa
sivil women ki te kolekte ak òganize sou lòd anprè
bizantin Justinian apeprè nan ane 534 apre Jezikri.
HAITIAN CREOLE
K
kabuki n. yon kalite dram japonè kote mizik, dans ak
pantomim itilize pou reprezante istwa.
kaiser / kayzè n. yon anprè alman (tit sa a soti nan
tit women Seza [Caesar]).
kamikaze / kamikaz n. pandan dezyèm Gè
Mondyal la, pilòt japonè swisidè ki te antrene pou koule
bato Alye yo ak kraze yo ak avyon ki te chaje ak bonm.
karma / kama n. nan relijyon Endouis ak Boudis,
totalite bon ak move aksyon ke yon moun fè, ke yo kwè
detèmine desten ni apre renesans.
Khmer Empire / Anpi Khmer n. yon anpi sidès
Azyatik, nan kote ki Kanbòj kounyela a, ki te rive nan pi
wo pwen nan pouvwa li apeprè nan ane 1200 apre Jezikri.
Khmer Rouge / Khmer Wouj n. yon gwoup
revolisyonè kominis ki te pran pouvwa a nan Kanbòj an
1975.
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WORLD HISTORY
knight / chevalye n. nan Ewòp medyeval, yon
gerye ame ki te goumen sou chwal.
Koryu dynasty / dinasti Koryu n. yon dinasti ki
te dirije Kore de 935 a 1392 apre Jezikri.
Kristallnacht / Kristallnacht n. “Nwit Vit
Kraze” — nwit 9 novanm, 1938, lè twoup anvayisè natzi
yo te atake kay, biznis, ak sinagòg Jwif nan tout peyi
Almay.
Kuomintang / Kuomintang n. yon Pati
Nasyonalis Chinwa, ki te fòme apre dinasti Qing nan te
tonbe an 1912.
Kush / Kush n. yon ansyen wayom Nibyen ki te
genyen chèf ki te kontwole Ejip ant ane 2000 ak 1000
avan Jezikri.
L
laissez faire / kite sa fèt n. ide ke gouvènman
pa dwe entèfere ak oubyen règlemante endistri ak
antrepriz.
land reform / refòm tè n. redistribisyon yon fèm
kote yo separe gran plantasyon yo e remèt moso pi piti
yo bay peyizan yo.
La Reforma / La Reforma n. yon mouvman
refòm liberal nan 19yèm syèk nan Meksik, ki te dirije pa
Benito Juárez.
lay investiture / etabli envestiti n. lè wa
oubyen nòb yo deziyen fonksyonè relijye nan pòs.
League of Nations / Lig Nasyon yo n. yon
òganizasyon entènasyonal ki te fòme apre premye Gè
Mondyal la ak objektif kenbe lapè ant nasyon yo.
lebensraum / lebensraum n. “espas vivab” —
teritwa adisyonèl ke, daprè Adolf Hitler, Almay te
bezwen poutèt li te chaje ak twòp moun.
Legalism / Legalis n. yon filizofi politik chinwa
baze sou ide ke yon gouvènmen ki trè efikas e ki gen
pwisans se li ki kle pou lòd sosyal.
legion / lejyon n. yon gwoup militè ansyen ame
women an, ki te genyen apeprè 5.000 sòlda apye ak yon
gwoup solda sou chwal.
Legislative Assembly / Asanble lejislatif n.
yon kongrè fransè ak pouvwa pou kreye lwa e apwouve
deklarasyon degè, ki te etabli pa Konstitisyon an an 1791.
legitimacy / lejitimite n. dwa pou dirije ke yon
monak erite.
liberals / liberal n. nan premye mwatye 19yèm
syèk la, Ewopeyen ki — pi fò nan yo se dirijan biznis ak
komèsan klas mwayen — te vle bay paleman eli yo plis
pouvwa politik.
lineage / liye n. moun — vivan, mouri, e ki poko fèt
— ki se desandan yon ansèt komen.
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loess / loès n. yon kouch tè fètil ke van bwote
depoze.
Long March / Mach Long n. yon trajè 6.000 mil
ke kominis chinwa ki tap sove kite fòs nasyonal Jiang
Jieshi yo te fè an 1934–1935.
lord / seyè n. nan Ewòp feodal, yon moun ki te
kontwole tè e ki ak tit sa a te kapab bay vasal yo
plantasyon.
Lutheran / Literan n. yon manm yon legliz
pwotestan ki te fonde sou ansèyman Martin Luther.
lycée / lise n. yon lekòl leta an Frans.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
M
Macedonia / Masedoni n. yon ansyen wayom ki
sitiye pi wo nò peyi Grès, ki te genyen dirijan Philip II ki
te pran Lagrès ak fòs an 338 avan Jezikri.
Maghrib / Maghrib n. yon rejyon Afrik dinò
oksidantal, ki te konsise de tè sou kòt Mediterane yo,
kote ki kounyela a Mawòk, Tinizi ak ak Aljeri.
Magna Carta / Magna Carta n. “Grann Chart”,
yon dokiman ki garanti dwa politik fondamantal nan
peyi Angletè, e ki te apwouve pa rwa Jean nan ane 1215
apre Jezikri.
Mahabharata / Mahabharata n. yon gran pwezi
epik endyan, ki te reprezante lit pèp Aryen an pandan yo
te ap deplase sid pou rantre nan Lend.
Mahayana / Mahayana n. yon sèkt Boudis ki ofri
delivrans bay tout moun e pèmèt adorasyon popilè.
maize / mayis n. yon grenn sereyal kiltive ki gen
grenn ni sou gwo fèy — ki trè souvan rele mayi nan
Etazini.
Mali / Mali n. yon anpi Afrik delwès ki te fleri de
1235 jis 1400 yo e ki te devlope apatide komès.
Manchus / Manchus n. yon pèp natif peyi
Manchiri, ki te dirije Lachin pandan dinasti Qing nan
(1644–1912).
Mandate of Heaven / Manda Paradi n. nan
listwa chinwa, aprobasyon diven ki konsidere kòm baz
otorite wayal la.
manifest destiny / desten manifès n. ide, ki
te popilè ant Ameriken 19yèm syèk yo, ke se te dwa ak
responsabilite Etazini pou dirije Lamerik dinò depi
Oseyan Atlantik jouk Oseyan Pasifik la.
manor / manwa n. plantasyon yon chatlen nan
Ewòp feodal.
Maori / Maori n. yon manm nan yon pèp polinezyen
ki te etabli nan Nouvèl Zelann nan aviwon ane 800 apre
Jezikri.
Marshall Plan / Plan Machal n. yon pwogram
èd ekonomik Etazini pou ede peyi ewopeyen yo
rekonstwi apre dezyèn Gè Mondyal.
martial law / lwa masyal n. lè otorite militè
tanporèman anchaj yon popilasyon sivil, sitou nan epòk
gè sivil oubyen nan epòk dezòd.
mass culture / kilti an mas n. pwodiksyon zèv
nan la ak amizman pou atire yon gwo odyans.
materialism / materyalis n. mete anpil enpòtans
sou rive genyen posesyon materyèl.
matriarchal / matriyak adj. ki gen rapò ak yon
sistèm sosyal kote manman an se chèf fanmi an.
matrilineal / matrilineyè adj. ki gen rapò ak yon
sistèm sosyal kote desandan fanmi ak dwa eritaj trase
sou bò manman.
Mauryan Empire / Anpi Mauryen n. premye
anpi nan peyi End, ki te fonde pa Chandragupta Maurya
nan ane 321 avan Jezikri.
May Fourth Movement / Mouvman kat me
n. yon manifestasyon nasyonal nan Lachin an 1919,
kote moun te fè demonstrasyon kont Trete Vèsay la ak
entèferans etranjè.
Medes / Medèz n. yon pèp sidwès Azi ki te ede
detwi Anpi Asiryen an.
Meiji era / epòk Meiji n. peryòd nan listwa
japonè de 1867 jouk 1912, lè peyi a te dirije pa Anprè
Mutsuhito.
Mein Kampf / Mein Kampf n. “Konfli Mwen”
— yon liv ke Adolf Hitler te ekri pandan li te anprizone
nan ane 1923–1924, kote li te dekri kwayans ak objektif
li pou Lalmay.
mercantilism / mèkantilism n. yon politik
ekonomik kote nasyon yo chèche ogmante richès ak
pouvwa yo nan jwenn lò ak ajan epi nan vann plis
machandiz ke yo te achte.
mercenary / mèsenè n. yon solda ke yo angaje
pou goumen nan yon ame etranje.
Meroë / Mewo n. sant dinasti Kush la de apeprè
250 avan Jezikri jis 150 apre Jezikri; ki popilè pou
fabrikasyon zam ak zouti an fè.
Mesoamerica / Mezoamerik n. yon zòn ki
etann depi Meksik santral jouk Ondiras, kote plizyè nan
ansyen sosyete konplèks Lamerik yo te devlope.
mestizo / mestizo n. yon moun ak zansèt ki gen
melanj Panyòl ak Ameriken Endyen.
Middle Ages / Laj Mwayen n. epòk nan istwa
ewopeyen ki te swiv deklen Anpi Women an, e ki te dire
de apeprè 500 jis 1500 — li te rele peryòd medyeval tou.
middle class / klas mwayèn n. yon klas sosyal
ki konsiste de travayè ak konpetans, pwofesyonèl, moun
nan biznis, ak agrikiltè rich.
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middle passage / pasaj mwayen n. vwayaj ki
te mennen Afriken an kaptivasyon nan Antiy yo, e apre
nan nò ak sid Lamerik, pou yo te kapab vann yo tankou
esklav — li te rele konsa poutèt li te konsidere pati mitan
nan komès triyangilè a.
migration / migrasyon n. deplase de yon kote
pou ale etabli nan yon lòt.
militarism / militaris n. yon politik glorifye
pouvwa militè e kenbe yon ame an pèmanans ki toujou
pare pou lagè.
Ming dynasty / dinasti Ming n. yon dinasti
chinwa ki te dirije depi 1368 jouk 1644.
Minoans / Minoen n. yon pèp navigatè ak
komèsan ki te viv sou il Krèt la depi apeprè 2000 jouk
1400 avan Jezikri.
Mississippian / Misisipyen adj. ki gen rapò ak
yon konstriktè mon ki te fleri nan Lamerik dinò ant 800
ak 1500 apre Jezikri.
HAITIAN CREOLE
mita / mita n. nan anpi Enka a, obligasyon ke tout
moun ki gen lasante dwe travay pou leta pandan yon
sèten nonm jou nan ane an.
Moche / mòch n. yon sivilizasyon ki te fleri depi
apeprè 100 jouk 700 apre Jezikri, nan kote ki kòt dinò
Pewou kounyela a.
monarchy / monachi n. yon gouvènman kote
pouvwa a rete nan men yon sèl grenn moun.
monastery / monastè n. yon kominote relijye
kote gason (ke yo rele monk) nye tout posesyon yo pou
dedye tèt yo a yon vi lapriyè ak adorasyon.
monopoly / monopoli n. kontwòl eksklisif ke yon
gwoup genyen sou fabrikasyon ak distribisyon sèten
machandiz.
monotheism / monoteyis n. kwayans nan yon
sèl bondye.
Monroe Doctrine / Doktrin Monroe n.
yon règleman opozisyon peyi Etazini kont entèferans
Ewopeyen nan Lamerik Latin, ke prezidan Monroe te
anonse nan ane 1823.
monsoon / mouson n. yon van ki chanje
direksyon pandan yon sèten tan chak ane.
mosque / mòsk n. yon tanp adorasyon izlamik.
movable type / tip mobil n. blòk metal oubyen
bwa, ak yon karaktè patikilye a yo chak, ki kapab ranje
pou fè yon paj pou enprime.
Mughal / Mugal n. youn nan nomad ki te anvayi
soukontinan Endyen an nan 16yèm syèk e ki te etabli
yon anpi byen pwisan la.
mujahideen / mujahideen n. nan peyi
Afganistan, gerye relijye mete ansanm pou goumen kont
patizan gouvènman sovyetik la nan fen ane 1970 yo.
mulattos / milat n. moun ki gen zansèt ak melanj
ewopeyen e afriken.
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WORLD HISTORY
mummification / momifikasyon n. yon metòd
kote yo boure e seche kò moun pou anpeche ke yo pouri.
Munich Conference / Konferans Munik n.
yon reyinyon an 1938 ak reprezantan Bretay, Lafrans,
Itali, ak Almay, kote Bretay ak Lafrans te aksepte
pèmèt ke Almay Natzi anekse pati nan Tchekoslovaki
annechanj pou pwomès ke Adolf Hitler dakò respekte
nouvo fwontyè Tchekoslovaki yo.
Muslim / Mizilman n. yon disip relijyon Izlam.
Muslim League / Lig Mizilman n. yon
òganizasyon ki te fòme an 1906 pou pwoteje enterè
Mizilman End yo, ki te apre pwopoze ke End divize
an nasyon separe Mizilman ak Endou.
Mutapa / Mutapa adj. ki gen rapò ak anpi Lafrik
disid ke Mutota te atabli nan 15ym syèk apre Jezikri.
Mycenaeans / Misenayen n. yon pèp endoewopeyen ki te etabli an Grès nan anviwon 2000 avan
Jezikri.
myths / mit n. istwa tradisyonèlsou divinite, zansèt,
oubyen ewo, ke yo rakonte pou eksplike lemonn natirèl
oubyen kilti ak kwayans yon sosyete.
N
Napoleonic Code / Kòd Napoleyonik n. yon
sistèm lwa konpreyansif ak inifòm ke Napoleon te etabli
pou Lafrans.
National Assembly / Asanble Nasyonal
n. yon kongrè fransè etabli pa reprezantan Twazyèm
Domèn 17 jen, 1789, pou pase lwa ak refòm nan non
pèp fransè a.
nationalism / nasyonalis n. kwayans ke moun
dwe fidèl a peyi yo — ki vle di, ak moun ke yo pataje
yon kilti ak istwa — olyede yon wa oubyen yon anpi.
nation-state / nasyon-eta n. yon gwoup moun
jeopolitik endepandan ki genyen kilti ak idantite an
komen.
NATO / OTAN n. Òganizasyon Trete Atlantik dinò
[NATO] se yon alyans militè ki te fòme nan ane 1949 pa
dis peyi nan lwès Lewòp, peyi Etazini, ak Kanada.
Nazca / Nazka n. yon sivilizasyon ki te fleri sou sa
ki kounyela a kòt Pewou, de apeprè 200 avan Jezikri jis
600 apre Jezikri.
Nazism / Natzis n. politik fasis pati Sosyalis
Nasyonal Travayè Alman yo, ki baze sou totalitaryanis,
yon kwayans siperyorite rasyal, ak endistri kontwòle pa
leta.
Negritude movement / mouvman negritid n.
yon mouvman kote Afriken ak Antiyè ki te pale franse te
selebre eritaj kilti ak valè afriken tradisyonèl yo.
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neoclassical / neoklasik adj. ki gen rapò ak yon
estil senp, elegan (baze sou ide ak tèm ki soti nan ansyen
Grès ak ansyen Wòm) ki te karakterize la nan Lewòp
pandan fen ane 1700 yo.
Neolithic Age / Epòk Neyolitik n. yon peryòd
preistorik ki te kòmanse nan anviwon 8000 avan Jezikri
e ki nan sèten zòn te fini byen bonè nan anviwon 3000
avan Jezikri, lè moun te aprann sire zouti fèt ak wòch, fè
potri, fè elvaj bèt — epòk sa a te rele Nouvo Epòk Wòch
la tou.
Neolithic Revolution / Revolisyon Neolitik
n. gwo chanjman nan lavi imen ki te koze pa kòmansman
kiltivasyon — ki vle di, ki te koze pa chanjman moun te
fè de ranmase manje a pwodwi manje.
New Deal / Nouvèl Dòn n. pwogram refòm
ekonomik Prezidan Etazini Franklin Roosevelt ki te
deziyen pou rezoud pwoblèm ke Gran Depresyon an te
kreye.
New Kingdom / Nouvo Wayom n. peryòd nan
ansyen istwa ejipsyen ki te swiv koudeta chèf Iksos yo,
ki te dire depi apeprè 1570 jouk 1075 avan Jezikri.
nirvana / nivana n. nan Boudis, delivrans de doulè
ak soufrans ki atenn apre eklèsisman.
Nok / Nòk n. yon pèp afriken ki te viv nan kote
Nijeri sitiye kounyela a ant 500 avan Jezikri a 200 apre
Jezikri.
nomad / nomad n. yon manm nan yon gwoup ki pa
gen kay pèmanan, ki deplase de yon kote a yon lòt pou
chèche manje ak dlo.
nonaggression pact / akò non-agresyon n.
yon akò kote nasyon pwomèt pa atake youn lòt.
nonaligned nations / nasyon non-aliye n.
peyi endepandan ki te rete net nan konpetisyon Gè Frèt
la ant Etazini ak Inyon Sovyetik.
Nuremberg Trials / Jijman Nuremnberg n.
yon seri jijman nan tribinal ki te fèt nan Nuremberg,
Almay, apre dezyèm Gè Mondyal la, kote chèf Natzi yo
te jije pou agresyon, vyolasyon règleman lagè, ak krim
kont limanite.
O
obsidian / obsidyen n. yon wòch vòlkanik ki di e
ki klere, ke pèp tan lontan yo te itilize pou fè zam file.
Old Regime / Ansyen Rejim n. sistèm politik e
sosyal ki te egziste nan Lafrans avan Revolisyon Fransè a.
oligarchy / oligachi n. yon gouvènman kote
pouvwa nan men detwa moun — sitou youn kote
pouvwa a baze sou richès.
Olmec / Olmèk n. premye sivilizasyon
mezoameriken ki koni e ki te fleri nan anviwon 1200
avan Jezikri yo e ki te enfliyanse lòt sosyete apre li yo
atravè zòn nan.
Open Door Policy / Politik pòt louvri n. yon
politik, peyi Etazini te pwopoze nan ane 1899, kote tout
nasyon tap gen menm opòtinite nan komès ak Lachin.
Opium War / Gè Opyòm n. yon konfli ant Bretay
ak Lachin ki te dire depi 1839 jouk 1842, sou komès
opyòm Bretay nan Lachin.
oracle bone / zo orak n. youn nan zo bèt oubyen
karapas tòti ki te itilize pa ansyen prèt chinwa pou
kominike ak divinite yo.
Oslo Peace Accords / Akò Lapè Òzlo n. yon
akò an 1993 kote premye minis izraelyen Rabin, te bay
Palestinyen dirijans tèt yo nan bann Gaza ak Bank
oksidantal la.
ozone layer / kouch ozòn n. yon kouch sou anlè
nan atmosfè a ki pwoteje èt vivan kont reyon iltravyolèt
danjere solèy yo.
P
Pacific Rim / Bòdi Pasifik n. tè ki ozalantou
Oseyan Pasifk la — sitou sa ki nan Lazi.
Paleolithic Age / Peryòd Paleolitik n. a yon
peryòd preistorik ki te dire depi apeprè 2.500.000 jouk
8000 avan Jezikri, lè moun te itilize zouti ak zam brit an
wòch — li te rele Ansyen Epòk Wòch la tou.
Panama Canal / Kannal Panama n. yon pasaj
pou bato ke imen te konstwi ki konekte Oseyan Atlantik
ak Pasifik yo, ke Etazini te konstwi nan Panama e ki te
louvè an 1914.
papyrus / papiris n. yon wozo ki wo ki grandi nan
bouch Nil lan, ke ansyen Ejipsyen yo itilize pou fabrike
yon materyèl ki tankou fèy papye ki sèvi pou ekri.
parliament / paleman n. yon òganis reprezantan
ki fè lwa yon nasyon.
partition / patisyon n. divizyon an pati, tankou
divizyon 1947 koloni britanik End lan an de nasyon End
ak Pakistan.
pastoralist / pastoralis n. yon manm yon gwoup
nomad ki fè elvaj bèt domestik.
paternalism / patènalis n. yon metòd trete pèp
soumi tankou yo se timoun, bay yo sa yo bezwen yo mè
san bay yo dwa.
patriarch / patriyak n. yon evèk nan branch
oryantal kretyanis lan.
patriarchal / patriyak adj. ki gen rapò ak sistèm
sosyal kote papa a se chèf fanmi an.
patrician / patrisyen n. nan ansyen Wòm, yon
manm klas wot ki rich, e privilejye.
patrilineal / patrilineyè adj. ki gen rapò ak yon
sistèm sosyal kote desandans fanmi ak dwa eritaj trase
sou bò papa.
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patron / mesèn n. yon moun ki sipòte atis, sitou
finansyèman.
Pax Mongolica / Pax Mongolica n. “Lapè
Mongol” — peryòd depi mitan ane 1200 yo jouk mitan
ane 1300 yo lè Mongol yo te enpoze estabilite ak lalwa
ak lòd atravè anpil nan Erazi.
Pax Romana / Pax Romana n. yon peryòd lapè
ak pwosperite atravè Anpi Women an, ki te dire depi 27
avan Jezikri jis 180 apre Jezikri.
Peace of Augsburg / Akò Lapè Augsburg
n. yon akò ane 1555 ki te deklare ke chèf lan ap deside
relijyon chak eta alman.
Peloponnesian War / Gè Peloponezyen n.
yon gè, ki te dire depi 431 jis 404 avan Jezikri, kote Atèn
ak alye li yo te pèdi nan men Espata ak alye pa li yo.
penal colony / koloni penal n. yon koloni ki
sèvi tankou yon altèvi tankou yon altènatif pou prizon ;
se la yo voye prizonye yo.
peninsulares / peninsulares n. nan sosyete
panyòl kolonyal, kolon ki te fèt nan Espay.
Peninsular War / Gè Penensilè n. yon konfli ki
te dire depi 1808 jis 1813, kote rebèl panyòl, ak èd fòs
britanik yo te goumen pou repouse twoup fransè
Napoleon yo pou soti nan Lespay.
perestroika / perestwoika n. yon restriktirasyon
ekonomi sovyetik la pou pèmèt plis desizyon lokal ; li te
kòmanse pa Mikhail Gorbachev an 1985.
Persian Gulf War / Gè Gòlf Pèsyen n. yon
konfli 1991 kote fòs UN yo te kraze fòs Irakyen yo ki te
envayi Kuwait e te menase pou yo envahi Arabi Sawoudit.
Persian Wars / Gè Pèsik n. yon seri gè nan
senkyèm syèk avan Jezikri, kote vil-eta Grèk yo te
goumen kont Anpi Pèsik la.
perspective / pèspektiv n. yon teknik atistik ki
kreye aparans twa dimansyon sou yon sifas plat.
phalanx / falanks n. yon fòmasyon militè ak sòlda
ame ki apye e ki gen lans ak bouklye.
pharaoh / farao n. yon wa ansyen Ejip, ki te
konsidere yon bondye tankou tou yon chèf politik ak militè.
philosophe / filozòf n. youn nan gwoup pansè
sosyal yo nan Lafrans pandan Eklèsisman an.
philosophers / filozòf n. pansè ki itilize lojik ak
larezon pou envestige nati inivè an, sosyete imen an, ak
moralite.
Phoenicians / Fonisyen n. yon pèp navigatè
sidwès Azi, ki nan anviwon 1100 avan Jezikri te
kòmanse fè komès e te etabli koloni atravè rejyon
mediterane an.
Pilgrims / Pilgrim n. yon gwoup moun, ki an 1620,
te fonde koloni Plimout nan Masachousèt pou echape
pèsekisyon relijye nan Angletè.
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WORLD HISTORY
plebeian / plebeyen n. nan ansyen Wòm, youn
nan kiltivatè komen yo, atizan, ak komèsan ki fè pi fò
nan popilasyon an.
plebiscite / plebisit n. yon vòt dirèk kote pèp yon
peyi gen opòtinite apwouve oubyen dezapwouve yon
pwopozisyon.
PLO / OLP n. Òganizasyon Liberasyon Palestin —
yon òganizasyon dedye a etablisman yon eta endepandan
pou Palestinyen nan Mwayen Oryan.
polis / polis n. yon vil-eta Lagrès — inite politik
prensipal nan ansyen Grès apre apeprè 750 avan Jezikri.
Politburo / Politbouwo n. komite dirijan nan Pati
Kominis Inyon Sovyetik la.
political dissent / dezakò politik n. diferans
nan opinyon sou zafè politik.
polytheism / politeyis n. yon kwayans nan plizyè
bondye.
pope / pap n. evèk Wòm, chèf legliz katolik la.
Popol Vuh / Popol Vuh n. yon liv ki gen yon
vèsyon istwa kreyasyon Mayen nan.
popular culture / kilti popilè n. eleman kiltirèl
— espò, mizik, fim, abiman, elatriye — ki montre milye
komen ak chanjman enterè yon gwoup.
potlatch / potlatch n. yon fèt seremonye ki sèvi
pou montre ran ak pwosperite nan sèten tribi Kòt
nòdwès Ameriken Endyen yo.
predestination / predestinasyon n. doktrin ke
Bondye prevwa tout bagay annavans, ikonpri kilès moun
ki ap sove etènèlman.
Presbyterian / Prezbitè n. yon manm legliz
pwotestan ki gouvène pa prezbitè (ene yo) e ki te fonde
sou ansèyman John Knox yo.
PRI / PRE n. Pati Revolisyonè Endistryèl — pati
politik prensipal Meksik.
proletariat / pwoletarya n. nan teyori Maksis,
gwoup travayè ki tap fè koudeta sou tza e ki tap rive
dirije Larisi.
proliferation / pwoliferasyon n. yon
devlopman oubyen yon distribisyon — sitou distribisyon
zam nikleyè bay nasyon ki pa genyen yo kounyela a.
propaganda / pwopagann n. enfòmasyon
oubyen materyèl ke yo dispèse pou avanse yon kòz
oubyen pou domaje kòz yon opozisyon.
Protestant / Pwotestan n. yon manm nan legliz
kretyen ki fonde sou prensip Refòm nan.
provisional government / gouvènman
pwovizwa n. yon gouvènman tanporè.
psychology / sikoloji n. etid sèvo ak konpòtman
imen.
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pueblos / pweblos n. vil ak gwo batiman ki sanble
batiman ki gen apatman ki fèt ak ajil, ke Anasazi yo te
konstwi e pita pèp ameriken sidwès yo.
Punic Wars / Gè Pinik n. yon seri gè ant Wòm ak
Katajèn (264–146 avan Jezikri) ; ki te koze destriksyon
dirijans Katajèn ak Wòm sou Mediterane oksidantal la.
Puritan / Piriten n. yon gwoup moun ki te ap
chèche libète de pèsekisyon relijye nan peyi Angletè lè
yo fonde yon koloni nan Bè Masachousèt nan
kòmansman ane 1600 yo.
push-pull factor / faktè pouse-rale n.
kondisyon ki rale moun vè yon lòt zòn (faktè rale)
oubyen ki fè moun kite tè natal yo pou emigre a yon lòt
rejyon (faktè pouse).
pyramid / piramid n. yon estrikti imans ak yon baz
rektangilè e kat rebò triyangilè, tankou sa ki te konstwi
nan Lejip kote farao Ansyen Wayom yo te antere.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Q
Qin dynasty / Dinasti Kin n. yon dinasti chinwa
ki pa viv lontan ki ranplase dinasti Zhou nan twazyèm
syèk avan Jezikri.
Qing dynasty / Dinasti King n. dènye dinasti
peyi Lachin, ki dirije de 1644 a 1912.
Quetzalcoatl / Kwetzalkoatèl
[Quetzalcoatl] n. “Sèpan a Plim nan” yon dye
Toltèk yo ak lòt pèp Mezoameriken yo.
quipu / kipou n. yon jan fil mare nan yon kòd ke
Enka yo te itilize pou anrejistre enfòmasyon nimerik.
Qur’an / Kur’an n. liv sen Izlam nan.
R
racism / rasis n. yon kwayans ke yon ras siperyè
pase lòt yo.
radicals / radikal n. nan premye mwatye 19yèm
syèk la, Ewopeyen yo ki te favorize chanjman drastik
pou blayi demokrasi nan tout pèp.
radioactivity / radyoaktivite n. yon fòm enèji
ki lage lè atòm yo ap pouri.
Raj / Raj n. pati peyi Lend ke Britanik yo te kontwole
nan ane 1857–1947 yo
rationing / rasyonnman n. lè yo met limit sou
machandiz moun kapab achte — souvan se gouvènman
yo ki enpoze li pandan peryòd lagè, lè pa gen anpil
machandiz sou mache a.
realism / reyalis n. yon mouvman atistik nan
19yèm syèk kote ekriven ak pent te chache montre lavi
jan li ye olyede jan li ta dwe ye.
realpolitik / vrepolitik n. “politik reyalite yo” —
pratik politik pouvwa sevè ki pa kite plas pou ideyalis.
recession / resesyon n. yon ralantisman nan
ekonomi yon nasyon.
Reconquista / Rekonnkista n. jefò ke lidè
kretyen yo te fè pou fè Mizilman yo soti nan peyi
Lespay, ki dire de lane 1100 jouk lane 1492.
Red Guards / Gad Wouj n. gwoup milis yo ki te
fòme pa jenn Chinwa nan ane 1966 pou reponn Mao
Zedong ki te mande yon revolisyon sosyal ak kiltirèl.
Reformation / Refòm n. yon mouvman pou refòm
relijye nan 16yèm syèk, ki mennen fondasyon legliz
Kretyen yo ki rejte otorite pap la.
refugee / refijye n. yon moun ki kite peyi li pou li
ale nan yon lòt pou li sa jwenn sekirite.
Reign of Terror / Rèy Laterè n. yon peryòd,
de mitan ane 1793 a mitan ane 1794, lè Maximilien
Robespierre tap dirije Lafrans prèske tankou yon diktatè
epitou plizyè milye moun ki te nan politik ak senp
sitwayen te ekzekite.
reincarnation / reyenkanasyon n. nan Endouis
ak Boudis, metòd kote yon nanm reviv toutan jouk li rive
konprann toutafè.
religious toleration / tolerans relijye n. yon
rekonesans dwa ke yon moun kapab genyen lòt kwayans
relijye.
Renaissance / Renesans n. yon peryòd nan istwa
ewopeyen, ki dire apeprè de 1300 a 1600, kote enterè
nan kilti klasik te renouvle e sa te mennen yon chanjman
pwofon nan la, konesans ak jan yon moun wè lemonn.
republic / repiblik n. yon fòm gouvènman kote
pouvwa a chita nan men reprezantan yo epitou lidè yo
eli pa pèp la.
Restoration / Restorasyon n. peryòd pandan
Charles II tap dirije Langletè, apre chit gouvènman
Olivye Cromwèl la.
reunification / reyinifikasyon n. aksyon mete
ansanm ankò bagay ki te separe, tankou lè yo te reyini
Almay delès ak Almay delwès nan ane 1990.
romanticism / womantisis n. yon mouvman ki
te fèt nan kòmansman 19yèm syèk la nan la ak lide, ki te
fikse sou emosyon ak lanati olyede rezon ak sosyete.
Roosevelt Corollary / Korolè Roosevelt n.
ekstansyon prezidan Theodore Roosevelt te bay Doktrin
Monroe a nan ane 1904, kote li te deklare ke Etazini te
gen dwa pou li egzèse “pouvwa lapolis” nan tout Emisfè
Oksidantal la.
Rowlatt Acts / Lwa Rowlatt n. lwa yo ki te pase
nan ane 1919 nan peyi Lend ki te pèmèt gouvènman
Britanik la mete nan prizon tout moun ki te pwoteste
kont Britanik, san jijman pou yon peryòd maksimòm de
de zan.
Royal Road / Chemen wayal n. yon wout nan
Anpi Pèsan an, ki lonje sou 1.600 mil depi Susa nan peyi
Pès jouk Sardis nan peyi Anatoli.
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Russification / Risifikasyon n. fason ke yo te
fòse kilti Ris sou tout gwoup etnik nan Anpi Larisi a.
Russo-Japanese War / Gè Riso-Japonè n.
yon konfli nan ane 1904–1905 ant Larisi ak Japon, ki te
deklare lè de peyi sila yo tap fè jefò pou domine
Mannchouri ak Kore.
HAITIAN CREOLE
S
sacrament / sakreman n. youn nan seremoni
Kretyen yo kote lagras Bondye te transmèt bay moun.
Safavid / Safavid n. yon manm dinasti Mizilman
Shi’a ki te bati yon anpi nan peyi Pès nan 16yèm–18yèm
syèk yo.
Sahel / Sahèl n. yon rejyon afriken ki chita sou tout
longè pati sid fwontyè Sahara a.
salon / salon n. yon reyinyon sosyal entelektyèl ak
atis, tankou sa ki te konn fèt lakay fanm rich nan vil Pari
yo epitou nan lòt vil ewòpeyen yo pandan Eklèsisman an.
SALT / DLEZ n. Diskisyon sou Limitasyon Estratejik
Zam — yon seri reyinyon ki te fèt nan ane 1970 yo kote
lidè Etazini ak Inyon Sovyetik te dakò pou yo limite
estòk zam nikleyè nasyon yo a.
Salt March / Mach Dlez n. yon manifestasyon
pasifik kont Lwa Dlez yo nan ane 1930 nan peyi Lend lè
Mohandas Gandhi te kondwi apye moun ki tap swiv li
yo sou yon distans 240 mil rive bò lanmè, kote yo te fè
pwòp sèl yo ak evaporasyon dlo lanmè.
samurai / samouray n. youn nan gèrye
pwofesyonèl yo ki te sèvi chatlen feyodal japonè yo.
sans-culottes / san-kilòt n. pandan Revolisyon
fransè a, yon gwoup radikal ki te konpoze ak Parizyen
salarye ak ti boutikye ki tap mande gen plis pawòl nan
gouvènman an, pri ki pi ba epitou yon fen nan
rasyònnman manje yo.
satrap / satrap n. yon gouvènè pwovens nan anpi
Pèsan an.
savanna / savann n. yon plenn plat, kouvri ak zèb.
Schlieffen Plan / Plan Schlifen n. plan militè
Almay lè Premyè Gè Mondyal la tap deklanche, daprè li
twoup alman yo tap kale Lafrans rapidman epitou tap
pran direksyon lès pou atake Larisi.
scholastics / skolastik n. entelektyèl ki te
rankontre epitou ki te anseye nan inivèsite Ewopèyen
medyeval yo.
scientific method / metòd syantifik n. yon
pwosedi lojik pou ranmase enfòmasyon sou monn natirèl
la, kote yo te itilize eksperimantasyon ak obzèvasyon
pou teste ipotèz yo.
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WORLD HISTORY
Scientific Revolution / Revolisyon syantifik
n. yon chanjman majè nan panse Ewopeyen, ki derape
nan mitan ane 1500 yo, kote etid lemonn natirèl te
kòmanse karakterize pa obzèvasyon pridan epitou pa
keksyonnman kwayans ki deja aksepte.
scorched-earth policy / politik tè boule n.
pratik boule rekòt epitou touye betay pandan peryòd lagè
pou lenmi pa kapab viv de resous peyi a.
scribe / eskrib n. youn nan pwofesyonèl ki kenbe
achiv nan kòmansman peryòd sivilizasyon yo.
secede / fè sesesyon v. rale kò w ofisyèlman de
yon asosyasyon oswa yon alyans.
secular / sekilè adj. konsène sou keksyon mondyal
olyede keksyon espirityèl.
segregation / segregasyon n. separasyon legal
oswa sosyal diferan ras pèp.
self-determination / auto detèminasyon
n. libète yon pèp genyen pou li deside anba ki fòm
gouvènman li vle viv.
Seljuks / Seljouk n. yon gwoup Tik ki vin viv nan
Anpi Abasid nan 10yèm syèk epitou ki te etabli anpi pa
yo nan 11yèm syèk.
senate / sena n. nan ansyen Wòm, yon kò
gouvènman siprèm, ki te genyen ladann lèli te fèk
komanse aristokrat sèlman.
sepoy / sepoy n. yon sòlda endyen ki te sèvi anba
kòmandman britanik.
Sepoy Mutiny / Rebelyon Sepoy n. yon 1857
rebelyon sòlda Endou ak Mizilman kont Britanik yo nan
peyi Lend.
serf / sèf n. yon peyizan medyeval ki oblije viv
legalman sou pwopriyete yon chatlen.
Seven Years’ War / Gè sèt an n. yon batay nan
peyi Lewòp, Amerik dinò, epitou Lend, ki te dire de
1756 a 1763, kote fòs Britanik ak Pris yo te goumen ak
Otrich, Frans, Larisi ak lòt peyi.
shah / cha n. monak ereditè peyi Iran.
shari’a / chari’a n. yon gwoup lwa ki dirije lavi
Mizilman yo.
Shi’a / Chi’a n. branch nan Izlam kote manm yo
rekonèt Ali ak desandan li yo kòm veritab siksesè
Muhammad.
Shinto / Shinto n. relijyon nasyonal peyi Japon.
Shiva / Shiva n. yon dye Endou ke yo konsidere
tankou destriktè lemonn.
“shock therapy” / ”tretman chòk” n. yon
pwogram ekonomik enplemante nan peyi Larisi pa Boris
Yeltsin nan ane 1990 yo, ki mennen yon chanjman
drastik de yon ekonomi de kòmann a yon ekonomi
mache lib.
shogun / chogoun n. nan Japon feyodal, yon
kòmandan militè siprèm ki tap dirije nan non anprè a.
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Sikh / Sik n. yon manm yon gwoup relijye non vyolan
ke kwayans yo se yon melanj Boudis, Endouis ak Sifis.
Silk Roads / Chemen Swa n. yon sistèm wout
kote ansyen karavan te konn travèse Azi Santral e kote
komèsan te konn pote swa ak lòt machandiz pou komès.
simony / simoni n. aksyon vann oswa achte yon
pozisyon nan yon legliz Kretyen.
skepticism / skeptisis n. yon filozofi ki baze sou
lide ke yo pa kapab konnen anyen ak sètitid.
slash-and-burn farming / agrikilti koupeak-boule n. a yon metòd agrikilti kote moun pou yo
debarase teren yo, yo koupe ak boule pyebwa ak zèb yo,
lè konsa sann yo sèvi pou fètilize tè a.
Slavs / Slav n. yon pèp ki sòti nan forè yo ki nan nò
Lanmè Nwa, ki se zansèt anpil pèp Ewòp delès jodiya.
social contract / kontra sosyal n. akò kote pèp
defini epitou limite dwa endividyèl yo ; sa vin kreye yon
sosyete osinon yon gouvènman òganize.
Social Darwinism / Dawinis Sosyal n.
aplikasyon lide Charles Darwin sou evolisyon ak “se sa
ki pi kapab la ki siviv” nan sosyete imèn nan —
patikilyèman tankou jistifikasyon ekspansyon enperyalis
lan.
socialism / sosyalis n. yon sistèm ekonomik kote
faktè pwodiksyon yo se pwopriyete piblik la epitou
opere pou byen tout moun.
Solidarity / Solidarite n. yon sendika Polonè ki
pandan ane 1980 yo te tounen fòs prensipal opozisyon
kont pouvwa Kominis nan peyi Polòy.
Songhai / Songhai n. yon Anpi Wès Afriken ki te
konkeri peyi Mali epitou ki te kontwole komès de lane
1400 yo a lane 1591.
soviet / sovyet n. youn nan reprezantan lokal
konsèy yo ki te fòme nan peyi Larisi apre chit Tza
Nikola II.
Spanish-American War / Gè PanyòlAmeriken n. yon konfli nan ane 1898 ant Etazini ak
Espay, kote Etazini te sipòte lit Kiben pou endepandans.
specialization / espesyalizasyon n.
devlopman aptitid nan yon kalite travay patikilye,
tankou komès oswa konsève dosye.
sphere of influence / esfè enfliyans n. yon
rejyon etranje kote yon nasyon genyen kontwòl sou
komès epitou lòt aktivite ekonomik.
standard of living / estanda devi n. kalite lavi
yon moun oswa yon popilasyon, dapre byen yo, sèvis, ak
lix ki disponib pou moun oswa pèp sa a.
stateless societies / sosyete san eta n.
gwoup kiltirèl kote otorite pataje pa liye pouvwa egal
olye ke li egzèse pa yon gouvènman santral.
steppes / estèp n. plenn sèch, ki kouvri ak zèb.
strike / grèv v. refize travay pou fòse yon patwon
reponn a sèten demann.
stupa / estoupa n. yon estrikti an wòch ki gen fòm
yon ti mòn ki te bati sou relik sen Boudis yo.
subcontinent / sou-kontinan n. yon gwo mas tè
ki fòme yon pati apa yon kontinan.
Suez Canal / Kanal Suèz n. yon vwa navigab
atifisyèl, ki te louvri nan ane 1869, ki konekte Lanmè
Wouj ak Lanmè Mediterane.
suffrage / sifraj n. dwa pou vote.
Sufi / Soufi n. yon Mizilman ki chèche jwenn
kontak dirèk ak Bondye pa mwayen mistik.
sultan / siltan n. “granseyè”, osinon “sa ki gen
pouvwa” ; tit dirijan Otomann yo pandan kwasans Anpi
Otomann nan.
Sunna / Suna n. yon modèl izlamik pou viv, ki baze
sou lavi ak ansèyman Muhammad.
Sunni / Souni n. yon branch Izlam kote manm yo
rekonèt kat premye kalif yo kòm veritab siksesè
Muhammad.
surrealism / sireyalis n. yon mouvman atistik
20yèm syèk la ki fikse sou travay sèvo enkonsyan an.
sustainable growth / devlòpman soutnab
n. devlopman ekonomik ki rankontre bezwen pèp yo
men ki prezève anviwonman an epitou ki konsève resous
pou generasyon ki ap vini yo.
Swahili / Swaili n. yon lang Bantou ki sibi
enfliyans Arab ki pale anpil nan Afrik delès ak santral.
T
Taiping Rebellion / Rebelyon Tayiping n. yon
rebelyon nan mitan 19yèm syèk kont dinasti King nan
peyi Lachin, ke Hong Siukan te dirije.
Taj Mahal / Taj Mahal n. yon bèl tonm nan Agra,
nan peyi Lend, ke anprè Mughal, Shah Jahan, te bati pou
madanm li Mumtaz Mahal.
Taliban / Taliban n. yon gwoup konsèvatè Izlamik
ki te pran kontwòl Afghanistan apre Inyon Sovyetik te
retire twoup li yo; Etazini te fè yo kite pouvwa a ak fòs
an desanm 2001, paske li tap sere moun ke yo te sispèk
te teworis.
Tamil / Tamil n. yon lang Lend disid; epitou, pèp ki
pale lang sa a.
technology / teknoloji n. jan pèp aplike
konesans, zouti ak envansyon pou satisfè bezwen yo.
Tennis Court Oath / Sèman Teren Tenis n.
yon pwomès ke manm Asanble Nasyonal peyi Lafrans
yo te fè an 1789, kote yo jire pou yo kontinye rankontre
jiskaske yo pwodwi yon nouvo konstitisyon.
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terrace / teras n. yon nouvo fòm agrikilti nan
Aksoum, kote arèt sou fòm eskalye ki te bati sou pant
mòn yo ede kenbe dlo epitou diminye ewozyon.
terrorism / teworis n. izaj fòs oswa menas pou fè
pèp oubyen gouvènman yo pè pou yo sa chanje politik yo.
theocracy / teokrasi n. 1. yon gouvènman kote yo
konsidere dirijan an tankou yon imaj diven. 2. yon
gouvènman kontwole pa lidè relijye.
theory of evolution / teyori evolisyon n.
lide, pwopoze pa Charles Darwin nan ane 1859, ke
espès plant ak zannimo parèt pa mwayen yon pwosesis
seleksyon natirèl.
theory of relativity / teyori relativite n. lide
Albert Einstein sou entèrelasyon ant tan ak espas epitou
ant enèji ak matyè.
Theravada / Teravada n. yon sèk Boudis ki
konsantre sou disiplin espirityèl estrik ke Bouda a te
sipòte depi nan kòmansman.
Third Reich / Twazyèm Reich n. twazyèm Anpi
Alman, ke Adolf Hitler te etabli nan ane 1930 yo.
Third Republic / Twazyèm repiblik n. repiblik
ki te etabli nan Lafrans apre chit Napoleon III epitou ki
te fini ak okipasyon alman nan Lafrans pandan dezyèm
Gè Mondyal.
Third World / Tyè Monn n. pandan Gè Frèt la,
nasyon an devlòpman yo ki pat alye ak Etazini oswa
Inyon Sovyetik.
Thirty Years’ War / Gè trant an n. yon konfli
ewopeyen sou relijyon ak teritwa, epitou pou pouvwa ant
fanmi ki tap dirije yo, ki dire de 1618 a 1648.
three-field system / sistèm twa teren n. yon
sistèm agrikòl devlope nan Lewòp medyeval, kote tè
rekòt te divize an twa teren egal epi yo te plante nan
chak youn apre lòt, rekòt ivè, rekòt prentan, epitou yo
te rete san plante.
Tiananmen Square / Plas Tyananmenn n.
yon gwo plas piblik nan Beijing, nan peyi Lachin; nan
ane 1989, kote te gen yon soulèvman etidyan pou sipòte
refòm demokratik yo.
tithe / dim n. yon peman bay yon legliz, ki
reprezante yon dizyèm revni yon fanmi.
Tokugawa Shogunate / Tokugawa
Shogunate n. yon dinasti shogun yo ki te dirije
peyi Japon ki te inifye de 1603 a 1867.
Torah / Tora n. senk premye liv Bib Ebre a — ekriti
ki pi sakre nan tradisyon jwif la.
totalitarianism / totalitarianis n. kontwòl
gouvènman sou tout aspè vi piblik ak vi prive.
total war / gè total n. yon konfli kote peyi ki ap
patisipe yo mete tout resous yon nan jefò pou lagè a.
totems / totèm n. zannimo oswa lòt objè natirèl ki
sèvi kòm senbòl pou inite klan yo oubyen lòt gwoup moun.
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WORLD HISTORY
tournament / tounwa n. yon fo batay ant gwoup
chevalye.
tragedy / trajedi n. yon espès dram serye ki
prezante decheyans yon karaktè ewoyik oswa nòb.
Treaty of Kanagawa / Trete Kanagawa n.
yon akò 1854 ant Etazini ak Japon, ki te louvri de pò
Japonè bay bato ameriken epitou pèmèt Etazini mete
yon anbasad nan peyi Japon.
Treaty of Tordesillas / TreteTodesillas n. yon
akò nan ane 1494 ant Pòtigal ak Espay, ki deklare ke tè
ki te fèk dekouvri alwès yon liy imajinè nan Oseyan
Atlantik la, ta dwe apateni a peyi Lespay e tè ki te fèk
dekouvri alès liy la ta dwe apateni a Pòtigal.
Treaty of Versailles / Trete Vèsay n. trete de
pè ke Almay ak fòs Alye yo te siyen apre premye Gè
Mondyal la.
trench warfare / gè tranch n. yon fòm lagè kote
ame opoze yo batay youn kont lòt apatide fose ki fouye
nan chan batay la.
triangular trade / komès triyangilè n. yon
rezo komès transatlantik kote yo te trennen esklav ak lòt
byen atravè Afrik, Angletè, Ewòp, Antiy yo, ak koloni
Amerik dinò yo.
tribune / tribin n. nan ansyen Wòm, yon
reprezantan gouvènman an eli pa plebeyen yo pou
pwoteje dwa yo.
tribute / tribi n. yon peman ke yon pouvwa pi fèb
bay yon pouvwa ki pi fò pou li jwenn asirans lapè ak
sekirite.
Triple Alliance / Alians Trip n. 1. yon
asosyasyon vil eta Tenochtitlan, Tekskoko ak Tlakopan,
ki te mennen a fòmasyon Anpi Aztèk la. 2. yon alyans
militè ant Almay, Otrich-Ongri, ak Itali nan ane ki
presede premye Gè Mondyal yo.
Triple Entente / Antant Trip n. yon alyans
militè ant Grann Bretay, Frans, ak Larisi nan ane ki
presede premyè Gè Mondyal yo.
triumvirate / trioumvira n. nan ansyen Wòm,
yon gwoup twa lidè ki te pataje kontwòl gouvènman an.
Trojan War / Gè de Twa n. yon gè ki te fèt apeprè
nan ane 1200 avan Jezikri, kote yon lame dirije pa wa
Misèn [Mycenaean] yo te atake vil komèsyal
endepandan Troy la nan peyi Anatòl.
troubadour / twoubadou n. yon powèt ak
mizisyen medyeval ki te vwayaje de yon zòn a yon lòt,
pou amize moun ak chante damou pou koutizan yo.
Truman Doctrine / Doktrin Truman n. anonse
pa Prezidan Harry Truman nan ane 1947, yon politik
Etazini pou bay nasyon lib ki menase pa lenmi entèn
oswa ekstèn èd ekonomik ak militè.
tyrant / tiran n. nan Grès antik, yon moun pwisan
ki vin gen kontwòl yon gouvènman vil eta, paske li te
chache sipò pòv yo.
