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CHAPTER 6 - LEARNING - PRACTICE EXAM
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. A schedule of reinforcement is
a. a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time
b. a description of whether positive or negative reinforcement is in use
c. a pattern of resistance to extinction
d. the reinforcement of closer and closer approximation of a desired response
2. In Watson's famous "Little Albert" experiment, Albert was classically conditioned to
a. press a button to receive a cookie
b. show a fear response to a white rat
c. show a positive response to a white rat
d. show a fear response to a loud noise
3. Extinction of a conditioned response in classical conditioning occurs when the
a. CS is occasionally presented without the UCS
b. UCS is repeatedly presented without the UCR
c. CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS
d. UCS is occasionally presented without the UCR
4. Angela came home after her curfew last night; as a result, her parents have taken away her driving privileges
for 1 week. What discipline technique are Angela's parents using?
a. negative reinforcement
b. extinction
c. positive reinforcement
d. punishment
5. Secondary reinforcers
a. satisfy biological needs
b. acquire reinforcing qualities through association with primary reinforcers
c. are reinforced on intermittent schedules of reinforcement
d. are less important than primary reinforcers
6. The correct order that auditory information travels as sounds enter the ear is from the auditory canal to
a. cochlea - ossicles - oval window - eardrum
b. cochlea - oval window - ossicles - eardrum
c. eardrum - oval window - ossicles - cochlea
d. eardrum - ossicles - oval window - cochlea
7. Operant responses are typically established through a gradual process in which closer and closer
approximations of the desired response are reinforced. This process is called
a. learning
b. modeling
c. discrimination
d. shaping
8. Watson's famous "Little Albert" experiment demonstrated both classical conditioning and
a. spontaneous recovery
b. stimulus discrimination
c. stimulus generalization
d. extinction
9. When an event following a response weakens an organism's tendency to make that response it is termed
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a. punishment
b. extinction
c. positive reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement
Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which
a. a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another
stimulus
b. voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
c. an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called
models
d. an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response
As a teenager it seemed that your mom was always nagging you to clean your room. Eventually you learned
that if you cleaned your room every Saturday morning you would not have to listen to her nagging. Your
mother was successful in getting you to clean your room through the use of ____ to establish ____.
a. punishment; avoidance learning
b. punishment; escape learning
c. negative reinforcement; avoidance learning
d. negative reinforcement; escape learning
Psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by
a. studying observable behavior
b. focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
c. analyzing conscious experience into its basic elements
d. studying the function or purpose of consciousness
When describing schedules of reinforcement, the key factor in interval schedules is
a. number of responses given
b. length of the training period
c. number of reinforcements given
d. elapsed time
Extinction of an operantly conditioned response occurs when the response
a. is followed by intermittent reinforcement
b. is no longer followed by reinforcement
c. is followed by continuous reinforcement
d. is no longer associated with the CS
Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate to the sound of a tone. He then paired a light with the tone until the dog
salivated to the light alone. This is an example of
a. stimulus generalization
b. spontaneous recovery
c. stimulus discrimination
d. higher-order conditioning
The cognitive perspective contends that to fully understand human behavior, psychologists need to focus
attention on
a. the adaptive value of a behavior
b. the interrelations among the mind, body and behavior
c. internal mental events
d. the role of the unconscious
When an object is placed unseen in the left hand of a person who has had split-brain surgery, the person will
a. drop it
b. be able to describe it
c. be able to identify the object with his right hand
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d. not be able to describe it
A reinforcement is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed in a ____ schedule.
a. VI
b. VR
c. FI
d. FR
Hallucinogens are drugs that
a. tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity
b. cause distortions in sensory and perceptual experience
c. are derived from opium and are capable of relieving pain
d. are derived from the hemp plant
When a researcher only reinforces a designated response some of the time, it is referred to as
a. secondary reinforcement
b. intermittent reinforcement
c. primary reinforcement
d. continuous reinforcement
Spontaneous recovery describes
a. the initial stages of learning a conditioned response
b. the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response
c. a situation in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned
stimulus
d. the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the
conditioned stimulus
A massive stroke that damages which of the following brain structures is most likely to be fatal since the
structure regulates breathing and circulation?
