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Download Chapter 26 Active Reading Guide The Colonization of Land by Plants
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Name: ________________________________________________ AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapter 26 Active Reading Guide The Colonization of Land by Plants Section 1 1. Plants colonized land about 500 million years ago. Which group of algae is believed to be the ancestors of land plants? 2. Perhaps you answered green algae to question 1, which would be correct, or charophytes, which are a lineage of green algae and a more precise answer that is also correct. Whatever your response was, modify your answer above to include the other term. Read this section and you will review a number of traits of plants that they share with various groups of algae. We are most interested in those adaptations that are unique to plants and enabled life on land. One trait that is shared with the charophytes is sporopollenin. What is it, and why is it important? 3. Study Figure 26.6, which shows the four key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but not in the charophytes. You are about to encounter a large new vocabulary. We will use it through the next few chapters, so it is essential to master. Let’s begin by just defining the terms. alternation of generation: sporophyte: gametophyte: fertilization: zygote: spore: st Campbell Biology in Focus (1 Edition) – www.mrcroft.com th Adapted from Campbell Biology (9 Edition) – © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 4. What is made by the gametophyte generation? 5. What is made by the sporophyte generation? 6. Where does meiosis occur? 7. In animals, the gametes are formed by meiosis. However, in plants, what cells are formed by meiosis? 8. How are spores dispersed? 9. How does the sperm reach the egg? 10. How do mosses absorb water? How is it distributed? 11. Which moss generation is dominant? Section 3 (SKIP Section 2) 12. Like the Bryophyta, ferns are most common in damp environments. What feature of their reproduction requires them to live in a moist habitat? 13. What are the two types of vascular tissue? What does each transport? 14. Ferns are vascular plants. Why can vascular plants grow to be very tall, but nonvascular plants are all tiny? st Campbell Biology in Focus (1 Edition) – www.mrcroft.com th Adapted from Campbell Biology (9 Edition) – © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 15. Lignified vascular tissue allows vascular tissues to grow very tall. How does this give vascular plants a competitive edge? 16. What are functions of roots? 17. What is the function of leaves? Section 4 18. List five characteristics common to all seed plants. 1. ________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________ 19. In seed plants, the evolutionary trend of gametophyte reduction continues. List four advantages the plant gains by the miniaturization of the gametophyte. 1. ________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________ 20. Heterospory indicates that the plant produces two kinds of spores: megaspores and microspores. Explain what each type of spore forms as it develops. megaspore: ________________________________________________________ microspore: ________________________________________________________ st 3 Campbell Biology in Focus (1 Edition) – www.mrcroft.com th Adapted from Campbell Biology (9 Edition) – © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 21. Inside each _______________, a female _______________ develops from a megaspore and produces one or more _______________. 22. A microspore develops into a _______________ that consists of a male _______________ enclosed within the pollen wall. 23. What is the purpose of pollination? 24. What are two advantages of pollen over free-swimming sperm? 25. What are three advantages of seeds over spores? 26. Explain what is occurring in Figure 26.20. 27. Figure 26.21 shows the examples of gymnosperms. The phylum Coniferophyta will most likely be most familiar to you. What are four examples of the Coniferophyta? 28. Concerning seeds, what is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms? 29. What is the specialized function of the flower? st Campbell Biology in Focus (1 Edition) – www.mrcroft.com th Adapted from Campbell Biology (9 Edition) – © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 30. Briefly give the function of each flower part. Sepal: _____________________________________________________________ Petal: _____________________________________________________________ Stamen: ___________________________________________________________ Anther: ____________________________________________________________ Filament: __________________________________________________________ Carpel: ____________________________________________________________ Stigma: ____________________________________________________________ Style: _____________________________________________________________ Ovary: _____________________________________________________________ Ovule: _____________________________________________________________ 31. A fruit consists of a mature ____________________. 32. List the two functions of fruits. 33. What is the difference between cross-pollination and self-pollination? What is the evolutionary advantage of cross-pollination? st Campbell Biology in Focus (1 Edition) – www.mrcroft.com th Adapted from Campbell Biology (9 Edition) – © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 5