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U
Umayyads / Umayyad n. yon dinasti ki te dirije
Anpi Mizilman an de 661 a 750 apre Jezikri epitou ki te
etabli pita yon wayòm nan al-Andalus.
union / inyon [sendika] n. yon asosyasyon
travayè, ki fòme pou negosye pou pi bon kondisyon
travay epitou pi gwo salè.
United Nations / Nasyonzini n. yon
òganizasyon entènasyonal pou mentni lapè ki te fonde
an 1945 pou bay nasyon ki nan lemonn yo sekirite.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights /
Deklarasyon Inivèsèl dwa delòm n. yon
deklarasyon ki fèt an 1948 kote Nasyonzini deklare ke
tout moun gen dwa lavi, libète ak sekirite.
unrestricted submarine warfare / gè
soumaren san restriksyon n. itilizasyon
soumaren pou koule san preavi nenpòt batiman (ikonpri
batiman net yo ak batiman pasaje ki pa ame) ke yo te
jwenn nan dlo lenmi yo.
urbanization / ibanizasyon n. kwasans vil yo ak
migrasyon moun ladan yo.
U.S.A. Patriot Act / Lwa Patriyòt Etazini
n. yon lwa antiteworis nan ane 2001 ki ranfòse dwa
gouvènman an pou kenbe etranje yo sispèk ki se teworis
epitou pou jije krim teworis yo.
U.S. Civil War / Gè Sivil Etazini n. yon konfli
ant eta Nò ak eta Sid nan Etazini sou kesyon esklavaj, ki
dire de 1861 a 1865.
utilitarianism / itilitarianis n. teyori ke Jeremy
Bentham te pwopoze nan fen ane 1700 yo, ki deklare ke
aksyon gouvènman yo itil sèlman si yo ankouraje pi gwo
byen pou pi plis moun.
Utopia / Itopi n. yon tè imajinè ke Thomas More te
dekri nan liv li a Itopi — alòs, yon kote ideyal.
V
vassal / vasal n. nan Ewòp feyodal, yon moun ki
resevwa yon sibvansyon de yon seyè, an echanj pou yon
pwomès lwayote ak sévis.
Vedas / Vedas n. kat koleksyon ekriti sakre ke
Aryen yo te pwodwi pandan kòmansman peryòd yo tap
enstale yo nan peyi Lend.
vernacular / vènakilè n. langaj de toulèjou pèp
nan yon rejyon oswa yon peyi.
Vietcong / Vyètkong n. yon gwoup gerila
kominis ki, ak lèd Vyetnam dinò, te batay kont
gouvènman Vyetnam disid nan Gè Vyetnam nan.
Vietnamization / Vietnamizasyon n. estrateji
prezidan Richard Nixon pou mete fen a patisipasyon
Etazini nan lagè Vyetnam nan, kote twoup ameriken yo
te retire kò yo pezape epitou te ranplase pa fòs
Vyetnamyen disid yo.
Vishnu / Vishnou n. yon dye Endou ke yo
konsidere tankou pwotektè lemonn.
vizier / vizi n. yon premye minis nan yon wayòm
Mizilman oswa yon anpi.
W
War of the Spanish Succession / Gè
Siksesyon Panyòl n. yon konfli, ki te dire de 1701
a 1713, kote yon kantite eta ewopeyen te goumen pou
evite fanmi Boubon an kontwole Espay ak Lafrans.
Warsaw Pact / Pak Vasovi n. yon alyans militè
ki te fòme nan ane 1955 pa Inyon Sovyetik ak sèt peyi
Ewòp delès.
Weimar Republic / Repiblik Weimar n.
repiblik ki te etabli nan peyi Almay nan ane 1919
e ki te fini nan ane 1933.
Western Front / Fwon Oksidantal n. pandan
premye Gè Mondyal la, rejyon nan Nò Lafrans kote fòs
Alye yo ak Pouvwa Santral yo tap batay youn kont lòt.
westernization / oksidantalizasyon n. yon
adopsyon enstitisyon sosyal, politik oswa ekonomik peyi
oksidan yo — espesyalman peyi ewopeyen oubyen
ameriken.
Y
yin and yang / yin ak yang n. nan panse chinwa,
de pouvwa ki gouvène ritm natirèl lavi (ak yin ki
reprezante kalite feminen nan inivè a, e yang kalite
maskilen yo).
Yoruba / Yowuba n. yon pèp Afrik Delwès ki te
fòme plizyè wayòm nan sa ki kounyeya Benen ak Nijeri
disid.
Z
Zapotec / Zapotèk n. yon sivilizasyon
Mezoameriken ki te la nan kòmansman an e ki te
santre nan vale Oaksaka ki se yon pati nan kote yo rele
Meksik kounyeya.
ziggurat / zigourat n. yon estrikti an graden ki
genyen fòm yon pyramid ki se yon pati nan tanp
Simeryen an
Zionism / Ziyonis n. yon mouvman ki te fonde nan
ane 1890 yo pou ankouraje etablisman tè natal Jwif yo
nan peyi Palestin.
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ÉÎÓÒÒ‡ËÈ — ˝ÚÓ ‡ÎÙ‡‚ËÚÌ˚È Û͇Á‡ÚÂθ Íβ˜Â‚˚ı ÚÂÏËÌÓ‚ ‡Á‰ÂÎÓ‚,
‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËÂÏ Ëı Á̇˜ÂÌËfl. éÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl, Û͇Á‡ÌÌ˚ ‚ „ÎÓÒÒ‡ËË,
ÔÓflÒÌfl˛Ú ÚÂÏËÌ ‚ ÚÓÏ ÔÓÌflÚËË, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÓÌ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÎÒfl ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÍÌË„Â.
Ç „ÎÓÒÒ‡ËË Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ Â˜Ë Í‡Ê‰Ó„Ó ÚÂÏË̇. Ç „ÎÓÒÒ‡ËË
ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ë ÒÓÍ‡˘ÂÌËfl:
„·„. = „·„ÓÎ
ÔË·„. = ÔË·„‡ÚÂθÌÓÂ
A
Abbaœidœ / Ä··‡Òˉ˚, ÒÛ˘., ‰Ë̇ÒÚËfl, Ô‡‚Ë‚¯‡fl
̇ ·Óθ¯ÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÏÛÒÛθχÌÒÍÓÈ ËÏÔÂËË Ò 750 ‰Ó
1258 „. Ì. ˝.
Aborigine / Ä·ÓË„ÂÌ, ÒÛ˘., Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂθ
β·ÓÈ ËÁ „ÛÔÔ ÍÓÂÌÌ˚ı ÊËÚÂÎÂÈ Ä‚ÒÚ‡ÎËË.
abœolute monarch / ‡·ÒÓβÚ̇fl ÏÓ̇ıËfl,
ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÓθ ËÎË ÍÓÓ΂‡, ӷ·‰‡˛˘ËÂ
ÌÂÓ„‡Ì˘ÂÌÌÓÈ ‚·ÒÚ¸˛ Ë ÒÚÂÏfl˘ËÂÒfl
ÍÓÌÚÓÎËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ‚Ò ÒÙÂ˚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ÊËÁÌË.
acropoliœ / ‡ÍÓÔÓθ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÁ‚˚¯ÂÌ̇fl
ÛÍÂÔÎÂÌ̇fl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ‰‚Ì„˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó „ÓÓ‰‡.
Akœum / ÄÍÒÛÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÓ΂ÒÚ‚Ó ‚ ÄÙËÍÂ,
‰ÓÒÚË„¯Â ̇˷Óθ¯ÂÈ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ÏÓ˘Ë ‚ IV
‚. Ì. ˝., Ì˚ÌÂ ùÙËÓÔËfl Ë ùËÚÂfl.
al-Andaluœ / Äθ-Ä̉‡ÎÛÒ, ÒÛ˘., ÚÂËÚÓËfl, ̇
ÍÓÚÓÓÈ Ô‡‚ËÎË ÏÛÒÛθχÌÂ, ÒÙÓÏËÓ‚‡‚¯‡flÒfl ‚
VIII ‚.Ë.˝., Ì˚Ì — àÒÔ‡ÌËfl.
Allah / Äηı, ÒÛ˘., ÅÓ„ (‡‡·ÒÍÓ ÒÎÓ‚Ó,
‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏÓ ‚ ËÒ·ÏÂ).
Allieœ / ëÓ˛ÁÌËÍË, ÒÛ˘., ‚ èÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌÂ,
ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl, î‡ÌˆËfl, êÓÒÒËfl Ë ‰Û„ËÂ
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡, Ò‡Ê‡‚¯ËÂÒfl ̇ Ëı ÒÚÓÓÌÂ; Ú‡ÍÊÂ,
„ÛÔÔ‡ ÒÚ‡Ì, ÒÂ‰Ë ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ·˚ÎË ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl,
ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËÈ ëÓ˛Á Ë ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚, ·ÓÓ‚¯ËıÒfl
ÔÓÚË‚ ëËÎ éÒË ‚Ó ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌÂ.
Almohadœ / ÄθÏÓı‰˚, ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ ËÒ·ÏÒÍËı
ÂÙÓχÚÓÓ‚, Ò‚Â„ÌÛ‚¯Ëı Ò ÔÂÒÚÓ· ‰Ë̇ÒÚ˲
ÄθÏÓ‡‚ˉӂ Ë ÒÓÁ‰‡‚¯Ëı ËÏÔÂ˲ ‚ ë‚ÂÌÓÈ
ÄÙËÍÂ Ë ˛ÊÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË àÒÔ‡ÌËË ‚ XII ‚. Ì. ˝.
Almoravidœ / ÄθÏÓ‡‚ˉ˚, ÒÛ˘., ËÒ·ÏÒÍÓÂ
ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌÓ ·‡ÚÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÓÁ‰‡‚¯Â ‚ XI ‚. Ì. ˝.
ËÏÔÂ˲ ‚ ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÙËÍÂ Ë Ì‡ ˛„ àÒÔ‡ÌËË.
Amritœar Maœœacre / êÂÁÌfl ‚ ÄÏËÚÒ‡Â, ÒÛ˘.,
ÛÌ˘ÚÓÊÂÌË ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍËÏË ‚ÓÈÒ͇ÏË ÔÓ˜ÚË 400
ÊËÚÂÎÂÈ à̉ËË, ÒÓ·‡‚¯ËıÒfl ‚ ÄÏËÚÒ‡Â, ˜ÚÓ·˚
‚˚‡ÁËÚ¸ ÔÓÚÂÒÚ ÔÓÚË‚ ÔËÌflÚËfl Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚
êÓÛνÚÚ‡.
Anabaptiœtœ / Ä̇·‡ÔÚËÒÚ˚, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ÔÂËÓ‰
êÂÙÓχˆËË, „ÛÔÔ‡ ÔÓÚÂÒÚ‡ÌÚÓ‚, Ò˜ËÚ‡‚¯Ëı, ˜ÚÓ
ÍÂÒÚËÚ¸ ÏÓÊÌÓ Î˯¸ ÚÂı, ÍÓÏÛ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÎÂÚ,
˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔËÌflÚ¸ ¯ÂÌË ÒÚ‡Ú¸ ıËÒÚˇÌËÌÓÏ, Ë
‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡‚¯Ëı Á‡ ÓÚ‰ÂÎÂÌË ˆÂÍ‚Ë ÓÚ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡.
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WORLD HISTORY
ÒÛ˘. = ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÂ
Anaœazi / Ä̇Á‡ˆË, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂ‚˚ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËÂ
̇Ó‰ÌÓÒÚË, ÔÓÊË‚‡‚¯Ë ̇ ˛„Ó-Á‡Ô‡‰Â ÄÏÂËÍË.
Anatolia / Ä̇ÚÓÎËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎÛÓÒÚÓ‚ ̇ ˛„ÓÁ‡Ô‡‰Â ÄÁËË, ̇ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Ì˚Ì ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂ̇
‡ÁˇÚÒ͇fl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ íÛˆËË, Ú‡ÍÊ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÂÌ ÔÓ‰
̇Á‚‡ÌËÂÏ å‡Î‡fl ÄÁËfl.
Angkor Wat / ÄÌ„ÍÓ LJÚ, ÒÛ˘., ı‡Ï,
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘ËÈ ÒÓ·ÓÈ ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒÌÓ ÒÓÓÛÊÂÌËÂ,
ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌÌ˚È ‚ àÏÔÂËË äıÏÂÓ‚ ‚Ó Ò·‚Û
Ë̉ÛÒÒÍÓ„Ó ·Ó„‡ Ç˯ÌÛ.
Anglican / ÄÌ„ÎË͇ÌÒÍËÈ, ÔËÎ., Ëϲ˘ËÈ
ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Í ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÈ ˆÂÍ‚Ë.
animiœm / ‡ÌËÏËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ‚Â‡ ‚ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Û
ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı, ‡ÒÚÂÌËÈ Ë ‰Û„Ëı Ó·˙ÂÍÚÓ‚ ‚ ÔËÓ‰Â
ÂÒÚ¸ ‰Û¯‡.
annexation / ‡ÌÌÂÍÒËfl, ÒÛ˘., ‚Íβ˜ÂÌËÂ
ÚÂËÚÓËË ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘ÂÈ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ
‰ËÌˈ˚.
annul / ‡ÌÌÛÎËÓ‚‡Ú¸, „·„., ÓÚÏÂÌflÚ¸ ËÎË
Ó·˙fl‚ÎflÚ¸ ̉ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï.
anti-¡emitiœm / ‡ÌÚËÒÂÏËÚËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ‡ÒÓ‚˚È
Ô‰‡ÒÒÛ‰ÓÍ ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌ˲ Í Â‚ÂflÏ.
apartheid / ‡Ô‡ÚÂˉ, ÒÛ˘., ÓÙˈˇθ̇fl
ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ‚ ûÊÌÓÈ ÄÙËÍ ÔÓ ÔÓÎÌÓÏÛ Á‡ÍÓÌÌÓÏÛ
‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌ˲ ‡Ò, ‚Íβ˜‡fl Á‡Ô¢ÂÌË ‚ÒÂı
ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚÓ‚ ÏÂÊ‰Û ˜ÂÌ˚ÏË Ë ·ÂÎ˚ÏË Î˛‰¸ÏË.
apoœtle / ‡ÔÓÒÚÓÎ, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂÎÂÈ
àËÒÛÒ‡, ÔÓÔӂ‰ӂ‡‚¯ËÈ Ë ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡Ìfl‚¯ËÈ Â„Ó
Û˜ÂÌËÂ.
appeaœement / ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ÛÏËÓÚ‚ÓÂÌËfl,
ÒÛ˘., ÛÒÚÛÔ͇ ‡„ÂÒÒÓÛ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ËÁ·Âʇڸ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
aqueduct / ‡Í‚‰ÛÍ, ÒÛ˘., ÚÛ·ÓÔÓ‚Ó‰ ËÎË
͇̇Î, ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌÌ˚È ‰Îfl ‚Ó‰ÓÒ̇·ÊÂÌËfl ̇ÒÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ
ÏÂÒÚÌÓÒÚË.
ariœtocracy / ‡ËÒÚÓÍ‡ÚËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÙÓχ
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËfl, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‚·ÒÚ¸
ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊËÚ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎflÏ Ì‡ÒΉÌÓ„Ó
Ô‡‚fl˘Â„Ó Í·ÒÒ‡ ËÎË Ó‰Ó‚ÓÈ Á̇ÚË.
armiœtice / ÔÂÂÏËËÂ, ÒÛ˘., Òӄ·¯ÂÌË ÔÓ
ÔÂÍ‡˘ÂÌ˲ ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ.
artifact / ‡ÚÂÙ‡ÍÚ, ÒÛ˘., Ô‰ÏÂÚ, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌ˚È
˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍÓÏ, ̇ÔËÏÂ, ËÌÒÚÛÏÂÌÚ ÚÛ‰‡, ÓÛÊËÂ
ËÎË ÛÍ‡¯ÂÌËÂ.
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artiœan / ÂÏÂÒÎÂÌÌËÍ, ÒÛ˘., ÓÔ˚ÚÌ˚È ‡·ÓÚÌËÍ,
̇ÔËÏÂ Ú͇˜ ËÎË „Ó̘‡, ‚Û˜ÌÛ˛ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰fl˘ËÈ
ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌ˚ ËÁ‰ÂÎËfl.
Aryanœ / ÄËȈ˚, ÒÛ˘., 1. Ë̉Ó‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÂ
̇Ó‰˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔËÏÂÌÓ ‚ 1500 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝. ̇˜‡ÎË
ÏË„ËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ̇ à̉ËÈÒÍËÈ ÒÛ·ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ. 2. ‰Îfl
̇ˆËÒÚÓ‚, ÌÂψ˚, ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘Ë "‚ÂÎËÍÛ˛ ‡ÒÛ".
aœœembly line / Ò·ÓӘ̇fl ÎËÌËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl ÚÛ‰‡ ̇ Ù‡·ËÍÂ, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓ ËÁ‰ÂÎË Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚËÛÂÚÒfl ÓÚ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó
‡·Ó˜Â„Ó Í ‰Û„ÓÏÛ, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ Í‡Ê‰˚È ËÁ ÌËı
‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÂÚ Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÛ˛ ÓÔÂ‡ˆË˛ ÔË
ËÁ„ÓÚÓ‚ÎÂÌËË ˝ÚÓ„Ó ËÁ‰ÂÎËfl.
aœœimilation / ‡ÒÒËÏËÎflˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., 1. ÔËÌflÚËÂ
Á‡‚Ó‚‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒÚ‡ÌÓÈ ÍÛθÚÛ˚ ÒÚ‡Ì˚-Ôӷ‰ËÚÂÎfl.
2. „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌ̇fl ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ÔËÌÛʉÂÌËfl ËÎË
ÒÚËÏÛÎËÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÔÓ·ÂʉÂÌÌ˚ı ̇Ó‰Ó‚ Í ÔËÌflÚ˲
ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚÓ‚ Ë Ú‡‰ËˆËÈ ˝ÚÓ„Ó „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡.
Aœœyria / ÄÒÒËËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÓ΂ÒÚ‚Ó ‚ ˛„ÓÁ‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ ÄÁËË, ÒÚÓfl‚¯Â ‚Ó „·‚ ӄÓÏÌÓÈ
ËÏÔÂËË ÔËÏÂÌÓ Ò 850 „. ÔÓ 612 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
Atlantic Charter / ÄÚ·ÌÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ı‡ÚËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
‰ÂÍ·‡ˆËfl ÔË̈ËÔÓ‚, ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·¯ÂÌ̇fl ‚ ‡‚„ÛÒÚÂ
1941 „Ó‰‡ ÔÂϸÂ-ÏËÌËÒÚÓÏ ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËË
ìËÌÒÚÓÌÓÏ óÂ˜ËÎÎÂÏ Ë ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÓÏ ëòÄ
î‡ÌÍÎËÌÓÏ êÛÁ‚ÂθÚÓÏ, ̇ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÓÒÌÓ‚˚‚‡ÎÒfl
ÏËÌ˚È ÔÎ‡Ì ÒÚ‡Ì-ÒÓ˛ÁÌËÍÓ‚, ‚ ÍÓ̈ ÇÚÓÓÈ
ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
Atlantic œlave trade / ÄÚ·ÌÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÚÓ„Ó‚Îfl
‡·‡ÏË, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÍÛÔ͇, ÔÂ‚ÓÁ͇ Ë ÔÓ‰‡Ê‡
‡ÙË͇̈‚ ‰Îfl ‡·ÓÚ˚ ‚ ë‚ÂÌÓÈ Ë ûÊÌÓÈ
ÄÏÂËÍÂ.
autocracy / ‡‚ÚÓÍ‡ÚËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÙÓχ
Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËfl Ò ÌÂÓ„‡Ì˘ÂÌÌÓÈ ‚·ÒÚ¸˛ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó
Îˈ‡, ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘Â„Ó Â ‚ ‰ÂÒÔÓÚ˘ÌÓÈ Ï‡ÌÂÂ.
Axiœ Powerœ / ëËÎ˚ éÒË, ÒÛ˘., ‚Ó ÇÚÓÓÈ
ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌÂ, ÉÂχÌËfl, àÚ‡ÎËfl Ë üÔÓÌËfl,
Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡‚¯Ë ÒÓ˛Á ‚ 1936 „.
ayllu / ‡ÈÎÛ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Â ËÌÍÓ‚, Ì·Óθ¯‡fl
Ó·˘Ë̇ ËÎË Í·Ì, ˜ÎÂÌ˚ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚÌÓ
‡·ÓÚ‡ÎË Ì‡ Ó·˘Â ·Î‡„Ó.
B
balance of power / ·‡Î‡ÌÒ ÒËÎ, ÒÛ˘., ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl ‚
ÔÓÎËÚËÍÂ, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÌË Ó‰ÌÓ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó Ì ӷ·‰‡ÂÚ
‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓÈ ÒËÎÓÈ ‰Îfl ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl Û„ÓÁ˚ ‰Û„ËÏ
ÒÚ‡Ì‡Ï.
Balkanœ / ŇÎ͇Ì˚, ÒÛ˘., ‡ÈÓÌ ˛„Ó-‚ÓÒÚÓ˜ÌÓÈ
Ö‚ÓÔ˚, ̇ ÚÂËÚÓËË ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó Ì˚Ì ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂ̇
ÉˆËfl, Äη‡ÌËfl, ÅÓ΄‡Ëfl, êÛÏ˚ÌËfl, ‚ÓÔÂÈÒ͇fl
˜‡ÒÚ¸ íÛˆËË, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÂÒÔÛ·ÎËÍË, ‡ÌÂÂ
‚ıӉ˂¯Ë ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ û„ÓÒ·‚ËË.
Bantu-œpeaking peopleœ / ç‡Ó‰ÌÓÒÚË,
„Ó‚Ófl˘Ë ̇ ·‡ÌÚÛ, ÒÛ˘., ÌÓÒËÚÂÎË flÁ˚ÍÓ‚,
ÔË̇‰ÎÂʇ˘Ëı Í Ó‰ÌÓÈ „ÛÔÔÂ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔËÏÂÌÓ
2000 ÎÂÚ Ì‡Á‡‰ ̇˜‡ÎË ÔÂÂÒÂÎflÚÒfl ËÁ á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ
ÄÙËÍË Ì‡ ˛„ ÄÙËÍË.
baroque / ‚ ÒÚËΠ·‡ÓÍÍÓ, ÒÛ˘.,
‚Â΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È ‰ÂÍÓ‡ÚË‚Ì˚È ÒÚËθ, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚È
‰Îfl ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÈ ÊË‚ÓÔËÒË, ÏÛÁ˚ÍË Ë ‡ıËÚÂÍÚÛ˚
‚ 1600-ı „„. Ë ‚ ̇˜‡Î 1700-ı „„.
barter / ·‡ÚÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÙÓχ ÚÓ„Ó‚ÎË, ÔË
ÍÓÚÓÓÈ Î˛‰Ë Ó·ÏÂÌË‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÚÓ‚‡‡ÏË Ë ÛÒÎÛ„‡ÏË
·ÂÁ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‰ÂÌ„.
Battle of Britain / ÅËÚ‚‡ Á‡ ÅËÚ‡Ì˲, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÂËfl Ò‡ÊÂÌËÈ ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍËı Ë ÌÂψÍËı ‚ÓÂÌÌÓ‚ÓÁ‰Û¯Ì˚ı ÒËÎ ‚ 1940–1941 „„.
Battle of Guadalcanal / ÅËÚ‚‡ Á‡ É‚‡‰‡Î͇̇Î,
ÒÛ˘., ·ËÚ‚‡ ‚ 1942–1943 „„. ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÇÚÓÓÈ
ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚ÓÈÒ͇ ÒÓ˛ÁÌËÍÓ‚ ËÁ„̇ÎË
flÔÓÌÒÍË ‚ÓÈÒ͇ Ò ÓÒÚÓ‚‡ É‚‡‰‡Î͇̇Π‚ íËıÓÏ
Ó͇ÌÂ.
Battle of Midway / ÅËÚ‚‡ Á‡ åË‰Û˝È, ÒÛ˘.,
·ËÚ‚‡ ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ̇ ÏÓÂ Ë ‚ ‚ÓÁ‰ÛıÂ
‚ 1942 „., ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍË ‚ÓÈÒ͇ ̇ÌÂÒÎË
ÔÓ‡ÊÂÌË flÔÓÌÒÍËÏ ‚ÓÈÒÍ‡Ï ‚ ˆÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË
íËıÓ„Ó Ó͇̇.
Battle of ¡talingrad / ëÚ‡ÎËÌ„‡‰Ò͇fl ·ËÚ‚‡,
ÒÛ˘., ·ËÚ‚‡ 1942–1943 „„. ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÇÚÓÓÈ
ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÌÂψÍË ‚ÓÈÒ͇
ÔÓÚÂÔÂÎË ÔÓ‡ÊÂÌË ÔË ÔÓÔ˚ÚÍ Á‡ı‚‡ÚËÚ¸
„ÓÓ‰ ëÚ‡ÎËÌ„‡‰ ‚ ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓÏ ëÓ˛ÁÂ.
Battle of the Bulge / ÅËÚ‚‡ ̇ ‚˚ÒÚÛÔÂ, ÒÛ˘.,
·ËÚ‚‡ 1944–1945 „„., ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒËÎ˚ ÒÓ˛ÁÌËÍÓ‚
ÓÚ‡ÁËÎË ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Ì˛˛ ÍÛÔÌÛ˛ ‡Ú‡ÍÛ ÌÂψ‚ ‚Ó
ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌÂ.
Battle of Trafalgar / í‡Ù‡Î¸„‡Ò͇fl ·ËÚ‚‡,
ÒÛ˘., ÏÓÒ͇fl ·ËÚ‚‡ 1805 „Ó‰‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‚ÓÈÒ͇
ç‡ÔÓÎÂÓ̇ ÔÓÚÂÔÂÎË ÔÓ‡ÊÂÌË ‚ Ò‡ÊÂÌËË Ò
·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍËÏ ÙÎÓÚÓÏ ÔÓ‰ Ô‰‚Ó‰ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ
‡‰ÏË‡Î‡ ÉÓ‡ˆËÓ çÂθÒÓ̇.
Benin / ÅÂÌËÌ, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÓ΂ÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ÓÁÌËͯ Û
‰ÂθÚ˚ ÂÍË çË„Â ‚ 1300-ı „„., ÒÚ‡‚¯Â „·‚Ì˚Ï
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÓÏ á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ ÄÙËÍË ‚ 1400-ı „„.
Beringia / ÅÂËÌ„Ëfl, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ Ô‰‡Ì˲ ‰‚ÌËÈ
ÔÂ¯ÂÂÍ, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ÔÂ‚˚ ̇Ó‰˚ ÄÏÂËÍË
ÏË„ËÓ‚‡ÎË ‚ ë‚ÂÌÛ˛ Ë ûÊÌÛ˛ ÄÏÂËÍÛ ËÁ ÄÁËË.
Berlin Conference of 1884–85 / ÅÂÎËÌÒ͇fl
ÍÓÌÙÂÂ̈Ëfl 1884-85 „Ó‰Ó‚, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÒÚ˜‡
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËı „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚, ̇ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
·˚Î ¯ÂÌ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Ó Ô‡‚Ë·ı ÍÓÎÓÌËÁ‡ˆËË ÄÙËÍË
‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÏË ÒÚ‡Ì‡ÏË.
Bill of Rightœ / ÅËÎθ Ó Ô‡‚‡ı, ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÂ‚˚ ‰ÂÒflÚ¸ ÔÓÔ‡‚ÓÍ Í äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË ëòÄ,
Á‡˘Ë˘‡˛˘Ë ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰˚ „‡Ê‰‡Ì.
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biœhop / ÂÔËÒÍÓÔ, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ÌÓ ËÁ ‚˚ÒÓÍÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ı ‰ÛıÓ‚Ì˚ı Îˈ ‚ ıËÒÚˇÌÒÚ‚Â, ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Îfl˛˘ÂÂ
̇‰ÁÓ Á‡ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËÏË ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ÏË ˆÂÍ‚flÏË.
blitzkrieg / ·ÎˈÍË„, ÒÛ˘., “ÏÓÎÌËÂÌÓÒ̇fl
‚ÓÈ̇”— ÙÓχ ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ, ÍÓ„‰‡ Á‡
ÌÂÓÊˉ‡ÌÌ˚ÏË ‡Ú‡Í‡ÏË ÒÍÓÓÒÚÌ˚ı Ò‡ÏÓÎÂÚÓ‚
ÒÎÂ‰Û˛Ú Ï‡ÒÒËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ ̇ÒÚÛÔÎÂÌË ̇ÁÂÏÌ˚ı
‚ÓÈÒÍ.
blockade / ·ÎÓ͇‰‡, ÒÛ˘., ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ‚ÓÈÒÍ
ËÎË ÒÛ‰Ó‚ ‰Îfl Ô‰ÓÚ‚‡˘ÂÌËfl ÔÂÂÏ¢ÂÌËfl
ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚ ‚ „ÓÓ‰ ËÎË ‡ÈÓÌ ËÎË ËÁ Ì„Ó.
Boer / ÅÛ, ÒÛ˘., „Óη̉ÒÍËÈ ÔÂÂÒÂÎÂ̈ ‚
ûÊÌÓÈ ÄÙËÍÂ.
Boer War / ÇÓÈ̇ ·ÛÓ‚, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ,
ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇ‚¯ËÈÒfl Ò 1899 „. ÔÓ 1902 „., ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl
ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ·Û˚ Ë ·Ëڇ̈˚ Ò‡Ê‡ÎËÒ¸ Á‡ ‚·ÒÚ¸ ̇‰
ÚÂËÚÓËÂÈ ûÊÌÓÈ ÄÙËÍË.
Bolœhevikœ / ÅÓθ¯Â‚ËÍË, ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ ÛÒÒÍËı
‚ÓβˆËÓÌÂÓ‚-χÍÒËÒÚÓ‚, Á‡ı‚‡ÚË‚¯Ëı ‚·ÒÚ¸ ‚
êÓÒÒËË ‚ ÌÓfl·Â 1917 „.
Boxer Rebellion / àıÂÚۇ̸ÒÍÓ (·ÓÍÒÂÒÍÓÂ)
‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌË 1900 „Ó‰‡ ‚ äËÚ‡Â,
ˆÂθ˛ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ·˚ÎÓ ÔÓÎÓÊËÚ¸ ÍÓ̈
ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓÏÛ ÍÓÌÚÓβ ‚ ÒÚ‡ÌÂ.
boyarœ / ·ÓflÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÁÂÏ΂·‰Âθ˜ÂÒ͇fl Á̇ڸ ‚
êÓÒÒËË.
Brahma / Å‡Ï‡, ÒÛ˘., Ë̉ÛËÒÚÒÍËÈ ·Ó„, ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó
Ò˜ËÚ‡˛Ú ÒÓÁ‰‡ÚÂÎÂÏ ÏË‡.
Brahmin / Å‡ÏËÌ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ‡ËÈÒÍÓÏ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Â,
˜ÎÂÌ ÒӈˇθÌÓ„Ó Í·ÒÒ‡ Ò‚fl˘ÂÌÌËÍÓ‚.
brinkmanœhip / ·‡Î‡ÌÒËÓ‚‡ÌË ̇ „‡ÌË
‚ÓÈÌ˚, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl Û„ÓÁ˚ ̇˜‡Î‡
‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ Ì‡ β·Û˛ ‚‡ÊÂÒÍÛ˛ ‡„ÂÒÒ˲.
Bronze Age / ÅÓÌÁÓ‚˚È ‚ÂÍ, ÒÛ˘.,
ËÒÚÓ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ÔÂËÓ‰ ÔËÏÂÌÓ Ò 3000 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝. ̇
ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÚÂËÚÓËflı, ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó Î˛‰Ë
ÒÚ‡ÎË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ·ÓÌÁÛ ‚ÏÂÒÚÓ ÏÂ‰Ë ËÎË Í‡ÏÌfl
‰Îfl ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡ ËÌÒÚÛÏÂÌÚÓ‚ Ë ÓÛÊËfl.
bubonic plague / ·Û·ÓÌ̇fl ˜Ûχ, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÏÂÚÂθ̇fl ·ÓÎÂÁ̸, ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌË‚¯‡flÒfl ‚ ÄÁËË Ë
Ö‚ÓÔ ‚ ÒÂ‰ËÌ XIV ‚., ÒÚ‡‚¯‡fl Ô˘ËÌÓÈ „Ë·ÂÎË
ÏËÎÎËÓÌÓ‚ β‰ÂÈ.
bureaucracy / ·˛ÓÍ‡ÚËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÒËÒÚÂχ
‰ÂÔ‡Ú‡ÏÂÌÚÓ‚ Ë ‡„ÂÌÚÒÚ‚ ‰Îfl ËÒÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl ÙÛÌ͈ËÈ
‚·ÒÚË.
burgher / ·˛„Â, ÒÛ˘., „ÓÓ‰ÒÍÓÈ ÊËÚÂθ ‚
ë‰ÌË ‚Â͇.
Buœhido / ÅÛÒˉÓ, ÒÛ˘., ÒÚÓ„Ë Ô‡‚Ë·
Ôӂ‰ÂÌËfl, ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï ÒΉӂ‡ÎË ‚ÓËÌ˚-Ò‡ÏÛ‡Ë ‚
üÔÓÌËË.
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WORLD HISTORY
C
cabinet / ͇·ËÌÂÚ, ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ ÒÓ‚ÂÚÌËÍÓ‚ ËÎË
ÏËÌËÒÚÓ‚, ‚˚·Ë‡ÂÏ˚ı „·‚ÓÈ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ ‰Îfl
Ó͇Á‡ÌËfl ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ‚ ÔËÌflÚËË „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı
¯ÂÌËÈ.
caliph / ı‡ÎËÙ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÂıÓ‚Ì˚È ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ Ë
ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚È ÎˉÂ ‚ ÏÛÒÛθχÌÒÍÓÏ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Â.
calligraphy / ͇ÎÎË„‡ÙËfl, ÒÛ˘., ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚Ó
Í‡ÒË‚Ó„Ó ÔËҸχ.
Calviniœm / ä‡Î¸‚ËÌËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚Â
Û˜ÂÌËfl, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ̇ ˉÂflı ÂÙÓχÚÓ‡ ÑÊÓ̇
ä‡Î¸‚Ë̇.
Camp David Accordœ / äÂÏÔ-Ñ˝‚ˉÒÍËÂ
Òӄ·¯ÂÌËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂ‚Ó ËÁ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚ı ÏÂʉÛ
àÁ‡ËÎÂÏ Ë Ö„ËÔÚÓÏ Òӄ·¯ÂÌËÈ, ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò
ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï Â„ËÔÂÚÒÍËÈ ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ ÄÌ‚‡ 뇉‡Ú ÓÙˈˇθÌÓ ÔËÁ̇ΠàÁ‡Ëθ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÓÏ, ‡ ÔÂϸÂÏËÌËÒÚ àÁ‡ËÎfl åÂ̇ıÂÏ Å„ËÌ Òӄ·ÒËÎÒfl
‚ÓÁ‚‡ÚËÚ¸ ëË̇ÈÒÍËÈ ÔÓÎÛÓÒÚÓ‚ Ö„ËÔÚÛ.
canon law / ͇ÌÓÌ˚, ÒÛ˘., Ò‚Ó‰ Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚,
ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛˘Ëı ˆÂÍÓ‚Ì˚ ӷ˚˜‡Ë ‚ ıËÒÚˇÌÒÚ‚Â.
capitaliœm / ͇ÔËÚ‡ÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl
ÒËÒÚÂχ, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ̇ ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÈ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚË Ë
ËÌ‚ÂÒÚˈËflı ͇ÔËڇ· ‚ Ô‰ÔËÌËχÚÂθÒÍÛ˛
‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ Ò ˆÂθ˛ ËÁ‚ΘÂÌËfl ÔË·˚ÎË.
Carolingian dynaœty / ‰Ë̇ÒÚËfl ä‡ÓÎËÌ„Ó‚,
ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÓ΂Ò͇fl ‰Ë̇ÒÚËfl, Ô‡‚Ë‚¯‡fl ‚Ó
î‡ÌÍÒÍÓÏ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Â Ò 751 „. ÔÓ 987 „. Ì. ˝.
caœte / ͇ÒÚ‡, ÒÛ˘., ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏÂ
ÔÓÒÂÎË‚¯ËıÒfl ‚ à̉ËË ‡ËȈ‚, Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ˜ÂÚ˚Âı
Í·ÒÒÓ‚ — Ò‚fl˘ÂÌÌËÍÓ‚, ‚ÓËÌÓ‚, ‡·Ó‚ ËÎË
ÚÓ„Ó‚ˆÂ‚, Ë ‡·Ó˜Ëı ËÎË ÂÏÂÒÎÂÌÌËÍÓ‚
̇ËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÔÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËfl.
Catholic Reformation / ä‡ÚÓ΢ÂÒ͇fl
êÂÙÓχˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ‰‚ËÊÂÌË ‚ XVI ‚., ÍÓ„‰‡
ËÏÒ͇fl ͇ÚÓ΢ÂÒ͇fl ˆÂÍÓ‚¸ Ô·ÌËÓ‚‡Î‡ ‚ÌÂÒÚË
ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‚ÒΉ Á‡ ÂÙÓχˆËÂÈ, Ôӂ‰ÂÌÌÓÈ
ÔÓÚÂÒÚ‡ÌÚÒÍÓÈ ˆÂÍÓ‚¸˛.
caudillo / ͇ۉËθÓ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚È ‰ËÍÚ‡ÚÓ ‚
Ó‰ÌÓÈ ËÁ ÒÚ‡Ì ã‡ÚËÌÒÍÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍË.
centralized government / ˆÂÌÚ‡ÎËÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÂ
Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ‚·ÒÚ¸
ÒÓÒ‰ÓÚÓ˜Â̇ Û ˆÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡,
ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ÔÓ‰˜ËÌfl˛ÚÒfl ‚Ò ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ Ó„‡Ì˚ ‚·ÒÚË.
Central Powerœ / ñÂÌÚ‡Î¸Ì˚ ‰Âʇ‚˚, ÒÛ˘.,
‚ èÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌÂ, ÉÂχÌËfl Ë Ä‚ÒÚÓÇÂÌ„Ëfl, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ‰Û„Ë ÒÚ‡Ì˚, Ò‡Ê‡‚¯ËÂÒfl ̇
Ëı ÒÚÓÓÌÂ.
Chaldeanœ / ï‡Î‰ÂË, ÒÛ˘., ̇Ó‰ÌÓÒÚ¸ ˛„ÓÁ‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ ÄÁËË, Û˜‡ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯‡fl ‚ ‡ÁÛ¯ÂÌËË
ÄÒÒËËÈÒÍÓÈ ËÏÔÂËË.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
RUSSIAN
RusGloss.WorldHistor
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
1/15/04
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Page 165
Chartiœt movement / Ñ‚ËÊÂÌË ˜‡ÚËÒÚÓ‚,
ÒÛ˘., ‚ XIX ‚. ‚ ÅËÚ‡ÌËË, Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎË ‡·Ó˜Â„Ó
Í·ÒÒ‡, Ú·ӂ‡‚¯Ë ÂÙÓÏ ‚ è‡·ÏÂÌÚ Ë
Ôӈ‰Û ‚˚·ÓÓ‚, ‚Íβ˜‡fl Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ
ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‚‡ ‚ÒÂÏ ÏÛʘË̇Ï.
Chavín / ó‡‚ËÌ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂ‚‡fl ËÁ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ı
˛ÊÌÓ-‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËÈ ‚ ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ„Ó¸Â
Ì˚̯ÌÂ„Ó èÂÛ, ‰ÓÒÚË„¯‡fl ̇˷Óθ¯Â„Ó ‡Òˆ‚ÂÚ‡
ÔËÏÂÌÓ Ò 900 „. ÔÓ 200 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
checkœ and balanceœ / ÒËÒÚÂχ Ò‰ÂÊÂÍ Ë
ÔÓÚË‚Ó‚ÂÒÓ‚, ÒÛ˘., ÏÂ˚ Ô‰ÛÔÂʉÂÌËfl
‰ÓÏËÌËÓ‚‡ÌËfl Ó‰ÌÓÈ ‚ÂÚ‚Ë ‚·ÒÚË Ì‡‰ ‰Û„ËÏË.
chivalry / „‡Î‡ÌÚÌÓÒÚ¸, ÒÛ˘., Ô‡‚Ë· Ôӂ‰ÂÌËfl
˚ˆ‡ÂÈ ‚ Ò‰Ì‚ÂÍÓ‚ÓÈ Ö‚ÓÔÂ, ÓÒÓ·Ó ‚ÌËχÌËÂ
‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı Û‰ÂÎflÎÓÒ¸ Ú‡ÍËÏ Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚‡Ï ͇Í
ı‡·ÓÒÚ¸, ‚ÂÌÓÒÚ¸ Ë Ô‰‡ÌÌÓÒÚ¸.
CI¡ / CçÉ, ÒÛ˘., ëÓ‰ÛÊÂÒÚ‚Ó çÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚ı
ÉÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ — ‰Ó·Ó‚ÓθÌÓ ӷ˙‰ËÌÂÌË ·˚‚¯Ëı
ÒÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËı ÂÒÔÛ·ÎËÍ, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ ÔÓÒΠ‡ÒÔ‡‰‡
ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓ„Ó ëÓ˛Á‡.
city-œtate / „ÓÓ‰-„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., „ÓÓ‰ Ò
ÔË΄‡˛˘ËÏË Í ÌÂÏÛ ÔÓÒÂÎÂÌËflÏË, ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÈ
Í‡Í ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËχfl ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‰ËÌˈ‡.
civil diœobedience / „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÂ
ÌÂÔÓ‚ËÌÓ‚ÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ̇ÏÂÂÌÌ˚È Ë
ÓÙˈˇθÌ˚È ÓÚ͇Á „‡Ê‰‡ÌË̇ ÒΉӂ‡Ú¸
Á‡ÍÓ̇Ï, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÓÌ Ò˜ËÚ‡ÂÚ ÌÂÒÔ‡‚‰ÎË‚˚ÏË.
civilization / ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÙÓχ ÍÛθÚÛ˚,
ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÁÛ˛˘‡flÒfl „ÓÓ‰‡ÏË, ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÓ̇θÌ˚ÏË
‡·ÓÚÌË͇ÏË, ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒÌ˚ÏË Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÏË,
‡ıË‚‡ÏË Ë ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÈ ÚÂıÌÓÎÓ„ËÂÈ.
civil œervice / „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌ̇fl ÒÎÛÊ·‡, ÒÛ˘.,
‡‰ÏËÌËÒÚ‡ÚË‚Ì˚ ‰ÂÔ‡Ú‡ÏÂÌÚ˚ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡,
ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ÚÂ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛʇ˘Ëı ̇·Ë‡˛Ú ̇
ÓÒÌÓ‚Â ÓˆÂÌÓÍ, ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚ı ËÏË Ì‡ ˝ÍÁ‡ÏÂ̇ı.
civil war / „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒ͇fl ‚ÓÈ̇, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ
ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏË „ÛÔÔ‡ÏË ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÒÚ‡ÌÂ.
clan / Í·Ì, ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ β‰ÂÈ, fl‚Îfl˛˘ËıÒfl
ÔÓÚÓÏ͇ÏË Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰͇.
claœœical art / Í·ÒÒ˘ÂÒÍÓ ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘.,
ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚Ó Ñ‚ÌÂÈ ÉˆËË Ë Ñ‚ÌÂ„Ó êËχ, ‚
ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÓÒÓ·Ó ‚ÌËχÌË ۉÂÎflÎÓÒ¸ „‡ÏÓÌËË,
ÔÓfl‰ÍÛ Ë Ò·‡Î‡ÌÒËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÒÚË.
clergy / ‰ÛıÓ‚ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., ÒÎÛÊËÚÂÎË
ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌÓ„Ó ÍÛθڇ, ̇ÔËÏÂ, Ò‚fl˘ÂÌÌËÍË,
ÔÓÔӂ‰ÌËÍË ËÎË ‡‚‚ËÌ˚.
cloning / ÍÎÓÌËÓ‚‡ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌË ‡ÒÚÂÌËÈ
ËÎË ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı, ÍÓÚÓ˚ „ÂÌÂÚ˘ÂÒÍË Ë‰ÂÌÚ˘Ì˚
ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÏ ‡ÒÚÂÌËflÏ ËÎË ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚Ï.
coalition government / ÍÓ‡ÎˈËÓÌÌÓÂ
Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó,
ÍÓÌÚÓÎËÛÂÏÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚Ï Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌËÂÏ
ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËı Ô‡ÚËÈ.
codex / ÍÓ‰ÂÍÒ, ÒÛ˘., ÍÌË„‡, ÒÚ‡Ìˈ˚ Û ÍÓÚÓÓÈ,
ÔÂ‚Ó‡˜Ë‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÚÓ˜ÌÓ Ú‡ÍÊÂ Í‡Í Û ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ.
Cold War / ïÓÎӉ̇fl ‚ÓÈ̇, ÒÛ˘., ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËÂ
‰ËÔÎÓχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‚‡Ê‰Â·ÌÓÒÚË ‚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËflı
ÏÂÊ‰Û ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË Ë ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËÏ
ëÓ˛ÁÓÏ ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ‰ÂÒflÚËÎÂÚËÈ ÔÓÒÎÂ
ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
collective bargaining / ÍÓÎÎÂÍÚË‚Ì˚Â
ÔÂ„ӂÓ˚, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂ„ӂÓ˚ ÏÂʉÛ
‡·ÓÚÌË͇ÏË Ë Ëı ‡·ÓÚÓ‰‡ÚÂÎflÏË.
collective farm / ÍÓÎıÓÁ, ÒÛ˘., ·Óθ¯‡fl
̇ıÓ‰fl˘‡flÒfl ‚ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ‚·‰ÂÌËË ÙÂχ,
ÒÙÓÏËÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÒÎËflÌËfl ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚‡
ÏÂÎÍËı ıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚.
colony / ÍÓÎÓÌËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÚÂËÚÓËfl, ̇ıÓ‰fl˘‡flÒfl
ÔÓ‰ ‚·ÒÚ¸˛ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓ„Ó „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡.
Coloœœuœ of Rhodeœ / äÓÎÓÒÒ êÓ‰ÓÒÒÍËÈ, ÒÛ˘.,
Ó„ÓÏ̇fl ÒÚ‡ÚÛfl ˝ÔÓıË ˝ÎÎËÌËÁχ, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ‡Ì¸¯Â
‚ÓÁ‚˚¯‡Î‡Ò¸ fl‰ÓÏ Ò êÓ‰ÓÒÒÍÓÈ „‡‚‡Ì¸˛.
Columbian Exchange / äÓÎÛÏ·ËÈÒÍËÈ Ó·ÏÂÌ,
ÒÛ˘., χүڇ·ÌÓ ÔÂÂÏ¢ÂÌË ‡ÒÚÂÌËÈ,
ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı Ë ·ÓÎÂÁÌÂÈ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÎÓÌËÁ‡ˆËË
‚ÓÔÂȈ‡ÏË ë‚ÂÌÓÈ Ë ûÊÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍË.
comedy / ÍÓωËfl, ÒÛ˘., ˛ÏÓËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ‚ˉ
Ú‡Ú‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl, ˜‡ÒÚÓ Ò ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡ÏË
Ù‡Ò‡ Ë Ò‡ÚË˚.
command economy / ÍÓχ̉̇fl ˝ÍÓÌÓÏË͇,
ÒÛ˘., ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‚ÒÂ
¯ÂÌËfl ‚ ӷ·ÒÚË ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍË ÔËÌËχ˛ÚÒfl
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÓÏ.
Commercial Revolution / äÓÏÏÂ˜ÂÒ͇fl
‚ÓβˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌË ÚÓ„Ó‚ÎË Ë
Ô‰ÔËÌËχÚÂθÒÚ‚‡, ÍÓÂÌÌ˚Ï Ó·‡ÁÓÏ ÔÂÓ·‡ÁÓ‚‡‚¯Â ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍÛ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËı ÒÚ‡Ì ‚ XVI Ë XVII ‚‚.
common law / Ó·˘Â Ô‡‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., ‰ËÌ˚È Ò‚Ó‰
Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚, ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Â ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÎÂÊ‡Ú ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl
‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı ÍÓÓ΂ÒÍËı ÒÛ‰ÂÈ, fl‚Îfl˛˘ËÈÒfl
Ò„ӉÌfl Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ·‡ÁÓÈ ÏÌÓ„Ëı ‡Ì„ÎÓ„Ó‚Ófl˘Ëı ÒÚ‡Ì, ‚Íβ˜‡fl ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚.
commune / ÍÓÏÏÛ̇, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÏ
äËڇ ÍÓÎÎÂÍÚË‚ÌÓ ıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚Ó, „‰Â ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚÌÓ
‡·ÓÚ‡ÂÚ Ë ÔÓÊË‚‡ÂÚ ·Óθ¯Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó Î˛‰ÂÈ.
