Download Child Psychology - lowellpsychology

Child Psychology
Chapter 2 : Theories of Development
Test Review
1.) What are the two opposing grand theories in the first half of the twentieth century
that were applied to child psychology?
Behaviorism- learning theory , psychoanalysis
Third Grand Theory – Cognitive Theory
Emergent TheoriesSociocultural- draws on research in education, anthropology,
history
Epigenetic- arises from biology, genetics, and neuroscience
2.) Briefly explain Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and it’s stages.
Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months). During the oral stage, the child if focused on oral pleasures
(sucking).
Anal Stage (18 months to 3 years). The child’s focus of pleasure in this stage is on the anus.
Phallic Stage (ages 3 to 6). The pleasure zone switches to the genitals.
Latency Stage (age 6 to puberty). It’s during this stage that sexual urges remain repressed and
children interact and play mostly with same sex peers.
Genital Stage (puberty on). The final stage of psychosexual development begins at the start of
puberty when sexual urges are once again awakened. Through the lessons learned during the
previous stages, adolescents direct their sexual urges onto opposite sex peers, with the primary
focus of pleasure is the genitals.
3.) Who described 8 developmental stages, each by a particular challenge, or
developmental crisis? Erikson
4.) How was this significantly different than Freud’s theory?
Each stage characterized by a particular challenge, or developmental
crisis; Freud stages but sexual root
Similiar in that both believed that problems of adult life echo unresolved
conflicts of childhood
5.) Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to
bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to
become any type of specialist I might select- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant
chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants,
tendencies, abilities vocations, and race of his ancestors. This idea arose in direct
opposition to the emphasis on the unconscious. What idea is this?
John Watson- Behaviorist
6.) Explain the similarities and differences between classical and operant
conditioning. Who where the driving forces behind these ideas?
Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts central to
behavioral psychology. While both result in learning, the processes are quite
different.
Classical conditioning involves pairing a previously neutral stimulus (such
as the sound of a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (the taste of food).
This unconditioned stimulus naturally and automatically triggers salivating
as a response to the food, which is known as the unconditioned response.
After associating the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the
sound of the bell alone will start to evoke salivating as a response. The sound
of the bell is now known as the conditioned stimulus and salivating in
response to the bell is known as the conditioned response.
Operant conditioning focuses on using either reinforcement or punishment
to increase or decrease a behavior. Through this process, an association is
formed between the behavior and the consequences for that behavior.
For example, imagine that a trainer is trying to teach a dog to fetch a ball.
When the dog successful chases and picks up the ball, the dog receives
praise as a reward. When the animal fails to retrieve the ball, the trainer
withholds the praise. Eventually, the dog forms an association between his
behavior of fetching the ball and receiving the desired reward.
In operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives, while
classical conditioning involves no such enticements. Also remember that
classical conditioning is passive on the part of the learner, while operant
conditioning requires the learner to actively participate and perform some
type of action in order to be rewarded or punished.
Today, both classical and operant conditioning are utilized for a variety of
purposes by teachers, parents, psychologists, animal trainers and many
others.
In animal training, a trainer might utilize classical conditioning by repeatedly
pairing the sound of a clicker with the taste of food. Eventually, the sound of
the clicker alone will begin to produce the same response that the taste of
food would.
In a classroom setting, a teacher might utilize operant conditioning by offering tokens as
rewards for good behavior. Students can then turn in these tokens to receive some type of
reward such as treat or extra play time.
7.) Using consequences to make it more likely that a particular action will be
repeated is a process called? reinforcement
8.) Consequences that make it behavior less likely are called? punishment
9.) Who did the baby monkey’s prefer in Harlow’s experiment? Which mother?
Why did Harlow’s research revolutionize the treatment of sick and
motherless children? Mother love involved more than contact –that
infant monkeys need interaction with another living, moving creature to grow
up to be psychologically healthy adults. Fragile premies now have contact with
parents
10.)
11.)
What is social learning? What is the integral part of social learning where
people observe behavior and copy it? Give some examples.
Learning from observing others mother feeding baby, big daddy,
abusive fathers etc,
12.)
Define self- efficacy.
Belief that one succeeds because of one’s ability
13.)
Behaviorism is often called “learning theory”. What are the 3 types of
learning?
Classical conditioning- through association, neutral stimulus becomes
conditioned stimulus
Operant conditioning- through reinforcement, weak or rare responses
become strong, frequent responses
Social learning- through modeling, observed behaviors become copied
behaviors
14.)
What is cognitive theory? Expain.
Third Grand Theory- Emphasizes the structure and development of
thought processes. Our thoughts and expectations profoundly affext our
attitudes, beliefs, values, assumptions, and actions
15.)
Briefly explain Piaget’s Periods of Cognitive Development?
P47
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
(birth-2yrs) senses and motor abilities
(2-6 yrs)
Concrete Operational (6-11)
Formal Operational
symbolic thinking
apply logic
(12-adult) abstractions, hypothetical
16.)
What is the “goal of all psychology” according to Cognitive Theory.
If psychologist understand a person’s thinking, they will
understand how and why that person behaves as he or she does
17.)
Explain assimilation and accommodation. Give examples
Assimilation- new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into (or
assimilate) with old ones
In terms of child development, Piaget used the term assimilation to refer to the process in
which a child modifies new information to fit into an existing schema.
Example - a child sees a cow for the first time and says "doggy." The child fits the
strange animal into the existing schema of "doggy."
Accomodation- old ideas are restructured to include, (or
accommodate), new experiences
Accommodation, on the other hand, refers to the creation or modification of a schema.
Example- The parent says, "no, that's a cow." The next cow comes along and the child
says "cow." The doggy schema has been modified and a new schema, "cow" has been
created.
An adult example. A parent believes that homosexuality is evil. Their child, who they
love, reveals that he is gay. The assimilating parent holds on to the existing schema. So
their child must be evil. The accommodating parent changes the schema - not ALL
homosexuals are evil.
18.)
The central theory of ___sociocultural__ theory is that human
development results from the dynamic interaction between developing
persons and their surrounding society.
19.)
20.)
The pioneer in sociocultural perspective was __Lev ____Vygotsky_____.
Explain Vygotsky’s apprenticeship in thinking and guided participation.
Apprenticeship in thinking- Each person , schooled or not, developed
competencies taught by more skilled members of the society, who are
tutors or mentors
-goal of apprenticeship is to provide the instruction and support that
novices need to acquire whatever knowledge and capabilities their culture
values.
Guided participation-tutors engage learners in joint activities, offering not
only instruction, but also mutual involvement in several widespread
cultural practices with great importance for learning
Both are concepts of sociocultural theory because each person depends on
others to learn.
21.)
What is the relationship between student and teacher in Vygotsky’s
sociocultural theory? Neither the teacher or student are passive, they
learn from each other through words, activities that they engage in together
22.)
What is epigenetic theory?
Genes interact with the environment to allow development
23.)
Explain Nature vs Nurture.
Nature- influence of genes
Nurture- all the environmental influences