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Time Scale of the Earth Name: ________________________ Period: __________ Date: _____________ 1. Geologic Time Scale: Accurately plot all Eons, Eras, and Periods with times clearly indicated on your scaled timeline. Brainstorm the best way to show them Era Paleozoic Era Phanerozoic Eon Mesozoic Era Cenozoic Era Eon Period MYA Major biological events (You do not have to include this column on your timeline. It is FYI) Neogene Today – 23 Paleogene 23 – 65 Cretaceous 65 – 145 Jurassic 145 – 200 Triassic 200 – 251 Permian 251 – 299 Carboniferous 299 – 359 Devonian 359 – 417 Silurian 417 – 443 Ordovician 443 – 488 Cambrian 488 – 543 The beginning of the Neogene is when the first hominids (early humans) appeared. Modern humans appeared and developed civilization by the end of this period. Mammoths, sabre-toothed cats, and giant camels dominated until 10,000 years ago when many large mammals went extinct. Rise of the mammals and birds. Rodents, primates, pigs, cats, dogs, bears and whales appear. Flowering plants spread across the globe. Dinosaurs continue to dominate the land. Marsupials, modern sharks, bees and butterflies appear. Flowering plants appear. Period ends with the mass extinction of the dinosaurs and many plants. Dinosaurs dominate the land. Mammals are common but small. Feathered dinosaurs and birds appear. The most common land plants are ferns, palm-like trees called cycads, and grasses. The few survivors of the Permian extinction go on to populate the land and oceans. New species like mammals, dinosaurs and crocodiles appear. Amphibians dominate the land. Early cone-bearing plants like pine trees appear. Period ends with the largest mass extinction known with 95% of all marine species and 50% of all animals going extinct. Many swamps on land and sponge reefs in the oceans. Reptiles appear. Early winged insects and cockroaches appear. Fish spread across the oceans. Amphibians appear. The first trees and other plants spread across the land creating the first forests. Spiders, scorpions, insects, complex plants, and fish with bony jaws appear. Fish adapt to living in rivers and fresh water for the first time. First land plants appear. Primitive fungi and sea weed appears. The oceans are full of corals, mollusks, worms, primitive fish, and echinoderms like starfish. A large number of new animal species appear in a relatively short time. First fish appear. No known life on land yet. First multi-celled organisms like sponges appear. Earliest complex life forms are algae from 1.4 billion years ago. Oxygen begins to accumulate in the atmosphere. Earliest life on Earth are bacteria from 3.5 billion years ago. Earth is very different from today. The atmosphere is mostly methane and ammonia. The continents only just have begun to form. No known life. The Earth’s crust cools and solidifies. The moon forms. Proterozoic Eon 543 – 2,500 Archean Eon 2,500 – 3,800 Hadean Eon 3,800 – 4,570 Assembled from the International Commission on Stratigraphy 2004 report A Geologic Time Scale and from information on the University of California Museum of Paleontology website (http://www.ucmp.org). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA. Time Scale of the Earth Name: ________________________ Period: __________ Date: _____________ 2. Geologic and Biologic Events: Accurately place the following Geologic and Biologic Events on your Geologic Time Scale. Indicate the date and the event on the timeline. Geologic/Biologic Event Formation of The Earth Theia Collides with Earth – Moon Forms The Earth's Crust Solidifies Oceans Forming Earth’s Oldest Rocks Oldest Evidence of Life -- Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria) Oldest Evidence of Photosynthesis – Stromatalites / Cyanobacteria Clear Evidence of Oxygen Generating Photosynthesis (Atmospheric Oxygen) Clear Evidence of Eukaryotes -- Unicellular Protists Oldest Evidence of Colonial Protists (Multicellular) Oldest Evidence of Multicellular Animals (Sponges) Oldest Evidence of invertebrates with Shells and Exoskeletons (Mollusks & Arthropods) Oldest Evidence of Vertebrate (Jawless Fish) Oldest Evidence of Land Plants Oldest Evidence of Land Animal -- Millipede Sharks Appear Oldest Evidence of Amphibians Primitive Ferns Appear --First Plants with Roots First insects First Reptiles First Dinosaurs First Mammals First Birds Dinosaurs Are Abundant Flowering Plants Appear Early Primates Appear Oldest Evidence of Stone Tools Oldest Evidence of Art Appearance of Modern Humans Domestication of The Dog Development of Writing in Sumeria First Pyramids Built in Egypt Time mya (bya) 4570 (4.57) 4500 (4.5) 4400-4200 (4.4-4.2) 4200 (4.2) 4000 (4.0) 3500 (3.5) 3400 (3.4) 3000 (3.0) 1800 (1.8) 1000 (1.0) 700 (0.7) 570 (0.57) 500 (0.50) 430 (0.43) 420 (0.42) 375 (0.375) 360 (0.36) 350 (0.35) 350 (0.35) 300 (0.30) 235 (0.235) 220 (0.220) 180 (0.180) 175 (0.175) 140 (0.140) 50 (0.050) 3.4 (0.002) 0.07 (0.00007) 0.05 (0.00005) 0.012 (0.000012) 0.006 (0.000006) 0.0046 (0.0000046) Assembled from Starr & Taggart, “Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life. Ninth Edition” 2001, McComas, “Investigating Evolutionary Biology in the Laboratory” 1994, and from information on the University of California Museum of Paleontology website (http://www.ucmp.org) Time Scale of the Earth Name: ________________________ Period: __________ Date: _____________ Analysis and Conclusion Use your timeline and the internet to answer the following questions. • Consider visiting http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.php An interactive exhibit from the University of California Museum of Paleontology 1. What is the Geologic Time Scale? 2. How would you show your understanding of the Geologic Time Scale? 3. Why did scientists develop the time scale in the first place? 4. How did scientists date the events that appear on your timeline? 5. When did dinosaurs appear? How close was our (your) original estimate? 6. How long is a long time? Time Scale of the Earth Name: ________________________ Period: __________ Date: _____________ 7. What organisms dominated the planet for the longest time? 8. What was the longest Eon? What fraction of Earth’s history does it represent? 9. Which came first: a. Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes? b. Single-Celled Organisms or Multi-Celled Organisms? c. Amphibians or Fish? d. Reptiles or Birds? e. Mammals or Primates? f. Flowering Plants or Ferns? g. Land Dwelling animals or Ocean Dwelling Animals? 10. What surprised you when you were constructing the timeline? 11. What did you find difficult about constructing the timeline? Be specific and elaborate with details so I can understand how to help others in the future.