Communiœt Party / äÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl Ô‡ÚËfl,
ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl Ô‡ÚËfl, ÔˉÂÊË‚‡˛˘‡flÒfl
ˉÂÈ ä‡· å‡ÍÒ‡ Ë Ç. à. ãÂÌË̇; ÔÂ‚Ó̇˜‡Î¸ÌÓ
ÇÒÂÓÒÒËÈÒ͇fl äÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl Ô‡ÚËfl
·Óθ¯Â‚ËÍÓ‚.
communiœm / ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl
ÒËÒÚÂχ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‚Ò Ò‰ÒÚ‚‡ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡ —
ÁÂÏÎfl, ¯‡ıÚ˚, Á‡‚Ó‰˚, ÊÂÎÂÁÌ˚ ‰ÓÓ„Ë Ë Ô‰ÔËflÚËfl ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊ‡Ú Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌ˲, ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÈ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚË
Ì ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ, Ë ‚Ò ÚÓ‚‡˚ Ë ÛÒÎÛ„Ë ÔÓÓ‚ÌÛ ‰ÂÎflÚÒfl
ÏÂÊ‰Û Î˛‰¸ÏË.
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Concert of Europe / Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓ ëӄ·¯ÂÌËÂ,
ÒÛ˘., ÒÂËfl ÒÓ˛ÁÓ‚ ÏÂÊ‰Û Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÏË ÒÚ‡Ì‡ÏË
‚ XIX ‚., ‡Á‡·ÓÚ‡Ì̇fl ÔË̈ÂÏ äÎÂÏÂÌÒÓÏ ÙÓÌ
åÂÚÚÂÌËıÓÏ Ò ˆÂθ˛ Ô‰ÓÚ‚‡˘ÂÌËfl ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚ı
‚ÓβˆËÈ.
concordat / ÍÓÌÍÓ‰‡Ú, ÒÛ˘., ÓÙˈˇθÌÓÂ
Òӄ·¯ÂÌËÂ, ‚ ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÒÚË, ÏÂÊ‰Û „·‚ÓÈ ˆÂÍ‚Ë
Ë ‚·ÒÚ¸˛, „ÛÎËÛ˛˘Â ÍÓÌÚÓθ ˆÂÍ‚Ë
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÓÏ.
Congreœœ of Vienna / ÇÂÌÒÍËÈ ÍÓÌ„ÂÒÒ, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÂËfl ‚ÒÚ˜ ÎˉÂÓ‚ ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËı ÒÚ‡Ì ‚ 1814–1815
„„., ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ı ̇ ‰ÓÒÚËÊÂÌË ‰Ó΄ÓÒÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó
ÏË‡ Ë ·ÂÁÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚË ÔÓÒΠ‡Á„Óχ ç‡ÔÓÎÂÓ̇.
Congreœœ Party / è‡ÚËfl ÍÓÌ„ÂÒÒ‡, ÒÛ˘.,
„·‚̇fl ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl Ô‡ÚËfl à̉ËË, Ú‡ÍÊÂ
ËÁ‚ÂÒÚ̇fl ÔÓ‰ ̇Á‚‡ÌËÂÏ à̉ËÈÒÍËÈ ç‡ˆËÓ̇θÌ˚È
ÍÓÌ„ÂÒÒ.
conquiœtadorœ / ÍÓÌÍËÒÚ‡‰Ó˚, ÒÛ˘., ËÒÔ‡ÌÒÍËÂ
ÒÓΉ‡Ú˚, ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÚÂÎË Ë ÓıÓÚÌËÍË Á‡ Û‰‡˜ÂÈ,
ÔËÌËχ‚¯Ë ۘ‡ÒÚË ‚ Á‡‚Ó‚‡ÌËË ÄÏÂËÍË ‚ XVI
‚ÂÍÂ.
conœervativeœ / ÍÓÌÒÂ‚‡ÚÓ˚, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ÔÂ‚ÓÈ
ÔÓÎÓ‚ËÌ XIX ‚., ‚ÓÔÂȈ˚, ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ
Á‡ÊËÚÓ˜Ì˚ ÁÂÏ΂·‰Âθˆ˚ Ë Á̇ڸ, Ê·‚¯ËÂ
ÒÓı‡ÌËÚ¸ Ú‡‰ËˆËÓÌÌ˚ ÏÓ̇ıËË ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂ.
conœtitutional monarchy / ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÓÌ̇fl
ÏÓ̇ıËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÒËÒÚÂχ Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËfl, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
‚·ÒÚ¸ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎfl Ó„‡Ì˘Â̇ Á‡ÍÓÌÓÏ.
conœul / ÍÓÌÒÛÎ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ êËÏÒÍÓÈ ÂÒÔÛ·ÎËÍÂ,
Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ‰‚Ûı ÓÙˈˇθÌ˚ı Îˈ, ӷ·‰‡˛˘Ëı
̇˷Óθ¯ÂÈ ‚·ÒÚ¸˛, ËÁ·Ë‡ÂÏ˚ı ÂÊ„ӉÌÓ ‰Îfl
ÍÓχ̉ӂ‡ÌËfl ‡ÏËÂÈ Ë ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÓÏ.
containment / Ò‰ÂÊË‚‡ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘.,
ÏÂʉÛ̇Ӊ̇fl ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ëòÄ, ÔËÌflÚ‡fl
ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÓÏ É‡Ë íÛÏ˝ÌÓÏ ‚ ÍÓ̈ 1940-ı „„.,
ÍÓ„‰‡ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚ Ô˚Ú‡ÎËÒ¸ ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸
‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌË ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÁχ ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ
ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl ÒÓ˛ÁÓ‚ Ë ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë Ò··˚Ï ÒÚ‡Ì‡Ï ‚
ÔÓÚË‚ÓÒÚÓflÌËË ‚ÎËflÌ˲ ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓ„Ó ëÓ˛Á‡.
Continental ¡yœtem / äÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθ̇fl
ÒËÒÚÂχ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ç‡ÔÓÎÂÓ̇ ÔÓ
Ô‰ÓÚ‚‡˘ÂÌ˲ ÚÓ„Ó‚ÎË ÏÂÊ‰Û ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËÂÈ
Ë ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ Ö‚ÓÔÓÈ, ˆÂθ˛ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ·˚ÎÓ
‡ÁÛ¯ËÚ¸ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍÛ ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËË.
corporation / ÍÓÔÓ‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., Ô‰ÔËflÚËÂ,
ÔË̇‰ÎÂʇ˘Â ‡ÍˆËÓÌÂ‡Ï, ÏÂÊ‰Û ÍÓÚÓ˚ÏË
‰ÂÎËÚÒfl ÔË·˚θ, ÌÓ ÍÓÚÓ˚ Ì ÌÂÒÛÚ Î˘ÌÓÈ
ÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚË Á‡ ‰ÓÎ„Ë ˝ÚÓ„Ó Ô‰ÔËflÚËfl.
Council of Trent / íˉÂÌÚÒÍËÈ ÒÓ·Ó, ÒÛ˘.,
‚ÒÚ˜‡ ËÏÒÍËı ͇ÚÓ΢ÂÒÍËı ÎˉÂÓ‚, ÒÓÁ‚‡Ì̇fl
Ô‡ÔÓÈ ËÏÒÍËÏ è‡‚ÎÓÏ III ‰Îfl Ó·ÒÛʉÂÌËfl
ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚ı ‰ÓÍÚËÌ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔÓ‰‚Â„ÎËÒ¸
ÍËÚËÍ ÔÓÚÂÒÚ‡ÌÚÒÍËı ÂÙÓχÚÓÓ‚.
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coup d’état / ÔÂ‚ÓÓÚ, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ı‚‡Ú
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ‚·ÒÚË Ò ÔËÏÂÌÂÌËÂÏ ÒËÎ˚.
covenant / ‰‚ÛÒÚÓÓÌÌ ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó,
ÒÛ˘., Ó·Ó˛‰ÌÓ Òӄ·¯ÂÌËÂ, ‚ ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÒÚË, ͇Í
̇ÔËÒ‡ÌÓ ‚ ÅË·ÎËË, ÏÂÊ‰Û ÅÓ„ÓÏ Ë
‰‚Ì‚ÂÈÒÍËÏË Ì‡Ó‰‡ÏË.
creoleœ / ÍÂÓÎ˚, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ËÒÔ‡ÌÒÍÓÏ
ÍÓÎÓÌˇθÌÓÏ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Â, ÍÓÎÓÌËÒÚ˚, ÓʉÂÌÌ˚Â
‚ ã‡ÚËÌÒÍÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍÂ Û Ó‰ËÚÂÎÂÈ ËÒԇ̈‚.
Crimean War / ä˚ÏÒ͇fl ‚ÓÈ̇, ÒÛ˘.,
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ, ‰ÎË‚¯ËÈÒfl Ò 1853 „. ÔÓ 1856 „., ÍÓ„‰‡
éÒχÌÒ͇fl ËÏÔÂËfl Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÅËÚ‡ÌËË Ë
î‡ÌˆËË, Ô˚ڇ·Ҹ ÓÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚ¸ êÓÒÒ˲, ‚  ·Ó¸·Â
Á‡ „ÓÒÔÓ‰ÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ óÂÌÓÏ åÓÂ.
crop rotation / Ò‚ÓÓ·ÓÓÚ, ÒÛ˘., ÏÂÚÓ‰Ë͇
ÂÊ„ӉÌÓÈ ÒÏÂÌ˚ ÒÂθÒÍÓıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÍÛθÚÛ ̇
Ó‰ÌÓÏ ÔÓΠ‰Îfl ÒÓı‡ÌÂÌËfl ÔÎÓ‰ÓÓ‰ÌÓÒÚË ÔÓ˜‚˚.
Cruœade / äÂÒÚÓ‚˚È ÔÓıÓ‰, ÒÛ˘., Ӊ̇ ËÁ
‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı ˝ÍÒÔ‰ˈËÈ Ò‰Ì‚ÂÍÓ‚˚ı ıËÒÚˇÌÒÍËı
‚ÓËÌÓ‚, ˆÂθ˛ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ·˚ÎÓ ÓÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸ áÂÏβ
é·ÂÚÓ‚‡ÌÌÛ˛ Û ÏÛÒÛθχÌ.
cultural diffuœion / ÔÓÌËÍÌÓ‚ÂÌË ÍÛθÚÛ˚,
ÒÛ˘., ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌË ˉÂÈ ËÎË ËÁ‰ÂÎËÈ ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓÈ
ÍÛθÚÛ˚ ‚ ‰Û„Û˛.
Cultural Revolution / äÛθÚÛ̇fl ‚ÓβˆËfl,
ÒÛ˘., Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌË 1966–1976 „Ó‰Ó‚ ‚
äËÚ‡Â, ‚ÓÁ„·‚ÎflÂÏÓ «ä‡ÒÌÓÈ „‚‡‰ËÂÈ», ˆÂθ˛
ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó fl‚ÎflÎÓÒ¸ ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌË ӷ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÍÂÒÚ¸flÌ Ë
‡·Ó˜Ëı, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ‚Ò ·˚ÎË ·˚ ‡‚Ì˚.
culture / ÍÛθÚÛ‡, ÒÛ˘., ÛÌË͇θÌ˚È ÒÚËθ
ÊËÁÌË Î˛‰ÂÈ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È Ì‡ıÓ‰ËÚ ÓÚ‡ÊÂÌË ‚ Ëı
Ó·˚˜‡flı, ËÌÒÚÛÏÂÌÚ‡ı, ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚Â Ë Ë‰Âflı.
cuneiform / ÍÎËÌÓÔËÒ¸, ÒÛ˘., ÒÔÓÒÓ· ÔËҸχ
ÍÎËÌÓÓ·‡ÁÌ˚ÏË ÒËÏ‚Ó·ÏË, ËÁÓ·ÂÚÂÌÌ˚È
¯ÛÏÂÒÍËÏ Ì‡Ó‰ÓÏ ÔËÏÂÌÓ ‚ 3000 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
cyberterroriœm / ÍË·ÂÚÂÓËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ‡Ú‡ÍË
̇ ËÌÙÓχˆËÓÌÌ˚ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ̇
ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËı Û·ÂʉÂÌËflı.
Cyrillic alphabet / äËËÎ΢ÂÒ͇ËÈ ‡ÎÙ‡‚ËÚ,
ÒÛ˘., Ò·‚flÌÒ͇fl ‡Á·Û͇, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ‚ IX ‚. Ò‚flÚ˚ÏË
äËËÎÎÓÏ Ë åÂÙÓ‰ËÂÏ.
czar / ˆ‡¸, ÒÛ˘., ÛÒÒÍËÈ ËÏÔÂ‡ÚÓ
(ÓÚ ËÏÒÍÓ„Ó ÚËÚÛ· «ˆÂÁ‡¸»).
D
daimyo / ‰‡ÈÏËÓ, ÒÛ˘., flÔÓÌÒÍËÈ ÙÂÓ‰‡ÎÁÂÏ΂·‰ÂΈ, ÍÓχ̉ӂ‡‚¯ËÈ Î˘ÌÓÈ ‡ÏËÂÈ
Ò‡ÏÛ‡Â‚.
Daoiœm / чÓÒËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËfl, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl
̇ ˉÂflı ÍËÚ‡ÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ï˚ÒÎËÚÂÎfl ã‡Ó-ˆÁ˚, ۘ˂¯Â„Ó
ÚÓÏÛ, ˜ÚÓ ‚Ò β‰Ë ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ú¸Òfl
ÛÌË‚Â҇θÌÓÈ ‚˚Ò¯ÂÈ ÒËÎÓÈ Ñ‡Ó (ÔÛÚ¸).
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D-Day / ÑÂ̸ "Ñ", ÒÛ˘., 6 ˲Ìfl 1944 „Ó‰‡ — ‰Â̸,
ÍÓ„‰‡ ÒÓ˛ÁÌËÍË Ì‡˜‡ÎË ‚ÚÓÊÂÌË ‚ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÛ˛ Ö‚ÓÔÛ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
Declaration of Independence / ÑÂÍ·‡ˆËfl
çÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË, ÒÛ˘., ‰ÓÍÛÏÂÌÚ, ÒÓ‰Âʇ˘ËÈ
Ô˘ËÌ˚ ‡Á˚‚‡ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı ÍÓÎÓÌËÈ Ò
ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËÂÈ, Ó‰Ó·ÂÌÌ˚È ÇÚÓ˚Ï
äÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌ˚Ï ÍÓÌ„ÂÒÒÓÏ ‚ 1776 „.
delta / ‰Âθڇ, ÒÛ˘., ·ÓÎÓÚËÒÚ˚È Û˜‡ÒÚÓÍ ÁÂÏÎË,
Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È ËÎËÒÚ˚ÏË ÓÚÎÓÊÂÌËflÏË ‚ ÛÒڸ ÂÍË.
demilitarization / ‰ÂÏËÎËÚ‡ËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÓÍ‡˘ÂÌË ‚ÓÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇ· ÒÚ‡Ì˚,
‰ÓÒÚË„‡ÂÏÓ ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÓÒÔÛÒ͇ ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚ı
ÒËÎ Ë Ì‡ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Á‡ÔÂÚ‡ ̇ ÔËÓ·ÂÚÂÌË ÒÚ‡ÌÓÈ
‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌËÈ.
democracy / ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËfl, ÒÛ˘., Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó,
ÍÓÌÚÓÎËÛÂÏÓ „‡Ê‰‡Ì‡ÏË ÒÚ‡Ì˚ ÎË·Ó
̇ÔflÏÛ˛, ÎË·Ó ˜ÂÂÁ Ò‚ÓËı Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ.
democratization / ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ÙÓÏËÓ‚‡ÌËfl Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ÔÛÚÂÏ Â„Ó
‚˚·Ó‡ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËÂÏ.
Department of Homeland ¡ecurity /
åËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ˆËÓ̇θÌÓÈ ·ÂÁÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚË,
ÒÛ˘., Ù‰Â‡Î¸ÌÓ ÏËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ‚Ó ëòÄ, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓÂ
‚ 2002 „. Ò ˆÂθ˛ ÍÓÓ‰Ë̇ˆËË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ ÔÓ ·Ó¸·Â Ò ÚÂÓËÁÏÓÏ.
détente / ‡Áfl‰Í‡, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ÓÒ··ÎÂÌËfl
̇ÔflÊÂÌÌÓÒÚË ÔÂËÓ‰‡ ïÓÎÓ‰ÌÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl
ÔӂӉ˷Ҹ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl
Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ ê˘‡‰‡ çËÍÒÓ̇.
developed nation / ‡Á‚ËÚ‡fl ÒÚ‡Ì‡, ÒÛ˘.,
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó, ӷ·‰‡˛˘Â ‚ÒÂÏË ÂÒÛÒ‡ÏË,
ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏ˚ÏË ‰Îfl ‚˚ÒÓÍÓÚÂıÌÓÎӄ˘ÌÓ„Ó
ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡ ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚.
devœhirme / ‰Â‚¯ËÏÂ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ éÒχÌÒÍÓÈ
ËÏÔÂËË, ÔÓÎËÚË͇, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‰ÂÚÂÈ ıËÒÚˇÌ
Á‡·Ë‡ÎË Û Ó‰ËÚÂÎÂÈ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ó·Û˜‡Ú¸ Ëı ͇Í
ÏÛÒÛθχÌÒÍËı ÒÓΉ‡Ú.
Diaœpora / ÑˇÒÔÓ‡, ÒÛ˘., ‡ÒÒÂÎÂÌË ‚‚
ÒÓ Ò‚ÓÂÈ Ó‰ËÌ˚ ‚ è‡ÎÂÒÚËÌÂ, ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ‚ ÔÂËÓ‰,
‰Îfl˘ËÈÒfl ·ÓΠ1800 ÎÂÚ, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÎÓ Á‡
‡ÁÛ¯ÂÌËÂÏ ËÏÎfl̇ÏË ï‡Ï‡ ‚ àÂÛÒ‡ÎËÏ ‚
70 „. Ì. ˝.
dictator / ‰ËÍÚ‡ÚÓ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ‰‚ÌÂÏ êËÏÂ,
ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ÎˉÂ, ӷ·‰‡˛˘ËÈ ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓÈ
‚·ÒÚ¸˛ ËÁ‰‡‚‡Ú¸ Á‡ÍÓÌ˚ Ë ÍÓχ̉ӂ‡Ú¸ ‡ÏËÂÈ ‚
Ú˜ÂÌË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÂËÓ‰‡ ‚ÂÏÂÌË.
direct democracy / Ôflχfl ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ „‡Ê‰‡Ì Ô‡‚flÚ ‚
·Óθ¯ÂÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË Ì‡ÔflÏÛ˛, ‡ Ì ˜ÂÂÁ Ò‚ÓËı
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ.
diœœident / ‰ËÒÒˉÂÌÚ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÚË‚ÌËÍ
ÔÓÎËÚËÍË ËÎË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡.
divine right / ·ÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ Ô‡‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., ‚Â‡ ‚
ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÏÓ̇ıË fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎflÏË ÅÓ„‡ ̇
ÁÂÏÎÂ Ë ÔÓÚÓÏÛ Óڂ˜‡˛Ú ÚÓθÍÓ ÔÂ‰ ÅÓ„ÓÏ.
domeœtication / Ó‰Óχ¯ÌË‚‡ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘.,
ÔËÛ˜ÂÌË ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı ̇ ÔÓθÁÛ ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇.
dominion / ‰ÓÏËÌËÓÌ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ÅËÚ‡ÌÒÍÓÈ
ËÏÔÂËË, „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó (Ú‡ÍÓÂ Í‡Í ä‡Ì‡‰‡), ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ
‡Á¯‡ÎÓÒ¸ Ò‡ÏÓÏÛ ÔËÌËχڸ ¯ÂÌËfl ÔÓ
‚ÌÛÚÂÌÌËÏ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡Ï.
domino theory / ÚÂÓËfl ‰ÓÏËÌÓ, ÒÛ˘., ÚÂÓËfl,
Òӄ·ÒÌÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ, ÂÒÎË „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó ÔÓÔ‡‰‡ÂÚ ÔÓ‰
ÍÓÌÚÓθ ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚÓ‚, ÚÓ Ë ÒÓÒ‰ÌË ÒÚ‡Ì˚ Ú‡ÍÊÂ
ÔÓÔ‡‰‡˛Ú ÔÓ‰ Ëı ÍÓÌÚÓθ.
Dorianœ / ÑÓËȈ˚, ÒÛ˘., β‰Ë, „Ó‚Ófl˘ËÂ
̇ „˜ÂÒÍÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔÓ Ú‡‰ËˆËË
ÏË„ËÓ‚‡ÎË ‚ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÛ˛ ÉÂˆË˛ ÔÓÒÎÂ
‡ÒÔ‡‰‡ åËÍÂÌÒÍÓÈ ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËË.
Dreyfuœ affair / ÑÂÎÓ ÑÂÈÙÛÒ‡, ÒÛ˘., ÒÔÓ
‚Ó î‡ÌˆËË ‚ 1890-ı „Ó‰‡ı ÔÓ ÔÓ‚Ó‰Û Ô˚ÚÓÍ Ë
Ú˛ÂÏÌÓ„Ó Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌËfl ÓÙˈÂ‡ Ù‡ÌˆÛÁÒÍÓÈ
‡ÏËË Â‚ÂÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÔÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËfl ͇ÔËڇ̇
ÄθÙ‰‡ ÑÂÈÙÛÒ‡, ÎÓÊÌÓ Ó·‚ËÌÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‚ ÔÓ‰‡ÊÂ
‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı ÒÂÍÂÚÓ‚ ÉÂχÌËË.
Dutch Eaœt India Company / ÉÓη̉Ò͇fl
éÒÚ-à̉Ò͇fl äÓÏÔ‡ÌËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËfl,
Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl „Óη̉ˆ‡ÏË ‚ ̇˜‡Î XVII ‚. ‰Îfl
ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl Ë ‡Á‚ËÚËfl ÚÓ„Ó‚˚ı ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÈ ‚ ÄÁËË.
dynaœtic cycle / ˆËÍÎ ‰Ë̇ÒÚËË, ÒÛ˘.,
ËÒÚÓ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ˆËÍÎ, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘ËÈ ËÁ ÔÓ‰˙Âχ, ÛÔ‡‰Í‡
Ë ÒÏÂÌ˚ ‰Ë̇ÒÚËÈ.
dynaœty / ‰Ë̇ÒÚËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ
ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÒÂϸË.
E
Eaœtern Front / ÇÓÒÚÓ˜Ì˚È ÙÓÌÚ, ÒÛ˘., ‚
èÂ‚Û˛ ÏËÓ‚Û˛ ‚ÓÈÌÛ ÚÂËÚÓËfl ‚‰Óθ ÌÂψÍÓÛÒÒÍÓÈ „‡Ìˈ˚, ̇ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÛÒÒÍËÂ Ë ÒÂ·˚
Ò‡Ê‡ÎËÒ¸ Ò ÌÂψ‡ÏË, ‡‚ÒÚËȈ‡ÏË Ë ÚÛ͇ÏË.
Edict of Nanteœ / ç‡ÌÚÒÍËÈ ˝‰ËÍÚ, ÒÛ˘.,
‰ÂÍ·‡ˆËfl 1598 „Ó‰‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ Ù‡ÌˆÛÁÒÍËÈ
ÍÓÓθ ÉÂÌËı IV ӷ¢‡Î ÔÓÚÂÒÚ‡ÌÚ‡Ï
‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ÏËÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÊË‚‡ÌËfl ‚Ó î‡ÌˆËË Ë
ÒÚÓËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó ÏÓÎËÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ‰ÓÏÓ‚ ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı
„ÓÓ‰‡ı î‡ÌˆËË.
Emancipation Proclamation / èÓ‚ÓÁ„·¯ÂÌËÂ
˝Ï‡ÌÒËÔ‡ˆËË, ÒÛ˘., ‰ÂÍ·‡ˆËfl ËÁ‰‡Ì̇fl
ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÓÏ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ Ä‚‡‡ÏÓÏ
ãËÌÍÓθÌÓÏ ‚ 1863 „., ‰‡˛˘‡fl Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Û ‚ÒÂÏ ‡·‡Ï
‚ ¯Ú‡Ú‡ı ÍÓÌÙ‰Â‡ˆËË.
emerging nation / ‡Á‚Ë‚‡˛˘‡flÒfl ÒÚ‡Ì‡,
ÒÛ˘., „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ
Ë̉ÛÒÚˇÎËÁ‡ˆËË Â˘Â Ì Á‡‚Â¯ÂÌ.
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émigréœ / ˝ÏË„‡ÌÚ˚, ÒÛ˘., β‰Ë, ÔÓÍˉ‡˛˘ËÂ
Ó‰ÌÛ˛ ÒÚ‡ÌÛ ÔÓ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏ Ô˘Ë̇Ï, ͇Í,
̇ÔËÏÂ, Ó‰Ó‚‡fl Á̇ڸ Ë ‰Û„Ë „‡Ê‰‡ÌÂ,
·Âʇ‚¯Ë ËÁ î‡ÌˆËË ÔË ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌËË ÍÂÒÚ¸flÌ
‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl î‡ÌˆÛÁÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓβˆËË.
empire / ËÏÔÂËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‰ËÌˈ‡,
‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡Ó‰ÌÓÒÚÂÈ ËÎË ÒÚ‡Ì
ÛÔ‡‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl Ó‰ÌËÏ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÏ.
encloœure / Ó„Ó‡ÊË‚‡ÌË ӷ˘ËÌÌ˚ı ÁÂÏÂθ,
ÒÛ˘., Ó·ÌÂÒÂÌË ËÁ„ÓÓ‰¸˛ ËÎË Á‡·ÓÓÏ Û„Ó‰ËÈ
Á‡ÊËÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ÁÂÏ΂·‰ÂθˆÂ‚ ̇ ÁÂÏÎÂ, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl
‡Ì ӷ‡·‡Ú˚‚‡Î‡Ò¸ ‰Â‚ÂÌÒÍËÏË ÙÂÏÂ‡ÏË.
encomienda / ˝ÌÍÓÏËẨ‡, ÒÛ˘., ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌËÂ
àÒÔ‡ÌËÂÈ Û˜‡ÒÚ͇ ÁÂÏÎË ÔÂÂÒÂÎÂ̈‡Ï ‚ ë‚ÂÌÛ˛
ËÎË ûÊÌÛ˛ ÄÏÂËÍÛ, ‚Íβ˜‡fl Ô‡‚Ó Ì‡
˝ÍÒÔÎÛ‡Ú‡ˆË˛ ÍÓÂÌÌ˚ı ‡ÏÂË͇̈‚ ‰Îfl ‡·ÓÚ˚
̇ ˝ÚÓÈ ÁÂÏÎÂ.
Engliœh Civil War / É‡Ê‰‡ÌÒ͇fl ‚ÓÈ̇ ‚
ÄÌ„ÎËË, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ, ‰ÎË‚¯ËÈÒfl Ò 1642 ÔÓ
1649 „Ó‰˚, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÔÛËÚ‡ÌÂ, ·˚‚¯ËÂ
ÒÚÓÓÌÌË͇ÏË Ô‡·ÏÂÌÚ‡, Ò‡Ê‡ÎËÒ¸ ÒÓ
ÒÚÓÓÌÌË͇ÏË ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÈ ÏÓ̇ıËË.
enlightened deœpot / ÔÓÒ‚Â˘ÂÌÌ˚È ‰ÂÒÔÓÚ,
ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËı ÏÓ̇ıÓ‚ XVIII ‚Â͇,
‚ÓӉۯ‚ÎÂÌÌ˚È Ë‰ÂflÏË èÓÒ‚Â˘ÂÌËfl — Ô‡‚ËÚ¸
˜ÂÒÚÌÓ Ë Û‚‡Ê‡Ú¸ Ô‡‚‡ ÔÓ‰‰‡ÌÌ˚ı.
enlightenment / ÔÓÒ‚ÂÚÎÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ‚
·Û‰‰ËÁÏÂ, ÒÓÒÚÓflÌË ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓÈ ÏÛ‰ÓÒÚË, ÍÓ„‰‡
˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ ÔÓÌËχÂÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ËÒÚËÌ˚ Ó ‚ÒÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ.
Enlightenment / èÓÒ‚Â˘ÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘.,
‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌË ‚ XVIII ‚., ÍÓ„‰‡ Ï˚ÒÎËÚÂÎË
ÒÚ‡‡ÎËÒ¸ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÔË̈ËÔ˚ Ô˘ËÌÌÓÒΉÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı Ò‚flÁÂÈ Ë Ì‡Û˜Ì˚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰˚ ‰Îfl
ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÊËÁÌË Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡.
entrepreneur / Ô‰ÔËÌËχÚÂθ, ÒÛ˘.,
˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ÒÓÁ‰‡˛˘ËÈ ÍÓÏÔ‡Ì˲, ÛÔ‡‚Îfl˛˘ËÈ
² Ë ·ÂÛ˘ËÈ Ì‡ Ò·fl  ËÒÍË.
epicœ / ˝Ô˘ÂÒÍË ÔÓ˝Ï˚, ÒÛ˘., ‰ÎËÌÌ˚Â
ÔÓ‚ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÚÂθÌ˚ ÔÓ˝Ï˚, ÔÓÒ·‚Îfl˛˘Ë ÔÓ‰‚Ë„Ë
΄Ẩ‡Ì˚ı ËÎË ÍÛθÚÓ‚˚ı „ÂÓ‚.
eœtate / ÒÚ‡Ú‡, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ÚÂı ÒӈˇθÌ˚ı
Í·ÒÒÓ‚ ‚Ó î‡ÌˆËË ‰Ó î‡ÌˆÛÁÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓβˆËË —
èÂ‚‡fl ÒÚ‡Ú‡ ÒÓÒÚÓfl· ËÁ ‰ÛıÓ‚ÂÌÒÚ‚‡, ÇÚÓ‡fl —
ËÁ Á̇ÚË, Ë íÂÚ¸fl — ËÁ ÓÒڇθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËfl.
Eœtateœ-General / ÉÂÌÂ‡Î¸Ì˚ òÚ‡Ú˚, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÓ·‡ÌË Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ ‚ÒÂı ÚÂı ÒÚ‡Ú, ËÎË
ÒӈˇθÌ˚ı Í·ÒÒÓ‚ ‚Ó î‡ÌˆËË.
ethnic cleanœing / ˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒ͇fl ˜ËÒÚ͇, ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÓÎËÚË͇ Û·ËÈÒÚ‚ Ë ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÙÓÏ Á‚ÂÒÍËı
ËÁ‰Â‚‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂχfl ÒÂ·‡ÏË ‰Îfl ÔÓÔ˚ÚÓÍ
ÛÌ˘ÚÓÊÂÌËfl ÏÛÒÛθχÌÒÍÓ„Ó Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËfl ÅÓÒÌËË
ÔÓÒΠ‡ÒÔ‡‰‡ û„ÓÒ·‚ËË.
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WORLD HISTORY
excommunication / ÓÚÎÛ˜ÂÌË ÓÚ ˆÂÍ‚Ë, ÒÛ˘.,
Î˯ÂÌË ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇ Ô‡‚‡ ˜ÎÂÌÒÚ‚‡ ‚ ıËÒÚˇÌÒÍÓÈ
ˆÂÍ‚Ë.
exiœtentialiœm / ˝ÍÁËÒÚÂ̈ˇÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËfl, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ̇ ˉÂÂ, ˜ÚÓ Î˛‰Ë Ôˉ‡˛Ú Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ
Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÊËÁÌË ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ Ò‚ÓËı ¯ÂÌËÈ Ë ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ.
extraterritorial rightœ / ˝ÍÒÚ‡ÚÂËÚÓˇθÌ˚Â
Ô‡‚‡, ÒÛ˘., ÓÒ‚Ó·ÓʉÂÌË ÂÁˉÂÌÚÓ‚ ÒÚ‡Ì˚,
ÔË·˚‚¯Ëı ËÁ Á‡Û·Âʸfl, ÓÚ ËÒÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚
˝ÚÓÈ ÒÚ‡Ì˚.
F
factorœ of production / Ù‡ÍÚÓ˚ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡,
ÒÛ˘., ÂÒÛÒ˚, ‚Íβ˜‡fl ÁÂÏβ, ‡·Ó˜Û˛ ÒËÎÛ Ë
͇ÔËÚ‡Î, ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏ˚ ‰Îfl ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡ ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚ Ë
ÛÒÎÛ„.
factory / Á‡‚Ó‰, ÒÛ˘., ·Óθ¯Ó ÒÚÓÂÌËÂ, ‚
ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌÓ Ó·ÓÛ‰Ó‚‡ÌË ‰Îfl
ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡ ÔÓ‰Û͈ËË.
faœciœm / Ù‡¯ËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl
ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËfl, ÔÓÔ‡„‡Ì‰ËÛ˛˘‡fl Í‡ÈÌ˛˛ ÙÓÏÛ
̇ˆËÓ̇ÎËÁχ, ÓÚˈ‡ÌË Ô‡‚ ΢ÌÓÒÚË Ë
‰ËÍÚ‡ÚÛÛ ‚·ÒÚË Ó‰ÌÓÈ Ô‡ÚËË.
Fatimid / î‡ÚËÏˉ, ÒÛ˘., Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂθ
ÏÛÒÛθχÌÒÍÓÈ ‰Ë̇ÒÚËË, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ÒÓÁ‰‡Î‡ ËÏÔÂ˲
‚ ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÙËÍÂ, Ä‡‚ËË Ë ëËËË ‚ X-XII ‚‚.,
˜ÂÈ Ó‰ ˉÂÚ ÓÚ ‰Ó˜ÂË åÛı‡Ïω‡ î‡ÚËÏ˚.
favorable balance of trade / ÔÓÎÓÊËÚÂθÌ˚È
ÚÓ„Ó‚˚È ·‡Î‡ÌÒ, ÒÛ˘., ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl ‚ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍÂ,
ÍÓ„‰‡ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ ÔÓ‰‡ÂÚ Á‡ „‡ÌËˆÛ ·Óθ¯Â ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚,
˜ÂÏ ÔÓÍÛÔ‡ÂÚ.
federal œyœtem / Ù‰Â‡Î¸Ì‡fl ÒËÒÚÂχ, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒËÒÚÂχ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
‚·ÒÚ¸ ‡Á‰ÂÎÂ̇ ÏÂÊ‰Û ˆÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ‚·ÒÚ¸˛ Ë
fl‰ÓÏ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ¯Ú‡ÚÓ‚.
Fertile Creœcent / èÎÓ‰ÓÓ‰Ì˚È ÔÓÎÛÏÂÒflˆ,
ÒÛ˘., „ËÓÌ ÔÎÓ‰ÓÓ‰Ì˚ı ÔÓ˜‚ ‚ ˛„Ó-Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ
ÄÁËË ÏÂÊ‰Û èÂÒˉÒÍËÏ Á‡ÎË‚ÓÏ Ë ë‰ËÁÂÏÌ˚Ï
ÏÓÂÏ.
feudaliœm / ÙÂÓ‰‡ÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl
ÒËÒÚÂχ, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÍÓÓθ ‡Á¯‡ÂÚ Á̇ÚË
ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl Â„Ó ÁÂÏÎÂÈ ‚ Ó·ÏÂÌ Ì‡ Ëı ÒÎÛÊ·Û ‚
‡ÏËË Ë Á‡˘ËÚÛ ËÏË Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËfl, ÊË‚Û˘Â„Ó Ì‡ ˝ÚÓÈ
ÚÂËÚÓËË.
fief / ÙÂÓ‰, ÒÛ˘., Û˜‡ÒÚÓÍ ÁÂÏÎË, ‚˚‰ÂÎflÂÏ˚È
ÁÂÏ΂·‰ÂθˆÂÏ ‚‡ÒÒ‡ÎÛ ÔË ÙÂÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏ ‚
Ò‰Ì‚ÂÍÓ‚ÓÈ Ö‚ÓÔÂ.
filial piety / ÔÓ˜ËÚ‡ÌË ÒÚ‡¯Ëı, ÒÛ˘., Û‚‡ÊÂÌËÂ
‰ÂÚ¸ÏË Ò‚ÓËı Ó‰ËÚÂÎÂÈ Ë ÒÚ‡¯Â„Ó ÔÓÍÓÎÂÌËfl.
Final ¡olution / éÍÓ̘‡ÚÂθÌÓ ¯ÂÌËÂ,
ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ„‡Ïχ ÉËÚÎÂ‡ ÔÓ ÒËÒÚÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÏÛ
ÛÌ˘ÚÓÊÂÌ˲ ‚ÒÂÈ Â‚ÂÈÒÍÓÈ Ì‡ˆËË.
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Five-Year Planœ / èflÚËÎÂÚÌË Ô·Ì˚, ÒÛ˘.,
Ô·Ì˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ‚ 1928 „. àÓÒËÙ ëÚ‡ÎËÌ Ì‡ÏÂÚËÎ
‰Îfl ‡Á‚ËÚËfl ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍË ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓ„Ó ëÓ˛Á‡.
Four Modernizationœ / óÂÚ˚ åÓ‰ÂÌËÁ‡ˆËË,
ÒÛ˘., ˆÂÎË, Í ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï ÒÚÂÏËÎÒfl ÍËÚ‡ÈÒÍËÈ
Ô‡‚ËÚÂθ ÑÂÌ ëflÓÔËÌ ‚ ÍÓ̈ XX ‚Â͇, Ò‰Ë
ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ·˚ÎÓ ‡Á‚ËÚË ÒÂθÒÍÓ„Ó ıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚‡,
ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË, Ó·ÓÓÌ˚, ̇ÛÍË Ë ÚÂıÌÓÎÓ„ËË.
Fourteen Pointœ / óÂÚ˚̇‰ˆ‡Ú¸ ÔÛÌÍÚÓ‚,
ÒÛ˘., ÒÂËfl Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ, ‚ıӉ˂¯Ëı ‚ Ô·Ì
ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ ÇÛ‰Ó ÇËÎÒÓ̇, ÔÓ ÒÓı‡ÌÂÌ˲ ÏË‡
ÔÓÒΠèÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
Frankœ / î‡ÌÍË, ÒÛ˘., „ÂχÌÒÍË ÔÎÂÏÂ̇,
ÔÓÒÂÎË‚¯ËÂÒfl ‚ ËÏÒÍÓÈ ÔÓ‚Ë̈ËË É‡ÎÎËfl
(ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ, ̇ ÚÂËÚÓËË ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÈ
î‡ÌˆËË), Ë ÓÒÌÓ‚‡‚¯Ë ‚ÂÎËÍÛ˛ ËÏÔÂ˲ ‚
Ò‰ÌË ‚Â͇.
free trade / ҂ӷӉ̇fl ÚÓ„Ó‚Îfl, ÒÛ˘.,
ÚÓ„Ó‚Îfl ÏÂÊ‰Û „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ÏË ·ÂÁ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍËı
Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌËÈ ËÎË ·‡¸ÂÓ‚ (Ú‡ÍËı Í‡Í Ú‡ËÙ˚).
French and Indian War / ÇÓÈ̇ Ò Ù‡ÌˆÛÁ‡ÏË Ë
Ë̉ÂȈ‡ÏË, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËÂÈ Ë î‡ÌˆËÂÈ Á‡ ÍÓÌÚÓθ ̇‰ ÚÂËÚÓËÂÈ
ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍË, ‰ÎË‚¯ËÈÒfl Ò 1754 ÔÓ 1763 „.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
G
gender inequality / ÔÓÎÓ‚Ó ÌÂ‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘.,
‡Á΢ˠÏÂÊ‰Û ÏÛʘË̇ÏË Ë ÊÂÌ˘Ë̇ÏË ‚
ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËË ·Î‡„ÓÒÓÒÚÓflÌËfl Ë ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Â.
genetic engineering / „ÂÌ̇fl ËÌÊÂÌÂËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÂÂÒ‡‰Í‡ „ÂÌÓ‚ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÊË‚Ó„Ó ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ ‰Û„ÓÏÛ ‰Îfl
ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl Ó„‡ÌËÁχ Ò ÌÓ‚˚ÏË ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚË͇ÏË.
genocide / „ÂÌӈˉ, ÒÛ˘., ÒËÒÚÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÂ
ÛÌ˘ÚÓÊÂÌË ˆÂÎÓ„Ó Ì‡Ó‰‡.
gentry / ‰‚ÓflÌÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., Í·ÒÒ ÒÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌ˚ı
β‰ÂÈ, ӷ·‰‡˛˘Ëı ‚·ÒÚ¸˛ Ë ‚˚ÒÓÍËÏ
ÒӈˇθÌ˚Ï ÒÚ‡ÚÛÒÓÏ.
geocentric theory / ÚÂÓËfl „ÂÓˆÂÌÚËÁχ,
ÒÛ˘., ‚ ë‰Ì‚ÂÍÓ‚¸Â, Û‚ÂÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ÒıÓ·ÒÚÓ‚ ‚
ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ áÂÏÎfl fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÌÂÔÓ‰‚ËÊÌ˚Ï Ó·˙ÂÍÚÓÏ,
̇ıÓ‰fl˘ËÏÒfl ‚ ˆÂÌÚ ÇÒÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ.
geopoliticœ / „ÂÓÔÓÎËÚË͇, ÒÛ˘., ÏÂʉÛ̇Ӊ̇fl
ÔÓÎËÚË͇, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ̇ ÓˆÂÌÍ ÒÚ‡Ú„˘ÂÒÍËı
‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ÒÚ‡Ì ËÎË ‚˚ÔÛÒ͇ÂÏÓÈ ËÏË
ÔÓ‰Û͈ËË.
Ghana / ɇ̇, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÓ΂ÒÚ‚Ó ‚ á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ
ÄÙËÍÂ, Ó·Ó„‡ÚË‚¯ÂÂÒfl Á‡ Ò˜ÂÚ Ì‡ÎÓ„Ó‚ÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚
Ë ÚÓ„Ó‚Ó„Ó ÍÓÌÚÓÎfl, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÒÎÛÊËÎÓ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÓÈ
ËÏÔÂËË ‚ IX-XI ‚‚.
ghetto / „ÂÚÚÓ, ÒÛ˘., ÔË„ÓÓ‰, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ
‚˚ÌÛʉÂÌ˚ ·˚ÎË ÔÓÊË‚‡Ú¸ ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË ‚ÂË.
glaœnoœt / „·ÒÌÓÒÚ¸, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ÓÚÍ˚ÚÓÒÚË
‚ ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓÏ ëÓ˛ÁÂ, ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌ̇fl ̇ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚È
Ó·ÏÂÌ Ë‰ÂflÏË Ë ËÌÙÓχˆËÂÈ, ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·¯ÂÌ̇fl ‚
1985 „. åËı‡ËÎÓÏ ÉÓ·‡˜Â‚˚Ï.
global economy / „ÎÓ·‡Î¸Ì‡fl ˝ÍÓÌÓÏË͇,
ÒÛ˘., ‚Ò ÏÂÊ„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ ÙË̇ÌÒÓ‚˚Â
ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÔËÌËχ˛Ú Û˜‡ÒÚË β‰Ë,
Ô‰ÔËflÚËfl Ë Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó.
Gloriouœ Revolution / ë·‚̇fl ‚ÓβˆËfl,
ÒÛ˘., ·ÂÒÍÓ‚ÌÓ ҂ÂÊÂÌË ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÍÓÓÎfl
üÍÓ‚‡ II Ë Â„Ó Á‡ÏÂ̇ ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·¯ÂÌË ÇËθ„ÂθÏÓÏ
Ë å‡ËÂÈ.
glyph / ËÂÓ„ÎËÙ, ÒÛ˘., ÒËÏ‚ÓθÌÓ ËÁÓ·‡ÊÂÌËÂ
— ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl Í‡Í ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚
̇ÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ‚˚Ò˜ÂÌÌ˚ı ̇ ͇ÏÌ ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÈ.
Gothic / ÉÓÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ, ÔË·„., ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ËÈÒfl
Í ÒÚËβ ˆÂÍÓ‚ÌÓÈ ‡ıËÚÂÍÚÛ˚, ÔÓÎۘ˂¯ÂÏÛ
‡Á‚ËÚË ‚ Ò‰Ì‚ÂÍÓ‚ÓÈ Ö‚ÓÔÂ, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ÏË
˜ÂÚ‡ÏË ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ·ËÒÚ˚ ҂Ӊ˚,
ÓÍ̇ Ò ÏÌÓ„Óˆ‚ÂÚÌ˚ÏË ‚ËÚ‡Ê‡ÏË, ‡Í·ÛÚ‡Ì˚ ̇
ÍÓÌÚÙÓÒ‡ı, ÒÚÂθ˜‡Ú˚ ‡ÍË Ë ‚˚ÒÓÍË ¯ÔËÎË.
Great Depreœœion / ÇÂÎË͇fl ‰ÂÔÂÒÒËfl,
ÒÛ˘., ÒËθÌÂȯËÈ ÛÔ‡‰ÓÍ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍË ëòÄ,
ÔÓÒΉӂ‡‚¯ËÈ ÔÓÒΠÍ‡ı‡ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓ„Ó
˚Ì͇ ˆÂÌÌ˚ı ·Ûχ„ ‚ 1929 „.
Great Fear / ÇÂÎËÍËÈ ÒÚ‡ı, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÎ̇
·ÂÒÔ˘ËÌÌÓÈ Ô‡ÌËÍË, ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌË‚¯ÂÈÒfl ‚
ÒÂθÒÍÓÈ ÏÂÒÚÌÓÒÚË î‡ÌˆËË, ÔÓÒΠ¯ÚÛχ
ŇÒÚËÎËË ‚ 1789 „.
Great Purge / ÇÂÎË͇fl óËÒÚ͇, ÒÛ˘., ͇ÏÔ‡ÌËfl
ÚÂÓ‡ ‚ ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓÏ ëÓ˛Á ‚ 1930-ı „o‰aı, ‚Ó
‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÚÓÓÈ àÓÒËÙ ëÚ‡ÎËÌ Ô˚Ú‡ÎÒfl ËÁ·‡‚ËÚ¸Òfl
ÓÚ ‚ÒÂı ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚ äÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ô‡ÚËË Ë ‰Û„Ëı
„‡Ê‰‡Ì, ÒÓÁ‰‡‚‡‚¯Ëı Û„ÓÁÛ Â„Ó ‚·ÒÚË.
Great ¡chiœm / «ÇÂÎËÍËÈ ‡ÒÍÓλ, ÒÛ˘.,
‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌË ‚ ËÏÒÍÓÈ Í‡ÚÓ΢ÂÒÍÓÈ ˆÂÍ‚Ë ‚
Ò‰ÌË ‚Â͇, ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÒÓÔÂÌ˘‡˛˘ËÂ
ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÓ·ÓÈ ˆÂÍÓ‚Ì˚ ÎˉÂ˚ Á‡ÌËχÎË
ÛÍÓ‚Ó‰fl˘Ë ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚ ÔÓÒÚ˚ ‚ Ä‚Ë̸ÓÌÂ Ë êËÏÂ.
Greco-Roman culture / ÉÂÍÓ-ËÏÒ͇fl
ÍÛθÚÛ‡, ÒÛ˘., ‰‚Ìflfl ÍÛθÚÛ‡, ‡Á‚Ë‚¯‡flÒfl ÓÚ
ÒϯÂÌËfl „˜ÂÒÍÓÈ, ˝ÎÎËÌÒÍÓÈ Ë ËÏÒÍÓÈ ÍÛθÚÛ.
green revolution / ÁÂÎÂ̇fl ‚ÓβˆËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
‚ XX ‚., ÔÓÔ˚Ú͇ Û‚Â΢ÂÌËfl Ôˢ‚˚ı ÂÒÛÒÓ‚ ‚Ó
‚ÂÏ ÏË ÔË ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë Û‰Ó·ÂÌËÈ Ë ÔÂÒÚˈˉӂ, ‡
Ú‡ÍÊ ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ‚˚‚‰ÂÌËfl ÍÛθÚÛ, ÛÒÚÓȘ˂˚ı
Í ·ÓÎÂÁÌflÏ.
griot / „ËÓÚ, ÒÛ˘., Ò͇ÁËÚÂθ ‚ á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ ÄÙËÍÂ.
guerrilla / Ô‡ÚËÁ‡Ì, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÎÂÌ ‰Ó·Ó‚ÓθÌÓ
Ó„‡ÌËÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌÓÈ „ÛÔÔ˚,
ÒÓ‚Â¯‡˛˘ËÈ ÌÂÓÊˉ‡ÌÌ˚ ‡Ú‡ÍË Ì‡ ‚ÓÈÒ͇
ÔÓÚË‚ÌË͇, ÍÓÚÓ˚ Á‡ÌflÎË ÚÂËÚÓ˲ ÒÚ‡Ì˚
˝ÚÓÈ „ÛÔÔ˚.
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guild / „Ëθ‰Ëfl, ÒÛ˘., Ò‰Ì‚ÂÍÓ‚Ó ӷ˙‰ËÌÂÌËÂ
β‰ÂÈ, Á‡ÌËχ˛˘ËıÒfl Ó‰ÌËÏ ‚ˉÓÏ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË,
ÍÓÚÓÓ ÍÓÌÚÓÎËÓ‚‡ÎÓ ÛÓ‚Â̸ Á‡ÔÎ‡Ú Ò‚ÓËı
˜ÎÂÌÓ‚ Ë ˆÂÌ˚ ̇ ÔÓ‰ÛÍˆË˛.
guillotine / „ËθÓÚË̇, ÒÛ˘., ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl
ÇÂÎËÍÓÈ Ù‡ÌˆÛÁÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓβˆËË Ò‰ÒÚ‚Ó ‰Îfl
Ó·ÂÁ„·‚ÎË‚‡ÌËfl ÔË„Ó‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı Í ÒÏÂÚÌÓÈ Í‡ÁÌË.
Gupta Empire / „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó ÉÛÔÚÓ‚, ÒÛ˘.,
‚ÚÓ‡fl ËÏÔÂËfl ‚ à̉ËË, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ó‡Ì‰‡„ÛÔÚÓÈ
I ‚ 320 „. Ì. ˝.
H
habeaœ corpuœ / ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌË ‚ ÒÛ‰, ÒÛ˘.,
‰ÓÍÛÏÂÌÚ, ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡˛˘ËÈ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚ¸ ‚˚ÁÓ‚‡
Ó·‚ËÌflÂÏÓ„Ó ‚ ÒÛ‰ ‰Îfl ‚˚flÒÌÂÌËfl Ô‡‚ÓÏÂÌÓÒÚË
Â„Ó ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËfl ÔÓ‰ ÒÚ‡ÊÂÈ.
Hagia ¡ophia / ëÓ·Ó ë‚flÚÓÈ ëÓÙËË, ÒÛ˘.,
͇Ù‰‡Î¸Ì˚È ÒÓ·Ó çÂÔÓÓ˜ÌÓÈ ÏÛ‰ÓÒÚË ‚
äÓÌÒÚ‡ÌÚËÌÓÔÓÎÂ, ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌÌ˚È ÔÓ ÔË͇ÁÛ
‚ËÁ‡ÌÚËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ËÏÔÂ‡ÚÓ‡ ûÒÚËÌˇ̇.
haiku / ı‡ÈÍÛ, ÒÛ˘., ÙÓχ flÔÓÌÒÍÓÈ ÔÓ˝ÁËË,
ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘‡fl ËÁ ÚÂı ÌÂËÙÏÛ˛˘ËıÒfl ÒÚÓÍ ËÁ ÔflÚË,
Á‡ÚÂÏ ÒÂÏË Ë ÒÌÓ‚‡ ÔflÚË ÒÎÓ„Ó‚.
hajj / ı‡‰Ê, ÒÛ˘., Ô‡ÎÓÏÌ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‚ åÂÍÍÛ, ÍÓÚÓÓÂ
·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Ó ÏÛÒÛÎ¸Ï‡Ì ÒÓ‚Â¯‡ÂÚ Í‡Í Ò‚ÓÈ ‰Ó΄.
Han dynaœty / ‰Ë̇ÒÚËfl ï‡Ì¸, ÒÛ˘., ÍËÚ‡ÈÒ͇fl
‰Ë̇ÒÚËfl, Ô‡‚Ë‚¯‡fl Ò 202 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝. ÔÓ 9 „. Ì. ˝. Ë
‚ÌÓ‚¸ Ò 23 „. Ì. ˝. ÔÓ 220 „. Ì. ˝.
Harappan civilization / ï‡‡ÔÔÒ͇fl
ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÚÓÓ ̇Á‚‡ÌË ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËË
‚ ‰ÓÎËÌ à̉‡, ÒÂÎË‚¯ÂÈÒfl ‚‰Óθ ÂÍË à̉, ͇Í
ÔËÌflÚÓ Ò˜ËÚ‡Ú¸, ‚ 7000-ı „„. ‰Ó Ì. ˝., ‰Îfl ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
·˚· ı‡‡ÍÚÂ̇ ÒÎÓÊ̇fl Ô·ÌËӂ͇ „ÓÓ‰Ó‚.
Hauœa / ï‡ÛÒ‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‡Ô‡‰Ì˚ ‡ÙË͇̈˚,
̇ÒÂÎfl‚¯Ë ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ „ÓÓ‰Ó‚-„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ ̇
ÚÂËÚÓËË ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÈ Ò‚ÂÌÓÈ çË„ÂËË.
heliocentric theory / ÚÂÓËfl „ÂÎËÓˆÂÌÚËÁχ,
ÒÛ˘., Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÁÂÏÎfl Ë ‰Û„ËÂ
Ô·ÌÂÚ˚ ‚‡˘‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ÓÍÛ„ ÒÓÎ̈‡.
Helleniœtic / ùÎÎËÌÒÍËÈ, ÔË·„., ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ËÈÒfl
Í ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËË, flÁ˚ÍÛ, ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚Û, ̇ÛÍ Ë
ÎËÚÂ‡ÚÛ ÉˆËË Ò Ì‡˜‡Î‡ Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÄÎÂÍ҇̉‡
å‡Í‰ÓÌÒÍÓ„Ó Ë ‰Ó ÍÓ̈‡ II ‚Â͇ ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
helot / ËÎÓÚ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ÛÍ·‰Â ‰‚ÌÂÈ
ëÔ‡Ú˚, ÍÂÒÚ¸flÌËÌ, ̇‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È Û˜‡ÒÚÍÓÏ ÁÂÏÎË.
hieroglyphicœ / ËÂÓ„ÎËÙ˘ÂÒÍÓ ÔËÒ¸ÏÓ,
ÒÛ˘., ‰‚Ì„ËÔÂÚÒ͇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ ÔËҸχ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ËÁÓ·‡ÊÂÌËfl Ë ÒËÏ‚ÓÎ˚ ‰Îfl
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÒÎÓ‚ Ë Á‚ÛÍÓ‚.
Hijrah / ïˉÊ‡, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂÂÒÂÎÂÌË åÛı‡Ïω‡
Ë Â„Ó ÔË‚ÂÊÂ̈‚ ËÁ åÂÍÍË ‚ üÚË· (å‰ËÌÛ)
‚ 622 „. Ì. ˝.
170
WORLD HISTORY
Hittiteœ / ïÂÚÚ˚, ÒÛ˘., Ë̉Ó‚ÓÔÂȈ˚,
ÓÒÌÓ‚‡‚¯ËÂÒfl ‚ Ä̇ÚÓÎËË ‚ 2000 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
Holocauœt / ïÓÎÓÍÓÒÚ, ÒÛ˘., ÒËÒÚÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÂ
ËÒÚ·ÎÂÌËÂ, ËÎË „ÂÌӈˉ ‚‚ Ë ‰Û„Ëı ̇ˆËÈ,
Ô‡ÍÚËÍÛÂÏÓ ̇ˆËÒÚÒÍËÏ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ
ÉÂχÌËË ÔÂ‰ Ë ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
Holy Alliance / ë‚fl˘ÂÌÌ˚È ëÓ˛Á, ÒÛ˘., ÒÓ˛Á
‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËı ÒÚ‡Ì, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È êÓÒÒËÂÈ,
Ä‚ÒÚËÂÈ Ë èÛÒÒËÂÈ ÔÓÒÎÂ ÇÂÌÒÍÓ„Ó ÍÓÌ„ÂÒÒ‡.
Holy Roman Empire / ë‚fl˘ÂÌ̇fl êËÏÒ͇fl
ËÏÔÂËfl, ÒÛ˘., ËÏÔÂËfl, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ‚ Ö‚ÓÔ ‚ X ‚.
Ì. ˝., ÔÂ‚Ó̇˜‡Î¸ÌÓ ÒÓÒÚÓfl‚¯‡fl ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ ËÁ ÁÂÏÂθ,
̇ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı Ì˚Ì ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌ˚ ÉÂχÌËfl Ë àÚ‡ÎËfl.
home rule / ÏÂÒÚÌÓ ҇ÏÓÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘.,
‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ÛÔ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ Ò‚ÓËÏË ‚ÌÛÚÂÌÌËÏË
‰Â·ÏË, Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂχfl Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÒÚ‡Ì˚
ÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡Ï Í‡ÍÓÈ-ÎË·Ó ÚÂËÚÓËË.
hominid / „ÓÏËÌˉ, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÎÂÌ ·ËÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó
ÒÂÏÂÈÒÚ‚‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓ ‚ıÓ‰flÚ Î˛‰Ë Ë ‰Û„ËÂ
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎË ÓÚfl‰‡ ÔflÏÓıÓ‰fl˘Ëı.
Homo œapienœ / óÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ ‡ÁÛÏÌ˚È, ÒÛ˘.,
·ËÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ‚ˉ, Í ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ÔË̇‰ÎÂʇÚ
ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ β‰Ë.
Houœe of Wiœdom / ÑÓÏ ÏÛ‰ÓÒÚË, ÒÛ˘., Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÚÂθÌ˚È ˆÂÌÚ, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È ‚ Ň„‰‡‰Â ‚ 800-ı „„.
humaniœm / „ÛχÌËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ËÌÚÂÎÎÂÍÚۇθÌÓÂ
‰‚ËÊÂÌË ‚ ˝ÔÓıÛ ÇÓÁÓʉÂÌËfl, ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌÌÓ ̇
‚ÒÂÒÚÓÓÌÌ ‡Á‚ËÚË ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ï˚ÒÎËÚÂÎË
ËÁÛ˜‡ÎË Í·ÒÒËÍÓ‚ Ë ÓÒÓ·Ó ‚ÌËχÌË ۉÂÎflÎË
ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇÎÛ Ë ‰ÓÒÚËÊÂÌËflÏ ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇.
Hundred Dayœ / «ëÚÓ ‰ÌÂÈ», ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÓÚÍËÈ ÔÂËÓ‰
‚ 1815 „., ÍÓ„‰‡ ç‡ÔÓÎÂÓÌ ÒÓ‚Â¯ËÎ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Ì˛˛
ÔÓÔ˚ÚÍÛ Á‡ı‚‡ÚËÚ¸ ‚·ÒÚ¸, ÒÏÂÒÚË‚ Ù‡ÌˆÛÁÒÍÓ„Ó
ÍÓÓÎfl Ë ÒÌÓ‚‡ ÒÚ‡‚ ËÏÔÂ‡ÚÓÓÏ î‡ÌˆËË.
Hundred Yearœ’ War / ëÚÓÎÂÚÌflfl ‚ÓÈ̇, ÒÛ˘.,
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÄÌ„ÎËfl Ë î‡ÌˆËfl ÔÂËӉ˘ÂÒÍË Ò‡Ê‡ÎËÒ¸ ̇ ÁÂÏΠî‡ÌˆËË Ò 1337„. ÔÓ 1453 „.
hunter-gatherer / ÓıÓÚÌËÍ-ÒÓ·Ë‡ÚÂθ, ÒÛ˘.,
˜ÎÂÌ „ÛÔÔ˚ ÍӘ‚ÌËÍÓ‚, ‰Ó·˚‚‡˛˘ËÈ ÔˢÛ
ÓıÓÚÓÈ Ë Ò·ÓÓÏ ‡ÒÚÂÌËÈ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÏÓÊÌÓ
ÛÔÓÚ·ÎflÚ¸ ‚ ÔˢÛ.
Hykœoœ / ï‡ÈÍÒÓÒ, ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ ÍӘ‚˚ı ̇Ó‰Ó‚Á‡ı‚‡Ú˜ËÍÓ‚ ËÁ ˛„Ó-Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ ÄÁËË, Ô‡‚Ë‚¯‡fl ‚
Ö„ËÔÚÂ Ò 1640 ÔÓ 1570 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
I
Ice Age / ã‰ÌËÍÓ‚˚È ÔÂËÓ‰, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂËÓ‰
‚ ËÒÚÓËË ÁÂÏÎË, ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÁÛÂÏ˚È ÒËθÌ˚Ï
ÔÓıÓÎÓ‰‡ÌËÂÏ, ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ‡Á‚Ë‚‡ÎËÒ¸
χÚÂËÍÓ‚˚ ÔÎËÚ˚ 艇 Ì ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÔÓÎflÌ˚ı,
ÌÓ Ë ‚ ÛÏÂÂÌÌ˚ı ¯ËÓÚ‡ı, ÔÓÒΉÌËÈ ËÁ ˝ÚËı
ÔÂËÓ‰Ó‚ ‰ÎËÎÒfl Ò 1600000 ÔÓ 10000 „„. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
RUSSIAN
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I Ching / à ñÁËÌ, ÒÛ˘., ÍËÚ‡ÈÒ͇fl ÍÌË„‡ ÔÂÂÏÂÌ,
Í ÍÓÚÓÓÈ Ô˷„‡ÎË ‰Îfl ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡ ̇
˝Ú˘ÂÒÍËÈ ËÎË Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ‚ÓÔÓÒ.
icon / ËÍÓ̇, ÒÛ˘., ÂÎË„ËÓÁ̇fl ͇ÚË̇ Û
‚ÓÒÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ıËÒÚˇÌ.
imperialiœm / ËÏÔÂˇÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚË͇
‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌËfl ‚ÎËflÌËfl „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ ̇ ‰Û„ËÂ
ÒÚ‡Ì˚ ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËı, ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍËı
ËÎË ÒӈˇθÌ˚ı ÏÂ.
impreœœioniœm / ËÏÔÂÒÒËÓÌËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘.,
̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌË ‚ ÊË‚ÓÔËÒË ‚ XIX ‚., ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ
ıÛ‰ÓÊÌËÍË ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡ÎË ÔÓÚË‚ ‡ÎËÁχ, ˢ‡ ÒÔÓÒÓ·
ÔÂ‰‡˜Ë ‚Ô˜‡ÚÎÂÌËÈ ÓÚ Ô‰ÏÂÚÓ‚ ËÎË ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡
‚ÂÏÂÌË.
Indo-Europeanœ / à̉Ó‚ÓÔÂȈ˚, ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡
ÔÓÎÛÍӘ‚˚ı ̇Ó‰Ó‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔËÏÂÌÓ ‚ 1700 „.
‰Ó Ì. ˝. ̇˜‡ÎË ÔÂÂÒÂÎflÚ¸Òfl Ò ˛ÊÌÓÈ ÚÂËÚÓËË
ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÈ êÓÒÒËË Ì‡ à̉ËÈÒÍËÈ ÒÛ·ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ,
‚ Ö‚ÓÔÛ Ë ˛„Ó-Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÛ˛ ÄÁ˲.
indulgence / Ë̉Ûθ„Â̈Ëfl, ÒÛ˘., ÒÌflÚË Ò
˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇ ͇̇Á‡ÌËfl Á‡ „ÂıË.
induœtrialization / Ë̉ÛÒÚˇÎËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
‡Á‚ËÚË ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË ‰Îfl χ¯ËÌÌÓ„Ó
ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡ ÔÓ‰Û͈ËË.
Induœtrial Revolution / èÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌ̇fl
‚ÓβˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ̇˜‡‚¯ËÈÒfl ‚ ÄÌ„ÎËË ‚ XVIII
‚. ÔÂÂıÓ‰ ÓÚ Û˜ÌÓ„Ó ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡ ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚ Í
χ¯ËÌÌÓÏÛ.
inflation / ËÌÙÎflˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÒÌËÊÂÌËÂ
ÔÓÍÛÔ‡ÚÂθÒÍÓÈ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚË ‰ÂÌ„, ÒÓÔÓ‚Óʉ‡ÂÏÓÂ
ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌËÂÏ ˆÂÌ Ì‡ ÚÓ‚‡˚ Ë ÛÒÎÛ„Ë.
Inquiœition / àÌÍ‚ËÁˈËfl, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ËÏÒÍËÈ
͇ÚÓ΢ÂÒÍËÈ ÒÛ‰ ‰Îfl ‡ÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl Ë
ÔÂÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ÂÂÒË, ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓ
‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯ËÈ ‚ àÒÔ‡ÌËË ‚ 1400-ı „„.
inœtitution / ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ, ÒÛ˘., Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl,
ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘‡fl ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒڂ ̇ ÔÓÚflÊÂÌËË
ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ÔÂËÓ‰‡ ‚ÂÏÂÌË.
intendant / ËÌÚẨ‡ÌÚ, ÒÛ˘. ‰ÓÎÊÌÓÒÚÌÓ ÎËˆÓ ‚
Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Â î‡ÌˆËË, ̇Á̇˜‡ÂÏÓ ÏÓ̇ıÓÏ ‰Îfl
Ò·Ó‡ ̇ÎÓ„Ó‚ Ë Òӷβ‰ÂÌËfl Ô‡‚ÓÒÛ‰Ëfl.
International ¡pace ¡tation / åÂʉÛ̇Ӊ̇fl
ÍÓÒÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl Òڇ̈Ëfl, ÒÛ˘., ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚ̇fl
‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚, êÓÒÒËË Ë 14
‰Û„Ëı „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ ‰Îfl ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl Ë ÔÓ‰‰ÂʇÌËfl ‚
‡·Ó˜ÂÏ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË Ì‡Û˜ÌÓÈ Î‡·Ó‡ÚÓËË ‚ ÍÓÒÏÓÒÂ.
Internet / àÌÚÂÌÂÚ, ÒÛ˘., ÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌË ÍÓÏÔ¸˛ÚÂÓ‚
‚ ÒÂÚË, ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎfl˛˘Â β‰flÏ ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÏË‡ Ó·ÏÂÌË‚‡Ú¸Òfl
ËÌÙÓχˆËÂÈ Ë Ó·˘‡Ú¸Òfl ‰Û„ Ò ‰Û„ÓÏ.
intifada / ËÌÚËÙ‡‰‡, ÒÛ˘., ͇ÏÔ‡ÌËfl „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓ„Ó
ÌÂÔÓ‚ËÌÓ‚ÂÌËfl Ô‡ÎÂÒÚË̈‚ ËÁ‡ËθÒÍËÏ ÓÍÍÛÔ‡ÌÚ‡Ï
̇ á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÏ ·ÂÂ„Û àÓ‰‡Ì‡ Ë ‚ ëÂÍÚÓ ɇÁ‡,
ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇ‚¯‡flÒfl ‚ 1990-ı „„.
Iriœh Republican Army (IRA) / à·̉Ò͇fl
ÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇ÌÒ͇fl ‡ÏËfl (àêÄ), ÒÛ˘.,
ÌÂÓÙˈˇθÌ˚ ̇ˆËÓ̇ÎËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍË ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚Â
ÒËÎ˚, ·Ó˛˘ËÂÒfl Á‡ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ à·̉ËË ÓÚ
ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËË.
iron curtain / "ÊÂÎÂÁÌ˚È Á‡Ì‡‚ÂÒ", ÒÛ˘., ‚Ó
‚ÂÏfl ïÓÎÓ‰ÌÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl „‡Ìˈ‡,
ÓÚ‰ÂÎfl‚¯‡fl ÒÚ‡Ì˚ ÇÓÒÚÓ˜ÌÓÈ Ö‚ÓÔ˚ ÓÚ
·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡Ú˘ÂÒÍËı „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚
á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ Ö‚ÓÔ˚.
Iroquoiœ / àÓÍÂÁ˚, ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ ÍÓÂÌÌ˚ı
ÄÏÂË͇̈‚, „Ó‚ÓË‚¯Ëı ̇ ÒıÓ‰Ì˚ı flÁ˚͇ı,
ÔÓÊË‚‡‚¯‡fl ‚ ‚ÓÒÚÓ˜ÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÇÂÎËÍËı ÓÁÂ ‚
ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍÂ Ë ÒÓÁ‰‡‚¯Ëı ÒÓ˛Á ‚ ÍÓ̈ 1500 „„.
Iœlam / àÒ·Ï, ÒÛ˘. ÏÓÌÓÚÂËÒÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÂÎË„Ëfl,
ÔÓÎۘ˂¯‡fl ‡Á‚ËÚË ‚ Ä‡‚ËË ‚ VII ‚. Ì. ˝.
iœolationiœm / ËÁÓÎflˆËÓÌËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚË͇
ÓÚ͇Á‡ ÓÚ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ËÎË ‚ÓÂÌÌÓ„Ó
‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ò ‰Û„ËÏË ÒÚ‡Ì‡ÏË.
Iœrael / àÁ‡ËθÒÍÓ ˆ‡ÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó
‚ è‡ÎÂÒÚËÌÂ, Ó·˙‰ËÌË‚¯Â ËÁ‡ËθÒÍÓ-ËÛ‰ÂÈÒÍËÂ
ÔÎÂÏÂ̇, ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯ÂÂ Ò 1020 „. ÔÓ 922 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.;
ÔÓÁ‰Ì ҂ÂÌÓ ËÁ ‰‚Ûı ‰‚Ì‚ÂÈÒÍËı ˆ‡ÒÚ‚;
Ì˚Ì ‚ÂÈÒÍÓ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ ‚
è‡ÎÂÒÚËÌ ‚ 1948 „.
J
Jainiœm / ÑʇÈÌËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÂÎË„Ëfl, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl
‚ à̉ËË ‚ VI ‚. ‰Ó Ì. ˝., ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂÎË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
‚ÂËÎË, ˜ÚÓ ‚Ò ‚Ó ‚ÒÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ ËÏÂÂÚ ‰Û¯Û, Ë ÔÓÚÓÏÛ
Ì˘ÂÏÛ ÌÂθÁfl Ô˘ËÌflÚ¸ ‚‰.
janiœœary / flÌ˚˜‡, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÎÂÌ ˝ÎËÚÌÓÈ „ÛÔÔ˚
ÒÓΉ‡Ú ‚ éÒχÌÒÍÓÈ ËÏÔÂËË.
jazz / ‰Ê‡Á, ÒÛ˘., ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌË ‚ ÔÓÔÛÎflÌÓÈ
ÏÛÁ˚Í XX-„Ó ‚Â͇, ̇˷Óθ¯ËÈ ‚Í·‰ ‚ ‡Á‚ËÚËÂ
ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ‚ÌÂÒÎË ‡ÙÓ-‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍË ÏÛÁ˚͇ÌÚ˚.
Jeœuitœ / àÂÁÛËÚ˚, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÎÂÌ˚ ËÏÒÍÓ„Ó
͇ÚÓ΢ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ó‰Â̇ «é·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó àËÒÛÒ‡»,
ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ„Ó à„̇ÚËÂÏ ãÓÈÓÎÓÈ.
“jewel in the crown” / “·ËÎΡÌÚ ËÏÔÂÒÍÓÈ
ÍÓÓÌ˚”, ÒÛ˘., ·ËÚ‡ÌÒ͇fl ÍÓÎÓÌËfl ‚ à̉ËË,
̇Á‚‡Ì̇fl Ú‡Í ËÁ-Á‡ Ò‚ÓÂÈ Á̇˜ËÏÓÒÚË ‰Îfl
ÅËÚ‡ÌÒÍÓÈ ËÏÔÂËË, Í‡Í ÔÓÒÚ‡‚˘Ë͇ Ò˚¸fl
Ë Í‡Í ˚ÌÓÍ ‰Îfl ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍËı ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚.
joint-œtock company / ‡ÍˆËÓÌÂ̇fl ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËfl,
ÒÛ˘., Ô‰ÔËflÚËÂ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ËÌ‚ÂÒÚÓ˚
Ó·˙‰ËÌfl˛Ú Ò‚ÓË Í‡ÔËÚ‡Î˚ ‰Îfl Ó·˘ÂÈ ˆÂÎË Ë
ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl ÔË·˚ÎË.
Judah / àÛ‰ÂÈÒÍÓ ˆ‡ÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘.,
‰‚Ì‚ÂÈÒÍÓ ˆ‡ÒÚ‚Ó ‚ è‡ÎÂÒÚËÌÂ,
Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ ÔËÏÂÌÓ ‚ 922 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 171
RUSSIAN
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RUSSIAN
Juœtinian Code / äÓ‰ÂÍÒ ûÒÚËÌˇ̇, ÒÛ˘., Ò‚Ó‰
ËÏÒÍËı Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚ ‚ ӷ·ÒÚË „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‡‚‡,
ÒÓ·‡ÌÌ˚È Ë ÛÔÓfl‰Ó˜ÂÌÌ˚È ÔÓ ÔË͇ÁÛ
‚ËÁ‡ÌÚËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ËÏÔÂ‡ÚÓ‡ ûÒÚËÌˇ̇ I ‚ 534 „. Ì. ˝.
K
kabuki / ͇·ÛÍË, ÒÛ˘., ‚ˉ Ú‡Ú‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ‚ üÔÓÌËË, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Ò˛ÊÂÚ
‡ÒÍ˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÔË ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ÏÛÁ˚ÍË, ڇ̈‚ Ë
ÏËÏËÍË.
Íaiœer / ͇ÈÁÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÌÂψÍËÈ ËÏÔÂ‡ÚÓ
(ÓÚ ËÏÒÍÓ„Ó ÚËÚÛ· «ˆÂÁ‡¸»).
kamikaze / ͇ÏË͇‰ÁÂ, ÒÛ˘., ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÇÚÓÓÈ
ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚, flÔÓÌÒÍË ÔËÎÓÚ˚-Ò‡ÏÓÛ·ËȈ˚,
Ó·Û˜ÂÌÌ˚ ÚÓÏÛ, Í‡Í ÚÓÔËÚ¸ ÍÓ‡·ÎË ÒÓ˛ÁÌËÍÓ‚
ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ Ú‡‡Ì‡ ÍÓ‡·Îfl Ò‡ÏÓÎÂÚÓÏ,
Á‡ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌ˚Ï ·ÓÏ·‡ÏË.
karma / ͇χ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ Ë̉ÛËÁÏÂ Ë ·Û‰‰ËÁÏÂ,
ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚ¸ ÔÎÓıËı Ë ıÓÓ¯Ëı ÔÓÒÚÛÔÍÓ‚,
ÒÓ‚Â¯‡ÂÏ˚ı ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍÓÏ, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÚ Â„Ó
ÒÛ‰¸·Û ‚ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÈ ÊËÁÌË.
Khmer Empire / àÏÔÂËfl ÍıÏÂÓ‚, ÒÛ˘.,
ËÏÔÂËfl ‚ ˛„Ó-‚ÓÒÚÓ˜ÌÓÈ ÄÁËË, ˆÂÌÚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
‡ÒÔÓ·„‡ÎÒfl Ú‡Ï, „‰Â ÒÂȘ‡Ò ̇ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ä‡Ï·Ó‰Ê‡,
‰ÓÒÚË„¯‡fl Ò‚ÓÂ„Ó ‡Òˆ‚ÂÚ‡ ‚ 1200 „. Ì. ˝.
Khmer Rouge / "ä‡ÒÌ˚ ÍıÏÂ˚", ÒÛ˘.,
„ÛÔÔ‡ ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ÔÓ‚Òڇ̈‚, Á‡ı‚‡ÚË‚¯Ëı
‚·ÒÚ¸ ‚ ä‡Ï·Ó‰Ê ‚ 1975 „.
knight / ˚ˆ‡¸, ÒÛ˘., ‚ Ò‰Ì‚ÂÍÓ‚ÓÈ Ö‚ÓÔÂ,
‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚È ÍÓÌÌ˚È ‚ÓËÌ.
Koryu dynaœty / ‰Ë̇ÒÚËfl äÓfi, ÒÛ˘., ‰Ë̇ÒÚËfl,
Ô‡‚Ë‚¯‡fl ‚ äÓÂÂ Ò 935 „. ÔÓ 1392 „. Ì. ˝.
Kriœtallnacht / "ïÛÒڇθ̇fl ÌÓ˜¸", ÒÛ˘. "çÓ˜¸
‡Á·ËÚÓ„Ó ÒÚÂÍ·" – ÌÓ˜¸ 9 ÌÓfl·fl 1938 „Ó‰‡, ÍÓ„‰‡
¯ÚÛÏÓ‚˚ ÓÚfl‰˚ ̇ˆËÒÚÓ‚ ̇ԇÎË Ì‡ ‚ÂÈÒÍËÂ
‰Óχ, ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËË Ë ÒË̇„Ó„Ë ‚ ÉÂχÌËË.
Kuomintang / ÉÓÏË̸‰‡Ì, ÒÛ˘., äËÚ‡ÈÒ͇fl
燈ËÓ̇ÎËÒÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl Ô‡ÚËfl, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ÔÓÒÎÂ
Ò‚ÂÊÂÌËfl ‰Ë̇ÒÚËË ñËÌ ‚ 1912 „.
Kuœh / äÛ¯, ÒÛ˘., ‰‚Ì ÌÛ·ËÈÒÍÓ ˆ‡ÒÚ‚Ó,
Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎË ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ‚·ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÎË ‚ Ö„ËÔÚÂ Ò 2000 „.
ÔÓ 1000 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
L
laiœœez faire / ҂ӷӉ̇fl ÍÓÌÍÛÂ̈Ëfl, ÒÛ˘.,
ÚÂÓËfl, Òӄ·ÒÌÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ, „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó Ì ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ
‚ϯ˂‡Ú¸Òfl ËÎË „ÛÎËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ Ë
Ô‰ÔËÌËχÚÂθÒÍÛ˛ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸.
172
WORLD HISTORY
land reform / ÁÂÏÂθ̇fl ÂÙÓχ, ÒÛ˘.
ÔÂÂ‡ÒÔ‰ÂÎÂÌË ÒÂθÒÍÓıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı Û„Ó‰ËÈ
ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ‡Ò˜ÎÂÌÂÌËfl ÍÛÔÌ˚ı ıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚ ̇
ÏÂÎÍËÂ, Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÏ˚ ÍÂÒÚ¸fl̇Ï.
La Reforma / ㇠ÂÙÓχ, ÒÛ˘., ÎË·Â‡Î¸ÌÓÂ
ÂÙÓχÚÓÒÍÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌË ‚ XIX ‚. ‚ åÂÍÒËÍÂ,
ÍÓÚÓÓ ‚ÓÁ„·‚ÎflÎ ÅÂÌËÚÓ ïÛ‡ÂÒ.
lay inveœtiture / ËÌ‚ÂÒÚËÚÛ‡ ÒÛ˘., ̇Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ
‚˚Ò¯Ëı ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚ı ˜ËÌÓ‚ ÍÓÓÎflÏË ËÎË Á̇ڸ˛.
League of Nationœ / ãË„‡ 燈ËÈ, ÒÛ˘.,
Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌË „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ÔÓÒΠèÂ‚ÓÈ
ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ˆÂθ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó — ÒÓı‡ÌÂÌË ÏË‡
‚Ó ‚ÒÂÏ ÏËÂ.
lebenœraum / ηÂÌÒ‡ÛÏ, ÒÛ˘., “ÊËÁÌÂÌÌÓÂ
ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó”— ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚ ÚÂËÚÓËË, ‚
ÍÓÚÓ˚ı, ÔÓ ÏÌÂÌ˲ ĉÓθه ÉËÚÎÂ‡, ÌÛʉ‡ÂÚÒfl
ÉÂχÌËfl ËÁ-Á‡ Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÔÂÂ̇ÒÂÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË.
Legaliœm / èË‚ÂÊÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ·ÛÍ‚Â Á‡ÍÓ̇,
ÒÛ˘., ÍËÚ‡ÈÒ͇fl ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËfl,
·‡ÁËÛ˛˘‡flÒfl ̇ ˉÂÂ, ˜ÚÓ ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚ÌÓÂ
Ë ÒËθÌÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÓÒÌÓ‚ÓÈ
Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓfl‰Í‡.
legion / ΄ËÓÌ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÂÌ̇fl ‰ËÌˈ‡ ‡ÏËË
‰‚ÌÂ„Ó êËχ, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘‡fl, ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ, ËÁ 5000
ÔÂıÓÚË̈‚ Ë „ÛÔÔ˚ ‚Ò‡‰ÌËÍÓ‚.
Legiœlative Aœœembly / á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂθÌÓÂ
ÒÓ·‡ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., Ù‡ÌˆÛÁÒÍËÈ ÍÓÌ„ÂÒÒ,
ӷ·‰‡˛˘ËÈ Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ‚·ÒÚ¸˛ Ë Ô‡‚ÓÏ
Ó‰Ó·flÚ¸ Ó·˙fl‚ÎÂÌË ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ‚
ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÂÈ 1791 „Ó‰‡.
legitimacy / Á‡ÍÓÌÌÓÒÚ¸, ÒÛ˘., ̇ÒΉÛÂÏÓÂ
ÏÓ̇ıÓÏ Ô‡‚Ó Ì‡ Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ.
liberalœ / ÎË·Â‡Î˚, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ÔÂ‚ÓÈ ÔÓÎÓ‚ËÌÂ
XIX ‚Â͇, ‚ÓÔÂȈ˚, ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ ‚·‰Âθˆ˚
Ô‰ÔËflÚËÈ ËÁ Ò‰ÌÂ„Ó Í·ÒÒ‡, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÚÓ„Ó‚ˆ˚,
Ê·‚¯Ë Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ ËÁ·‡ÌÌÓÏÛ Ô‡·ÏÂÌÚÛ
·Óθ¯Â ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‚·ÒÚË.
lineage / Ó‰ÓÒÎӂ̇fl, ÒÛ˘., β‰Ë, ÊË‚Û˘ËÂ,
ÛÏÂ¯Ë ËÎË Â˘Â Ì Ӊ˂¯ËÂÒfl, ÔÓËÒıÓ‰fl˘Ë ÓÚ
Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó Ô‰͇.
loeœœ / ÎfiÒÒ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÎÓ‰ÓÓ‰Ì˚È Û˜‡ÒÚÓÍ,
ÒÙÓÏËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜ÌÓÈ „ÓÌÓÈ ÔÓÓ‰ÓÈ.
Long March / ÇÂÎËÍËÈ ÔÓıÓ‰, ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÛÚ¯ÂÒÚ‚Ë ‚ 6000 ÏËθ (9600 ÍÏ), ÍÓÚÓÓÂ
ÔӉ·ÎË ‚ 1934–1935 „„. ÍËÚ‡ÈÒÍË ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˚,
ÒÔ‡Ò‡flÒ¸ ·Â„ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÓÚ Ì‡ˆËÓ̇ÎËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ‚ÓÈÒÍ
ñÁflÌ ñÁÂ¯Ë (ó‡È͇̯Ë).
lord / ÎẨÎÓ‰, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ÙÂÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓÈ Ö‚ÓÔÂ,
˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ‚·‰Â‚¯ËÈ ÁÂÏÂθÌ˚ÏË Û„Ó‰¸flÏË Ë
Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl‚¯ËÈ Ì‡‰ÂÎ˚ ‚‡Ò҇·Ï.
Lutheran / ã˛ÚÂ‡ÌËÌ, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÎÂÌ
ÔÓÚÂÒÚ‡ÌÚÒÍÓÈ ˆÂÍ‚Ë, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ Ì‡
Û˜ÂÌËflı å‡ÚË̇ ã˛ÚÂ‡.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
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lycée / ÎˈÂÈ, ÒÛ˘., „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌ̇fl
Ó·˘ÂÓ·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÚÂθ̇fl ¯ÍÓ· ‚Ó î‡ÌˆËË.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
M
Macedonia / å‡Í‰ÓÌËfl, ÒÛ˘., ‰‚ÌÂÂ
ÍÓÓ΂ÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ Ò‚Â ÉˆËË, Ô‡‚ËÚÂθ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó
îËÎËÔÔ II Á‡‚Ó‚‡Î ÉÂˆË˛ ‚ 338 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
Maghrib / 凄Ë·, ÒÛ˘., „ËÓÌ Ì‡ Á‡Ô‡‰Â
ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÙËÍË, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘ËÈ ËÁ ÔË·ÂÊÌ˚ı
Ò‰ËÁÂÏÌÓÏÓÒÍËı ÚÂËÚÓËÈ Ì˚̯ÌËı
å‡ÓÍÍÓ, íÛÌËÒ‡ Ë ÄÎÊË‡.
Magna Carta / "ÇÂÎË͇fl ï‡ÚËfl ‚ÓθÌÓÒÚÂÈ",
ÒÛ˘., ‰ÓÍÛÏÂÌÚ, „‡‡ÌÚËÛ˛˘ËÈ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚Â
ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍË Ô‡‚‡ ‚ ÄÌ„ÎËË, ÛÚ‚ÂʉÂÌÌ˚È
ÍÓÓÎÂÏ ÑÊÓÌÓÏ ÅÂÁÁÂÏÂθÌ˚Ï ‚ 1215 „Ó‰Û.
Mahabharata / å‡ı‡·ı‡‡Ú‡, ÒÛ˘., ËÁ‚ÂÒÚ̇fl
Ë̉ËÈÒ͇fl ˝Ô˘ÂÒ͇fl ÔÓ˝Ï‡, ÔÓ‚ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘‡fl Ó
Ò‡ÊÂÌËflı ‡ËȈ‚ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl Ëı ÔÛÚË Ì‡ ˛„ à̉ËË.
Mahayana / å‡ı‡fl̇, ÒÛ˘. ¯ÍÓ· ·Û‰‰ËÁχ,
Ô‰·„‡˛˘‡fl ‚ÒÂÓ·˘Â ÒÔ‡ÒÂÌËÂ Ë ‰ÓÔÛÒ͇˛˘‡fl
ÔÓÔÛÎflÌ˚ ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚ ӷfl‰˚.
maize / χËÒ, ÒÛ˘., ÍÛθÚË‚ËÛÂχfl ÁÂÌÓ‚‡fl
ÍÛθÚÛ‡, ÁÂ̇ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÒÓ‰ÂʇڸÒfl ‚ ·Óθ¯Ëı
ÔÓ˜‡Ú͇ı, Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ‚ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡Ú‡ı ÂÂ
̇Á˚‚‡˛Ú "ÍÛÍÛÛÁ‡".
Mali / å‡ÎË, ÒÛ˘., ËÏÔÂËfl ‚ á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍÂ,
ÔÓˆ‚ÂÚ‡‚¯‡fl Ò 1235 „. ÔÓ 1400 „„., Ó·Ó„‡ÚË‚¯‡flÒfl
Á‡ Ò˜ÂÚ ÚÓ„Ó‚ÎË.
Manchuœ / å‡Ì˜ÊÛ˚, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÂÌÌÓ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËÂ
å‡Ì˜ÊÛËË, Ô‡‚Ë‚¯Â ‚ äËڇ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ‰Ë̇ÒÚËË
ñËÌ (1644–1912 „„.).
Mandate of Heaven / ç·ÂÒÌ˚È Ï‡Ì‰‡Ú, ÒÛ˘., ‚
äËÚ‡ÈÒÍÓÈ ËÒÚÓËË, ·ÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ·Î‡„ÓÒÎÓ‚ÂÌËÂ,
ÍÓÚÓÓ ҘËÚ‡ÎÓÒ¸ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÓÈ ÍÓÓ΂ÒÍÓÈ ‚·ÒÚË.
manifeœt deœtiny / Ô‰̇˜ÂÚ‡ÌË ÒÛ‰¸·˚,
ÒÛ˘., Û·ÂʉÂÌËÂ, ÔÓÔÛÎflÌÓ ‚ ÒÂ‰ËÌ XIX
‚Â͇, ˜ÚÓ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚Ï òÚ‡Ú‡Ï Ô‰̇˜ÂÚ‡ÌÓ
‡Ò¯ËÂÌË ÔÓ ‚ÒÂÏÛ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚÛ ÓÚ
ÄÚ·ÌÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ‰Ó íËıÓ„Ó Ó͇̇.
manor / ÔÓÏÂÒÚ¸Â, ÒÛ˘., ‚·‰Â̸ ÎẨÎÓ‰‡ ‚
Ö‚ÓÔ ‚ ˝ÔÓıÛ ÙÂÓ‰‡ÎËÁχ.
Maori / å‡ÓË, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÌÂÁËȈ˚, Ó·ÓÒÌÓ‚‡‚¯ËÂÒfl ‚ çÓ‚ÓÈ á·̉ËË ÔËÏÂÌÓ ‚ 800 „. Ì. ˝.
Marœhall Plan / èÎ‡Ì å‡¯‡Î·, ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÓ„‡Ïχ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ ÔÓ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ
ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÏ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡Ï ‰Îfl Ëı
‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl ÔÓÒΠÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
martial law / ‚ÓÂÌÌÓÂ ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘.,
‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ Ô‡‚ÎÂÌË ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı Ó„‡ÌÓ‚, Ó·˚˜ÌÓ,
‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ËÎË „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËı ‚ÓÎÌÂÌËÈ.
maœœ culture / χÒÒÓ‚‡fl ÍÛθÚÛ‡, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌË ÔÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌËÈ ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚‡ Ë ‡Á‚ΘÂÌËÈ
‰Îfl ·Óθ¯Ó„Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ β‰ÂÈ.
materialiœm / χÚÂˇÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., Ôˉ‡ÌËÂ
·Óθ¯ÓÈ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË ‚·‰ÂÌ˲ ‚¢‡ÏË.
matriarchal / χÚˇı‡Î¸Ì˚È, ÔË·„.,
ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ËÈÒfl Í ÒӈˇθÌÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏÂ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
χڸ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl „·‚ÓÈ ÒÂϸË.
matrilineal / χÚËÎËÌÂÈÌ˚È, ÔË·„.,
ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ËÈÒfl Í ÒӈˇθÌÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏÂ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ
ÔÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËÂ Ë Ô‡‚‡ ̇ ̇ÒΉӂ‡ÌË ÔÂ‰‡˛ÚÒfl
ÔÓ Ï‡ÚÂËÌÒÍÓÈ ÎËÌËË.
Mauryan Empire / å‡ÛˇÌÒ͇fl ËÏÔÂËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÂ‚‡fl ËÏÔÂËfl ‚ à̉ËË, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ó‡Ì‰‡„ÛÔÚÓÈ
å‡Û¸fl ‚ 321 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
May Fourth Movement / Ñ‚ËÊÂÌËÂ
"óÂÚ‚ÂÚÓ„Ó å‡fl", ÒÛ˘., Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È ÔÓÚÂÒÚ
‚ äËڇ ‚ 1919 „., ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Î˛‰Ë ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡ÎË
ÔÓÚË‚ ÇÂ҇θÒÍÓ„Ó ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó‡ Ë ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓ„Ó
‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡.
Medeœ / ÜËÚÂÎË åˉËË, ÒÛ˘., β‰Ë ˛„ÓÁ‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ ÄÁËË, ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯Ë ԇ‰ÂÌ˲
ÄÒÒËËÈÒÍÓÈ ËÏÔÂËË.
Meiji era / ù‡ åÂȉÁË, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂËÓ‰ ‚ flÔÓÌÒÍÓÈ
ËÒÚÓËË Ò 1867 ÔÓ 1912 „., ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó
ÒÚ‡ÌÓÈ Ô‡‚ËÎ ËÏÔÂ‡ÚÓ 凈ÛıËÚÓ.
Mein Kampf / å‡ÈÌ ä‡ÏÔÙ, ÒÛ˘., “åÓfl ·Ó¸·‡”,
ÍÌË„‡, ̇ÔËÒ‡Ì̇fl ĉÓθÙÓÏ ÉËÚÎÂÓÏ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl „Ó
Ú˛ÂÏÌÓ„Ó Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌËfl ‚ 1923–1924 „„., ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÓÌ
ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡Î Á‡‰‡˜Ë Ë ˆÂÎË, ÒÚÓfl˘Ë ÔÂ‰ ÉÂχÌËÂÈ.
mercantiliœm / ÏÂ͇ÌÚËÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘.,
˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÔÓÎËÚË͇, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡
ÒÚÂÏflÚÒfl Û‚Â΢ËÚ¸ Ò‚Ó ·Î‡„ÓÒÓÒÚÓflÌËÂ Ë ÏÓ˘¸
ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÔËÓ·ÂÚÂÌËfl ·Óθ¯Ó„Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡
ÁÓÎÓÚ‡ Ë ÒÂ·‡ Ë ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl ÔÓÎÓÊËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó
ÚÓ„Ó‚Ó„Ó ·‡Î‡ÌÒ‡.
mercenary / ̇ÂÏÌËÍ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÓ̇θÌ˚È
ÒÓΉ‡Ú, ̇ÌËχÂÏ˚È ‰Îfl Á‡˘ËÚ˚ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓ„Ó
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡.
Meroë / åÂÓ˝, ÒÛ˘., ‰‚ÌËÈ „ÓÓ‰, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ
Ô‡‚Ë· ‰Ë̇ÒÚËfl äÛ¯ Ò 250 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝. ÔÓ 150 „. Ì. ˝.,
ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚È ·Î‡„Ó‰‡fl ̇·ÊÂÌÌÓÏÛ ‚ ÌÂÏ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Û ÏÂÚ‡Î΢ÂÒÍËı ÓÛ‰ËÈ ÚÛ‰‡ Ë ÓÛÊËfl.
Meœoamerica / åÂÁÓ‡ÏÂË͇, ÒÛ˘., ÚÂËÚÓËfl
ÓÚ ˆÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ åÂÍÒËÍË ‰Ó ÉÓ̉Û‡Ò‡, ̇ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
‡Á‚Ë‚‡ÎÓÒ¸ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËÈ ÄÏÂËÍË.
meœtizo / ÏÂÚËÒ, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ Òϯ‡ÌÌ˚ı
ÍÓ‚ÂÈ, ÔÓÚÓÏÓÍ ËÒԇ̈‡ Ë ÍÓÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‡ÏÂË͇̈‡.
Middle Ageœ / ë‰ÌË ‚Â͇, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂËÓ‰
‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÈ ËÒÚÓËË, ÔÓÒΉӂ‡‚¯ËÈ Á‡ ÛÔ‡‰ÍÓÏ
êËÏÒÍÓÈ ËÏÔÂËË Ë ‰ÎË‚¯ËÈÒfl ÔËÏÂÌÓ Ò 500 „. ‰Ó
1500 „„., Ú‡ÍÊ ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÏ˚È Ò‰Ì‚ÂÍÓ‚¸ÂÏ.
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middle claœœ / Ò‰ÌËÈ Í·ÒÒ, ÒÛ˘.,
Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È Í·ÒÒ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ËÁ
Í‚‡ÎËÙˈËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ‡·Ó˜Ëı, ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÓ̇θÌ˚ı
ÒÎÛʇ˘Ëı, Ô‰ÔËÌËχÚÂÎÂÈ Ë Á‡ÊËÚÓ˜Ì˚ı
ÙÂÏÂÓ‚.
middle paœœage / ë‰Ì‚ÂÍÓ‚˚È ÚÓ„Ó‚˚È
ÔÛÚ¸, ÒÛ˘., Ò‰Ìflfl ÒÚÓÓ̇ ÚÂÛ„ÓθÌÓ„Ó
ÚÓ„Ó‚Ó„Ó ÔÛÚË ËÁ ÄÙËÍË ‚ ÄÏÂËÍÛ, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl
ÒÎÛÊË· ‰Îfl ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÍË ‡ÙË͇̈‚, Á‡ı‚‡˜ÂÌÌ˚ı ‚
‡·ÒÚ‚Ó.
migration / ÏË„‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂÂÏ¢ÂÌË Ò
Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÚÂËÚÓËË ÔÓÊË‚‡ÌËfl ̇ ‰Û„Û˛.
militariœm / ÏËÎËÚ‡ËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚË͇,
Á‡Íβ˜‡˛˘‡flÒfl ‚ ÔÓ‰‰ÂʇÌËË ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚ı ÒËÎ ‚
ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓÈ „ÓÚÓ‚ÌÓÒÚË Í ‚ÓÈÌÂ Ë Ëı ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ
‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ËÌÒÚÛÏÂÌÚ‡ ‰ËÔÎÓχÚËË.
Ming dynaœty / ‰Ë̇ÒÚËfl åË̸, ÒÛ˘., ÍËÚ‡ÈÒ͇fl
‰Ë̇ÒÚËfl, ̇ıӉ˂¯‡flÒfl Û ‚·ÒÚË Ò 1368 „. ÔÓ 1644 „.
Minoanœ / åËÌÓȈ˚, ÒÛ˘., ÏÓÂıÓ‰˚ Ë ÚÓ„Ó‚ˆ˚,
ÊË‚¯Ë ̇ ÓÒÚÓ‚Â äËÚ ÔËÏÂÌÓ Ò 2000 „. ‰Ó
1400 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
Miœœiœœippian / åËÒÒËÒÒËÔÔÒÍËÈ, ÔËÎ.,
ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ËÈÒfl Í ÍÛθÚÛ 鷢ËÌ˚ ÁÂÏΉÂθˆÂ‚,
ÔÓˆ‚ÂÚ‡‚¯ÂÈ ‚ ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍ ÏÂÊ‰Û 800 Ë
1500 „„. Ì. ˝.
mita / ÏËÚ‡, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ËÏÔÂËË àÌÍÓ‚, ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÂ,
Ó·flÁ˚‚‡˛˘Â ‚ÒÂı ÙËÁ˘ÂÒÍË ‰ÂÂÒÔÓÒÓ·Ì˚ı
„‡Ê‰‡Ì ͇ʉ˚È „Ó‰ ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ ̇ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó ‚
Ú˜ÂÌË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ ‰ÌÂÈ.
Moche / åÓ˜Â, ÒÛ˘., ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÔÓˆ‚ÂÚ‡‚¯‡fl
̇ ÚÂËÚÓËË Ì˚̯ÌÂ„Ó èÂÛ ÔËÏÂÌÓ Ò 100 „.
ÔÓ 700 „. Ì. ˝.
monarchy / ÏÓ̇ıËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÙÓχ Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËfl,
ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‚·ÒÚ¸ ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊËÚ Ó‰ÌÓÏÛ ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍÛ.
monaœtery / ÏÓ̇ÒÚ˚¸, ÒÛ˘., ÂÎË„ËÓÁ̇fl
Ó·˘Ë̇ ÏÛʘËÌ (ÏÓ̇ıÓ‚), ÓÚ͇Á‡‚¯ËıÒfl ÓÚ ‚Ò„Ó
ÏËÒÍÓ„Ó Ë ÔÓÒ‚flÚË‚¯Ëı Ò‚Ó˛ ÊËÁ̸ ÏÓÎËÚ‚Â Ë
ÔÓÍÎÓÌÂÌ˲ ÅÓ„Û.
monopoly / ÏÓÌÓÔÓÎËfl, ÒÛ˘., ˝ÍÒÍβÁË‚Ì˚È
ÍÓÌÚÓθ ÍÓÏÔ‡ÌËË ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡ Ë ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌËfl ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ ÔÓ‰Û͈ËË Ì‡ ˚ÌÍÂ.
monotheiœm / ÏÓÌÓÚÂËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ‚Â‡ ‚
‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÅÓ„‡.
Monroe Doctrine / ÑÓÍÚË̇ åÓÌÓ,
ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ ÔÓ
ÔÓÚË‚Ó‰ÂÈÒڂ˲ β·ÓÏÛ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÏÛ
‚ϯ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚Û ‚ ‰Â· ã‡ÚËÌÒÍÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍË,
ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·¯ÂÌ̇fl ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÓÏ åÓÌÓ ‚ 1823 „Ó‰Û.
monœoon / ÏÛÒÒÓÌ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÂÚÂ, ÏÂÌfl˛˘ËÈ
̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌË ͇ʉ˚È „Ó‰ ‚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ ‚ÂÏfl.
moœque / ϘÂÚ¸, ÒÛ˘., ÏÂÒÚÓ ÏÓÎËÚ‚˚
ÏÛÒÛθχÌ.
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WORLD HISTORY
movable type / ̇·Ó̇fl „‡ÌËÚÛ‡, ÒÛ˘.,
ÏÂÚ‡Î΢ÂÒÍË ËÎË ‰Â‚flÌÌ˚ ÎËÚÂ˚, ͇ʉ‡fl ËÁ
ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ËÏÂÂÚ Ó‰ËÌ ÒËÏ‚ÓÎ, ‰Îfl ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl Ô˜‡ÚÌÓÈ
ÒÚ‡Ìˈ˚.
Mughal / åÓ„ÓÎ˚, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ÌÓ ËÁ ÍӘ‚˚ı ÔÎÂÏÂÌ,
̇ÒÂÎfl‚¯Ëı à̉ËÈÒÍËÈ ÒÛ·ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ ‚ XVI ‚. Ë
ÓÒÌÓ‚‡‚¯Ëı Ú‡Ï ÏÓ˘ÌÛ˛ ËÏÔÂ˲.
mujahideen / ÏӉʇı‰˚, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ÄÙ„‡ÌËÒÚ‡ÌÂ,
Ò‚flÚ˚ ‚ÓËÌ˚, Ó·˙‰ËÌË‚¯ËÂÒfl ‚ 1970-ı „„. ‰Îfl
·Ó¸·˚ c Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÒÚ‡Ì˚, ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ
Ó͇Á˚‚‡Î ÔÓÏÓ˘¸ ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËÈ ëÓ˛Á.
mulattoœ / ÏÛ·Ú˚, ÒÛ˘., β‰Ë Òϯ‡ÌÌÓ„Ó
‡ÙÓ-‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÔÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËfl.
mummification / ÏÛÏËÙË͇ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓˆÂÒÒ
·‡Î¸Á‡ÏËÓ‚‡ÌËfl Ë ‚˚Òۯ˂‡ÌËfl ÚÂÎ ÛÒÓÔ¯Ëı ‰Îfl
Ô‰ÓÚ‚‡˘ÂÌËfl Ëı ‡ÁÎÓÊÂÌËfl.
Munich Conference / å˛ÌıÂÌÒ͇fl
ÍÓÌÙÂÂ̈Ëfl, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÒÚ˜‡ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ
ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËË, î‡ÌˆËË, àÚ‡ÎËË Ë ÉÂχÌËË ‚
1938 „., ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl Ë
î‡ÌˆËfl ‰‡ÎË Òӄ·ÒË ̇ ‡ÌÌÂÍÒ˲ ÉÂχÌËÂÈ
˜‡ÒÚË óÂıÓÒÎÓ‚‡ÍËË, ‚ Ó·ÏÂÌ Ì‡ Ó·flÁ‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó
ĉÓθه ÉËÚÎÂ‡ Òӷβ‰‡Ú¸ ÌÓ‚˚ „‡Ìˈ˚
óÂıÓÒÎÓ‚‡ÍËË.
Muœlim / åÛÒÛθχÌËÌ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθ
ËÒ·χ.
Muœlim League / ãË„‡ åÛÒÛθχÌ, ÒÛ˘.,
Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1906 „. ‰Îfl Á‡˘ËÚ˚
ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚ ÏÛÒÛÎ¸Ï‡Ì ‚ à̉ËË, ÔÓÁÊ Ô‰·„‡‚¯‡fl
‡Á‰ÂÎËÚ¸ àÌ‰Ë˛ ̇ ‰‚‡ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ — ÏÛÒÛθχÌ
Ë Ë̉ÛÒÓ‚.
Mutapa / åÛÚ‡ÔÒÍËÈ, ÔË·„., ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ËÈÒfl Í
˛ÊÌÓ-‡ÙË͇ÌÒÍÓÈ ËÏÔÂËË, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ åÛÚÓÚÓÈ ‚
XV ‚ Ì. ˝.
Mycenaeanœ / åËÍÂȈ˚, ÒÛ˘. Ë̉Ó‚ÓÔÂȈ˚,
Ó·ÓÒÌÓ‚‡‚¯ËÂÒfl ‚ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÉˆËË
ÔËÏÂÌÓ ‚ 2000 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
mythœ / ÏËÙ˚, ÒÛ˘., Ú‡‰ËˆËÓÌÌ˚ ‡ÒÒ͇Á˚ Ó
·Ó„‡ı, Ô‰͇ı ËÎË „ÂÓflı, ÔÓ‚ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÏ˚ ‰Îfl
Ó·˙flÒÌÂÌËfl fl‚ÎÂÌËÈ ‚ ÔËÓ‰Â, Ó·˚˜‡Â‚ ËÎË
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËÈ Î˛‰ÂÈ.
N
Napoleonic Code / äÓ‰ÂÍÒ ç‡ÔÓÎÂÓ̇, ÒÛ˘.,
ËÒ˜ÂÔ˚‚‡˛˘ËÈ ÛÌË‚Â҇θÌ˚È Ò‚Ó‰ Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚,
‚‚‰ÂÌÌ˚È ‚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ‚Ó î‡ÌˆËË ç‡ÔÓÎÂÓÌÓÏ.
National Aœœembly / 燈ËÓ̇θÌÓ ëÓ·‡ÌËÂ,
ÒÛ˘., Ù‡ÌˆÛÁÒÍËÈ ÍÓÌ„ÂÒÒ, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎflÏË íÂÚ¸ÂÈ ÒÚ‡Ú˚ 17 ˲Ìfl 1789 „.
‰Îfl ÔËÌflÚËfl Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚ Ë Ôӂ‰ÂÌËfl ÂÙÓÏ ÓÚ
ËÏÂÌË Ù‡ÌˆÛÁÒÍÓ„Ó Ì‡Ó‰‡.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
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nationaliœm / ̇ˆËÓ̇ÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., Û·ÂʉÂÌË ‚
ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Î˛‰Ë ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ·˚Ú¸ ÎÓflθÌ˚ ÔÂʉ ‚Ò„Ó
Í Ò‚ÓÂÈ Ì‡ˆËË, ÚÓ ÂÒÚ¸ Í Î˛‰flÏ ÚÓÈ Ê ÍÛθÚÛ˚ Ë
ËÒÚÓ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÔÓ¯ÎÓ„Ó, ‡ Ì ÍÓÓβ ËÎË ËÏÔÂËË.
nation-œtate / ̇ˆËfl-„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËχfl „ÂÓÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‰ËÌˈ‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÔÓÊË‚‡˛Ú β‰Ë Ò Â‰ËÌÓÈ ÍÛθÚÛÓÈ Ë ÔÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËÂÏ.
NATO / çÄíé, ÒÛ˘., é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl ë‚ÂÓ‡Ú·ÌÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó‡ — Ó·ÓÓÌËÚÂθÌ˚È ‡Î¸flÌÒ,
ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ‚ 1949 „. ‰ÂÒflÚ¸˛ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ÏË á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ
Ö‚ÓÔ˚, ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË Ë ä‡Ì‡‰ÓÈ.
Nazca / ç‡Ò͇, ÒÛ˘., ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÔÓˆ‚ÂÚ‡‚¯‡fl
ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ Ò 200 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝. ‰Ó 600-ı „„. Ì. ˝.
ç‡ ˛ÊÌÓÏ ÔÓ·ÂÂʸ ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ„Ó èÂÛ.
Naziœm / 燈ËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., Ù‡¯ËÒÚÒ͇fl ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËfl
燈ËÓ̇Î-ÒӈˇÎËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‡·Ó˜ÂÈ Ô‡ÚËË
ÉÂχÌËË, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ̇ ÚÓÚ‡ÎËÚ‡ËÁÏÂ,
Û·ÂʉÂÌËË ‚ ‡ÒÓ‚ÓÏ Ô‚ÓÒıÓ‰ÒÚ‚Â Ë
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ „ÛÎËÓ‚‡ÌËË ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË.
Negritude movement / Ñ‚ËÊÂÌË Ì„Ó‚, ÒÛ˘.,
Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Ù‡ÌÍÓ-„Ó‚Ófl˘Ë ‡ÙË͇̈˚ Ë ÊËÚÂÎË ÇÂÒÚ-à̉ËË ‚ÓÒÒ·‚ÎflÎË
Ò‚ÓËı Ô‰¯ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌËÍÓ‚ Ë Û̇ÒΉӂ‡ÌÌ˚ ËÏË
Ú‡‰ËˆËÓÌÌ˚ ‡ÙË͇ÌÒÍË ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË Ë ÍÛθÚÛÛ.
neoclaœœical / ÌÂÓÍ·ÒÒ˘ÂÒÍËÈ, ÔË·„.,
ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ËÈÒfl Í ÔÓÒÚÓÏÛ, Ò‰ÂʇÌÌÓÏÛ ÒÚËβ
(ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÏÛ Ì‡ Ú‡‰ËˆËflı ‰‚Ì„˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó
Ë ‰‚ÌÂËÏÒÍÓ„Ó ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚‡), ÍÓÚÓ˚È ·˚Î
ı‡‡ÍÚÂÂÌ ‰Îfl ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓ„Ó ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚‡ ‚ ÍÓ̈Â
1700-ı „Ó‰Ó‚.
Neolithic Age / çÂÓÎËÚ, ÒÛ˘., ‰ÓËÒÚÓ˘ÂÒÍËÈ
ÔÂËÓ‰, ̇˜‡‚¯ËÈÒfl ÔËÏÂÌÓ ‚ 8 Ú˚Òfl˜ÂÎÂÚËË ‰Ó Ì.
˝. Ë Á‡ÍÓ̘˂¯ËÈÒfl ̇ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÚÂËÚÓËflı ‚
3 Ú˚Òfl˜ÂÎÂÚËË ‰Ó Ì. ˝., ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó Î˛‰Ë
̇ۘËÎËÒ¸ ¯ÎËÙÓ‚‡Ú¸ ͇ÏÂÌÌ˚ ÓÛ‰Ëfl ÚÛ‰‡,
‰Â·ڸ „ÎËÌflÌÛ˛ ÔÓÒÛ‰Û, ‚˚‡˘Ë‚‡Ú¸ ÛÓÊ‡È Ë
‡Á‚Ó‰ËÚ¸ ÒÍÓÚ; ˝ÚÓÚ ÔÂËÓ‰ Ú‡ÍÊ ̇Á˚‚‡˛Ú
çÓ‚˚Ï Í‡ÏÂÌÌ˚Ï ‚ÂÍÓÏ.
Neolithic Revolution / çÂÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl
‚ÓβˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÂÌÌÓ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌË ‚ ÊËÁÌË
˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇, ‚˚Á‚‡ÌÌÓ ̇˜‡ÎÓÏ ÁÂÏΉÂÎËfl, Ú. Â.
ÔÂÂıÓ‰ÓÏ ÓÚ Ò·Ó‡ ÔË˘Ë Í Â ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Û.
New Deal / çÓ‚˚È ÍÛÒ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ„‡Ïχ ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ î‡ÌÍÎË̇ êÛÁ‚Âθڇ
Ôӂ‰ÂÌËfl ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÂÙÓÏ˚ ‰Îfl ÔÂÓ‰ÓÎÂÌËfl ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ, ‚˚Á‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ÇÂÎËÍÓÈ ‰ÂÔÂÒÒËÂÈ.
New Kingdom / çÓ‚Ó ÍÓÓ΂ÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘.
ÔÂËÓ‰ ‚ ËÒÚÓËË Ñ‚ÌÂ„Ó Ö„ËÔÚ‡ ÔÓÒΠ҂ÂÊÂÌËfl
Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ Hykœoœ („ËÍÒÓÒ), ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇ‚¯ËÈÒfl Ò
1570 „. ÔÓ 1075 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
nirvana / ÌË‚‡Ì‡, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ·Û‰‰ËÁÏÂ,
ÓÒ‚Ó·ÓʉÂÌË ÓÚ ·ÓÎË Ë ÒÚ‡‰‡ÌËÈ, ‰ÓÒÚË„‡ÂÏÓÂ
ÔÓÒÎÂ ÔÓÒ‚ÂÚÎÂÌËfl.
Nok / çÓÍ, ÒÛ˘., ‡ÙË͇̈˚, ÊË‚¯Ë ‚ ÔÂËÓ‰
ÏÂÊ‰Û 500 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝. Ë 200 „. Ì. ˝. ̇ ÚÂËÚÓËË, „‰Â
‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â ‚ÂÏfl ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂ̇ çË„ÂËfl.
nomad / ÍӘ‚ÌËÍ, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÎÂÌ „ÛÔÔ˚, ÌÂ
Ëϲ˘ÂÈ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ„Ó ÏÂÒÚ‡ ÊËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡, ÔÂÂÏ¢‡˛˘ËÈÒfl Ò ÏÂÒÚ‡ ̇ ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ ÔÓËÒ͇ı ÔË˘Ë Ë ‚Ó‰˚.
nonaggreœœion pact / Ô‡ÍÚ Ó ÌÂ̇ԇ‰ÂÌËË,
ÒÛ˘., Òӄ·¯ÂÌËÂ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÒÚ‡Ì˚ Ó·flÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÌÂ
̇ԇ‰‡Ú¸ ‰Û„ ̇ ‰Û„‡.
nonaligned nationœ / ÌÂÔËÒÓ‰ËÌË‚¯ËÂÒfl
ÒÚ‡Ì˚, ÒÛ˘., ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡, ÒÓı‡Ìfl‚¯Ë ÌÂÈÚ‡ÎËÚÂÚ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ïÓÎÓ‰ÌÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ÏÂʉÛ
ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË Ë ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËÏ ëÓ˛ÁÓÏ.
Nuremberg Trialœ / ç˛Ì·Â„ÒÍËÈ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ,
ÒÛ˘., ÒÂËfl Òۉ·Ì˚ı Á‡Ò‰‡ÌËÈ ‚ ç˛Ì·Â„Â,
ÉÂχÌËfl, ÔÓÒΠÓÍÓ̘‡ÌËfl ÇÚÓÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚,
̇ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÒÛ‰ËÎË Ì‡ˆËÒÚÒÍËı ÎˉÂÓ‚ Á‡ ‚ÓÂÌÌÛ˛
‡„ÂÒÒ˲, ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ ÔÂÒÚÛÔÎÂÌËfl Ë ÔÂÒÚÛÔÎÂÌËfl
ÔÓÚË‚ ˜ÂÎӂ˜ÂÒÚ‚‡.
O
obœidian / Ó·ÒˉˇÌ, ÒÛ˘., Ú‚Â‰‡fl,
ÒÚÂÍÎӂˉ̇fl ‚ÛÎ͇Ì˘ÂÒ͇fl „Ó̇fl ÔÓÓ‰‡, ËÁ
ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÔÂ‚Ó·˚ÚÌ˚ β‰Ë ‰Â·ÎË ÓÒÚÓ ÓÛÊËÂ.
Old Regime / ëÚ‡˚È ÂÊËÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl
Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌ̇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ, ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯‡fl ‚Ó î‡ÌˆËË
‰Ó î‡ÌˆÛÁÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓβˆËË.
oligarchy / ÓÎË„‡ıËfl, ÒÛ˘., Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó, ‚
ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ‚·ÒÚ¸ ÒÓÒ‰ÓÚÓ˜Â̇ ‚ Û͇ı ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı
β‰ÂÈ, ‚ ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÒÚË, Ú‡ÍÓÂ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÂ
ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl ·Î‡„ÓÒÓÒÚÓflÌËÂÏ.
Olmec / éθÏÂÍË, ÒÛ˘., ҇χfl ÔÂ‚‡fl ËÁ
ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚ı ÏÂÁÓ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËÈ,
‰ÓÒÚË„¯‡fl ‡Òˆ‚ÂÚ‡ ‚ 1200-ı „„. ‰Ó Ì. ˝. Ë Ó͇Á‡‚¯‡fl
‚ÎËflÌË ̇ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ë ӷ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ ˝ÚÓ„Ó „ËÓ̇.
Open Door Policy / èÓÎËÚË͇ ÓÚÍ˚Ú˚ı
‰‚ÂÂÈ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚË͇, Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌ̇fl
ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË ‚ 1899 „Ó‰Û, Òӄ·ÒÌÓ
ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‚Ò ÒÚ‡Ì˚ ËÏÂÎË ·˚ ‡‚Ì˚ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË
‚ ÚÓ„Ó‚ÎÂ Ò äËÚ‡ÂÏ.
Opium War / éÔËÛÏ̇fl ‚ÓÈ̇, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÈ̇
ÏÂÊ‰Û ÅËÚ‡ÌËÂÈ Ë äËÚ‡ÂÏ, ‰ÎË‚¯‡flÒfl Ò 1839 „. ÔÓ
1842 „., Ô˘ËÌÓÈ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ Òڇ· ÚÓ„Ó‚Îfl ÓÔËÛÏÓÏ
‚ äËÚ‡Â.
oracle bone / ÍÓÒÚ¸ Ó‡ÍÛ·, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÒÚ¸ ÊË‚ÓÚÌÓ„Ó ËÎË Ô‡ÌˆË¸ ˜ÂÂÔ‡ıË, Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı
‰‚ÌË ÍËÚ‡ÈÒÍË Êˆ˚ Ó·˘‡ÎËÒ¸ Ò ·Ó„‡ÏË.
Oœlo Peace Accordœ / åËÌ˚È ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó ‚ éÒÎÓ,
ÒÛ˘., Òӄ·¯ÂÌË 1993 „Ó‰‡, ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË
Ò ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï ÔÂϸÂ-ÏËÌËÒÚ àÁ‡ËÎfl ꇷËÌ
Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ËÎ Ô‡ÎÂÒÚË̈‡Ï Ô‡‚Ó Ò‡ÏÓÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ‚
ëÂÍÚÓ ɇÁ‡ Ë Ì‡ á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÏ ·ÂÂ„Û ÂÍË àÓ‰‡Ì.
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ozone layer / ÓÁÓÌÓ‚˚È ÒÎÓÈ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÂıÌËÈ
‡ÚÏÓÒÙÂÌ˚È ÒÎÓÈ ÁÂÏÎË, Á‡˘Ë˘‡˛˘ËÈ ÊË‚˚Â
Ó„‡ÌËÁÏ˚ ÓÚ ‚‰ÌÓ„Ó ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl
ÛθÚ‡ÙËÓÎÂÚÓ‚Ó„Ó ËÁÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl ÒÓÎ̈‡.
P
Pacific Rim / íËıÓÓ͇ÌÒÍÓ ÍÓθˆÓ, ÒÛ˘.,
ÚÂËÚÓËË, ÓÍÛʇ˛˘Ë íËıËÈ Ó͇Ì, ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ
ÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌ˚ ‚ ÄÁËË.
Paleolithic Age / è‡ÎÂÓÎËÚ, ÒÛ˘.,
‰ÓËÒÚÓ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ÔÂËÓ‰ Ò 2,5 ÏÎÌ. ÎÂÚ ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
‰Ó 8000 „Ó‰‡ ‰Ó Ì. ˝., ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó Î˛‰Ë
ÒÚ‡ÎË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÓÛ‰Ëfl ÚÛ‰‡ Ë ÓÛÊË ËÁ
ÌÂÓ·‡·ÓÚ‡ÌÌÓ„Ó Í‡ÏÌfl; Ú‡ÍÊ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÂÌ Í‡Í
ëÚ‡˚È Í‡ÏÂÌÌ˚È ‚ÂÍ.
Panama Canal / è‡Ì‡ÏÒÍËÈ Í‡Ì‡Î, ÒÛ˘.,
ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È ‚Ó‰Ì˚È ÔÛÚ¸, ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌÌ˚È
ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË ‚ è‡Ì‡ÏÂ, ÓÚÍ˚ÚËÂ
ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÒÓÒÚÓflÎÓÒ¸ ‚ 1914 „Ó‰Û.
papyruœ / Ô‡ÔËÛÒ, ÒÛ˘., ‡ÒÚÂÌËÂ Ò ‚˚ÒÓÍËÏË
ÒÚ·ÎflÏË, ÔÓËÁ‡ÒÚ‡˛˘Â ‚ ‰ÂθÚ çË·, ËÁ
ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÊËÚÂÎË Ñ‚ÌÂ„Ó Ö„ËÔÚ‡ ‰Â·ÎË ÔËÒ˜ËÈ
χÚÂˇÎ, ÔÓıÓÊËÈ Ì‡ ·Ûχ„Û.
parliament / Ô‡·ÏÂÌÚ, ÒÛ˘., Ó„‡Ì Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂθÌÓÈ ‚·ÒÚË, ËÁ‰‡˛˘ËÈ Á‡ÍÓÌ˚ ÒÚ‡Ì˚.
partition / ‡Á‰ÂÎ, ÒÛ˘., ‰ÂÎÂÌË ̇ ˜‡ÒÚË, Ú‡ÍÓÂ
͇Í, ̇ÔËÏÂ, ‚ 1947 „. ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌË à̉ËË, ·˚‚¯ÂÈ
·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍÓÈ ÍÓÎÓÌËÂÈ, ̇ ‰‚‡ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ — àÌ‰Ë˛
Ë è‡ÍËÒÚ‡Ì.
paœtoraliœt / Ô‡ÒÚÓ‡ÎËÒÚ (ÒÍÓÚÓ‚Ó‰), ÒÛ˘.,
˜ÎÂÌ ÍÓ˜Â‚Ó„Ó ÔÎÂÏÂÌË, Á‡ÌËχ˛˘ËÈÒfl
‚˚‡˘Ë‚‡ÌËÂÏ ‰Óχ¯ÌÂ„Ó ÒÍÓÚ‡.
paternaliœm / Ô‡ÚÂ̇ÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÎËÚË͇
ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Í Î˛‰flÏ Í‡Í Í ‰ÂÚflÏ, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚Ò Ëı
ÌÛʉ˚ Û‰Ó‚ÎÂÚ‚ÓflÚÒfl ·ÂÁ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ËÏ Ô‡‚.
patriarch / Ô‡Úˇı, ÒÛ˘., ‚˚Ò¯ËÈ ‰ÛıÓ‚Ì˚È Ò‡Ì
‚ Ô‡‚ÓÒ·‚ËË.
patriarchal / Ô‡Úˇı‡Î¸Ì˚È, ÔËÎ.,
ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ËÈÒfl Í Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏÂ, „‰Â ÓÚˆ
fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl „·‚ÓÈ ÒÂϸË.
patrician / Ô‡ÚˈËÈ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ‰‚ÌÂÏ êËÏÂ,
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂθ ÒÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓ„Ó, ÔË‚Ë΄ËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ„Ó, ‚˚Ò¯Â„Ó Í·ÒÒ‡.
patrilineal / Ô‡ÚËÎËÌÂÈÌ˚È, ÔËÎ., ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ËÈÒfl
Í ÒӈˇθÌÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏÂ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÔÓËÒıÓʉÂÌË Ë
Ô‡‚Ó Ì‡ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ÓÚÒÎÂÊË‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÓ ÓÚˆÓ‚ÒÍÓÈ
ÎËÌËË.
patron / ÔÓÍÓ‚ËÚÂθ, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ,
ÔÓÏÓ„‡˛˘ËÈ Î˛‰flÏ Ú‚Ó˜ÂÒÍËı ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÈ,
ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ Ï‡ÚÂˇθÌÓ.
176
WORLD HISTORY
Pax Mongolica / Pax Mongolica, ÒÛ˘.,
“åÓÌ„ÓθÒÍËÈ ÏË” — ÔÂËÓ‰ Ò ÒÂ‰ËÌ˚ XII ‚.
‰Ó ÒÂ‰ËÌ˚ XIII ‚., ÍÓ„‰‡ ÏÓÌ„ÓÎ˚ ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÎË
ÒÚ‡·ËθÌÓÒÚ¸, Á‡ÍÓÌ Ë ÔÓfl‰ÓÍ Ì‡ ·Óθ¯ÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË
ÚÂËÚÓËË Ö‚‡ÁËË.
Pax Romana / Pax Romana, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂËÓ‰ ÏË‡
Ë ÔÓˆ‚ÂÚ‡ÌËfl ‚ êËÏÒÍÓÈ ËÏÔÂËË Ò 27 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
‰Ó 180 „. Ì. ˝.
Peace of Augœburg / ÄÛ„Ò·Û„ÒÍËÈ ÏË,
ÒÛ˘., Òӄ·¯ÂÌË 1555 „Ó‰‡, ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚Ë‚¯Â Ô‡‚Ó
„ÂχÌÒÍËı ÍÌflÁÂÈ ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÚ¸ ‚ÂÓËÒÔӂ‰‡ÌËÂ
Ò‚ÓËı ÔÓ‰‰‡ÌÌ˚ı.
Peloponneœian War / èÂÎÓÔÓÌÌÂÒÒ͇fl ‚ÓÈ̇,
ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÈ̇, ‰ÎË‚¯‡flÒfl Ò 431 „. ÔÓ 404 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝., ‚
ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ëÔ‡Ú‡ Ë Â ÒÓ˛ÁÌËÍË Ó‰ÂʇÎË ÔÓ·Â‰Û Ì‡‰
ÄÙË̇ÏË Ë Â ÒÓ˛ÁÌË͇ÏË.
penal colony / ËÒÔ‡‚ËÚÂθ̇fl ÍÓÎÓÌËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
ÍÓÎÓÌËfl, Í‡Í ‡Î¸ÚÂ̇ÚË‚‡ Ú˛¸ÏÂ, ÍÛ‰‡ ÒÒ˚·˛ÚÒfl
͇ÚÓÊÌËÍË.
peninœulareœ / ÊËÚÂÎË ÔÓÎÛÓÒÚÓ‚‡, ÒÛ˘., ‚
ÍÓÎÓÌˇθÌÓÏ ËÒÔ‡ÌÒÍÓÏ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Â ÍÓÎÓÌËÒÚ˚,
Ӊ˂¯ËÂÒfl ‚ àÒÔ‡ÌËË.
Peninœular War / ÇÓÈ̇ ̇ èËÂÌÂÈÒÍÓÏ
ÔÓÎÛÓÒÚÓ‚Â, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ Ò 1808 ÔÓ 1813
„Ó‰˚, ÍÓ„‰‡ ËÒÔ‡ÌÒÍË ÏflÚÂÊÌËÍË ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚÌÓ Ò
·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍËÏË ‚ÓÈÒ͇ÏË Ò‡Ê‡ÎËÒ¸ Á‡ ËÁ„̇ÌËÂ
Ù‡ÌˆÛÁÒÍËı ‚ÓÈÒÍ ç‡ÔÓÎÂÓ̇ Ò ÚÂËÚÓËË
àÒÔ‡ÌËË.
pereœtroika / ÔÂÂÒÚÓÈ͇, ÒÛ˘.,
ÂÒÚÛÍÚÛËÁ‡ˆËfl ÒÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓÈ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍË Ò ˆÂθ˛
Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ·Óθ¯ÂÈ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰˚ ‚ ÔËÌflÚËË
¯ÂÌËÈ Ó„‡Ì‡Ï ÏÂÒÚÌÓ„Ó Ò‡ÏÓÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl,
̇˜‡Ú‡fl åËı‡ËÎÓÏ ÉÓ·‡˜Â‚˚Ï ‚ 1985 „.
Perœian Gulf War / ÇÓÈ̇ ‚ èÂÒˉÒÍÓÏ
Á‡ÎË‚Â, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ 1991 „Ó‰‡, ÍÓ„‰‡
‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚ ÒËÎ˚ ééç ËÁ„̇ÎË Ë‡ÍÒÍË ‚ÓÈÒ͇
ËÁ äÛ‚ÂÈÚ‡ Ë Ô‰ÓÚ‚‡ÚËÎË Û„ÓÁÛ Á‡ı‚‡Ú‡
ë‡Û‰Ó‚ÒÍÓÈ Ä‡‚ËË.
Perœian Warœ / èÂÒˉÒÍË ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÂËfl ‚ÓÈÌ ‚ V ‚. ‰Ó Ì. ˝., ÍÓ„‰‡ „˜ÂÒÍË „ÓÓ‰‡„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ Ò‡Ê‡ÎËÒ¸ Ò èÂÒˉÒÍÓÈ ËÏÔÂËÂÈ.
perœpective / ÔÂÒÔÂÍÚË‚‡, ÒÛ˘., ÚÂıÌË͇ ‚
ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚Â, ̇ ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚË ÒÓÁ‰‡˛˘‡fl ‚ÓÒÔËflÚËÂ
Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡ ‚ ÚÂı ËÁÏÂÂÌËflı.
phalanx / ه·̄‡, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÂÌÌÓ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌËÂ
ÔÂıÓÚ˚, ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌÓÈ ÍÓÔ¸flÏË Ë ˘ËÚ‡ÏË.
pharaoh / Ù‡‡ÓÌ, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÓθ ‚ Ñ‚ÌÂÏ
Ö„ËÔÚÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó Ò˜ËÚ‡ÎË ·Ó„ÓÏ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ
ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏ Ë ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚Ï ÎˉÂÓÏ.
philoœophe / ÙËÎÓÒÓÙ, ÒÛ˘., Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂθ
„ÛÔÔ˚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı Ï˚ÒÎËÚÂÎÂÈ ‚Ó î‡ÌˆËË ‚
ÔÂËÓ‰ èÓÒ‚Â˘ÂÌËfl.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
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philoœopherœ / ÙËÎÓÒÓÙ˚, ÒÛ˘., Ï˚ÒÎËÚÂÎË,
ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘Ë ÎÓ„ËÍÛ Ë ÛÏÓÁ‡Íβ˜ÂÌËfl ‰Îfl
ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËfl ÔËÓ‰˚ ‚ÒÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ, ˜ÂÎӂ˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó
Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ Ë Ì‡‚ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚË.
Phoenicianœ / îËÌËÍËȈ˚, ÒÛ˘., ÏÓÂıÓ‰˚ ËÁ
˛„Ó-Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ ÄÁËË, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔËÏÂÌÓ ‚ XI ‚. ‰Ó
Ì. ˝. ̇˜‡ÎË ÚÓ„Ó‚‡Ú¸ Ë ÒÓÁ‰‡‚‡Ú¸ ÍÓÎÓÌËË ‚
ë‰ËÁÂÏÌÓÏÓÒÍÓÏ „ËÓÌÂ.
Pilgrimœ / èËÎË„ËÏ˚, ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ β‰ÂÈ, ‚
1620 „. ÓÒÌÓ‚‡‚¯Ëı ÍÓÎÓÌ˲ èÎËÏÛÚ ‚ ¯Ú‡ÚÂ
å‡ÒÒ‡˜ÛÒÂÚÒ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ËÁ·Âʇڸ ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚ı
ÔÂÒΉӂ‡ÌËÈ ‚ ÄÌ„ÎËË.
plebeian / ÔηÂÈ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ Ñ‚ÌÂÏ êËÏ ӉËÌ ËÁ
Ó·˚˜Ì˚ı ÙÂÏÂÓ‚, ÂÏÂÒÎÂÌÌËÍÓ‚ ËÎË ÚÓ„Ó‚ˆÂ‚,
ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl‚¯Ëı ·Óθ¯Û˛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËfl.
plebiœcite / ÔηËÒˆËÚ, ÒÛ˘., ÔflÏÓÂ
„ÓÎÓÒÓ‚‡ÌËÂ, ̇ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌË ÒÚ‡Ì˚ ÏÓÊÂÚ
Ó‰Ó·ËÚ¸ ËÎË ÓÚÍÎÓÌËÚ¸ ͇ÍÓÂ-ÎË·Ó Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ.
PLO / ééè, ÒÛ˘., é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl éÒ‚Ó·ÓʉÂÌËfl
è‡ÎÂÒÚËÌ˚ — Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, ˆÂθ˛ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌË ̇ ÅÎËÊÌÂÏ ÇÓÒÚÓÍÂ
ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓ„Ó „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ ‰Îfl Ô‡ÎÂÒÚË̈‚.
poliœ / ÔÓÎËÒ, ÒÛ˘., „˜ÂÒÍËÈ „ÓÓ‰-„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Ó,
ÓÒÌӂ̇fl ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‰ËÌˈ‡ Ñ‚ÌÂÈ ÉˆËË
ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ ÔÓÒΠ750 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
Politburo / èÓÎËÚ·˛Ó, ÒÛ˘., Ô‡‚fl˘ËÈ Ó„‡Ì
äÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ô‡ÚËË ‚ ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓÏ ëÓ˛ÁÂ.
political diœœent / ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ ‡ÁÌӄ·ÒËÂ,
ÒÛ˘., ÌÂÒÓ‚Ô‡‰ÂÌË ‚Á„Îfl‰Ó‚ ÔÓ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏ
‚ÓÔÓÒ‡Ï.
polytheiœm / ÔÓÎËÚÂËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ‚Â‡ ‚Ó
ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Ó ·Ó„Ó‚.
pope / Ô‡Ô‡ ËÏÒÍËÈ, ÒÛ˘., ËÏÒÍËÈ ÂÔËÒÍÓÔ,
„·‚‡ ËÏÒÍÓÈ Í‡ÚÓ΢ÂÒÍÓÈ ˆÂÍ‚Ë.
Popol Vuh / èÓÔÓÎ ÇÛı, ÒÛ˘., ÍÌË„‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ËÒÚÓËfl ÒÓÚ‚ÓÂÌËfl ÏË‡ ÔÓ ‚ÂÒËË
̇Ó‰Ó‚ å‡Èfl.
popular culture / ÔÓÔÛÎfl̇fl ÍÛθÚÛ‡, ÒÛ˘.,
˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ˚ ÍÛθÚÛ˚, Ú‡ÍËÂ Í‡Í ÒÔÓÚ, ÏÛÁ˚͇, ÏÓ‰‡
Ë ÍËÌÓ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÓÚ‡Ê‡˛Ú Ó·˘Â ÔÓËÒıÓʉÂÌË Ë
ÏÂÌfl˛˘ËÂÒfl ËÌÚÂÂÒ˚ „ÛÔÔ˚ β‰ÂÈ.
potlatch / ÔÓÚ·ژ, ÒÛ˘. ˆÂÂÏÓÌˇθÌ˚È ÔË ‚
ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÔÎÂÏÂ̇ı ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı Ë̉ÂȈ‚ ̇
Ò‚ÂÓ-Á‡Ô‡‰Â íËıÓÓ͇ÌÒÍÓ„Ó ÔÓ·ÂÂʸfl ëòÄ,
ÛÒÚ‡Ë‚‡ÂÏ˚È, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ÔÓ‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸
ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌË ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Â Ë ÒÓÒÚÓflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸.
predeœtination / Ô‰ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÚÂÓËfl
Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÅÓ„ÓÏ ‚Ò Á‡‡Ì Ô‰ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÓ,
‚Íβ˜‡fl Ë ÚÓ, ÍÚÓ ËÁ β‰ÂÈ ·Û‰ÂÚ ÊËÚ¸ ‚˜ÌÓ.
Preœbyterian / èÂÒ‚ËÚÂˇÌËÌ, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÎÂÌ
ÔÓÚÂÒÚ‡ÌÚÒÍÓÈ ˆÂÍ‚Ë, ÛÔ‡‚ÎflÂÏÓÈ ÔÂÒ‚ËÚÂ‡ÏË
(ÒÚ‡¯ËÏË) Ë ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ Ì‡ Û˜ÂÌËflı ÑÊÓ̇ çÓÍÒ‡.
PRI / àêè, ÒÛ˘., àÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÓ̇θ̇fl
ê‚ÓβˆËÓÌ̇fl è‡ÚËfl — „·‚̇fl ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl
Ô‡ÚËfl åÂÍÒËÍË.
proletariat / ÔÓÎÂÚ‡ˇÚ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ÚÂÓËË
χÍÒËÁχ, „ÛÔÔ‡ ‡·Ó˜Ëı, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ·˚ÎË
Ò‚Â„ÌÛÚ¸ ˆ‡fl Ë ÔËÈÚË Í ‚·ÒÚË ‚ êÓÒÒËË.
proliferation / ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘.,
ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È ÓÒÚ ËÎË ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌËÂ, ‚
˜‡ÒÚÌÓÒÚË, fl‰ÂÌÓ„Ó ÓÛÊËfl, ̇ ÒÚ‡Ì˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â
Â„Ó Ì ËÏÂ˛Ú ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â ‚ÂÏfl.
propaganda / ÔÓÔ‡„‡Ì‰‡, ÒÛ˘., ËÌÙÓχˆËfl
ËÎË Ï‡ÚÂˇÎ˚, ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌflÂÏ˚ ‰Îfl ÔÓ‰Ú‚ÂʉÂÌËfl Ò‚ÓÂÈ Ë‰ÂË ËÎË ÓÚˈ‡ÌËfl ˉÂË ÓÔÔÓÌÂÌÚ‡.
Proteœtant / èÓÚÂÒÚ‡ÌÚ, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÎÂÌ ıËÒÚˇÌÒÍÓÈ
ˆÂÍ‚Ë, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ Ì‡ ÔË̈ËÔ‡ı êÂÙÓχˆËË.
proviœional government / ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÂ
Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÚ., Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ ‚ÂÏfl.
pœychology / ÔÒËıÓÎÓ„Ëfl, ÒÛ˘., ̇Û͇ Ó ‡ÁÛÏ Ë
Ôӂ‰ÂÌËË ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇.
puebloœ / ÔÛ˝·ÎÓ, ÒÛ˘., ‰Â‚ÌË Ò ·Óθ¯ËÏË
ÒÚÓÂÌËflÏË ËÁ „ÎËÌ˚ Ë Í‡ÏÌfl, ÔÓ ÛÒÚÓÈÒÚ‚Û
ÔÓıÓ‰fl˘Ë ̇ Í‚‡ÚË˚, ‚ÓÁ‚Ó‰ËÏ˚ ̇Ó‰ÓÏ
Ä̇Á‡ˆË, ‡ ÔÓÁÊ ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËÂÏ ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍÓ„Ó
˛„Ó-Á‡Ô‡‰‡.
Punic Warœ / èÛÌ˘ÂÒÍË ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ÒÛ˘., ÚË
‚ÓÈÌ˚ ÏÂÊ‰Û êËÏÓÏ Ë ä‡Ù‡„ÂÌÓÏ (264–146 „„. ‰Ó
Ì. ˝.), ÂÁÛθڇÚÓÏ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı fl‚ËÎÓÒ¸ ‡ÁÛ¯ÂÌËÂ
ä‡Ù‡„Â̇ Ë „ÓÒÔÓ‰ÒÚ‚Ó êËχ ̇ Á‡Ô‡‰Â
ë‰ËÁÂÏÌÓÏÓÒÍÓ„Ó „ËÓ̇.
Puritanœ / èÛËÚ‡ÌÂ, ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ β‰ÂÈ,
ÒÔ‡Ò‡‚¯ËıÒfl ÓÚ ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌÓ„Ó ÔÂÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ‚
ÄÌ„ÎËË, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡‚¯Ëı ÍÓÎÓÌ˲ Û å‡ÒÒ‡˜ÛÒÂÚÒÍÓ„Ó
Á‡ÎË‚‡ ‚ ̇˜‡Î 1600-ı „„.
puœh-pull factorœ / ÚflÌÛ˘ËÂ-ÚÓÎ͇˛˘ËÂ
Ù‡ÍÚÓ˚, ÒÛ˘., ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔÓ·Ûʉ‡˛Ú
β‰ÂÈ Í ÒÏÂÌ ÏÂÒÚ‡ ÊËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ (ÚflÌÛ˘ËÂ
Ù‡ÍÚÓ˚) ËÎË Á‡ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú Ëı ÔÓÍËÌÛÚ¸ Ó‰Ì˚Â
ÁÂÏÎË Ë ÏË„ËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ‚ ‰Û„ÓÈ „ËÓÌ (ÚÓÎ͇˛˘ËÂ
Ù‡ÍÚÓ˚).
pyramid / ÔË‡Ïˉ‡, ÒÛ˘., χÒÒË‚ÌÓ ÒÚÓÂÌË Ò
ÔflÏÓÛ„ÓθÌ˚Ï ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ Ë ˜ÂÚ˚¸Ïfl ÚÂÛ„ÓθÌ˚ÏË ÒÚÓÓ̇ÏË, ̇ÔËÏÂ, ÒÓÓÛÊÂÌËfl, ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌÌ˚ı
‚ Ö„ËÔÚ ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÏÂÒÚ Á‡ıÓÓÌÂÌËfl Ù‡‡ÓÌÓ‚
Ñ‚ÌÂ„Ó ñ‡ÒÚ‚‡.
Q
Qin dynaœty / ÑË̇ÒÚËfl ñË̸, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÓÚ͇fl
‰Ë̇ÒÚËfl ‚ äËÚ‡Â, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl Á‡ÏÂÌË· ‰Ë̇ÒÚ˲ ÑÊÛ
‚ ÚÂÚ¸ÂÏ ‚ÂÍ ‰Ó Ì. ˝.
Qing dynaœty / ÑË̇ÒÚËfl ñËÌ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÒΉÌflfl
‰Ë̇ÒÚËfl ‚ äËÚ‡Â, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl Ô‡‚Ë· Ò 1644 ÔÓ 1912
„Ó‰˚.
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Quetzalcoatl / äÂÚˆ‡Î¸ÍÓ‡Úθ, ÒÛ˘., “áÏÂÈ ‚
ÔÚ˘¸ÂÏ ÓÔÂÂÌËË” — ·Ó„ ÚÓÎÚÂÍÓ‚ Ë ‰Û„Ëı
ÏÂÁÓ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı β‰ÂÈ.
quipu / ÍËÔÛ, ÒÛ˘., ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌË Á‡‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚ı
ÛÁÂÎ͇ÏË ‚Â‚ÓÍ Ì‡ ͇̇ÚÂ, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏÓ ËÌ͇ÏË
‰Îfl Á‡ÔËÒË ˆËÙÓ‚ÓÈ ËÌÙÓχˆËË.
Qur’an / äÓ‡Ì, ÒÛ˘., Ò‚fl˘ÂÌ̇fl ÍÌË„‡ ËÒ·χ.
R
raciœm / ‡ÒËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., Û·ÂʉÂÌËÂ, ˜ÚÓ Ó‰Ì‡ ‡Ò‡
Ô‚ÓÒıÓ‰ËÚ ‰Û„ËÂ.
radicalœ / ‡‰Ë͇Î˚, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ÔÂ‚ÓÈ ÔÓÎÓ‚ËÌÂ
XIX ‚Â͇ — ‚ÓÔÂȈ˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÎË
Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËflÏ ‚ ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌËË
‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËË Ì‡ ‚Ò ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËÂ.
radioactivity / ‡‰ËÓ‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓÒÚ¸, ÒÛ˘., ÙÓχ
˝ÌÂ„ËË, ‚ÓÁÌË͇˛˘‡fl ÔË ‡ÒÔ‡‰Â ‡ÚÓÏÓ‚.
Raj / ÉÓÒÔÓ‰ÒÚ‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., ˜‡ÒÚ¸ à̉ËË,
ÍÓÌÚÓÎËÛÂχfl ÅËÚ‡ÌËÂÈ ‚ 1857–1947 „Ó‰‡ı.
rationing / ÌÓÏËÓ‚‡ÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌËÂ
ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚, ÍÓÚÓÓ ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸
ÔËÓ·ÂÚÂÌÓ Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËÂÏ, ˜‡ÒÚÓ ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÎflÂÏÓÂ
Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ ‚ ‚ÓÂÌÌÓ ‚ÂÏfl, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚ÓÁÌË͇ÂÚ
‰ÂÙˈËÚ ÚÓ‚‡Ó‚.
realiœm / ‡ÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌË ‚ ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚Â
‚ XIX ‚ÂÍÂ, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÔËÒ‡ÚÂÎË Ë ıÛ‰ÓÊÌËÍË ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÎË ÊËÁ̸ Ú‡ÍÓÈ, ͇͇fl Ó̇ ÂÒÚ¸, ‡ Ì ڇÍÓÈ, ͇ÍÓÈ
Ó̇ ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ·˚Ú¸.
realpolitik / ‡θ̇fl ÔÓÎËÚË͇, ÒÛ˘.,
Ôӂ‰ÂÌË ÊÂÒÚÍÓÈ ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÎËÌËË ·ÂÁ
͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó Ë‰Â‡ÎËÁχ.
receœœion / ˆÂÒÒËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÒÌËÊÂÌË ÚÂÏÔÓ‚
‡Á‚ËÚËfl ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍË „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡.
Reconquiœta / êÂÍÓÌÍËÒÚ‡, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÔ˚ÚÍË
ıËÒÚˇÌÒÍËı ÎˉÂÓ‚ ‚˚ÚÂÒÌËÚ¸ ÏÛÒÛÎ¸Ï‡Ì ËÁ
àÒÔ‡ÌËË, ‰ÎË‚¯ËÂÒfl Ò 1100-ı ÔÓ1492 „Ó‰˚.
Red Guardœ / ä‡Ò̇fl „‚‡‰Ëfl, ÒÛ˘.,
ÏËÎˈÂÈÒÍË ÙÓÏËÓ‚‡ÌËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌ˚ ÍËÚ‡ÈÒÍÓÈ
ÏÓÎÓ‰Âʸ˛ ‚ 1966 „Ó‰Û ‚ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ Ì‡ ÔËÁ˚‚ å‡Ó
ñÁ˝-‰Û̇ Í ÒӈˇθÌÓÈ Ë ÍÛθÚÛÌÓÈ ‚ÓβˆËË.
Reformation / êÂÙÓχˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ
‚ XVI ‚ÂÍ Á‡ ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚ ÔÂÓ·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl,
Ô˂‰¯ÂÂ Í ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì˲ ıËÒÚˇÌÒÍËı ˆÂÍ‚ÂÈ,
ÓÚ‚Â„‡‚¯Ëı ‡‚ÚÓËÚÂÚ Ò‚fl˘ÂÌÌËÍÓ‚.
refugee / ·ÂÊÂ̈, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ÔÓÍËÌÛ‚¯ËÈ
Ò‚Ó˛ Ë ÔÂ·‡‚¯ËÈÒfl ‚ ‰Û„Û˛ ÒÚ‡ÌÛ ‚ ÔÓËÒ͇ı
·ÂÁÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚË.
178
WORLD HISTORY
Reign of Terror / ñ‡ÒÚ‚Ó ÚÂÓ‡, ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÂËÓ‰ Ò ÒÂ‰ËÌ˚ 1793 „Ó‰‡ ÔÓ ÒÂ‰ËÌÛ 1794,
„Ó‰‡, ÍÓ„‰‡ Û ‚·ÒÚË ‚Ó î‡ÌˆËË Ì‡ıÓ‰ËÎÒfl
å‡ÍÒËÏËÎË‡Ì êÓ·ÂÒÔ¸Â, Ù‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË fl‚Îfl‚¯ËÈÒfl
‰ËÍÚ‡ÚÓÓÏ. Ç ˝ÚÓÚ ÔÂËÓ‰ ·˚ÎË Í‡ÁÌÂÌ˚ Ú˚Òfl˜Ë
ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ‰ÂflÚÂÎÂÈ Ë ÔÓÒÚ˚ı „‡Ê‰‡Ì
î‡ÌˆËË.
reincarnation / ÔÂ‚ÓÔÎÓ˘ÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ‚
Ë̉ÛËÁÏÂ Ë ·Û‰‰ËÁÏ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ‰Û¯‡
ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ ‚ÓÁÓʉ‡ÂÚÒfl ‰Ó ÚÂı ÔÓ, ÔÓ͇ Ó̇ ÌÂ
‰ÓÒÚË„ÌÂÚ ÔÓÎÌÓ„Ó ÒÓ‚Â¯ÂÌÒÚ‚‡.
religiouœ toleration / ÂÎË„ËÓÁ̇fl ÚÂÔËÏÓÒÚ¸,
ÒÛ˘., ÔËÁ̇ÌË Ô‡‚‡ β‰ÂÈ ËÏÂÚ¸ ‡Á΢Ì˚Â
ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚ ۷ÂʉÂÌËfl Ë ‚ÂÓ‚‡ÌËfl.
Renaiœœance / ÇÓÁÓʉÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂËÓ‰ ‚
‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÈ ËÒÚÓËË, ‰ÎË‚¯ËÈÒfl Ò 1300 ÔÓ 1600
„Ó‰˚, ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÁÛ˛˘ËÈÒfl ‚ÓÁÓʉÂÌËÂÏ ËÌÚÂÂÒ‡
Í Í·ÒÒ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÍÛθÚÛÂ Ë ‰‡ÎÂÍÓ Ë‰Û˘ËÏË
ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËflÏË ‚ ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚Â, Ó·Û˜ÂÌËË Ë
ÏËÓ‚ÓÒÔËflÚËË.
republic / ÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇, ÒÛ˘., ÙÓχ Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËfl,
ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‚·ÒÚ¸ ̇ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ‚ Û͇ı Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ Ë ÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ËÚÂÎÂÈ, ËÁ·‡ÌÌ˚ı ̇Ó‰ÓÏ.
Reœtoration / êÂÒÚ‡‚‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂËÓ‰
Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ä‡· II ‚ ÄÌ„ÎËË, ÔÓÒΠ҂ÂÊÂÌËfl
Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ éÎË‚Â‡ äÓÏ‚ÂÎfl.
reunification / ‚ÓÒÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ‚ÚÓÌÓÂ
ÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌË ‡Ì ‡ÁÓÁÌÂÌÌ˚ı ‚¢ÂÈ, ͇Í,
̇ÔËÏÂ, ‚ÓÒÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌË ÇÓÒÚÓ˜ÌÓÈ Ë á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÈ
ÉÂχÌËË ‚ 1990 „Ó‰Û.
romanticiœm / ÓχÌÚËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌË ‚
ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚Â ‚ ̇˜‡Î XIX ‚Â͇, ÓÒÌÓ‚ÓÈ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó
·˚ÎË ˝ÏÓˆËË, ‡ Ì ‡ÁÛÏ Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó.
Rooœevelt Corollary / èÓÔ‡‚͇ êÛÁ‚Âθڇ,
ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊÂÌËÂ ÑÓÍÚËÌ˚ åÓÌÓ, Ó·˙fl‚ÎÂÌÌÓÂ
ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÓÏ íÂÓ‰ÓÓÏ êÛÁ‚ÂθÚÓÏ ‚ 1904 „Ó‰Û, ÔÓ
ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚ ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·¯‡ÎË
Ô‡‚Ó ÔËÏÂÌflÚ¸ "ÔÓÎËÚËÍÛ ÒËÎ˚" ‚Ó ‚ÒÂÏ
á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÏ ÔÓÎÛ¯‡ËË.
Rowlatt Actœ / á‡ÍÓÌ˚ êÓÛνÚÚ‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÍÓÌ˚,
ÔËÌflÚ˚ ‚ 1919 „Ó‰Û, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎflÎË
·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍÓÏÛ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Û ‚ à̉ËË Á‡Íβ˜‡Ú¸
‚ Ú˛¸ÏÛ ·ÂÁ ÒÛ‰‡ ÒÓÍÓÏ ‰Ó ‰‚Ûı ÎÂÚ ‚ÒÂı
ÔÓÚÂÒÚÛ˛˘Ëı ÔÓÚË‚ ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËfl.
Royal Road / äÓÓ΂Ò͇fl ‰ÓÓ„‡, ÒÛ˘., ‰ÓÓ„‡
‚ èÂÒˉÒÍÓÈ àÏÔÂËË, ÔÓÚflÌÛ‚¯‡flÒfl ̇ 1600
ÏËθ (2600 ÍÏ) ÓÚ „ÓÓ‰‡ ëÛÁ‡ ‚ èÂÒËË ‰Ó „ÓÓ‰‡
ë‡‰ËÒ ‚ Ä̇ÚÓÎËË.
Ruœœification / êÛÒËÙË͇ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓˆÂÒÒ
ÔËÌÛ‰ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Ì‡Ò‡Ê‰ÂÌËfl ÛÒÒÍÓÈ ÍÛθÚÛ˚
‚ÒÂÏ ˝ÚÌ˘ÂÒÍËÏ „ÛÔÔ‡Ï ‚ êÓÒÒËÈÒÍÓÈ àÏÔÂËË.
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Ruœœo-Japaneœe War / êÛÒÒÍÓ-üÔÓÌÒ͇fl ‚ÓÈ̇,
ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚È ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ ÏÂÊ‰Û êÓÒÒËÂÈ Ë
üÔÓÌËÂÈ ‚ 1904–1905 „Ó‰‡ı, ‚ÓÁÌËͯËÈ ËÁ-Á‡
ÔÓÔ˚ÚÓÍ Ó·ÂËı ÒÚ‡Ì ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚ¸ ÍÓÌÚÓθ ̇‰
å‡Ì˜ÊÛËÂÈ Ë äÓÂÂÈ.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
S
œacrament / Ô˘‡ÒÚËÂ, ÒÛ˘., Ӊ̇ ËÁ
ıËÒÚˇÌÒÍËı ˆÂÂÏÓÌËÈ, ˜ÂÂÁ ÍÓÚÓÛ˛ ÏËÎÓÒÚ¸
„ÓÒÔÓ‰Ìfl ÔÂ‰‡ÂÚÒfl β‰flÏ.
¡afavid / ë‡Ù‡‚ˉ, ÒÛ˘. ˜ÎÂÌ ÏÛÒÛθχÌÒÍÓÈ
‰Ë̇ÒÚËË ¯ËËÚÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÓÁ‰‡ÎË ËÏÔÂ˲ ‚
èÂÒËË ‚ XVI-XVIII ‚Â͇ı.
¡ahel / ë‡ıÂθ, ÒÛ˘., „ËÓÌ ÄÙËÍË,
‡ÒÔÓ·„‡˛˘ËÈÒfl ‚‰Óθ „‡Ìˈ˚ ë‡ı‡˚.
œalon / Ò‡ÎÓÌ, ÒÛ˘., ÒӈˇθÌÓ ӷ˙‰ËÌÂÌËÂ
ËÌÚÂÎÎË„Â̈ËË Ë ‡ÚËÒÚÓ‚, ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ ÚÂÏ, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â
ÔÓ‚Ó‰ËÎËÒ¸ ‚ ‰Óχı ·Ó„‡Ú˚ı ÊÂÌ˘ËÌ ‚ è‡ËÊÂ Ë ‚
‰Û„Ëı ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËı „ÓÓ‰‡ı ‚ ˝ÔÓıÛ èÓÒ‚Â˘ÂÌËfl.
¡ALT / éëÇ, ÒÛ˘., ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó Ó· é„‡Ì˘ÂÌËË
ëÚ‡Ú„˘ÂÒÍËı ÇÓÓÛÊÂÌËÈ — ÒÂËfl ÔÂ„ӂÓÓ‚
‚ 1970-ı „Ó‰‡ı, ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚Â
òÚ‡Ú˚ Ë ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËÈ ëÓ˛Á ‰Ó„Ó‚ÓËÎËÒ¸ Ó·
Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌËË Ò‚ÓËı Á‡Ô‡ÒÓ‚ fl‰ÂÌÓ„Ó ÓÛÊËfl.
¡alt March / ëÓ΂ÓÈ å‡¯, ÒÛ˘., ÏËÌ˚È
ÔÓÚÂÒÚ ÔÓÚË‚ ëÓÎflÌ˚ı Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚ ‚ 1930 „Ó‰Û ‚
à̉ËË, ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó åÓı‡Ì‰‡Ò É‡Ì‰Ë Ë Â„Ó
ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂÎË ÔӉ·ÎË ÔÛÚ¸ ‰ÎËÌÓÈ ‚ 240 ÏËθ
(387 ÍÏ) Í ÏÓ˛, „‰Â ÓÌË ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÛ˜ÌÓ Ò‰Â·ÎË
ÒÓθ, ‚˚Ô‡Ë‚ ÏÓÒÍÛ˛ ‚Ó‰Û.
œamurai / Ò‡ÏÛ‡È, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÓ̇θÌ˚È
‚ÓËÌ, ÒÎÛÊË‚¯ËÈ Û ÙÂÓ‰‡ÎÓ‚ üÔÓÌËË.
œanœ-culotteœ / Ò‡ÌͲÎÓÚ˚, ÒÛ˘., ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl
Ù‡ÌˆÛÁÒÍÓÈ ‚ÓβˆËË ‡‰Ë͇θ̇fl „ÛÔÔ‡,
ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘‡fl ËÁ ‡·ÓÚ‡˛˘Ëı Ô‡ËÊ‡Ì Ë ÏÂÎÍËı
·‚Ó˜ÌËÍÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ıÓÚÂÎË ·Óθ¯Â„Ó
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ‚ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Â, ÌËÁÍËı ˆÂÌ
Ë ÎË͂ˉ‡ˆËË ‰ÂÙˈËÚ‡ ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚÓ‚ ÔËÚ‡ÌËfl.
œatrap / Ò‡Ú‡Ô, ÒÛ˘., Ô‡‚ËÚÂθ ÔÓ‚Ë̈ËË ‚
èÂÒˉÒÍÓÈ ËÏÔÂËË.
œavanna / Ò‡‚‡Ì̇, ÒÛ˘., ӂ̇fl, Ú‡‚flÌËÒÚ‡fl
‡‚ÌË̇.
¡chlieffen Plan / èÎ‡Ì òÎËÙÂ̇, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚È
ÔÎ‡Ì ÉÂχÌËË ‚ ̇˜‡Î èÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚,
Òӄ·ÒÌÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ÌÂψÍË ‚ÓÈÒ͇ ·˚ÒÚÓ
Á‡ı‚‡ÚflÚ î‡ÌˆË˛ Ë Á‡ÚÂÏ ‰‚ËÌÛÚÒfl ̇ ‚ÓÒÚÓÍ
‡Ú‡ÍÓ‚‡Ú¸ êÓÒÒ˲.
œcholaœticœ / ÒıÓ·ÒÚ˚, ÒÛ˘., ·Ó„ÓÒÎÓ‚˚,
ÍÓÚÓ˚ ӷ˙‰ËÌflÎËÒ¸ Ë ÔÓ‚Ó‰ËÎË Ó·Û˜ÂÌË ‚
ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ı Ò‰Ì‚ÂÍÓ‚ÓÈ Ö‚ÓÔ˚.
œcientific method / ̇ۘÌ˚È ÏÂÚÓ‰, ÒÛ˘.,
Îӄ˘ÂÒ͇fl Ôӈ‰Û‡ ‰Îfl Ò·Ó‡ ËÌÙÓχˆËË Ó·
ÓÍÛʇ˛˘ÂÏ ÏËÂ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‰Îfl ÔÓ‰Ú‚ÂʉÂÌËfl
„ËÔÓÚÂÁ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ˚ Ë Ì‡·Î˛‰ÂÌËfl.
¡cientific Revolution / ç‡Û˜Ì‡fl ‚ÓβˆËfl,
ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÂÌÌÓ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌË ‚ ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÏ
Ï˚¯ÎÂÌËË Ò ÒÂ‰ËÌ˚ 1500-ı „Ó‰Ó‚, ÍÓ„‰‡ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËÂ
ÓÍÛʇ˛˘Â„Ó ÏË‡ ÒÚ‡ÎÓ ÔÓ‚Ó‰ËÚ¸Òfl ̇ ÓÒÌÓ‚Â
̇·Î˛‰ÂÌËÈ, ‡ Ó·˘ÂÔËÌflÚ˚ ÛÚ‚ÂʉÂÌËfl
ÒÚ‡‚ËÎËÒ¸ ÔÓ‰ ÒÓÏÌÂÌËÂ.
œcorched-earth policy / Ú‡ÍÚË͇ ‚˚ÊÊÂÌÌÓÈ
ÁÂÏÎË, ÒÛ˘., ÒÊË„‡ÌË ÛÓʇfl Ë ÛÌ˘ÚÓÊÂÌËÂ
ÒÍÓÚ‡ ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‚‡„ ÌÂ
ÏÓ„ ÊËÚ¸ ̇ ˝ÚÓÈ ÁÂÏÎÂ.
œcribe / ÔËÒ‡¸, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÓ̇θÌ˚ı
ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ ËÎË ÔÂÂÔËÒ˜ËÍÓ‚ ‰ÓÍÛÏÂÌÚÓ‚.
œecede / ÓÚ‰ÂÎflÚ¸Òfl, „·„., ÓÙˈˇθÌÓ
‚˚ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ËÁ ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËË ËÎË ‡Î¸flÌÒ‡.
œecular / ÏËÒÍÓÈ, ÔË·„., ·Óθ¯Â ÓÁ‡·Ó˜ÂÌÌ˚È
χÚÂˇθÌÓÈ, ‡ Ì ‰ÛıÓ‚ÌÓÈ ÒÚÓÓÌÓÈ ÊËÁÌË.
œegregation / Ò„„‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÛÁ‡ÍÓÌÂÌÌÓÂ
ËÎË ÒӈˇθÌÓ ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌË β‰ÂÈ ÔÓ ‡ÒÓ‚ÓÏÛ
ÔËÁ̇ÍÛ.
œelf-determination / Ò‡ÏÓÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËÂ, ÒÛ˘.,
Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ β‰ÂÈ ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÚ¸ ÔË Í‡ÍÓÏ Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËË ÓÌË
ıÓÚflÚ ÊËÚ¸.
¡eljukœ / ëÂθ‰ÊÛÍË, ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ ÚÛÍÓ‚,
ÏË„ËÓ‚‡‚¯Ëı ‚ X ‚ÂÍ ‚ Ä··‡ÒˉÒÍÛ˛ ËÏÔÂ˲ Ë
ÓÒÌÓ‚‡‚¯Ëı Ò‚Ó˛ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÛ˛ ËÏÔÂ˲ ‚ XI ‚ÂÍÂ.
œenate / ÒÂ̇Ú, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ‰‚ÌÂÏ êËÏ ‚˚Ò¯ËÈ
Ó„‡Ì Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËfl, ÔÂ‚Ó̇˜‡Î¸ÌÓ ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘ËÈ ÚÓθÍÓ
ËÁ ‡ËÒÚÓÍ‡ÚÓ‚.
œepoy / ÒËÔ‡È, ÒÛ˘., Ë̉ËÈÒÍËÈ ÒÓΉ‡Ú,
ÒÎÛÊË‚¯ËÈ ÔÓ‰ ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍËÏ ÍÓχ̉ӂ‡ÌËÂÏ.
¡epoy Mutiny / ÇÓÒÒÚ‡ÌË ÒËԇ‚, ÒÛ˘.,
‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌË Ë̉ËÈÒÍËÈ Ë ÏÛÒÛθχÌÒÍËı ÒÓΉ‡Ú ‚
à̉ËË ‚ 1857 „Ó‰Û ÔÓÚË‚ ·Ëڇ̈‚.
œerf / ÍÂÔÓÒÚÌÓÈ, ÒÛ˘., Ò‰Ì‚ÂÍÓ‚˚È
ÍÂÒÚ¸flÌËÌ, ËÏ‚¯ËÈ Á‡ÍÓÌÌÓ ‡Á¯ÂÌËÂ
ÔÓÊË‚‡Ú¸ ÚÓθÍÓ Ì‡ ÚÂËÚÓËË ÙÂÓ‰‡Î‡.
¡even Yearœ’ War / ëÂÏËÎÂÚÌflfl ‚ÓÈ̇, ÒÛ˘.,
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂ, ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍÂ Ë à̉ËË,
‰ÎË‚¯ËÈÒfl Ò 1756 ÔÓ 1763, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÅËÚ‡ÌËfl Ë
èÛÒÒËfl Ò‡Ê‡ÎËÒ¸ Ò Ä‚ÒÚËÂÈ, î‡ÌˆËÂÈ, êÓÒÒËÂÈ
Ë ‰Û„ËÏË ÒÚ‡Ì‡ÏË.
œhah / ¯‡ı, ÒÛ˘., ̇ÒΉÌ˚È ÏÓ̇ı à‡Ì‡.
œhari’a / ¯‡ˇÚ, ÒÛ˘., Ò‚Ó‰ Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‚, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï
ÊË‚ÛÚ ÏÛÒÛθχÌÂ.
¡hi’a / òËËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ÌÓ ËÁ ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËÈ ËÒ·χ,
ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂÎË ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÔËÁ̇˛Ú ÄÎË Ë Â„Ó
ÔÓÚÓÏÍÓ‚ Í‡Í Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚ı
ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂÎÂÈ åÛı‡Ïω‡.
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¡hinto / ëËÌÚÓËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÂÎË„Ëfl, ‚ÓÁÌËͯ‡fl Ë
‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌ̇fl ‚ üÔÓÌËË.
¡hiva / òË‚‡, ÒÛ˘., Ë̉ÛËÒÚÒÍËÈ ·Ó„,
Ò˜ËÚ‡˛˘ËÈÒfl ‡ÁÛ¯ËÚÂÎÂÏ ÏË‡.
“œhock therapy” / "¯ÓÍÓ‚‡fl ÚÂ‡ÔËfl", ÒÛ˘.,
˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÔÓ„‡Ïχ, ‡ÎËÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1990-ı
„Ó‰‡ı ‚ êÓÒÒËË ÅÓËÒÓÏ ÖθˆËÌ˚Ï, ÒÓÒÚÓfl‚¯‡fl
‚ ÂÁÍÓÏ ÔÂÂıӉ ÓÚ ÍÓχ̉ÌÓÈ Í Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓÈ
˚ÌÓ˜ÌÓÈ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏËÍÂ.
œhogun / Òfi„ÛÌ, ÒÛ˘., ‚˚Ò¯ËÈ ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚È
̇˜‡Î¸ÌËÍ ‚ ÙÂÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓÈ üÔÓÌËË, Ô‡‚Ë‚¯ËÈ ÓÚ
ËÏÂÌË ËÏÔÂ‡ÚÓ‡.
¡ikh / ëËÍı, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÎÂÌ ÌÂ̇ÒËθÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ
ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌÓÈ „ÛÔÔ˚, ˜¸Ë Û·ÂʉÂÌËfl fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl
ÒËÌÚÂÁÓÏ ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚ı ‚ÂÓ‚‡ÌËÈ ·Û‰‰ËÁχ,
Ë̉ÛËÁχ Ë ÒÛÙËÁχ.
¡ilk Roadœ / ÇÂÎËÍËÈ ¯ÂÎÍÓ‚˚È ÔÛÚ¸,
ÒÛ˘., ÒËÒÚÂχ ‰‚ÌËı ͇‡‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ÚÓÔ ˜ÂÂÁ
ñÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÛ˛ ÄÁ˲, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï ÔÂ‚ÓÁËÎÒfl ¯ÂÎÍ
Ë ‰Û„Ë ÚÓ‚‡˚.
œimony / ÒËÏÓÌËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓ‰‡Ê‡ ËÎË ÔÓÍÛÔ͇
‰ÓÎÊÌÓÒÚÂÈ ‚ ıËÒÚˇÌÒÍÓÈ ˆÂÍ‚Ë.
œkepticiœm / ÒÍÂÔÚˈËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËfl,
ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ̇ ˉÂÂ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÌË˜Â„Ó Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ
·˚Ú¸ ‰ÓÔÓ‰ÎËÌÌÓ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌÓ.
œlaœh-and-burn farming / ÔÓ‰Ò˜ÌÓ-Ó„Ì‚ÓÂ
ÁÂÏΉÂÎËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÒÔÓÒÓ· ÁÂÏΉÂÎËfl, ÔË
ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Î˛‰Ë Ó˜Ë˘‡ÎË ÚÂËÚÓ˲ ‰Îfl
ÁÂÏΉÂÎËfl ÔÓ‰Ò˜ÍÓÈ ‰Â‚¸Â‚ Ë Ú‡‚˚ Ë Ëı
ÒÊË„‡ÌËÂÏ, ‡ Ó·‡ÁÛ˛˘‡flÒfl ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ÁÓ·
ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Î‡Ò¸ ‰Îfl Û‰Ó·ÂÌËfl ÁÂÏÎË.
¡lavœ / ë·‚flÌÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÊËÚÂÎË ÎÂÒÓ‚ Í Ò‚ÂÛ ÓÚ
óÂÌÓ„Ó ÏÓfl — Ô‰ÍË ÏÌÓ„Ëı Ò„ӉÌfl¯ÌËı
̇Ó‰Ó‚ ÇÓÒÚÓ˜ÌÓÈ Ö‚ÓÔ˚.
œocial contract / ÒӈˇθÌ˚È ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó, ÒÛ˘.,
Òӄ·¯ÂÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï Î˛‰Ë Ó„‡Ì˘˂‡˛Ú Ò‚ÓË
Ë̉˂ˉۇθÌ˚ Ô‡‚‡, ÒÓÁ‰‡‚‡fl ÚÂÏ Ò‡Ï˚Ï
Ó„‡ÌËÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ ӷ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó ËÎË Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó.
¡ocial Darwiniœm / ëӈˇθÌ˚È ‰‡‚ËÌËÁÏ,
ÒÛ˘., ÔËÏÂÌÂÌË ˉÂÈ ó‡θÁ‡ ч‚Ë̇ Ó·
˝‚ÓβˆËË Ë "‚˚ÊË‚‡ÌËË ÒËθÌÂȯ„Ó" Í
˜ÂÎӂ˜ÂÒÍÓÏÛ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Û, ‚ ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÒÚË, ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â
ÓÔ‡‚‰‡ÌËfl ËÏÔÂˇÎËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ˝ÍÒÔ‡ÌÒËË.
œocialiœm / ÒӈˇÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl
ÒËÒÚÂχ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ Ò‰ÒÚ‚‡ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚‡ ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊ‡Ú Ì‡Ó‰Û Ë ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ̇ ·Î‡„Ó ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡.
¡olidarity / ëÓÎˉ‡ÌÓÒÚ¸, ÒÛ˘., ÔÓθÒÍËÈ
ÔÓÙÒÓ˛Á, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ‚ ÔÂËÓ‰ 1980-ı „Ó‰Ó‚ ·˚Î
„·‚ÌÓÈ ÓÔÔÓÁˈËÓÌÌÓÈ ÒËÎÓÈ ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÏÛ
Ô‡‚ÎÂÌ˲ ‚ èÓθ¯Â.
¡onghai / ëÓÌ„‡Ë, ÒÛ˘., Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓ-‡ÙË͇ÌÒ͇fl
ËÏÔÂËfl, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl Á‡‚Ó‚‡Î‡ å‡ÎË Ë ÍÓÌÚÓÎËÓ‚‡Î‡ ÚÓ„ӂβ ‚ „ËÓÌÂ Ò 1400–ı ÔÓ 1591 „Ó‰˚.
180
WORLD HISTORY
œoviet / ÒÓ‚ÂÚ, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ÏÂÒÚÌ˚ı Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı Ó„‡ÌÓ‚ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ‚ êÓÒÒËË
ÔÓÒΠ҂ÂÊÂÌËfl çËÍÓ·fl II.
¡paniœh-American War / àÒÔ‡ÌÓ-‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒ͇fl
‚ÓÈ̇, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ ‚ 1898 „Ó‰Û ÏÂʉÛ
ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË Ë àÒÔ‡ÌËÂÈ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ
ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ òÚ‡Ú˚ ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊË‚‡ÎË äÛ·Û ‚ ÂÂ
·Ó¸·Â Á‡ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸.
œpecialization / ÒÔˆˇÎËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ‡Á‚ËÚËÂ
̇‚˚ÍÓ‚ ‚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ ‡·ÓÚÂ, ̇ÔËÏÂ, ‚
ÚÓ„ӂΠËÎË ‚ ·Ûı„‡ÎÚÂÒÍÓÏ Û˜ÂÚÂ.
œphere of influence / ÒÙÂ‡ ‚ÎËflÌËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌ˚È „ËÓÌ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÍÓÌÚÓÎËÛÂÚÒfl
‰Û„ÓÈ ÒÚ‡ÌÓÈ ÔÓÒ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó‚ÎË Ë ‰Û„ÓÈ
˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚË.
œtandard of living / ÛÓ‚Â̸ ÊËÁÌË, ÒÛ˘.,
͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó ÊËÁÌË ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇ ËÎË Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËfl,
ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÏÓ ÚÓ‚‡‡ÏË, ÛÒÎÛ„‡ÏË Ë Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡ÏË
ÓÒÍÓ¯Ë, ‰ÓÒÚÛÔÌ˚ÏË ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍÛ ËÎË Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌ˲.
œtateleœœ œocietieœ / Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ ·ÂÁ
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÒÚË, ÒÛ˘., ÍÛθÚÛÌ˚ „ÛÔÔ˚
β‰ÂÈ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‚·ÒÚ¸ ‡‚ÌÓÏÂÌÓ ‰ÂÎËÚÒfl
ÏÂÊ‰Û ‚ÒÂÏË ˜ÎÂ̇ÏË Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, ‡ Ì ̇ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ‚
Û͇ı ˆÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡.
œteppeœ / ÒÚÂÔË, ÒÛ˘., Á‡ÒÛ¯ÎË‚˚Â, ÔÓÍ˚Ú˚Â
Ú‡‚ÓÈ ‡‚ÌËÌ˚.
œtrike / ·‡ÒÚÓ‚‡Ú¸, „·„., ÓÚ͇Á˚‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸
‰Îfl ÚÓ„Ó ˜ÚÓ·˚ ‡·ÓÚÓ‰‡ÚÂθ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌËÎ
ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ Ú·ӂ‡ÌËfl.
œtupa / ÒÚÛÔ‡, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÁ‚˚¯ÂÌÌ˚ ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈ËË ËÁ
͇ÏÌfl, ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌÌ˚ ‚ÓÍÛ„ ·Û‰‰ËÒÚÒÍËı
Ò‚fl˘ÂÌÌ˚ı ÂÎËÍ‚ËÈ.
œubcontinent / ÒÛ·ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ, ÒÛ˘., Ó„ÓÏ̇fl
ÚÂËÚÓËfl, Ó·‡ÁÛ˛˘‡fl ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌÛ˛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸
ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡.
¡uez Canal / ëÛ˝ˆÍËÈ Í‡Ì‡Î, ÒÛ˘., ÛÍÓÚ‚ÓÌ˚È
‚Ó‰Ì˚È ÔÛÚ¸, ÓÚÍ˚Ú˚È ‚ 1869 „Ó‰Û, ÒÓ‰ËÌË‚¯ËÈ
ä‡ÒÌÓÂ Ë ë‰ËÁÂÏÌÓ ÏÓfl.
œuffrage / ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂθÌÓ Ô‡‚Ó, ÒÛ˘., Ô‡‚Ó
Û˜‡ÒÚËfl ‚ „ÓÎÓÒÓ‚‡ÌËË.
¡ufi / ëÛÙËÈ, ÒÛ˘., ÏÛÒÛθχÌËÌ, ÒÚÂÏfl˘ËÈÒfl
Í ÔflÏÓÏÛ ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚÛ Ò ÄηıÓÏ ÏËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏË
Ò‰ÒÚ‚‡ÏË.
œultan / ÒÛÎÚ‡Ì, ÒÛ˘., "‚ÂıÓ‚Ì˚È ‚·‰˚͇" ËÎË
"‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È, ̇‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È ‚·ÒÚ¸˛"; ÚËÚÛÎ
Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÂÈ éÚÚÓχÌÒÍÓÈ ËÏÔÂËË ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÂÂ
ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl Ë ‡Òˆ‚ÂÚ‡.
¡unna / ëÛÌ̇, ÒÛ˘., Ò‚Ó‰ ‰Ó„Ï ËÒ·χ ̇ ÓÒÌÓ‚Â
ÊËÁÌË Ë Û˜ÂÌËfl ÔÓÓ͇ åÛı‡Ïω‡.
¡unni / ëÛÌÌËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., Ó‰ÌÓ ËÁ ̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌËÈ
ËÒ·χ, ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂÎË ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÔËÁ̇˛Ú ÔÂ‚˚ı
˜ÂÚ˚Âı ı‡ÎËÙÓ‚, Í‡Í Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚ı
ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂÎÂÈ åÛı‡Ïω‡.
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œurrealiœm / Ò˛‡ÎËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ XX ‚ÂÍÂ
̇Ô‡‚ÎÂÌË ‚ ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚Â, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ ̇ Ó·‡Á‡ı
ÔÓ‰ÒÓÁ̇ÌËfl.
œuœtainable growth / ÛÒÚÓȘ˂˚È ÓÒÚ, ÒÛ˘.,
˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓ ‡Á‚ËÚËÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓ Óڂ˜‡ÂÚ
ÔÓÚ·ÌÓÒÚflÏ Î˛‰ÂÈ, Ò Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÈ Óı‡ÌÓÈ
ÓÍÛʇ˛˘ÂÈ Ò‰˚ Ë ÒÓı‡ÌÂÌËÂÏ ÂÒÛÒÓ‚ ‰Îfl
·Û‰Û˘Ëı ÔÓÍÓÎÂÌËÈ.
¡wahili / ëÛ‡ıËÎË, ÒÛ˘., flÁ˚Í ÔÎÂÏÂÌË ·‡ÌÚÛ,
ÔÓ‰‚Â„¯ËÈÒfl ‡‡·ÒÍÓÏÛ ‚ÎËflÌ˲, ÍÓÚÓ˚È
¯ËÓÍÓ ‡Á‚ËÚ ‚ ‚ÓÒÚÓ˜ÌÓÈ Ë ˆÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÄÙËÍÂ.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
T
Taiping Rebellion / í‡ÈÔËÌÒÍÓ ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌËÂ,
ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÒÒÚ‡ÌË ‚ ÒÂ‰ËÌ XIX ‚Â͇ ÔÓÚË‚
‰Ë̇ÒÚËË ñËÌ ÔÓ‰ Ô‰‚Ó‰ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ ïÓÌ„‡
ÑÁÛ͇̇.
Taj Mahal / 퇉Ê-å‡ı‡Î, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂÍ‡ÒÌ˚È
χ‚ÁÓÎÂÈ ‚ Ä„Â, à̉Ëfl, ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌÌ˚È ËÏÔÂ‡ÚÓÓÏ
ÏÓ„ÓÎÓ‚ ò‡ı-Ñʇı‡ÌÓÏ ‰Îfl Ò‚ÓÂÈ ÊÂÌ˚ åÛÏÚ‡Áå‡ı‡Î.
Taliban / í‡ÎË·‡Ì, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÌÒÂ‚‡Ú˂̇fl
ËÒ·ÏÒ͇fl „ÛÔÔËӂ͇, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl Á‡ı‚‡ÚË·
‚·ÒÚ¸ ‚ ÄÙ„‡ÌËÒڇ̠ÔÓÒΠ‚˚‚Ó‰‡ ÒÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËı
‚ÓÈÒÍ; Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚Ó Ú‡ÎË·Ó‚ ·˚ÎÓ Ò‚Â„ÌÛÚÓ
‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËÏË ‚ÓÈÒ͇ÏË ‚ ‰Â͇· 2001 „Ó‰‡ Á‡ Ëı
ÔÓÒÓ·Ì˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó Îˈ‡Ï, ÔÓ‰ÓÁ‚‡ÂÏ˚Ï ‚ ÚÂÓËÁÏÂ.
Tamil / í‡ÏËθÒÍËÈ flÁ˚Í, ÒÛ˘., flÁ˚Í ‚ ˛ÊÌÓÈ
˜‡ÒÚË à̉ËË; β‰Ë, „Ó‚Ófl˘Ë ̇ ˝ÚÓÏ flÁ˚ÍÂ
̇Á˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl Ú‡ÏË·ÏË.
technology / ÚÂıÌÓÎÓ„Ëfl, ÒÛ˘., ÒÔÓÒÓ·˚,
ÔË ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ÍÓÚÓ˚ı β‰Ë ÔËÏÂÌfl˛Ú Á̇ÌËfl,
ËÌÒÚÛÏÂÌÚ˚ Ë ËÁÓ·ÂÚÂÌËfl ‰Îfl Û‰Ó‚ÎÂÚ‚ÓÂÌËfl
Ò‚ÓËı ÔÓÚ·ÌÓÒÚÂÈ.
Tenniœ Court Oath / èËÒfl„‡ ̇ ÚÂÌÌËÒÌÓÏ
ÍÓÚÂ, ÒÛ˘., ӷ¢‡ÌËÂ, ‰‡ÌÌÓ ˜ÎÂ̇ÏË
燈ËÓ̇θÌÓÈ ÄÒ҇ϷÎÂË î‡ÌˆËË ‚ 1789 „Ó‰Û,
‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÓÌË ÔÓÍÎflÎËÒ¸ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇڸ Á‡Ò‰‡ÌËÂ
‰Ó ÚÂı ÔÓ, ÔÓ͇ ÓÌË Ì ‚˚‡·ÓÚ‡˛Ú ÌÓ‚Û˛
ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆË˛.
terrace / ÚÂ‡ÒÌÓ ÁÂÏΉÂÎËÂ, ÒÛ˘. ÌÓ‚‡fl
ÙÓχ ÒÂθÒÍÓ„Ó ıÓÁflÈÒÚ‚‡, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡‚¯‡flÒfl
‚ ÄÍÒÛÏÂ, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÒÚÛÔÂ̘‡Ú˚ ÚÂ‡Ò˚,
ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌ˚ ̇ ÒÍÎÓ̇ı ıÓÎÏÓ‚, ÔÓÏÓ„‡ÎË
Û‰ÂÊË‚‡Ú¸ ‚·„Û Ë ÒÌËʇÎË ˝ÓÁ˲ ÔÓ˜‚˚.
terroriœm / ÚÂÓËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ÒËÎ˚
ËÎË Û„ÓÁ ‰Îfl ÛÒÚ‡¯ÂÌËfl β‰ÂÈ ËÎË Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚
Ò ˆÂθ˛ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl Ëı ÔÓÎËÚËÍË.
theocracy / ÚÂÓÍ‡ÚËfl, ÒÛ˘., 1. ‚·ÒÚ¸, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ
Ô‡‚ËÚÂθ ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡ÂÚÒfl Í‡Í ·ÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌ̇fl
ÙË„Û‡ . 2. ‚·ÒÚ¸, ÍÓÌÚÓÎËÛÂχfl ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚ÏË
ÎˉÂ‡ÏË.
theory of evolution / ÚÂÓËfl ˝‚ÓβˆËË, ÒÛ˘.,
ÚÂÓËfl, Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌ̇fl ó‡θÁÓÏ Ñ‡‚ËÌ˚Ï ‚ 1859
„Ó‰Û, Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ˉ˚ ‡ÒÚÂÌËÈ Ë ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı
ÔÓ‰‚ÂÊÂÌ˚ ÔÓˆÂÒÒÛ ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÓÚ·Ó‡.
theory of relativity / ÚÂÓËfl ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓÒÚË,
ÒÛ˘., ÚÂÓËfl Äθ·ÂÚ‡ ùÈ̯ÚÂÈ̇ Ó ‚Á‡ËÏÓÒ‚flÁË
ÏÂÊ‰Û ‚ÂÏÂÌÂÏ Ë ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚ÓÏ Ë ÏÂʉÛ
˝ÌÂ„ËÂÈ Ë ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚ÓÏ.
Theravada / íÂ‡‚‡‰‡, ÒÛ˘., ·Û‰‰ËÒÚÒ͇fl ÒÂÍÚ‡,
ÓÒÌӂ̇fl ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ Ì‡Ô‡‚ÎÂ̇ ̇
Òӷβ‰ÂÌË ÒÚÓ„ÓÈ ‰ÛıÓ‚ÌÓÈ ‰ËÒˆËÔÎËÌ˚,
ÔÓÔӂ‰ӂ‡‚¯ÂÈÒfl ÅÛ‰‰ÓÈ.
Third Reich / íÂÚËÈ êÂÈı, ÒÛ˘., íÂÚ¸fl
„ÂχÌÒ͇fl ËÏÔÂËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ĉÓθÙÓÏ
ÉËÚÎÂÓÏ ‚ 1930-ı „Ó‰‡ı.
Third Republic / íÂÚ¸fl êÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇, ÒÛ˘.,
ÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ·˚· ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂ̇ ‚Ó î‡ÌˆËË
ÔÓÒΠ҂ÂÊÂÌËfl ç‡ÔÓÎÂÓ̇ III, ÔÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯‡fl
‰Ó ÓÍÍÛÔ‡ˆËË î‡ÌˆËË ÌÂψ‡ÏË ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÇÚÓÓÈ
ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚.
Third World / ëÚ‡Ì˚ ÚÂÚ¸Â„Ó ÏË‡, ÒÛ˘., ‚
ÔÂËÓ‰ ïÓÎÓ‰ÌÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ˚, ‡Á‚Ë‚‡˛˘ËÂÒfl ÒÚ‡Ì˚,
ÍÓÚÓ˚ Ì fl‚ÎflÎËÒ¸ ÒÓ˛ÁÌË͇ÏË ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı
òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ ËÎË ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍÓ„Ó ëÓ˛Á‡.
Thirty Yearœ’ War / íˉˆ‡ÚËÎÂÚÌflfl ‚ÓÈ̇,
ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÈ̇ ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂ, ‚ÓÁÌËͯ‡fl ÔÓ ÂÎË„ËÓÁÌ˚Ï Ë
ÚÂËÚÓˇθÌ˚Ï Ô˘Ë̇Ï, ‰ÎË‚¯‡flÒfl Ò 1618 ÔÓ
1648 „Ó‰.
three-field œyœtem / ÚÂıÔÓθ̇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ,
ÒÛ˘., ÒËÒÚÂχ ÁÂÏΉÂÎËfl, ÔËÏÂÌfl‚¯‡flÒfl ‚
Ò‰Ì‚ÂÍÓ‚ÓÈ Ö‚ÓÔÂ, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÁÂÏÎfl ‰ÂÎË·Ҹ
̇ ÚË ÔÓÎfl Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Ó„Ó ‡ÁÏÂ‡ Ë Í‡Ê‰Ó ÔÓÎÂ
ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ Á‡Ò‡ÊË‚‡ÎÓÒ¸ ÓÁËÏ˚ÏË, flÓ‚˚ÏË
Ë ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÎÓÒ¸ ÌÂÁ‡ÒÂflÌÌ˚Ï.
Tiananmen ¡quare / èÎÓ˘‡‰¸ ífl̸‡ÌÏÂ̸,
ÒÛ˘., Ó„ÓÏ̇fl ÔÎÓ˘‡‰¸ ‚ èÂÍËÌÂ, äËÚ‡È; ‚ 1989
„Ó‰Û ÏÂÒÚÓ ‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚ‡ˆËÈ ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊÍÛ
‰ÂÏÓÍ‡Ú˘ÂÒÍËı ÂÙÓÏ.
tithe / ˆÂÍӂ̇fl ‰ÂÒflÚË̇, ÒÛ˘., ‚˚Ô·ڇ
ÒÂϸÂÈ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ‰ÂÒflÚÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË Ò‚ÓËı ‰ÓıÓ‰Ó‚ ˆÂÍ‚Ë.
Tokugawa ¡hogunate / ëfi„ÛÌ‡Ú íÓÍÛ„‡‚‡,
ÒÛ˘., ‰Ë̇ÒÚËfl Òfi„ÛÌÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl Ô‡‚Ë· ‚
Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌÌÓÈ üÔÓÌËË Ò 1603 ÔÓ 1867 „Ó‰˚.
Torah / èflÚËÍÌËÊË (íÓ‡), ÒÛ˘., ÔÂ‚˚ ÔflÚ¸
ÍÌË„ ËÛ‰ÂÈÒÍÓÈ ·Ë·ÎËË — Ò‡Ï˚ ҂fl˘ÂÌÌ˚ Á‡ÔËÒË
‚‚.
totalitarianiœm / ÚÓÚ‡ÎËÚ‡ËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÌÚÓθ
‚·ÒÚË Ì‡‰ ‚ÒÂÏË ‡ÒÔÂÍÚ‡ÏË Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ Ë
΢ÌÓÈ ÊËÁÌË.
total war / ÚÓڇθ̇fl ‚ÓÈ̇, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚È
ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Û˜‡ÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë ÒÚ‡Ì˚
ÏÓ·ËÎËÁÛ˛Ú ‚Ò ҂ÓË ÂÒÛÒ˚ ̇ ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ ˆÂÎË.
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totemœ / ÚÓÚÂÏ˚, ÒÛ˘., ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ ËÎË ‰Û„ËÂ
Ô‰ÏÂÚ˚ ÔËÓ‰˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÒÎÛÊ‡Ú ÒËÏ‚Ó·ÏË
Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌËfl Í·ÌÓ‚ ËÎË ‰Û„Ëı „ÛÔÔ Î˛‰ÂÈ.
tournament / ÚÛÌË, ÒÛ˘., ËÏËÚ‡ˆËfl Òı‚‡ÚÍË
ÏÂÊ‰Û „ÛÔÔ‡ÏË ˚ˆ‡ÂÈ.
tragedy / Ú‡„‰Ëfl, ÒÛ˘., ÙÓχ ‰‡Ï‡Ú˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó
Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ „ÂÓ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ËÎË
·Î‡„ÓÓ‰Ì˚È ÔÂÒÓÌ‡Ê ÔÓ„Ë·‡ÂÚ.
Treaty of Kanagawa / ä‡Ì‡„‡‚ÒÍËÈ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó
ÒÛ˘., ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó 1854 „Ó‰‡ ÏÂÊ‰Û ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË
òÚ‡Ú‡ÏË Ë üÔÓÌËÂÈ, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ üÔÓÌËfl ÓÚÍ˚·
‰‚‡ Ò‚ÓËı ÔÓÚ‡ ‰Îfl ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı ÒÛ‰Ó‚ Ë
‡Á¯Ë· ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚Ï òÚ‡Ú‡Ï ÓÚÍ˚Ú¸
ÔÓÒÓθÒÚ‚Ó ‚ üÔÓÌËË.
Treaty of Tordeœillaœ / ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó íÓ‰ÂÒËηÒ,
ÒÛ˘., Òӄ·¯ÂÌË 1494 „Ó‰‡ ÏÂÊ‰Û èÓÚÛ„‡ÎËÂÈ
Ë àÒÔ‡ÌËÂÈ, ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·¯‡‚¯ËÈ, ˜ÚÓ ‚Ò ÌÓ‚˚Â
ÚÂËÚÓËË, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ·Û‰ÛÚ ÓÚÍ˚Ú˚ Í Á‡Ô‡‰Û ÓÚ
‚ÓÓ·‡Ê‡ÂÏÓÈ ÎËÌËË ‚ ÄÚ·ÌÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÏ Ó͇ÌÂ,
·Û‰ÛÚ ÔË̇‰ÎÂʇڸ àÒÔ‡ÌËË, ‡ ‚Ò ÁÂÏÎË, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â
·Û‰ÛÚ ÓÚÍ˚Ú˚ Í ‚ÓÒÚÓÍÛ ÓÚ ˝ÚÓÈ ÎËÌËË, ·Û‰ÛÚ
ÔË̇‰ÎÂʇڸ èÓÚÛ„‡ÎËË.
Treaty of Verœailleœ / ÇÂ҇θÒÍËÈ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó,
ÒÛ˘., ÏËÌ˚È ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó, ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚È ÉÂχÌËÂÈ Ë
ÒÓ˛ÁÌ˘ÂÒÍËÏË ‰Âʇ‚‡ÏË ÔÓÒΠèÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ
‚ÓÈÌ˚.
trench warfare / ÓÍÓÔ̇fl ‚ÓÈ̇, ÒÛ˘., ‚ˉ
‚ÓÂÌÌ˚ı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÔÓÚË‚Ó·ÓÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÂ
ÒÚÓÓÌ˚ ‚Ó˛˛Ú ËÁ Ú‡Ì¯ÂÈ, ‚˚ÍÓÔ‡ÌÌ˚ı ̇ ÔÓÎÂ
·Ófl.
triangular trade / ÚÂÛ„Óθ̇fl ÚÓ„Ó‚Îfl, ÒÛ˘.,
Ú‡ÌÒ‡Ú·ÌÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÚÓ„Ó‚‡fl ÒÂÚ¸, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‡·˚ Ë
ÚÓ‚‡˚ Ó·ÏÂÌË‚‡ÎËÒ¸ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÄÙËÍÓÈ, ÄÌ„ÎËÂÈ,
Ö‚ÓÔÓÈ, ÇÂÒÚ-à̉ËÂÈ Ë ÍÓÎÓÌËflÏË ë‚ÂÌÓÈ
ÄÏÂËÍË.
tribune / ÚË·ÛÌ, ÒÛ˘., ‚ Ñ‚ÌÂÏ êËÏ ÓÙˈˇθÌÓ ÎˈÓ, ËÁ·‡ÌÌÓ ÔηÂflÏË ‰Îfl Á‡˘ËÚ˚ Ò‚ÓËı Ô‡‚.
tribute / ‰‡Ì¸, ÒÛ˘., ‚˚Ô·ڇ ·ÓΠÒ··ÓÈ
ÒÚ‡ÌÓÈ ·ÓΠÒËθÌÓÈ ÒÚ‡Ì ‰Îfl Ó·ÂÒÔ˜ÂÌËfl
Û‚ÂÂÌÌÓÒÚË ‚ ÒÓı‡ÌÂÌËË ÏË‡ Ë ·ÂÁÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚË.
Triple Alliance / íÓÈÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚È ÒÓ˛Á, ÒÛ˘.,
1. ÒÓ‰ÛÊÂÒÚ‚Ó „ÓÓ‰Ó‚-„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ íÂÌÓ˜ÚËÚ·Ì,
íÂÒÍÓÍÓ Ë í·ÍÓÔ‡Ì, Ô˂‰¯ÂÂ Í ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì˲
ËÏÔÂËË ‡ˆÚÂÍÓ‚. 2. ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚È ÒÓ˛Á ÏÂʉÛ
ÉÂχÌËÂÈ, Ä‚ÒÚÓ-ÇÂÌ„ËÂÈ Ë àÚ‡ÎËÂÈ ÔÂ‰
èÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌÓÈ.
Triple Entente / ÄÌÚ‡ÌÚ‡, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚È ÒÓ˛Á
ÏÂÊ‰Û ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËÂÈ, î‡ÌˆËÂÈ Ë êÓÒÒËÂÈ
ÔÂ‰ èÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌÓÈ.
triumvirate / ÚËÛÏ‚Ë‡Ú, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ‰‚ÌÂÏ êËÏÂ
„ÛÔÔ‡ ËÁ ÚÂı ÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ËÚÂÎÂÈ, ‰ÂÎfl˘Ëı ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ÓÏ.
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WORLD HISTORY
Trojan War / íÓflÌÒ͇fl ‚ÓÈ̇, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÈ̇,
‚ÓÁÌËͯ‡fl ÓÍÓÎÓ 1200 „. ‰Ó Ì. ˝., ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‡ÏËfl,
‚ÓÁ„·‚ÎflÂχfl ÏËÍÂÌÒÍËÏË ÍÓÓÎflÏË, ‡Ú‡ÍÓ‚‡Î‡
ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚È ÚÓ„Ó‚˚È „ÓÓ‰ íÓ˛ ‚ Ä̇ÚÓÎËË.
troubadour / ÚÛ·‡‰Û, ÒÛ˘., Ò‰Ì‚ÂÍÓ‚˚È
ÔÓ˝Ú Ë ÏÛÁ˚͇ÌÚ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔÛÚ¯ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Î Ò ÏÂÒÚ‡ ̇
ÏÂÒÚÓ, ‡Á‚ÎÂ͇fl β‰ÂÈ ÔÂÒÌflÏË Ó ‚ÓÁ‚˚¯ÂÌÌÓÈ
β·‚Ë.
Truman Doctrine / ÑÓÍÚË̇ íÛÏ˝Ì‡, ÒÛ˘.,
ÔÓÎËÚË͇ ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚, ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·¯ÂÌ̇fl
ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚÓÏ É‡Ë íÛÏ˝ÌÓÏ ‚ 1947 „Ó‰Û, ÔÓ
Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ˲ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ë ‚ÓÂÌÌÓÈ ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë
Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚Ï „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡Ï, ÍÓÚÓ˚Ï Û„Óʇ˛Ú
‚ÌÛÚÂÌÌË ËÎË ‚̯ÌË ÔÓÚË‚ÌËÍË.
tyrant / ÚË‡Ì, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ‰‚ÌÂÈ ÉˆËË,
ӷ·‰‡˛˘ËÈ ‚·ÒÚ¸˛ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθ, ÔÓÎۘ˂¯ËÈ
ÍÓÌÚÓθ ̇‰ Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ „ÓÓ‰‡-„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡
·Î‡„Ó‰‡fl ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊÍ ·Â‰ÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËfl.
U
Umayyadœ / ìχÈfl‰˚, ÒÛ˘., ‰Ë̇ÒÚËfl, Ô‡‚Ë‚¯‡fl
‚ åÛÒÛθχÌÒÍÓÈ àÏÔÂËË Ò 661 ÔÓ 750 „. Ì. ˝.,
ÔÓÁ‰Ì ÒÓÁ‰‡‚¯‡fl ÍÓÓ΂ÒÚ‚Ó ‚ Äθ-Ä̉‡ÎÛÒ.
union / ÔÓÙÒÓ˛Á, ÒÛ˘., Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌË ‡·Ó˜Ëı,
ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌÓ ‰Îfl ·Ó¸·˚ Á‡ ÛÎÛ˜¯ÂÌË ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÈ ÚÛ‰‡
Ë ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌË Á‡‡·ÓÚÌÓÈ Ô·Ú˚.
United Nationœ / é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl é·˙‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı
燈ËÈ, ÒÛ˘., ÏÂʉÛ̇Ӊ̇fl ÏËÓÚ‚Ó˜ÂÒ͇fl
Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì̇fl ‚ 1945 „Ó‰Û ‰Îfl Ó·ÂÒÔ˜ÂÌËfl
·ÂÁÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚË „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚ ‚ÒÂ„Ó ÏË‡.
Univerœal Declaration of Human Rightœ /
ÇÒÂÓ·˘‡fl ‰ÂÍ·‡ˆËfl Ô‡‚ ˜ÂÎÓ‚Â͇, ÒÛ˘.,
Á‡fl‚ÎÂÌË 1948 „Ó‰‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl
é·˙‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı 燈ËÈ ÔÓ‚ÓÁ„·ÒË·, ˜ÚÓ Î˛·ÓÈ
˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ ËÏÂÂÚ Ô‡‚Ó Ì‡ ÊËÁ̸, Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Û Ë
·ÂÁÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚ¸.
unreœtricted œubmarine warfare /
ÌÂÓ„‡Ì˘ÂÌÌ˚ ÔÓ‰‚Ó‰Ì˚ ‚ÓÂÌÌ˚Â
‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, ÒÛ˘., ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ÔÓ‰‚Ó‰Ì˚ı
ÎÓ‰ÓÍ ‰Îfl ‡Ú‡Í β·˚ı ̇‰‚Ó‰Ì˚ı ÒÛ‰Ó‚ ·ÂÁ
Ô‰ÛÔÂʉÂÌËfl (‚Íβ˜‡fl ÒÛ‰‡ ÌÂÈÚ‡Î¸Ì˚ı ÒÚ‡Ì
Ë Ì‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚ ԇÒÒ‡ÊËÒÍË ÒÛ‰‡), ̇ıÓ‰fl˘ËıÒfl
‚ ÚÂËÚÓˇθÌ˚ı ‚Ó‰‡ı ÔÓÚË‚ÌË͇.
urbanization / Û·‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘., ÓÒÚ „ÓÓ‰Ó‚
Ë ÏË„‡ˆËfl ̇ÒÂÎÂÌËfl ‚ „ÓÓ‰‡.
U.¡.A. Patriot Act / á‡ÍÓÌ Ó Ô‡ÚËÓÚËÁÏ ëòÄ,
ÒÛ˘., ·ËÎθ 2001 „Ó‰‡ ÔÓ ·Ó¸·Â Ò ÚÂÓËÁÏÓÏ,
ÍÓÚÓ˚È Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ËÎ „ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚Û ·Óθ¯Â Ô‡‚ ÔÓ
Á‡‰ÂʇÌ˲ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌˆÂ‚, ÔÓ‰ÓÁ‚‡ÂÏ˚ı ‚
ÚÂÓËÁÏÂ, Ë ‚ÓÁ·ÛʉÂÌ˲ Òۉ·Ì˚ı ‰ÂÎ,
Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚ı Ò ÚÂÓËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏË ÔÂÒÚÛÔÎÂÌËflÏË.
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U.¡. Civil War / É‡Ê‰‡ÌÒ͇fl ‚ÓÈ̇ ‚ ëòÄ,
ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ ÏÂÊ‰Û Ò‚ÂÌ˚ÏË Ë ˛ÊÌ˚ÏË
¯Ú‡Ú‡ÏË ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ ÔÓ ‚ÓÔÓÒÛ ‡·ÒÚ‚‡,
‰ÎË‚¯ËÈÒfl Ò 1861 ÔÓ 1865 „Ó‰˚.
utilitarianiœm / ÛÚËÎËÚ‡ËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ÚÂÓËfl,
Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌ̇fl ÑÊÂÂÏË ÅÂÌÚı˝ÏÓÏ ‚ ÍÓ̈ 1700-ı
„Ó‰Ó‚ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ÔÓÎÂÁÌ˚
ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ÂÒÎË ÓÌË Ó·ÂÒÔ˜˂‡˛Ú
̇˷Óθ¯Â ·Î‡„Ó ‰Îfl ·Óθ¯Â„Ó ˜ËÒ· β‰ÂÈ.
Utopia / ìÚÓÔËfl, ÒÛ˘., ‚ÓÓ·‡Ê‡Âχfl ÁÂÏÎfl,
ÓÔËÒ‡Ì̇fl íÓχÒÓÏ åÓÓÏ ‚ Â„Ó ÍÌË„Â "ìÚÓÔËfl" —
ˉ‡θÌÓ ÏÂÒÚÓ.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
V
vaœœal / ‚‡ÒÒ‡Î, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ÙÂÓ‰‡Î¸ÌÓÈ Ö‚ÓÔÂ
˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÎ ÁÂÏÂθÌ˚È Ì‡‰ÂÎ ÓÚ
ÙÂÓ‰‡Î‡ ‚ Ó·ÏÂÌ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó˛ ÎÓflθÌÓÒÚ¸ Ë Ó͇Á‡ÌËÂ
ÛÒÎÛ„.
Vedaœ / lj˚, ÒÛ˘., ˜ÂÚ˚ ҷÓÌË͇ Ò‚fl˘ÂÌÌ˚ı
ÔËÒ‡ÌËÈ, ̇ÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚ı ‡ËȈ‡ÏË Ì‡ ‡ÌÌÂÈ ÒÚ‡‰ËË Ëı
‡ÒÒÂÎÂÌËfl ‚ à̉ËË.
vernacular / ÏÂÒÚÌ˚È ‰Ë‡ÎÂÍÚ, ÒÛ˘., Ôӂ҉̂Ì˚È flÁ˚Í Î˛‰ÂÈ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ„Ó „ËÓ̇ ËÎË ÒÚ‡Ì˚.
Vietcong / ǸÂÚÍÓÌ„, ÒÛ˘., „ÛÔÔ‡ ÍÓÏÏÛÌËÒÚ˘ÂÒÍËı Ô‡ÚËÁ‡Ì, ÔÓÏÓ„‡‚¯Ëı ë‚ÂÌÓÏÛ Ç¸ÂÚ̇ÏÛ ‚
‚ÓÈÌ ÔÓÚË‚ ˛ÊÌÓ‚¸ÂÚ̇ÏÒÍÓ„Ó Ô‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ‚Ó
‚ÂÏfl ‚ÓÈÌ˚ ‚Ó Ç¸ÂÚ̇ÏÂ.
Vietnamization / ǸÂÚ̇ÏËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÒÛ˘.,
ÒÚ‡Ú„Ëfl ÔÂÁˉÂÌÚ‡ çËÍÒÓ̇ ÔÓ ÓÍÓ̘‡Ì˲
Û˜‡ÒÚËfl ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡ÚÓ‚ ‚Ó ‚¸ÂÚ̇ÏÒÍÓÈ
‚ÓÈÌÂ, ‚Íβ˜‡˛˘‡fl ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚È ‚˚‚Ó‰
‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı ‚ÓÈÒÍ Ë Ëı Á‡ÏÂÌÛ
˛ÊÌÓ‚¸ÂÚ̇ÏÒÍËÏË ‚ÓÓÛÊÂÌÌ˚ÏË ÒË·ÏË.
Viœhnu / Ç˯ÌÛ, ÒÛ˘., Ë̉ÛËÒÚÒÍËÈ ·Ó„,
Ò˜ËÚ‡˛˘ËÈÒfl ı‡ÌËÚÂÎÂÏ ÏË‡.
vizier / ‚ËÁË¸, ÒÛ˘., ÔÂϸÂ-ÏËÌËÒÚ
ÏÛÒÛθχÌÒÍÓ„Ó ÍÓÓ΂ÒÚ‚‡ ËÎË ËÏÔÂËË.
Weœtern Front / á‡Ô‡‰Ì˚È ÙÓÌÚ, ÒÛ˘., ‚
èÂ‚ÓÈ ÏËÓ‚ÓÈ ‚ÓÈÌ „ËÓÌ Ò‚ÂÌÓÈ î‡ÌˆËË,
„‰Â ÔÓıÓ‰ËÎË Ò‡ÊÂÌËfl ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒË·ÏË ÒÓ˛ÁÌËÍÓ‚
Ë ñÂÌÚ‡Î¸Ì˚ÏË ‰Âʇ‚‡ÏË.
weœternization / ÍÓÔËÓ‚‡ÌË Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓ„Ó ÒÚËÎfl
ÊËÁÌË, ÒÛ˘., ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌË ÒӈˇθÌ˚ı, ÔÓÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍËı
ËÎË ˝ÍÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚÓ‚, ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı
Á‡Ô‡‰Ì˚Ï — ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËı Ë Ò‚ÂÓ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒÍËı ÒÚ‡Ì.
Y
yin and yang / Ë̸ Ë fl̸, ÒÛ˘., ‚ ÍËÚ‡ÈÒÍÓÈ
ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËË ‰‚ ÒËÎ˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÛÔ‡‚Îfl˛Ú
ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï Ú˜ÂÌËÂÏ ÊËÁÌË (Ë̸ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ
ÊÂÌÒÍË ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚‡ ‚ÒÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ, ‡ fl̸ — ÏÛÊÒÍËÂ).
Yoruba / âÓÛ·‡, ÒÛ˘., Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓ-‡ÙË͇ÌÒÍËÈ
̇Ó‰, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡‚¯ËÈ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÍÓÓ΂ÒÚ‚ ̇
ÚÂËÚÓËË ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÅÂÌË̇ Ë ˛ÊÌÓÈ
çË„ÂËË.
Z
Zapotec / á‡ÔÓÚÂÍ, ÒÛ˘., ‡ÌÌflfl ÏÂÁÓ‡ÏÂË͇ÌÒ͇fl ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÊË‚¯‡fl ‚ ‡ÈÓÌ ‰ÓÎËÌ˚
é‡ı‡Ò‡, „‰Â ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â ‚ÂÏfl ‡ÒÔÓ·„‡ÂÚÒfl
åÂÍÒË͇.
ziggurat / ÁË„„Û‡Ú, ÒÛ˘., ÒÚÛÔÂ̘‡Ú‡fl
ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈Ëfl ÔË‡Ïˉ‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó ‚ˉ‡, fl‚Îfl˛˘‡flÒfl
˜‡ÒÚ¸˛ ı‡Ï‡ ¯ÛÏÂÓ‚.
Zioniœm / ëËÓÌËÁÏ, ÒÛ˘., ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ, ‚ÓÁÌËͯ ‚
1890-ı „Ó‰‡ı ‰Îfl ÒÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì˲ ‚ÂÈÒÍÓ„Ó
„ÓÒÛ‰‡ÒÚ‚‡ ‚ è‡ÎÂÒÚËÌÂ.
W
War of the ¡paniœh ¡ucceœœion / ÇÓÈ̇ Á‡
àÒÔ‡ÌÒÍÓ ç‡ÒΉËÂ, ÒÛ˘., ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚ Ò 1701 ÔÓ
1713 „Ó‰˚, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËı ÒÚ‡Ì
Ò‡Ê‡ÎËÒ¸ ÔÓÚË‚ ÅÛ·ÓÌÓ‚, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ì ‰ÓÔÛÒÚËÚ¸ Ëı
ÍÓÌÚÓÎfl ̇‰ î‡ÌˆËÂÈ Ë àÒÔ‡ÌËÂÈ.
Warœaw Pact / LJ¯‡‚ÒÍËÈ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó, ÒÛ˘.,
‚ÓÂÌÌ˚È ·ÎÓÍ, ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌÌ˚È ‚ 1955 „Ó‰Û ëÓ‚ÂÚÒÍËÏ
ëÓ˛ÁÓÏ Ë ÒÂϸ˛ ‚ÓÒÚÓ˜ÌÓ-‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÏË ÒÚ‡Ì‡ÏË.
Weimar Republic / ÇÂÈχÒ͇fl êÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇,
ÒÛ˘., ÂÒÔÛ·ÎË͇ ‚ ÉÂχÌËË, ÔÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡‚¯‡fl
Ò 1919 ÔÓ 1933 „Ó‰˚.
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GLOSSÁRIO PORTUGUÊS
O Glossário é uma lista alfabética de muitos dos termos chaves dos capítulos, junto
com seus significados. As definições listadas no Glossário são as que se adequam
à maneira como as palavras são usadas neste livro. O Glossário indica a classe
gramatical da palavra. As seguintes abreviações são usadas:
PORTUGUESE
A
Abbasids / Abássidas s. dinastia que dominou
muito do império muçulmano de 750 a 1258 D.C.
Aborigine / Aborígene s. membro de quaisquer
dos povos nativos da Austrália.
absolute monarch / monarca absoluto s. rei
ou rainha que tem poder ilimitado e busca controlar
todos os apectos da sociedade.
acropolis / acrópolis s. colina fortificada numa
antiga cidade grega.
Aksum / Aksum s. reino africano, no que é agora a
Etiópia e a Eritréia, que atingiu o máximo de seu poder
no século 4 D.C.
al-Andalus / Andaluzia s. região dominada pelos
muçulmanos no que é agora a Espanha, estabelecida no
século 8 D.C.
Allah / Alá s. Deus (palavra árabe, usada
principlamente no Islame).
Allies / Aliados s. na Primeira Guerra Mundial,
as nações da Inglaterra, França e Rússia, mais as que
lutaram do lado delas; também, o grupo de nações —
incluindo Inglaterra, União Soviética, e os EUA — que
se opôs aos poderes do Eixo na Segunda Guerra
Mundial.
Almohads / Almoádas s. grupo de reformistas
islâmicos que derrubou a dinastina Almorávida e
estabeleceu um império no norte da África e no sul da
Espanha no século 12 D.C.
Almoravids / Almorávidas s. irmandade
religiosa islâmica que estabeleceu um império no norte
da África e sul da Espanha no século 11 D.C.
Amritsar Massacre / Massacre de Amritsar
s. assassinato pelas tropas inglesas de quase 400 hindus
reunidos em Amritsar para protestar contra as leis
Rowlatt.
Anabaptists / Anabatistas s. na Reforma, grupo
Protestante que acreditava no batismo somente daquelas
pessoas crescidas o suficiente para decidirem serem
cristãs, e acreditava na separação entre igreja e estado.
Anasazi / Anasazi s. povo índio americano
primitivo, que viveu no sudoeste da América.
Anatolia / Anatólia s. península do sudoeste da
Ásia, agora ocupada pela parte asiática da Turquia —
também chamada de Ásia Menor.
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s. = substantivo
v. = verbo
Angkor Wat / Angkor Wat s. complexo de
templos erigido no Império Khmer e dedicado a Vishnu,
deus hindu.
Anglican / Anglicano adj. relativo à Igreja da
Inglaterra.
animism / animismo s. crença de que os espíritos
estão presentes nas plantas, animais e outros objetos
naturais.
annexation / anexação s. o acréscimo de uma
região ao território de uma unidade política existente.
annul / anular v. cancelar ou por um fim a.
anti-Semitism / anti-semitismo s. preconceito
contra judeus.
apartheid / apartheid s. política sul-africana de
total separação legal das raças, incluindo o banimento de
todos os contatos sociais entre brancos e pretos.
apostle / apóstolo s. um dos seguidores de Jesus,
que pregaram e espalharam seus ensinamentos.
appeasement / apaziguamento s. abrir
concessões a um agressor para evitar guerra.
aqueduct / aqueduto s. tubulação ou canal para
transportar água para áreas populadas.
aristocracy / aristocracia s. governo em que o
poder está nas mãos de uma classe dominante
hereditária ou nobreza.
armistice / armistício s. acordo para cessar-fogo.
artifact / artefato s. objeto manufaturado, como
uma ferramenta, arma ou artigo de joalheria.
artisan / artesão s. operário habilidoso, como um
tecelão ou poteiro, que faz mercadorias com suas mãos.
Aryans / Arianos s. 1. povo indo-europeu que,
em cerca de 1500 A.C., iniciou sua migração para o
subcontinente indiano. 2. para os nazistas, os povos
germânicos que formavam uma ‘raça superior’.
assembly line / linha de montagem s. numa
fábrica, um plano em que um produto move-se de
trabalhador em trabalhador, e cada pessoa realiza uma
única tarefa em sua manufatura.
assimilation / assimilação s. 1. adoção da
cultura de um conquistador pelo povo conquistado. 2.
política pela qual uma nação força ou encoraja um povo
sujeitado a adotar suas instituições e costumes.
Assyria / Assíria s. reino do sudoeste asiático que
controlou um grande império de cerca 850 a 612 A.C.
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Atlantic Charter / Carta do Atlântico s.
declaração de princípios emitida em 1941 pelo primeiroministro inglês Winston Churchill e pelo presidente dos
EUA Franklin Roosevelt, sobre a qual o plano aliado de
paz no fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial se baseou.
Atlantic slave trade / comércio escravagista
do Atlântico s. a compra, transporte e venda de
africanos para trabalhar nas Américas.
autocracy / autocracia s. governo em que o
dirigente tem poderes ilimitados e o usa de maneira
arbitrária.
Axis Powers / Poderes do Eixo s. na Segunda
Guerra Mundial, as nações da Alemanha, Itália e Japão,
que haviam formado uma aliança em 1936.
ayllu / ayllu s. na sociedade inca, uma pequena
comunidade ou clan cujos membros trabalhavam juntos
para o bem comum.
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balance of power / equilíbrio do poder s.
uma situação política em que nenhuma nação tem poder
suficiente para ser uma ameaça às outras.
Balkans / Bálcãs s. região do sudeste europeu
agora ocupada pela Grécia, Albânia, Bulgária, Romênia,
a parte européia da Turquia e as antigas repúblicas da
Iugoslávia.
Bantu-speaking peoples / povos de língua
banta s. falantes de um grupo relacionado de línguas
que, iniciando há cerca de 2000 anos, migrou da África
ocidental para a maior parte da metade sul da África.
baroque / barroco adj. relativo a estilo grandioso e
ornamentado que caracterizava a pintura, música e a arquitetura européias nos anos 1600 e início dos anos 1700.
barter / permuta s. forma de negociar em que as
pessoas trocam mercadorias e serviços sem o uso de
dinheiro.
Battle of Britain / Batalha da Inglaterra s.
série de batalhas entre as forças aéreas de Alemanha e
Inglaterra, travada sobre a Inglaterra em 1940–41.
Battle of Guadalcanal / Batalha de
Guadalcanal s. uma batalha de 1942–43 da Segunda
Guerra Mundial, em que tropas aliadas expulsaram
forças japonesas da ilha Guadalcanal, no Pacífico.
Battle of Midway / Batalha de Midway s.
uma batalha aero-naval de 1942, na Segunda Guerra
Mundial, em que as forças americanas derrotaram as
japonesas no Pacífico central.
Battle of Stalingrad / Batalha de
Stalingrado s. uma batalha de 1942–43 da Segunda
Guerra Mundial, em que tropas alemãs foram derrotadas
em sua tentativa de capturar a cidade de Stalingrado na
União Soviética.
Battle of the Bulge / Batalha do Bulge
(Batalha das Ardenas) s. batalha de 1944–45,
durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, na qual os Aliados
repeliram a última grande ofensiva alemã na guerra.
Battle of Trafalgar / Batalha de Trafalgar
s. uma batalha naval de 1805 em que as forças de
Napoleão foram derrotadas por uma frota inglesa
comandada por Horatio Nelson.
Benin / Benin s. reino que surgiu perto do delta do
Rio Niger cerca de 1300, e tornou-se um dos principais
estados afro-ocidentais nos anos 1400.
Beringia / Beringia s. antiga ponte de terra sobre a
qual acredita-se que os primeiros americanos tenham
migrado da Ásia para as Américas.
Berlin Conference of 1884–85 / Conferência
de Berlim de 1884–85 s. reunião na qual os
representantes das nações européias concordaram com
regras para a colonização européia da África.
Bill of Rights / Declaração de Direitos e
Garantias s. primeiras dez emendas à Constituição
dos EUA, que protege os direitos e liberdades básicos
dos cidadãos.
bishop / bispo s. alto posto na hierarquia cristã,
cujo detentor supervisiona várias igrejas locais.
blitzkrieg / blitzkrieg s. “guerra relâmpago” —
forma de guerra em que ataques de surpresa com aviões
rápidos são seguidos por ataques maciços das forças de
infantaria.
blockade / bloqueio s. uso de tropas ou navios
para evitar que o trânsito comercial entre ou saia de uma
cidade ou região.
Boer / Boer s. colono holandês na África do Sul.
Boer War / Guerra dos Boeres s. conflito,
durando de 1899 a 1902, em que os boeres e os ingleses
lutaram pelo controle territorial da África do Sul.
Bolsheviks / Bolcheviques s. grupo de russos
marxistas revolucionários que assumiram o controle do
governo russo em novembro de 1917.
Boxer Rebellion / Rebelião dos Boxers s.
uma revolta na China de 1900, que intencionava
terminar com a influência estrangeira no país.
boyars / boiardos s. nobres donos de terras na
Rússia.
Brahma / Brahma s. deus hindu considerado o
criador do mundo.
Brahmin / brâmane s. na sociedade ariana, um
membro da classe social composta de padres.
brinkmanship / cortejo do perigo s. política
de ameaçar ir à guerra em resposta às agressões
inimigas.
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Bronze Age / Idade do Bronze s. período da
história humana, iniciando cerca de 3000 A.C. em
algumas áreas, durante o qual as pessoas iniciaram a
usar o bronze, mais do que cobre ou pedras, para
modelar ferramentas e armas.
bubonic plague / peste bubônica s. doença
mortal que espalhou-se através da Ásia e Europa em
meados do século 14, matando milhões de pessoas.
bureaucracy / burocracia s. sistema de
departamentos e agências formados para realizar o
trabalho do governo.
burgher / burguês s. habitante de um burgo
medieval.
Bushido / Bushido s. o estrito código de
comportamento seguido pelos guerreiros samurai no
Japão.
C
cabinet / gabinete s. grupo de assessores ou
ministros escolhidos pelo chefe de um país, para ajudálo a fazer as decisões governamentais.
caliph / califa s. líder supremo político-religioso
num governo muçulmano.
calligraphy / caligrafia s. a arte de escrever-se
com lindas letras, à mão.
Calvinism / calvinismo s. corpo de ensinamentos
religiosos baseados nas idéias do reformista João
Calvino.
Camp David Accords / Acordos de Camp
David s. o primeiro acordo assinado entre Israel e um
país árabe, em que o presidente egípcio Anuar Sadat
reconhecia Israel como um estado legítimo e o primeiroministro israelense Menachem Begin concordava em
retornar a Península do Sinai ao Egito.
canon law / direito canônico s. o corpo de leis
que governam as práticas religiosas de uma igreja cristã.
capitalism / capitalismo s. sistema econômico
baseado em propriedade privada e no investimento de
dinheiro em empresas de negócios com a finalidade de
lucros.
Carolingian dynasty / dinastia Carolíngia s.
dinastia de governantes francos, que durou de 751 a 987
D.C.
caste / casta s. uma das quatro classes de pessoas
no sistema social dos arianos que se estabeleceu na Índia
— padres, guerreiros, camponeses ou mercadores, e
trabalhadores ou artesãos não-arianos.
Catholic Reformation / Reforma Católica
s. movimento do século 16 em que a Igreja Católica
Romana procurava fazer mudanças em resposta às
Reformas Protestantes.
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caudillo / caudilho s. ditador militar de um país da
América Latina.
centralized government / governo centralizado s. governo em que o poder está concentrado numa
autoridade central a que governos locais estão sujeitos.
Central Powers / Poderes Centrais s. na
Primeira Guerra Mundial, as nações da Alemanha e
Áustria-Hungria, junto com as que lutaram de seu lado.
Chaldeans / Caldeus s. povo do sudoeste da Ásia
que ajudou a destruir o império assírio.
Chartist movement / movimento Cartista
s. na Inglaterra do século 19, membros da classe
trabalhadora exigiram reformas no Parlamento e nas
eleições, incluindo sufrágio para todos os homens.
Chavín / Chavin s. a primeira grande civilização
sul-americana, que floresceu nas terras altas do que é
hoje o Peru, de cerca de 900 a 200 A.C.
checks and balances / pesos e contrapesos
s. medidas desenhadas para evitar que qualquer dos
ramos do governo domine outro ramo.
chivalry / cavalheirismo s. código de
comportamento dos cavaleiros na Europa medieval,
enfatizando ideais como coragem, lealdade e devoção.
CIS / CEI s. Comunidade dos Estados Independentes
— associação livre de antigas repúblicas soviéticas,
formada depois do fim da União Soviética.
city-state / cidade-Estado s. cidades e as terras
que a circundam funcionando como uma unidade
política independente.
civil disobedience / desobediência civil s.
recusa deliberada e pública em obedecer uma lei que é
considerada injusta.
civilization / civilização s. forma de cultura
caracterizada por cidades, trabalhadores especializados,
instituições complexas, registros e tecnologia avançada.
civil service / serviço público civil s. departamentos administrativos de um governo-especialmente
aqueles em que os empregados são contratados na base de
seus escores em exames especializados.
civil war / guerra civil s. conflito entre dois
grupos políticos dentro do mesmo país.
clan / clan s. grupo de pessoas que descende do
mesmo ancestral comum.
classical art / arte clássica s. a arte das antigas
Grécia e Roma, em que a harmonia, a ordem e o
equilíbrio eram enfatizados.
clergy / clérigo s. corpo de representantes que
executam serviços religiosos — tais como padres,
ministros ou rabinos.
cloning / clonagem s. criação de plantas ou
animais que são geneticamente idênticos a uma planta
ou animal existentes.
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coalition government / governo de
coalizão s. governo controlado por uma aliança
temporária de diversos partidos políticos.
codex / códice s. livro com páginas que podem ser
viradas, como este que você está lendo agora.
Cold War / Guerra Fria s. estado de hostilidade
diplomática entre os EUA e a União Soviética, nas
décadas que se seguiram à Segunda Guerra Mundial.
collective bargaining / barganha coletiva s.
negociações entre trabalhadores e empregadores.
collective farm / fazenda coletiva s. grande
fazenda controlada pelo governo, formada através da
combinação de muitas pequenas fazendas.
colony / colônia s. terra controlada por nação distante.
Colossus of Rhodes / Colosso de Rodes s.
enorme estátua helenística que antigamente ficava perto
do porto de Rodes.
Columbian Exchange / Intercâmbio
Columbino s. a transferência global de plantas,
animais e doenças que ocorreu durante a colonização
européia das Américas.
comedy / comédia s. forma humorosa de drama
que freqüentemente inclui cenas de pastelão e sátira.
command economy / economia de
comando s. sistema econômico em que o governo
faz todas as decisões econômicas.
Commercial Revolution / Revolução
Comercial s. a expansão de comércio e negócios que
transformou as economias européias durante os séculos
16 e 17.
common law / jurisprudência s. corpo
unificado de leis, formado das decisões dos juízes reais
ingleses, que serve como base para a lei em muitos dos
países de língua inglesa atualmente, incluindo os EUA.
commune / comuna s. na China comunista,
fazenda coletiva em que um grande número de pessoas
trabalham e vivem juntos.
Communist Party / Partido Comunista s.
partido político praticando as idéias de Karl Marx e V.I.
Lenin; originalmente o Partido Bolchevique russo.
communism / comunismo s. sistema econômico
em que todos os meios de produção — terras, minas,
fábricas, ferrovias e negócios — são de propriedade do
povo, não existindo a propriedade privada, e todos os bens
e serviços são compartilhados igualmente.
Concert of Europe / Concerto da Europa s.
série de alianças entre as nações européias no século 19,
imaginada pelo Príncipe Klemens von Metternich para
evitar o surgimento de revoluções.
concordat / concordata s. acordo formal —
especialmente entre o papa e um governo, lidando com o
controle dos negócios da Igreja.
Congress of Vienna / Congresso de Viena
s. série de encontros em 1814–1815, durante a qual os
líderes europeus buscaram estabelecer paz duradoura e
segurança depois da derrota de Napoleão.
Congress Party / Partido do Congresso s.
grande partido político nacional indiano — também
conhecido como o Congresso Nacional Indiano.
conquistadors / conquistadores s. soldados,
exploradores e caçadores de fortuna espanhóis, que
tomaram parte da conquista das Américas no século 16.
conservatives / conservadores s. na primeira
metade do século 19, os europeus — principalmente
ricos donos de terras e nobres — que queriam preservar
as tradicionais monarquias da Europa.
constitutional monarchy / monarquia
constitucional s. sistema de governar-se em que o
poder do dirigente é limitado pela lei.
consul / cônsul s. na república romana, um dos
dois poderosos representantes eleitos para comandar o
exército e dirigir o governo.
containment / contenção s. política externa dos
EUA adotada pelo presidente Harry Truman no final
dos anos 1940, em que os EUA tentaram parar com a
expansão do comunismo através da criação de alianças
e ajudando os fracos países a resistir aos avanços
soviéticos.
Continental System / Sistema Continental
s. política Napoleônica de evitar o comércio entre a
Inglaterra e a Europa continental, intencionando destruir
a economia inglesa.
corporation / corporação s. negócio de
propriedade dos acionistas, que compartilham seus
lucros mas não são pessoalmente responsáveis por seus
débitos.
Council of Trent / Concílio de Trento s.
reunião de líderes Católicos Romanos, convocada pelo
Papa Paulo III para decidir sobre doutrinas criticadas
pelos reformistas Protestantes.
coup d’état / golpe de estado s. apreensão
súbita do poder político numa nação.
covenant / promessa s. promessa mútua ou
acordo — especialmente acordo entre Deus e o povo
hebreu como registrado na Bíblia.
creoles / crioulos s. na sociedade colonial
espanhola, colonos que nasceram na América Latina,
de pais espanhóis.
Crimean War / Guerra da Criméia s. conflito,
que durou de 1853 a 1856, em que o império otomano,
com a ajuda de Inglaterra e França, freou a expansão
russa na região do Mar Negro.
crop rotation / rotação de colheita s. sistema
de cultivar-se um diferente produto a cada ano num
campo, para preservar a fertilidade da terra.
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Crusade / Cruzada s. uma das expedições em que
guerreiros cristãos medievais buscaram recuperar o
controle da Terra Santa dos muçulmanos.
cultural diffusion / difusão cultural s. o
divulgar de idéias e produtos de uma cultura para outra.
Cultural Revolution / Revolução Cultural s.
uma insurgência de 1966-1976 na China, liderada pelos
Guardas Vermelhos, tendo como meta o estabelecimento
de uma sociedade de camponeses e trabalhadores na
qual todos fossem iguais.
culture / cultura s. modo de vida único de um
povo, demonstrado por suas ferramentas, costumes, artes
e idéias.
cuneiform / cuneiforme s. sistema de escrita
com símbolos em forma de cunha, inventado pelos
sumerianos cerca de 3000 A.C.
cyberterrorism / ciberterrorismo s. ataques
politicamente motivados a sistemas de informação.
Cyrillic alphabet / alfabeto Cirílico s.
alfabeto para a escrita de línguas eslavas, inventado no
século 9 por São Cirilo e São Metódio.
czar / czar s. um imperador russo (derivado do título
Romano, César).
D
daimyo / daimiô s. senhor feudal japonês que
comandava um exército privado de samurais.
Daoism / Taoísmo s. filosofia baseada nas idéias
do pensador chinês Laozi (Lao Tzu), que ensinou que as
pessoas deveriam ser guiadas por uma força universal
chamada de Dao (Tao) (o caminho).
D-Day / Dia-D s. nome dado ao 6 de Junho de 1944
— o dia em que os Aliados lançaram uma invasão do
continente europeu durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Declaration of Independence / Declaração
de Independência s. declaração das razões do
rompimento das colônias americanas com a Inglaterra,
aprovada pelo Segundo Congresso Continental em 1776.
delta / delta s. região pantanosa formada por
depósitos de aluvião na boca de um rio.
demilitarization / desmilitarização s. redução
da capacidade de um país em guerrear, conseguida pela
dispensa de suas forças armadas e proibindo-as de
adquirir armas.
democracy / democracia s. governo controlado
por seus cidadãos, seja diretamente ou através de
representantes.
democratization / democratização s. o
processo de criar-se um governo eleito pelo povo.
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Department of Homeland Security /
Departamento de Segurança Interna s.
Agência federal americana criada em 2002 para
coordenar os esforços nacionais contra o terrorismo.
détente / distensão (détente) s. política de
redução das tensões da Guerra Fria, adotada pelos EUA
durante a presidência de Richard Nixon.
developed nation / nação desenvolvida s.
nação com todas as facilidades necessárias para a
produção avançada de bens manufaturados.
devshirme / devshirme s. no império otomano,
política de pegar-se os filhos dos povos cristãos
conquistados para serem treinados como muçulmanos.
Diaspora / Diáspora s. a dispersão dos judeus de
sua terra natal na Palestina — especialmente durante o
período de mais de 1800 anos que se seguiu à destruição
pelos Romanos do Templo em Jerusalém no ano 70 D.C.
dictator / ditador s. na antiga Roma, líder político
a quem era dado completo poder para fazer leis e
comandar o exército, por um tempo limitado.
direct democracy / democracia direta s.
governo que os cidadãos dirigem diretamente ao invés
de através de representantes.
dissident / dissidente s. oponente das políticas e
ações de um governo.
divine right / direito divino s. a idéia de que
os monarcas são representantes de Deus na terra e,
portanto, só respondem a Deus.
domestication / domesticação s.
amansamento de animais para uso humano.
dominion / domínio s. no Império Britânico, uma
nação (como o Canadá), a quem se permite governar
seus próprios assuntos domésticos.
domino theory / teoria do dominó s. a idéia
de que se uma nação cair sob o controle comunista, os
países vizinhos também cairiam sob controle comunista.
Dorians / Dórios s. povo de fala grega que, de
acordo com a tradição, migrou para a Grécia continental
depois da destruição da civilização miceniana.
Dreyfus affair / o caso Dreyfus s. controvérsia
na França nos anos 1890, enfocando a prisão e o
julgamento de um oficial judeu do exército, Capião
Alfred Dreyfus, falsamente acusado de vender segredos
militares para a Alemanha.
Dutch East India Company / Companhia
Holandesa das Índias Orientais s. companhia
fundada pelos holandeses no início do século 17 para
estabelecer e gerenciar o comércio através da Ásia.
dynastic cycle / ciclo dinástico s. o padrão
histórico da ascensão, declínio e susbtituição das dinastias.
dynasty / dinastia s. série de governantes de uma
única família.
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Eastern Front / Frente Oriental s. na Primeira
Guerra Mundial, a região ao longo da fronteira russogermânica, onde russos e sérvios combateram alemães,
austríacos e turcos.
Edict of Nantes / Edito de Nantes s.
declaração de 1598 em que o rei francês, Henrique IV,
prometia que os protestantes poderiam viver em paz na
França e poderiam abrir casas de oração e culto em
algumas cidades francesas.
Emancipation Proclamation / Proclamação
da Emancipação s. declaração emitida pelo presidente Abraham Lincoln em 1863, afirmando que todos os
escravos nos estados Confederados estavam libertos.
emerging nation / nação emergente s. nação
em que o processo de industrialização ainda não está
completado.
émigrés / émigrés (refugiados) s. pessoas que
abandonam seus países nativos por razões políticas,
como os nobres e outros que fugiram da França durante
as insurreições camponesas da Revolução Francesa.
empire / império s. unidade política em que um
sem número de povos ou países são controlados por um
único governante.
enclosure / cercado s. um dos campos murados
ou confinados criados pelos ricos donos de terra
ingleses, em terras que eram antes cultivadas por
lavradores das aldeias.
encomienda / encomienda s. concessão de
terras feita pela Espanha a um colonizador na América,
incluindo o direito de usar índios americanos para
trabalharem nelas.
English Civil War / Guerra Civil da
Inglaterra s. conflito que durou de 1642 a 1649, em
que os Puritanos partidários do Parlamento combateram
os partidários da monarquia inglesa.
enlightened despot / déspota esclarecido
s. um dos monarcas europeus do século 18, que era
inspirado pelas idéias do Iluminismo, para reinar com
justiça e respeitar os direitos de seus súditos.
enlightenment / iluminado s. no budismo,
estado de sabedoria perfeita em que se compreende as
verdades básicas sobre o universo.
Enlightenment / Iluminismo s. movimento
europeu do século 18 em que pensadores tentaram
aplicar os princípios da razão e os métodos científicos a
todos os apectos da sociedade.
entrepreneur / empreendedor s. pessoa que
organiza, gerencia e suporta os riscos de um negócio.
epics / épicos s. longos poemas em narrativa,
celebrando os feitos de heróis legendários ou
tradicionais.
estate / estado s. uma das três classes sóciopolíticas na França antes da Revolução Francesa — o
Primeiro Estado, consistia do clero; o Segundo Estado,
da nobreza; e o Terceiro Estado, do resto da população.
Estates-General / Geral dos Estados s.
assembléia de representantes de todos os três estados,
ou classes sociais, na França.
ethnic cleansing / limpeza étnica s. política
de assassinato ou outros atos de brutalidade pela qual os
sérvios esperavam eliminar a população muçulmana da
Bósnia, depois da separação da Iugoslávia.
excommunication / excomungação s.
retirada do direito de uma pessoa de ser membro de
uma igreja cristã.
existentialism / existencialismo s. filosofia
baseada na idéia de que as pessoas dão significado às
suas vidas através de suas escolhas e atos.
extraterritorial rights / direitos
extraterritoriais s. isenção, para estrangeiros
residentes, das leis de um país.
F
factors of production / fatores de produção
s. recursos — incluindo terras, trabalho e capital —
necessários para a produção de bens e serviços.
factory / fábrica s. amplo edifício em que se usa
maquinário para a manufatura de mercadorias.
fascism / fascismo s. movimento político que
promove uma forma extrema de nacionalismo, negação
dos direitos individuais e o domínio ditatorial
unipartidário.
Fatimid / Fatímida s. membro de uma dinastia
muçulmana que traçava sua ancestralidade até Fátima,
filha de Maomé; construíram um império no norte da
África, Arábia e Síria nos séculos 10-12.
favorable balance of trade / balança
comercial favorável s. situação econômica em
que um país vende mais bens do que compra no exterior.
federal system / sistema federal s. sistema de
governo em que o poder é dividido entre uma autoridade
central e um número de estados individuais.
Fertile Crescent / Crescente Fértil s. um arco
de rico solo agricultável no sudoeste da Ásia, entre o
Golfo Pérsico e o Mar Mediterrâneo.
feudalism / feudalismo s. sistema político no
qual o rei permite aos nobres o uso de terras legalmente
suas em troca de sua lealdade, seus serviços militares e
proteção das pessoas vivendo na terra.
fief / feudo s. propriedade concedida a um vassalo
por um senhor, sob o sistema feudal na Europa
medieval.
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filial piety / piedade filial s. respeito mostrado
pelos filhos por seus pais e antepassados.
Final Solution / Solução Final s. programa de
Hitler de matar sistematicamente todo o povo judeu.
Five-Year Plans / Planos Qüinqüenais s.
planos idealizados por Josef Stalin em 1928 para o
desenvolvimento da economia da União Soviética.
Four Modernizations / Quatro
Modernizações s. conjunto de metas adotadas
pelo líder chinês Deng Xiaoping no final do século
20, envolvendo progressos na agricultura, indústria,
defesa e ciência e tecnologia.
Fourteen Points / Quatorze Pontos s. série
de propostas em que o presidente Woodrow Wilson
delineou um plano para atingir-se a paz duradoura
depois da Primeira Guerra Mundial.
Franks / francos s. povo germânico que se
estabeleceu na província Romana de Gália (a grosso
modo a área ocupada pela França hoje), e estabeleceu
um grande império durante a Idade Média.
free trade / livre comércio s. comércio entre
nações, sem restrições ou barreiras econômicas (tais
como tarifas).
French and Indian War / Guerra FrancoIndígena s. conflito entre Inglaterra e França pelo
controle de território na América do Norte, que durou
de 1754 a 1763 .
G
gender inequality / desigualdade de gênero
s. a diferença entre homens e mulheres em termos de
riqueza e status.
genetic engineering / engenharia genética
s. a transferência de genes de um ser vivo para outro,
para produzir um organismo com novos traços.
genocide / genocídio s. a matança sistemática de
um povo inteiro.
gentry / pequena nobreza s. classe de pessoas
poderosas e ricas, que tem um alto status social.
geocentric theory / teoria geocêntrica s. na
Idade Média, a visão geocêntrica do universo em que os
estudiosos acreditavam que a terra era um objeto imóvel
localizado no centro do universo.
geopolitics / geopolítica s. política externa
baseada na consideração de localizações estratégicas ou
em produtos de outros países.
Ghana / Gana s. reino africano ocidental que ficou
rico cobrando impostos e controlando o comércio, e que
estabeleceu um império nos séculos 9–11 D.C.
ghazi / gazi s. guerreiro do Islame.
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ghettos / guetos s. bairros dentro de cidades, nos
quais os judeus europeus eram obrigados a viver.
glasnost / abertura (glasnost) s. política
de abertura soviética para o fluxo livre de idéias e
informações, introduzida em 1985 por Mikhail Gorbachev.
global economy / economia global s. todas as
interações financeiras — envolvendo pessoas, negócios e
governos — que atravessam as fronteiras internacionais.
Glorious Revolution / Gloriosa Revolução
s. a derrubada sem sangue do rei inglês James II e sua
substituição por William e Mary.
glyph / hieroglifo s. figura simbólica —
especialmente a usada como parte de um sistema
de escrita que entalhava messagens em pedra.
Gothic / Gótico adj. relativo a um estilo
arquitetônico desenvolvido na Europa medieval,
caracterizado por abóbadas ogivais, janelas de vitrais,
arcobotantes, arcos ponteagudos e altas espirais.
Great Depression / Grande Depressão s.
a severa queda brusca da economia que se seguiu ao
colapso do mercado de ações dos EUA em 1929.
Great Fear / Grande Medo s. onda de pânico
insensata que se espalhou pelos campos franceses depois
da tomada da Bastilha em 1789.
Great Purge / Grande Expurgo s. campanha de
terror na União Soviética durante os anos 30, em que
Josef Stalin procurou eliminar todos os membros do
Partido Comunista e outros cidadãos que ameaçassem
seu poder.
Great Schism / Grande Cisma s. divisão na
Igreja Católica Romana medieval, durante a qual papas
rivais se estabeleceram em Avignon e Roma.
Greco-Roman culture / cultura GrecoRomana s. cultura antiga que desenvolveu-se de uma
mistura das culturas grega, helenística e romana.
green revolution / revolução verde s.
tentativa no século 20 de aumentar os recursos
alimentares em âmbito mundial, envolvendo o uso
de fertilizantes e pesticidas, e o desenvolvimento
de cultivares resistentes às doenças.
griot / griot s. um contador de histórias afroocidental.
guerrilla / guerrilha s. membro de uma força de
combate livremente organizada, que faz ataques de
surpresa sobre as tropas inimigas ocupando seu país.
guild / associação (guilda) s. associação
medieval de pessoas trabalhando na mesma ocupação,
que controla os salários e preços de seus membros.
guillotine / guilhotina s. máquina para degolar
pessoas, usada como meio de execução durante a
Revolução Francesa.
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Gupta Empire / império Gupta s. o segundo
império da Índia, fundado por Chandra Gupta I em
320 D.C.
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H
habeas corpus / habeas corpus s. documento
requisitando que um prisioneiro seja trazido perante uma
corte ou juiz, de modo que possa ser decidido se sua
prisão é legal.
Hagia Sophia / Hagia Sophia s. Catedral da
Santa Sabedoria (Santa Sofia), em Constantinopla,
construída por ordem do imperador bizantino Justiniano.
haiku / haicai s. forma japonesa de poesia, consistindo
de três linhas de cinco, sete e cinco sílabas, sem rimas.
hajj / hajj s. peregrinação a Meca, executada como
um dever pelos muçulmanos.
Han dynasty / dinastia Han s. dinastia chinesa
que governou de 200 A.C. a 9 D.C. e novamente de 23 a
200 D.C.
Harappan civilization / civilização Harapan
s. outro nome para a civilização do vale do Indus que
surgiu ao longo do rio Indus, possivelmente tão cedo
quanto 7000 A.C.; caracterizada por sofisticado
planejamento urbano.
Hausa / Hausa s. povo africano ocidental que viveu em
diversas cidades-Estados no que é hoje o norte da Nigéria.
heliocentric theory / teoria heliocêntrica s.
a idéia de que a terra e os outros planetas giram em
torno do sol.
Hellenistic / Helenístico adj. relativo à
civilização, língua, arte, ciência e literatura gregas, desde
o reino de Alexandre o Grande ao fim do século 2 A.C.
helot / hilota s. na sociedade da antiga Esparta, um
camponês que arava a terra.
hieroglyphics / hieroglífica s. sistema de escrita
do antigo Egito, em que figuras eram usadas para
representar palavras e sons.
Hijrah / Hégira s. migração de Maomé de Meca a
Yathrib (Medina) no ano 622 D.C.
Hittites / Hititas s. povo indo-europeu que se
estabeleceu em Anatólia cerca de 2000 A.C.
Holocaust / Holocausto s. massacre de judeus e
outros civis realizada pelo governo nazista da Alemanha,
antes e durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Holy Alliance / Santa Aliança s. liga de nações
européias formada pelos líderes da Rússia, Áustria e
Prússia depois do Congresso de Viena.
Holy Roman Empire / Santo Império
Romano s. império estabelecido na Europa no século
10 D.C., consistindo originalmente, principalmente, de
terras onde hoje são Alemanha e Itália.
home rule / governo local s. controle sobre
assuntos internos concedido aos residentes de uma
região pelo governo dominante.
hominid / hominídeo s. membro do grupo
biológico que inclui os seres humanos e espécies
relacionadas, com o andar ereto.
Homo sapiens / homo sapiens s. espécie
biológica a que pertence os seres humanos modernos.
House of Wisdom / Casa da Sabedoria s.
centro de aprendizado estabelecido em Bagdá nos anos
800.
humanism / humanismo s. movimento
intelectual do Renascimento, em que os pensadores
estudaram os textos clássicos e enfocaram o potencial e
as conquistas humanas.
Hundred Days / Os Cem Dias s. o breve
período em 1815 quando Napoleão fez sua última
tentativa para deter o poder, depondo o rei francês e
tornando-se novamente imperador da França.
Hundred Years’ War / Guerra dos Cem
Anos s. conflito em que Inglaterra e França lutaram
em solo francês intermitentemente de 1337 a 1453.
hunter-gatherer / caçador-colhedor s.
membro de grupo nômade cujo alimento depende da
caça aos animais e à coleta de vegetais.
Hyksos / Hyksos s. grupo de invasores nômades
do sudoeste da Ásia, que dominaram o Egito de 1640 a
1570 A.C.
I
Ice Age / Idade do Gelo s. período frio em que
enormes camadas de gelo espalharam-se a partir das
regiões polares, a última durou de cerca 1600000 a
10000 A.C.
I Ching / I Ching s. livro chinês de oráculos, consultados para achar respostas a problemas éticos e práticos.
icon / ícone s. imagem religiosa usada pelos cristãos
orientais.
imperialism / imperialismo s. política em
que uma nação forte procura dominar outros países,
politicamente, economicamente e socialmente.
impressionism / impressionismo s.
movimento da pintura no século 19, em que artistas
reagiram contra o realismo, buscando transmitir suas
impressões de sujeitos ou momentos no tempo.
Indo-Europeans / Indo-Europeus s. grupo de
povos seminômades que, cerca de 1700 A.C., iniciaram
a migração do que é hoje a Rússia para o subcontinente
indiano, Europa e sudoeste da Ásia.
indulgence / indulto s. perdão liberando uma
pessoa de punição por um pecado.
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industrialization / industrialização s.
desenvolvimento de indústrias para a fabricação
automática de bens.
Industrial Revolution / Revolução
Industrial s. a mudança, começando na Inglaterra no
século 18, de fabricarem-se produtos à mão ou fazê-los
com maquinário.
inflation / inflação s. uma diminuição no valor do
dinheiro, acompanhada de um aumento no preço de bens
e serviços.
Inquisition / Inquisição s. tribunal Católico
Romano para investigar e processar acusações de heresia
— especialmente a que esteve ativa na Espanha duante
os anos 1400.
institution / instituição s. padrão de organização
de longa duração numa comunidade.
intendant / intendente s. oficial do governo
francês apontado pelo monarca para coletar impostos e
administrar justiça.
International Space Station / Estação
Espacial Internacional s. empreendimento
cooperativo patrocinado pelos EUA, Rússia e 14 outros
países, para implementar e manutenir um laboratório
funcional de experimentação científica no espaço.
Internet / Internet s. encadeamento de redes de
computador que possibilita às pessoas ao redor do
mundo a troca de informações e comunicações uns com
os outros.
intifada / intifada s. campanha palestina de
desobediência civil contra a ocupação israelense da
Margem Ocidental e da Faixa de Gaza, que continuou
através dos anos 90.
Irish Republican Army (IRA) / Exército
Republicano Irlandês (IRA) s. força militar
nacionalista não-oficial buscando a independência da
Irlanda da Grã-Bretanha.
iron curtain / cortina de ferro s. durante a
Guerra Fria, a fronteira separando as nações comunistas
da Europa Oriental das mais democráticas nações da
Europa Ocidental.
Iroquois / Iroquês s. grupo de povos índios
americanos que falavam línguas correlatas, que viveram
na região oriental dos Grandes Lagos da América do
Norte, e formaram uma aliança no fim dos anos 1500.
Islam / islame s. religião monoteísta que
desenvolveu-se na Arábia no século 7 D.C.
isolationism / isolacionismo s. política de
evitar-se envolvimento político ou militar com outros
países.
Israel / Israel s. reino dos hebreus unidos na
Palestina, que durou de 1020 a 922 A.C.; mais tarde, o
reino mais ao norte dos dois reinos hebreus; atualmente,
a nação dos judeus estabelecida na Palestina em 1948.
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J
Jainism / Jainismo s. religião fundaada na Índia
no século 6 A.C., cujos membros acreditam que tudo no
universo tem uma alma e, portanto, não deveria ser
danificado.
janissary / janízaro s. membro de força de
soldados de elite no império otomano.
jazz / jazz s. estilo de música popular do século 20,
desenvolvido principalmente por músicos afro-americanos.
Jesuits / Jesuítas s. membros da Sociedade de
Jesus, ordem religiosa católica romana fundada por
Ignácio de Loyola.
“jewel in the crown” / “jóia da coroa”
s. a colônia inglesa Índia — assim chamada pela sua
importância no império inglês, tanto como fornecedor
de matéria prima quanto como mercado para os
britânicos comerciarem seus produtos.
joint-stock company / sociedade por ações
s. negócios em que os investidores juntam sua riqueza
para um propósito comum, para depois dividirem os
lucros.
Judah / Judá s. reino hebreu na Palestina,
estabelecido em cerca de 922 A.C.
Justinian Code / Código de Justiniano s.
corpo de leis romanas civis, colecionado e organizado
por ordem do imperador bizantino Justiniano, em cerca
de 534 D.C.
K
kabuki / kabuki s. tipo de drama japonês em que
música, dança e mímica são usados para a apresentação
de histórias.
kaiser / kaiser s. um imperador alemão (derivado
do título Romano, César)
kamikaze / camicase s. durante a Segunda
Guerra Mundial, pilotos suicidas japoneses treinados
para afundar navios aliados, trombando aviões cheios
de bombas contra eles.
karma / karma s. no hinduísmo e no budismo, a
totalidade dos feitos bons e maus praticados por uma
pessoa, o que se acredita determine o destino dele / dela
depois do renascer.
Khmer Empire / império Khmer s. império do
sudeste da Ásia, centrado no que é hoje o Camboja, que
atingiu seu apogeu cerca de 1200 D.C.
Khmer Rouge / Khmer Vermelho s. grupo de
rebeldes comunistas que assumiram o poder no Camboja
em 1975.
knight / cavaleiro s. na Europa medieval, um
guerreiro em armadura que lutava a cavalo.
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Koryu dynasty / dinastia Koryu s. dinastia que
governou a Coréia de 935 a 1392 D.C.
Kristallnacht / Kristallnacht s. “Noite do Vidro
Quebrado” — a noite de 9 de novembro de 1938, em
que as tropas de assalto nazistas atacaram os lares,
negócios e sinagogas judeus através da Alemanha.
Kuomintang / Kuomintang s. o Partido
Nacionalista Chinês, formado depois da queda da
dinastia Qing em 1912.
Kush / kush s. antigo reino núbio cujos governantes
controlaram o Egito entre 2000 e 1000 A.C.
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laissez faire / deixar fazer s. a idéia de que o
governo não deveria interferir com ou regulamentar
indústrias e negócios.
land reform / reforma agrária s. redistribuição
de terra de fazenda através da divisão dos grandes
latifúndios, e dando os resultantes minifúndios aos
lavradores.
La Reforma / A Reforma s. movimento
reformista liberal no México do século 19, liderado por
Benito Juárez.
lay investiture / investidura leiga s. a
indicação de oficiais religiosos por reis ou nobres.
League of Nations / Liga das Nações s.
associação internacional formada depois da Primeira
Guerra Mundial, com a meta de manter a paz entre as
nações.
lebensraum / lebensraum s. “espaço para viver”
— território adicional que, segundo Hitler, a Alemanha
necessitava por estar superpovoada.
Legalism / Legalismo s. filosofia política chinesa,
baseada na idéia de que um governo altamente eficiente
e poderoso é a chave para a odem social.
legion / legião s. unidade militar do antigo exército
romano, com cerca de 5000 soldados a pé e um grupo de
soldados a cavalo.
Legislative Assembly / Assembléia
Legislativa s. congresso francês com o poder de criar
leis e aprovar declarações de guerra, estabelecido pela
Constituição de 1791.
legitimacy / legitimidade s. o direito hereditário
que um monarca tem de governar.
liberals / liberais s. na primeira metade do
século19, os europeus — principalmente os líderes
de negócios de classe média e os mercadores — que
queriam dar mais poder político aos parlamentos eleitos.
lineage / linhagem s. grupo de pessoas —
viventes, mortas ou não nascidas — descendentes
de um ancestral comum.
loess / loess s. depósito fértil de solo trazido pelo
vento.
Long March / Longa Marcha s. jornada de 6000
milhas feita em 1934–1935 pelos comunistas chineses,
fugindo das forças nacionalistas de Jiang Jieshi.
lord / senhor s. na Europa feudal, pessoa que
controlava terras e, portanto, podia concedê-las aos
vassalos.
Lutheran / Luterano s. membro de igreja
protestante fundada com base nos ensinamentos de
Martinho Lutero.
lycée / liceu s. escola pública dirigida pelo governo
na França.
M
Macedonia / Macedônia s. antigo reino ao norte
da Grécia, cujo governante Felipe II conquistou a Grécia
em 338 A.C.
Maghrib / Maghreb s. região do oeste do norte da
África, consistindo das terras costeiras mediterrâneas de
Marrocos, Tunísia e Argélia.
Magna Carta / Magna Carta s. “Great Charter”,
documento que garantia direitos políticos básicos na
Inglaterra, idealizado pelos nobres e aprovado pelo rei
João em 1215 D.C.
Mahabharata / Mahabharata s. grande poema
épico indiano, refletindo as lutas dos arianos enquanto se
moviam para o sul em direção à Índia.
Mahayana / Mahayana s. seita do budismo que
oferece salvação para todos e permite o culto popular.
maize / milho s. grão cultivado de cereal que traz
as sementes em grandes espigas — usualmente chamado
de ‘corn’ nos EUA.
Mali / Mali s. império afro-ocidental que floresceu
entre 1235 e 1400 D.C., e enriqueceu com o comércio.
Manchus / Manchus s. povo nativo da Manchúria,
que governou a China durante a dinastia Qing
(1644–1912).
Mandate of Heaven / Mandato do Paraíso
s. na história chinesa, a aprovação divina que se pensava
ser a base da autoridade real.
manifest destiny / destino manifesto s. a
idéia, popular entre os americanos em meados do século
19, que era o direito e o dever dos EUA governar a
América do Norte do Oceano Atlântico ao Oceano
Pacífico.
manor / solar s. a propriedade de um senhor na
Europa feudal.
Maori / Maori s. membro do povo polinésio que se
estabeleceu na Nova Zelândia cerca de 800 D.C.
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Marshall Plan / Plano Marshall s. programa
americano de ajuda econômica aos países europeus, para
ajudá-los na reconstrução depois da Segunda Guerra
Mundial.
martial law / lei marcial s. domínio temporário
por autoridades militares sobre a população civil,
usualmente imposto em tempos de guerra ou
perturbação civil.
mass culture / cultura de massa s. produção
de arte e entretenimento desenhados para conquistar
grandes audiências.
materialism / materialismo s. colocar alto valor
na aquisição de posses materiais.
matriarchal / matriarcal adj. relativo a um
sistema social em que a mãe é a chefe da família.
matrilineal / matrilinear adj. relativo a um
sistema social em que a descendência familiar e os
direitos de herança são traçados através da mãe.
Mauryan Empire / Império Maurya s. primeiro
império da Índia, fundado por Chandragupta Maurya em
321 A.C.
May Fourth Movement / Movimento
Quatro de Maio s. protesto nacional na China em
1919, em que as pessoas protestaram contra o Tratado de
Versailles e a interferência estrangeira.
Medes / Medes s. povo do sudoeste da Ásia que
ajudou a destruir o império assírio.
Meiji era / era Meiji s. período da história japonesa
de 1867 a 1912, durante o qual o país foi governado pelo
imperador Mutsuhito.
Mein Kampf / Minha Luta s. livro escrito por
Adolf Hitler durante sua prisão em 1923–1924, em que
estabeleceu suas crenças e seus objetivos para a Alemanha.
mercantilism / mercantilismo s. política
econômica onde as nações procuram aumentar sua riqueza
e poder com a obtenção de grandes estoques de ouro e
prata e estabelecendo uma balança comercial favorável.
mercenary / mercenário s. soldado que é pago
para lutar num exército estrangeiro.
Meroë / Meroé s. centro da dinastia Kush (África)
de 250 A.C. a 150 D.C., conhecido por sua manufatura
de armas e ferramentas de ferro.
Mesoamerica / Mesoamérica s. área
estendendo-se do México central até Honduras, onde
diversas antigas e complexas sociedades das Américas
desenvolveram-se.
mestizo / mestiço s. pessoa de ancestralidade
mista de espanhol e índio americano.
Middle Ages / Idades Médias s. a era na
história européia que se seguiu à queda do império
romano, durando de cerca de 500 a 1500 D.C. —
também chamado de período medieval.
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middle class / classe média s. classe social
composta de trabalhadores qualificados, profissionais
liberais, homens e mulheres de negócio e ricos
fazendeiros.
middle passage / passagem do meio s. a
viagem que trazia africanos capturados para as Índias
ocidentais, e mais tarde para as Américas do Sul e do
Norte, para serem vendidos como escravos — assim
chamada porque era considerada a perna do meio do
comércio triangular.
migration / migração v. o ato de mover-se de um
local para estabelecer-se em outro.
militarism / militarismo s. política de
glorificação do poder militar, mantendo-se um exército
sempre pronto para a guerra.
Ming dynasty / dinastia Ming s. dinastia
chinesa que governou de 1368 a 1644 D.C.
Minoans / Minóicos s. povo navegador e mercador
que viveu na ilha de Creta de cerca de 2000 a 1400 A.C.
Mississippian / Mississippiano adj. relativo à
cultura de Construtores de Colinas que floresceu na
América do Norte entre 800 e 1500 D.C.
mita / mita s. no império Inca, o requisito de que
todos os súditos em boa forma corporal deveriam
trabalhar para o estado alguns dias por ano.
Moche / moche s. civilização que floresceu no que é
hoje a costa norte do Peru, de cerca de 100 até 700 D.C.
monarchy / monarquia s. governo em que o
poder está nas maõs de uma única pessoa.
monastery / monastério (mosteiro) s.
comunidade religiosa de homens (chamados monges)
que desisitiram de suas posses para devotarem-se a uma
vida de preces e culto.
monopoly / monopólio s. grupo que tem o
controle exclusivo sobre a produção e distribuição de
determinados produtos.
monotheism / monoteísmo s. crença num único
deus.
Monroe Doctrine / Doutrina de Monroe s.
política de oposição dos EUA à interferência européia na
América Latina, anunciada pelo presidente James
Monroe em 1823.
monsoon / monção s. vento que muda de direção
em algumas épocas do ano.
mosque / mesquita s. lugar islâmico de culto.
movable type / tipo móvel s. blocos de metal ou
madeira, cada um com um único caracter, que pode ser
arranjado em ordem para montar uma página para
impressão.
Mughal / mughal s. um dos nômades que
invadiram o subcontinente indiano no século 16 e
estabeleceram um poderoso império lá.
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mujahideen / mujahedin s. no Afeganistão,
guerreiros santos que se juntaram para lutar o governo
apoiado pelos soviéticos no final dos anos 70.
mulattos / mulatos s. pessoas de ancestralidade
mista européia e africana.
mummification / mumificação s. processo de
embalsamação e secagem de cadáveres para evitar que
se decomponham.
Munich Conference / Conferência de
Munique s. reunião de 1938 de representantes de
Inglaterra, França, Itália e Alemanha, onde Inglaterra
e França concordaram em permitir que a Alemanha
Nazista anexasse parte da Checoslováquia, em troca da
palavra de Adolf Hitler de respeitar as novas fronteiras
da Checoslováquia.
Muslim / Muçulmano s. seguidor do Islame.
Muslim League / Liga Muçulmana s.
organização formada em 1906 para proteger os
interesses dos muçulmanos da Índia, que mais tarde
propôs que a Índia fosse dividida em nações muçulmana
e hinduísta separadas.
Mutapa / Mutapa adj. relativo ao império africano
do sul estabelecido por Mutota no século 15 D.C.
Mycenaeans / Miceneus s. povo indo-europeu
que se estabeleceu na Grécia continental em cerca de
2000 A.C.
myths / mitos s. histórias tradicionais sobre deuses,
ancestrais ou heróis, contadas para explicar o mundo
natural ou os costumes e crenças de uma sociedade.
N
Napoleonic Code / Código Napoleônico s.
sistema compreensivo e uniforme de leis estabelecido
para a França por Napoleão.
National Assembly / Assembléia Nacional
s. congresso francês estabelecido por representantes do
Terceiro Estado em 17 de junho de 1789, para passar leis
e reformas em nome do povo francês.
nationalism / nacionalismo s. a crença de que
as pessoas deveriam ser leais principalmente às suas
nações-isto é, às pessoas com quem compartilham
cultura e história, mais do que a um rei ou império.
nation-state / nação-Estado s. unidade
geopolítica independente de pessoas que têm uma
cultura e identidade comuns.
NATO / OTAN s. Organização do Tratado do
Atlântico Norte — é uma aliança militar defensiva
formada em 1949 por dez países da Europa ocidental, os
EUA e o Canadá.
Nazca / Nazca s. civilização que floresceu no
que é hoje a costa sul do Peru, de cerca de 200 A.C.
até 600 D.C.
Nazism / Nazismo s. políticas fascistas do Partido
Nacional Socialista dos Trabalhadores Alemães,
baseadas no totalitarismo, crença na superioridade
racial, e controle estatal da indústria.
Negritude movement / movimento
Negritude s. movimento em que africanos e indianos
ocidentais de fala francesa celebraram sua herança de
tradicionais cultura e valores africanos.
neoclassical / neoclássico adj. relativo a um
estilo simples e elegante (baseado em idéias e temas das
antigas Grécia e Roma), que caracterizou as artes na
Europa durante o final dos anos 1700.
Neolithic Age / Idade Neolítica s. período
pré-histórico que começou em cerca de 8000 A.C. e
em algumas áreas terminou tão cedo quanto 3000 A.C.,
durante o qual as pessoas aprenderam a polir ferramentas
de pedra, fazer cerâmica, cultivo de vegetais e criação
animal — também chamada de Nova Idade da Pedra.
Neolithic Revolution / Revolução Neolítica
s. a principal mudança na vida humana causada pelos
inícios da agricultura — isto é, pela mudança dos
hábitos das pessoas, de colhedores de alimentos a
produtores de alimentos.
New Deal / Novo Acordo s. programa de reforma
econômica do presidente Franklin Roosevelt, desenhado
para solver os problemas criados pela Grande Depressão.
New Kingdom / Novo Reino s. período da
antiga história do Egito que se seguiu à derrubada dos
governantes Hyksos, durando de 1570 a 1075 A.C.
nirvana / nirvana s. no budismo, a liberação da dor
e do sofrimento atingida depois da iluminação.
Nok / Nok s. povo Africano que viveu onde é agora a
Nigéria, entre 500 A.C. e 200 D.C.
nomad / nômade s. membro de um grupo que
não tem lar permanente, viajando de lugar para lugar
buscando água e alimentos.
nonaggression pact / pacto de não
agressão s. acordo em que duas nações prometem
não atacar uma à outra.
nonaligned nations / nações não-alinhadas
s. países independentes que permaneceram neutros na
competição da Guerra Fria entre EUA e União Soviética.
Nuremberg Trials / Julgamentos de
Nuremberg s. procedimentos jurídicos realizados
em Nuremberg, Alemanha, depois da Segunda Guerra
Mundial, nos quais os líderes nazistas foram julgados
por agressão, violações das regras da guerra e crimes
contra a humanidade.
O
obsidian / obsidiana s. rocha vulcânica dura e vítrea
usada pelos povos primitivos para fazer armas afiadas.
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Old Regime / Velho Regime s. sistema político e
social que existia na França antes da Revolução Francesa.
oligarchy / oligarquia s. governo em que o poder
está nas maões de umas poucas pessoas — especialmente
aquele cujo domínio é baseado em riqueza.
Olmec / Olmec s. a mais antiga civilização mesoamericana conhecida, que floresceu em cerca de 1200 A.C. e
influenciou, mais tarde, sociedades através da região.
Open Door Policy / Política da Porta
Aberta s. política, proposta pelos EUA em 1899, pela
qual todas as nações teriam oportunidades iguais de
comerciar com a China.
Opium War / Guerra do Ópio s. conflito entre
Inglaterra e China, que durou de 1839 a 1842, sobre o
comércio inglês de ópio na China.
oracle bone / osso oráculo s. um dos ossos de
animais ou cascos de tartaruga usados pelos antigos
padres chineses para comunicarem-se com os deuses.
Oslo Peace Accords / Acordos de Paz de
Oslo s. acordo de 1993 em que o primeiro-ministro
israelense Rabin concedeu o auto-governo palestino na
Margem Ocidental e na Faixa de Gaza.
ozone layer / camada de ozônio s. camada da
atmosfera superior da terra, que protege os sêres vivos
dos nocivos raios ultravioletas do sol.
P
Pacific Rim / Borda do Pacífico s. as terras em
torno do oceano Pacífico — especialmente as da Ásia.
Paleolithic Age / Idade paleolítica s. período
pré-histórico que durou de 2.500.000 até 8000 A.C.,
durante o qual as pessoas fizeram uso de primitivas
ferramentas e armas de pedra — também chamada de
Antiga Idade da Pedra.
Panama Canal / Canal do Panamá s. via
aquática feita pelo homem ligando os oceanos Atlântico
e Pacífico, construído no Panamá pelos EUA e
inaugurado em 1914.
papyrus / papiro s. junco alto que cresce no delta
do Nilo, usado pelos antigos egípcios para fazer um
material como papel, onde escreviam.
parliament / parlamento s. corpo de
representantes que faz as leis de uma nação.
partition / repartição s. divisão em partes, como
a divisão em 1947 da colônia inglesa Índia em duas
nações, Índia e Paquistão.
pastoralist / pastoralista s. membro de grupo
nômade que pastoreia animais domesticados.
paternalism / paternalismo s. política de tratarse povos súditos como se fossem crianças, suprindo as
suas necessidades materiais, mas sem dar-lhes direitos.
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patriarch / patriarca s. um bispo principal no
ramo oriental da cristianidade.
patriarchal / patriarcal adj. relativo a um sistema
social em que o pai é o chefe da família.
patrician / patrício s. na Roma antiga, um membro
da rica e privilegiada classe superior.
patrilineal / patrilinear adj. relativo a um
sistema social em que a descendência familiar e os
direitos de herança são traçados através do pai.
patron / patrono s. pessoa que suporta os artistas,
principalmente financeiramente.
Pax Mongolica / Paz Mongol s. período de
meados de 1200 a meados de 1300 quando os mongóis
impuseram estabilidade e leis e ordem através de muito
da Eurásia.
Pax Romana / Paz Romana s. período de paz e
prosperidade através do império Romano, que durou de
27 A.C. a 180 D.C.
Peace of Augsburg / Paz de Augsburgo s.
acordo de 1555 declarando que a religião de cada estado
alemão seria decidida por seu governante.
Peloponnesian War / Guerra do Peloponeso
s. guerra que durou de 431 a 404 A.C., em que Atenas e
seus aliados derrotaram Esparta e seus aliados.
penal colony / colônia penal s. colônia para a
qual os condenados são enviados como alternativa para
as prisões.
peninsulares / peninsulares s. na sociedade
colonial espanhola, colonos que nasceram na Espanha.
Peninsular War / Guerra Peninsular s.
conflito, durando de 1808 a 1813, em que os rebeldes
espanhóis, com o auxílio de forças inglesas lutaram para
expulsar as tropas francesas de Napoleão da Espanha.
perestroika / perestróica s. reestruturação da
economia soviética para permitir mais tomadas locais de
decisões, iniciada por Mikhail Gorbachev em 1985.
Persian Gulf War / Guerra do Golfo Pérsico
s. conflito de 1991 em que as forças da ONU
derrotaram as forças do Iraque que haviam invadido o
Kuwait e ameaçavam invadir a Arábia Saudita.
Persian Wars / Guerras Persas s. série de
guerras no século 5 A.C., em que as cidades-Estados
gregas combateram o império persa.
perspective / perspectiva s. técnica artística que
cria a aparência de três dimensões numa superfície
plana.
phalanx / falange s. formação militar de infantaria
armada com lanças e escudos.
pharaoh / faraó s. rei do antigo Egito, considerado
um deus assim como líder político-militar.
philosophe / filósofo s. um de um grupo de
pensadores sociais na França durante o Iluminismo.
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philosophers / filósofos s. pensadores que usam
a lógica e a razão para investigar a natureza do universo,
a sociedade humana e a moralidade.
Phoenicians / fenícios s. povo navegador do
sudoeste da Ásia, que cerca de 1100 A.C. iniciou o
comércio e estabeleceu colônias através da região do
Mediterrâneo.
Pilgrims / Peregrinos s. grupo de pessoas que, em
1620, fundou a colônia de Plymouth em Massachusetts,
para escapar à perseguição religiosa na Inglaterra.
plebeian / plebeus s. na antiga Roma, um dos
lavradores, artesãos e mercadores comuns que
compunham a maioria da população.
plebiscite / plebiscito s. voto direto em que o
povo de um país tem a oportunidade de aprovar ou
rejeitar uma proposta.
PLO / OLP s. Organização para a Libertação da
Palestina — organização dedicada ao estabelecimento de
um estado independente para os palestinos no Oriente
Médio.
polis / pólis s. cidade-Estado grega — unidade
política fundamental da Grécia antiga depois de cerca de
750 A.C.
Politburo / Politburo s. o comitê governante do
partido comunista na União Soviética.
political dissent / dissidência política s. a
diferença de opinião a respeito de assuntos políticos.
polytheism / politeísmo s. crença em muitos
deuses.
pope / papa s. o bispo de Roma, chefe da Igreja
Católica Romana.
Popol Vuh / Popol Vuh s. livro contendo uma
versão da história Maia da criação.
popular culture / cultura popular s. os
elementos culturais — esportes, música, cinema,
vestuário e etc. — que refletem o fundo cultural comum
de um grupo e suas mudanças de interesses.
potlatch / potlatch s. festa cerimonial usada para
demonstração de posição e prosperidade em algumas
tribos de índios americanos da costa noroeste.
predestination / predestinação s. doutrina de
que Deus decidiu todas as coisas de antemão, incluindo
que pessoas serão eternamente salvas.
Presbyterian / Presbiteriano s. membro de
igreja protestante governada por presbíteros (mais
velhos) e fundada com base nos ensinamentos de John
Knox.
PRI / PRI s. Partido Revolucionário Institucional —
o principal partido político do México.
proletariat / proletariado s. na teoria marxista,
o grupo de trabalhadores que iria derrubar o tsar e
governar a Rússia.
proliferation / proliferação s. crescimento ou
difusão — especialmente a difusão de armas nucleares
às nações que atualmente não as têm.
propaganda / propaganda s. informação ou
material difundido para introduzir uma causa ou para
danificar a causa de um oponente.
Protestant / protestante s. membro de igreja
cristã fundada com base nos princípios da Reforma.
provisional government / governo
provisório s. um governo temporário.
psychology / psicologia s. o estudo da mente
humana e do comportamento humano.
pueblos / pueblos s. vilas de grandes edifícios como
apartamentos, feitas de argila e pedra, construídas pelos
anasazi e povos posteriores no sudoeste da América.
Punic Wars / Guerras Púnicas s. série de
três guerras entre Roma e Cartago (264–146 A.C.);
resultaram na destruição de Cartago e no domínio de
Roma sobre o Mediterrâneo ocidental.
Puritans / Puritanos s. grupo de pessoas que
buscava a liberdade das perseguições religiosas na
Inglaterra, fundando uma colônia na Baía de
Massachusetts no início dos anos 1600.
push-pull factors / fatores de atraçãoafastamento s. condições que levam pessoas para
outro lugar (fatores de atração) ou causam as pessoas a
abandonar suas terras natais e migrar para outra região
(fatores de afastamento).
pyramid / pirâmide s. estrutura maciça com base
retangular e quatro lados triangulares, como as que
foram construídas no Egito como tumbas para os faraós
do antigo Reino.
Q
Qin dynasty / dinastia Qin s. dinastia chinesa de
curta duração, que substituiu a dinastia Zhou no século 3
A.C.
Qing dynasty / dinastia Qing s. a última
dinastia chinesa, que governou de 1644 a 1912 D.C.
Quetzalcoatl / Quetzalcoatl s. “A Serpente
Emplumada” — deus dos toltecas e outros povos
mesoamericanos.
quipu / quipo s. arranjo de cordas com nós presas
num cordel, usado pelos incas para registrar informações
numéricas.
Qur’an / Alcorão s. o livro santo do Islame.
R
racism / racismo s. crença de que uma raça é
superior às outras.
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radicals / radicais s. na primeira metade do século
19, os europeus que favoreciam mudanças drásticas para
estender a democracia a todas as pessoas.
radioactivity / radioatividade s. forma de
energia liberada com a decomposição dos átomos.
Raj / Raj s. as porções da Índia controladas pelos
ingleses nos anos 1857–1947.
rationing / racionamento s. a limitação das
quantidades de mercadorias que as pessoas podem
comprar — freqüentemente imposto pelos governos em
tempo de guerra, quando o fornecimento de mercadorias
está fraco.
realism / realismo s. movimento artístico do
século 19 em que escritores e pintores procuraram
mostrar a vida como ela é mais do que como deveria ser.
realpolitik / realpolitik s. “política da realidade”
— a prática de duras políticas de poder, sem lugar para o
idealismo.
recession / recessão s. desaquecimento da
economia de um país.
Reconquista / Reconquista s. esforço dos
líderes cristãos para expulsar os muçulmanos da
Espanha, de 1100 a 1492.
Red Guards / Guardas Vermelhos s. unidades
milicianas formadas por jovens chineses em 1966 em
resposta à convocação de Mao Zedong para uma
revolução social e cultural.
Reformation / Reforma s. movimento do século
16 de reforma religiosa, levando à fundação de igrejas
cristãs que rejeitavam a autoridade papal.
refugee / refugiado s. pessoa que deixa seu país e
muda-se para outro para achar segurança.
Reign of Terror / Reino do Terror s. período,
de meados de 1793 a meados de 1794, quando
Maximilien Robespierre governou a França quase como
um ditador e milhares de figuras políticas e cidadãos
ordinários foram executados.
reincarnation / reencarnação s. no Hinduísm
e no Budismo, o processo pelo qual uma alma renasce
continuamente até que atinge o entendimento perfeito.
religious toleration / tolerância religiosa s.
reconhecimento do direito das pessoas a terem crenças
religiosas diferentes.
Renaissance / Renascimento s. período da
história Européia, que durou de cerca de 1300 a 1600,
durante o qual o renovado interesse na cultura clássica
levou a mudanaças de longo alcance na arte, no
aprendizado e nas visões do mundo.
republic / república s. forma de governo em que o
poder está nas mãos de representantes e líderes são
eleitos pelo povo.
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Restoration / Restauração s. período do
governo de Carlos II na Inglaterra, depois do colapso do
governo de Oliver Cromwell.
reunification / reunificação s. juntar novamente
coisas que estiveram separadas, como a reunificação da
Alemanha Oriental e da Alemanha Ocidental em 1990.
romanticism / romantismo s. movimento do
início do século 19 na arte e pensamento, que enfocou as
emoções e a natureza mais do que razão e sociedade.
Roosevelt Corollary / Corolário de
Roosevelt s. extensão de 1904 pelo presidente
Theodore Roosevelt da Doutrina Monroe, em que ele
declarou que os EUA tinham o direito de exercer o
“poder de polícia” através do hemisfério Ocidental.
Rowlatt Acts / Leis Rowlatt s. leis passadas em
1919 que permitiam ao governo inglês na Índia a
prender manifestantes anti-Inglaterra sem julgamento
por até dois anos.
Royal Road / Estrada Real s. estrada no império
Persa, estendendo-se por mais de 1,600 milhas de Susa
na Pérsia a Sardis na Anatólia.
Russification / Russificação s. processo de
forçar a cultura russa sobre todos os grupos étnicos do
império russo.
Russo-Japanese War / Guerra RussoJaponesa s. conflito de 1904–1905 entre a Rússia
e o Japão, iniciada pelos esforços dos dois países para
dominar a Manchúria e a Coréia.
S
sacrament / sacramento s. uma das cerimônias
cristãs em que a graça divina é transmitida ao povo.
Safavid / Safávida s. membro de uma dinastia
muçulmana Shia que construiu um império na Pérsia nos
séculos 16–18.
Sahel / Sahel s. região africana ao longo da
fronteira sul do Saara.
salon / sarau s. reunião social de intelectuais e
artistas, como as realizadas nas casas de mulheres ricas
em Paris e outras cidades européias durante o
Iluminismo.
SALT / SALT s. Conversas sobre a Limitação de
Armas Estratégicas — série de encontros nos anos
70, em que líderes dos EUA e da União Soviética
concordaram em limitar os estoques de armas nucleares
de seus países.
Salt March / Marcha do Sal s. protesto
pacífico contra as Leis do Sal em 1930 na Índia quando
Mohandas Gandhi liderou seus seguidores numa marcha
de 240 milhas ao mar, onde fizeram seu próprio sal a
partir de água do mar evaporada.
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samurai / samurai s. um dos guerreiros
profissionais que serviam aos senhores feudais japoneses.
sans-culottes / sans-culottes s. na Revolução
Francesa, grupo radical feito de assalariados parisienses
e pequenos donos de lojas, que queriam maior voz no
governo, preços baixos e um fim à carência de alimento.
satrap / sátrapa s. governador de província no
império persa.
savanna / savana s. pradaria plana com muita
vegetação.
Schlieffen Plan / Plano Schlieffen s. plano
militar alemão no início da Primeira Guerra Mundial,
segundo o qual as tropas alemãs derrotariam rapidamente
a França e seguiriam rumo leste para atacar a Rússia.
scholastics / escolásticos s. estudiosos que se
reuníam e ensinavam nas universidades medievais
européias.
scientific method / método científico s.
procedimento lógico para reunir informações sobre o
mundo natural, em que a experimentação e a observação
são usadas para testar hipóteses.
Scientific Revolution / Revolução
Científica s. grande mudança no pensamento
europeu, começando em meados dos anos 1500, em que
o estudo do mundo natural iniciou a ser caracterizado
pela cuidadosa observação e pelo questionamento das
crenças até então aceitas.
scorched-earth policy / política da terra
calcinada s. prática de queimar-se colheitas e matar
o gado durante os tempos de guerra, de modo que o
inimigo não possa viver da terra.
scribe / escriba s. um guarda-livros profissional
nas civilizações primitivas.
secede / separar v. retirar-se formalmente de uma
associação ou aliança.
secular / secular adj. preocupado mais com as
coisas mundanas do que com matérias espirituais.
segregation / segregação s. separação legal ou
social de pessoas de raças diferentes.
self-determination / auto-determinação s.
a liberdade de um povo de decidir sob que forma de
governo deseja viver.
Seljuks / Seljuks s. grupo turco que migrou para o
império abássida no século 10 e estabeleceu seu próprio
império no século 11.
senate / senado s. na antiga Roma, o supremo
corpo governante, originalmente feito só de aristocratas.
sepoy / sepoy s. soldado indiano servindo sob
comando inglês.
Sepoy Mutiny / Motim Sepoy s. rebelião de
1857 de soldados hindus e muçulmanos contra os
ingleses na Índia.
serf / servo s. camponês medieval legalmente
obrigado a viver nas terras de um senhor.
Seven Years’ War / Guerra dos Sete Anos s.
conflito na Europa, América do Norte e Índia, que durou
de 1756 a 1763, em que as forças da Inglaterra e da
Prússia combateram aquelas da Áustria, França, Rússia,
e outros países.
shah / xá s. monarca hereditário do Iran.
shari’a / sharia s. corpo de leis qur governam as
vidas dos muçulmanos.
Shi’a / Shia s. ramo do Islame cujos membros
reconhecem Ali e seus descendentes como os sucessores
de direito de Maomé.
Shinto / Shinto s. a religião nativa do Japão.
Shiva / Shiva s. deus hindu considerado o destruidor
do mundo.
“shock therapy” / “terapia de choque” s.
programa econômico implementado na Rússia por Boris
Yeltsin nos anos 90, envolvendo mudança abrupta de
uma economia de comando para uma economia de
livre-mercado.
shogun / xogum s. no Japão feudal, um comandante
militar supremo que governava em nome do imperador.
Sikh / sikh s. membro de um grupo religioso nãoviolento cujas crenças misturam elementos do budismo,
hinduísmo e sufismo.
Silk Roads / Rotas da Seda s. sistema de antigas
rotas de caravanas que atravessava a Ásia Central, ao
longo da qual mercadores carregavam seda e outros bens
de comércio.
simony / simonia s. compra ou venda de posições
numa igreja cristã.
skepticism / ceticismo s. filosofia baseada na
idéia de que nada pode ser dado como certo.
slash-and-burn farming / agricultura do
corte e queimadas s. método agricultural em que
as pessoas limpam os campos cortando e queimando
árvores e arbustos, cujas cinzas servirão para fertilizar o
solo.
Slavs / eslavos s. povo das florestas do norte do
Mar Negro, ancestrais de muitos povos da Europa
ocidental hoje.
social contract / contrato social s. acordo
pelo qual os povos definem e limitam seus direitos
individuais, criando assim uma sociedade ou governo
organizado.
Social Darwinism / Darwinismo social s. a
aplicação das idéias de Charles Darwin sobre a evolução
e “sobrevivência do mais forte” às sociedades humanas
— particularmente como justificativa para expansão
imperialista.
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socialism / socialismo s. sistema econômico em
que os fatores de produção são de propriedade pública e
operam para o bem-estar de todos.
Solidarity / Solidariedade s. sindicato trabalhista
polonês que durante os anos 80 tornou-se a principal
força de oposição ao governo comunista da Polônia.
Songhai / Songhai s. império afro-ocidental que
conquistou o Mali e controlou o comércio de 1400 a 1591.
soviet / soviete s. um dos conselhos locais
representativos formados na Rússia depois da queda do
Tsar Nicolau II.
Spanish-American War / Guerra Hispanoamericana s. conflito de 1898 entre os EUA
e a Espanha, em que os EUA apoiaram a luta de
independência dos cubanos.
specialization / especialização s. o
desenvolvimento de habilidades num particular tipo de
trabalho, tal como comerciar ou manter registros.
sphere of influence / esfera de influência
s. região estrangeira na qual uma nação tem controle
sobre o comércio e outras atividades econômicas.
standard of living / padrão de vida s.
qualidade de vida de uma pessoa ou população, como
indicado pelos produtos, serviços, e artigos de luxo
disponíveis para essa pessoa ou povo.
stateless societies / sociedades sem
estado s. grupos culturais em que a autoridade é
compartilhada por linhagens de igual poder, ao invés
de ser exercida por um governo central.
steppes / estepes s. planícies secas, cobertas de
vegetação.
strike / greve v. recusar-se ao trabalho para forçar
um empregador a cumprir certas exigências.
stupa / stupa s. estruturas de pedra empilhada
construídas sobre relíquias santas budistas.
subcontinent / subcontinente s. grande massa
de terra que forma uma parte distinta de um continente.
Suez Canal / Canal de Suez s. via aquática feita
pelo homem, inaugurada em 1869, conectando o Mar
Vermelho ao Mar Mediterrâneo.
suffrage / sufrágio s. o direito ao voto.
Sufi / Sufi s. muçulmano que busca atingir contato
direto com Deus através de meios místicos.
sultan / sultão s. “suserano,” ou “o que tem poder”;
título de governantes otomanos durante a ascensão do
império Otomano.
Sunna / Sunna s. modelo Islâmico de vida, baseado
na vida e ensinamentos de Maomé.
Sunni / Suni s. o ramo do Islame cujos membros
reconhecem os primeiros quatro califas como os
sucessores de direito de Maomé.
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surrealism / surrealismo s. movimento artístico
do século 20 que enfoca os processos da mente
inconsciente.
sustainable growth / crescimento
sustentável s. desenvolvimento econômico que
atende às necessidades das pessoas mas preserva o
meio-ambiente e conserva os recursos para as futuras
gerações.
Swahili / Suaíli s. língua banta influenciada pelo
árabe que é falada largamente na África oriental e central.
T
Taiping Rebellion / Rebelião Taiping s.
rebelião de meados do século 19 contra a dinastia Qing
na China, liderada por Hong Xiuquas.
Taj Mahal / Taj Mahal s. bela tumba cerimonial
em Agra, Índia, erigida pelo imperador Mughal Shah
Jahan para sua mulher Mumtaz Mahal.
Taliban / Talibã s. grupo conservador Islâmico que
assumiu o controle do Afeganistão depois que a União
Soviética retirou suas tropas; derrubados do poder pelas
forças dos EUA em Dezembro de 2001, por causa de sua
proteção a suspeitos de terrorismo.
Tamil / Tamil s. língua do sul da Índia; também,
o povo que fala essa língua.
technology / tecnologia s. maneiras em que
as pessoas aplicam conhecimentos, ferramentas e
invenções para atender às suas necessidades.
Tennis Court Oath / Juramento da Cancha
de Tênis s. compromisso jurado pelos membros da
Assembléia Nacional Francesa em 1789, em que juraram
continuar o encontro até que tivessem redigido uma nova
constituição.
terrace / terraço s. nova forma de agricultura
em Aksum, em que degraus graduais construídos em
encostas de montanhas ajudavam a reter a água e reduzir
a erosão.
terrorism / terrorismo s. o uso da força ou
ameaças para amedrontar pessoas ou governos, para
mudar suas políticas.
theocracy / teocracia s. 1. governo em que o
governante é visto como uma figura divina. 2. governo
controlado por líderes religiosos.
theory of evolution / teoria da evolução s. a
idéia, proposta por Charles Darwin em 1859, de que as
espécies de plantas e animais surgem por meio de um
processo de seleção natural.
theory of relativity / teoria da relatividade
s. idéias de Albert Einstein sobre o interrelacionamento
entre tempo e espaço e entre energia e matéria.
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Theravada / Theravada s. seita do budismo que
enfoca na estrita disciplina espiritual originalmente
defendida pelo Buda.
Third Reich / Terceiro Reich s. o terceiro império
alemão, estabelecido por Adolf Hitler nos anos 30.
Third Republic / Terceira República s. a
república que foi estabelecida na França depois da queda
de Napoleão III e acabou com a ocupação alemã da
França durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Third World / Terceiro Mundo s. durante a
Guerra Fria, as nações em desenvolvimento não aliadas
nem dos EUA nem da União Soviética.
Thirty Years’ War / Guerra dos Trinta Anos
s. conflito europeu sobre religião e território, e por poder
entre as famílias reinantes, que durou de 1618 a 1648.
three-field system / sistema três-campos s.
sistema agricultural desenvolvido na Europa medieval,
em que as terras eram divididas em três campos de igual
tamanho, e cada um desses campos era plantado
sucessivamente com uma colheita de inverno, uma
colheita de primavera e / ou deixado sem plantar.
Tiananmen Square / Praça Tiananmen
(Praça da Paz Celestial) s. enorme espaço público
em Beijing, China; em 1989, lugar de uma insurreição de
estudantes em apoio a reformas democráticas.
tithe / dízimo s. pagamento de um décimo da renda
familiar para uma igreja.
Tokugawa Shogunate / Xogunato
Tokugawa s. dinastia de xoguns que governou um
Japão unificado de 1603 a 1867.
Torah / Torá s. os primeiros cinco livros da bíblia dos
hebreus — os mais sagrados escritos da tradição judia.
totalitarianism / totalitarismo s. controle do
governo sobre todos os aspectos da vida pública e privada.
total war / guerra total s. conflito em que os
países participantes devotam todos os seus recursos ao
esforço de guerra.
totems / totens s. animais ou outros objetos
naturais que servem como símbolos da unidade de clans
ou outros grupos de pessoas.
tournament / torneio s. batalha faz-de-conta entre
grupos de cavaleiros.
tragedy / tragédia s. forma séria de drama lidando
com a queda (figurada) de um caracter heróico ou nobre.
Treaty of Kanagawa / Tratado de
Kanagawa s. acordo de 1854 entre os EUA e o
Japão, que abriu dois portos japoneses a navios
americanos, e permitiu o estabelecimento de uma
embaixada americana no Japão.
Treaty of Tordesillas / Tratado de
Tordesilhas s. acordo de 1494 entre Portugal
e Espanha, declarando que terras recentemente
descobertas a oeste de uma linha imaginária no oceano
Atlântico pertenceriam à Espanha, e as descobertas a
leste a Portugal.
Treaty of Versailles / Tratado de Versailles
s. acordo de paz assinado pela Alemanha e os poderes
aliados depois da Primeira Guerra Mundial.
trench warfare / guerra de trincheiras s.
forma de guerra em que exércitos opostos combatem
entre si a partir de trincheiras cavadas no campo de
batalha.
triangular trade / comércio triangular s.
rede de rotas comerciais transatlânticas em que escravos
e outras mercadorias eram transportados entre África,
Inglaterra, Europa, Índias Ocidentais e as colônias na
América do Norte.
tribune / tribuno s. na Roma antiga, representante
eleito pelos plebeus para proteger seus direitos.
tribute / tributo s. pagamento feito por um poder
mais fraco a um poder mais forte para obter a certeza de
paz e segurança.
Triple Alliance / Triplíce Aliança s. 1.
associação das cidades-Estados de Tenochtitlán, Texcoco
e Tlacopan, que levou à formação do império Azteca. 2.
aliança militar entre Alemanha, Áustria-Hungria e Itália
nos anos que precederam a Primeira Guerra Mundial.
Triple Entente / Tripla Entente s. aliança
militar entre Inglaterra, França e Rússia nos anos que
precederam a Primeira Guerra Mundial.
triumvirate / triunvirato s. na Roma antiga,
grupo de três líderes que compartilhavam o controle do
governo.
Trojan War / Guerra de Tróia s. guerra travada
cerca de 1200 A.C., em que um exército liderado por
reis micenos atacou a cidade comercial independente
de Tróia, na Anatólia.
troubadour / trovador s. poeta e músico medieval
que viajava de lugar em lugar, entretendo as pessoas
com canções de amor nas cortes.
Truman Doctrine / Doutrina Truman s.
anunciada pelo presidente Harry Truman em 1947,
política dos EUA que dava ajuda econômica e militar
às nações livres ameaçadas por oponentes internos ou
externos.
tyrant / tirano s. na Grécia antiga, poderoso
indivíduo que assumia o controle do governo de uma
cidade-Estado apelando para o apoio dos pobres.
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Umayyads / Omíadas s. a dinastia que governou
o império muçulmano de 661 a 750 D.C. e mais tarde
estabeleceu um reino na Andaluzia.
union / união s. associação de trabalhadores,
formada para barganhar por melhores condições de
trabalho e maiores salários.
United Nations / Nações Unidas s.
organização internacional mantenedora da paz, fundada
em 1945 para fornecer segurança às nações do mundo.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights /
Declaração Universal dos Direitos
Humanos s. documento de 1948 em que as Nações
Unidas declararam que todos os sêres humanos têm
direitos à vida, liberdade e segurança.
unrestricted submarine warfare / guerra
submarina irrestrita s. uso de submarinos para
afundar sem aviso qualquer navio (incluindo navios
neutros e navios desarmados de passageiros)
encontrados pelos inimigos em suas águas.
urbanization / urbanização s. o crescimento das
cidades e a migração das pessoas para elas.
U.S.A. Patriot Act / Lei Patriota dos EUA
s. lei antiterrorista de 2001 que fortaleceu os direitos
governamentais para deter estrangeiros suspeitos de
terrorismo e processar crimes terroristas.
U.S. Civil War / Guerra Civil Americana s.
conflito entre os Estados do norte e do sul dos EUA sobre
o problema da escravidão, que durou de 1861 a 1865.
utilitarianism / utilitarismo s. a teoria, proposta
por Jeremy Bentham no final dos anos 1700, de que as
ações do governo são úteis apenas se promovem o maior
bem para o maior número de pessoas.
Utopia / Utopia s. terra imaginária descrita por
Thomas More em seu livro Utopia — daí, um lugar
ideal.
V
vassal / vassalo s. na Europa feudal, pessoa que
recebia uma concessão de terra de um senhor em troca
de uma promessa de lealdade e serviços.
Vedas / Vedas s. quatro coleções de escritos
sagrados produzidos pelos arianos durante o primeiro
estágio de seu estabelecimento na Índia.
vernacular / vernacular s. a língua do cotidiano
das pessoas de uma região ou país.
vietcong / vietcongue s. grupo de guerrilheiros
comunistas que, com a ajuda do Vietnam do Norte,
lutaram contra o governo sul-vietnamita na Guerra do
Vietnam.
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Vietnamization / Vietnamização s. estratégia
do presidente Richard Nixon para acabar com o
envolvimento dos EUA na Guerra do Vietnam,
incluindo a retirada gradual das tropas americanas
e sua substituição por forças sul-vietnamitas.
Vishnu / Vishnu s. deus Hindu considerado o
preservador do mundo.
vizier / vizir s. o primeiro-ministro num reino ou
império muçulmano.
W
War of the Spanish Succession / Guerra da
Sucessão Espanhola s. conflito, que durou de
1701 a 1713, em que vários Estados europeus lutaram
para evitar que a família Bourbon controlasse a Espanha
e a França.
Warsaw Pact / Pacto de Varsóvia s. aliança
militar formada em 1955 pela União Soviética e sete
países Europeus orientais.
Weimar Republic / República de Weimar s.
república que foi estabelecida na Alemanha em 1919 e
acabou em 1933.
Western Front / Frente Ocidental s. na
Primeira Guerra Mundial, a região do norte da França
onde as forças Aliadas e os Poderes Centrais
combateram entre si.
westernization / ocidentalização s. adoção de
instituições sociais, políticas ou econômicas de países
ocidentais-especialmente europeus ou americanos.
Y
yin and yang / yin e yang s. no pensamento
chinês, os dois poderes que governam os ritmos naturais
da vida (com o yin representando as qualidades
femininas no universo, e o yang as qualidades
masculinas).
Yoruba / Ioruba s. povo afro-ocidental que formou
diversos reinos no que agora é o Benin e o sul da Nigéria.
Z
Zapotec / Zapoteca s. civilização mesoamericana
primitiva que era centrada no Vale Oaxaca, no que é
agora o México.
ziggurat / zigurate s. estrutura em camadas na
forma de pirâmide que formava uma parte de um templo
sumeriano.
Zionism / Sionismo s. movimento fundado nos
anos 1890 para promover o estabelecimento de uma
pátria judia na Palestina.
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