a. pons
b. cerebellum
c. reticular formation
d. medulla
Becky has an intense fear of dogs. Her fear dates back to when as a young child she was attacked and bitten
by a stray dog. Her dog phobia developed as a result of
a. observational learning
b. negative reinforcement
c. classical conditioning
d. operant conditioning
A previously neutral stimulus, that through conditioning acquires the capacity to evoke a response, is
a. a conditioned response
b. a conditioned stimulus
c. an unconditioned response
d. an unconditioned stimulus
While ____ is most closely associated with classical conditioning, ____ is most closely associated with
operant conditioning.
a. Skinner; Pavlov
b. Pavlov; Bandura
c. Pavlov; Skinner
d. Bandura; Skinner
If your roommate slowly and carefully turns up the volume on the stereo until you can determine “now it’s
louder than it was before,” it would be most accurate to say the volume increased by a
a. proportional difference
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b. fractional difference
c. just noticeable difference
d. perceivable difference
In Pavlov's principle experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the
a. light
b. meat powder
c. salivation
d. tone
If a dog that has been classically conditioned to salivate when shown a square also salivates when shown a
rectangle, the dog's behavior illustrates
a. stimulus generalization
b. stimulus discrimination
c. response generalization
d. response discrimination
The insulation that covers some axons and increases the speed of transmission of the neural impulse is the
a. glia wrap
b. myelin sheath
c. terminal cover
d. neurotransmitter sheath
The purpose of the control group is to
a. make the experiment more complex
b. isolate the effect of the dependent variable on the independent variable
c. isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable
d. make statistical significance more likely
In classical conditioning, a UCS is
a. a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a learned response
b. an unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
c. a stimulus that evokes a response without previous conditioning
d. a learned reaction to a stimulus that occurs as a result of previous conditioning
Reinforcers that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs are called
a. operant reinforcers
b. secondary reinforcers
c. primary reinforcers
d. classical reinforcers
Research examining the long-term effects of media violence has demonstrated that
a. no consistent relationship exists between how much violence children watch on TV and
aggressive behavior
b. the more violence children watch on TV the more aggressive they tend to be at home and
school
c. the more violence children watch on TV the less aggressive they tend to act at home and
school
d. watching violence on TV causes relatively nonaggressive children to become more
aggressive but does not increase the level of aggression of relatively aggressive children
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of
a. operant conditioning
b. punishment
c. observational learning
d. classical conditioning
____ 35. Pat takes a prescription medication in order to reduce pain and Kelly takes the same medication in order to
experience a "drug high." Pat's behavior is reinforced by ____ reinforcement and Kelly's behavior by ____
reinforcement.
a. negative; positive
b. negative; negative
c. positive; negative
d. positive; positive
____ 36. Neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli are
a. selective detectors
b. perception detectors
c. appearance detectors
d. feature detectors
____ 37. The fact that behaviors can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of
a. psychoanalysis
b. functionalism
c. behaviorism
d. structuralism
____ 38. The structure of the eye that focuses light rays on the retina is the
a. optic disk
b. pupil
c. cornea
d. lens
____ 39. An operantly conditioned response that is very durable and relatively hard to extinguish is said to show
a. low resistance to extinction
b. low association with reinforcement
c. high resistance to extinction
d. high association with reinforcement
____ 40. When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, it is
called
a. negative reinforcement
b. punishment
c. primary reinforcement
d. positive reinforcement
____ 41. Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before, imagine eating a large, juicy sour pickle. If just thinking about
the pickles causes your mouth to water, your salivation would be
a. an unconditioned response
b. an unconditioned stimulus
c. a conditioned stimulus
d. a conditioned response
____ 42. Which procedure results in a high-quality three-dimensional picture of the brain?
a. ESB scan
b. PET scan
c. TMS scan
d. MRI scan
____ 43. If you wanted a rat in a Skinner Box to respond with both a high and steady rate of responding, you should
use which type of schedule of reinforcement?
a. fixed ratio
b. fixed interval
c. variable interval
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d. variable ratio
Nightmares usually occur during ____ sleep and night terrors usually occur during ____ sleep.
a. REM; NREM
b. REM; REM
c. NREM; NREM
d. NREM; REM
If an employee of a company that conducts telephone surveys receives $1.00 for every three completed
surveys he conducts, he is being paid on a ____ schedule.
a. fixed interval
b. variable interval
c. variable ratio
d. fixed ratio
Car manufacturers try to encourage drivers to buckle their seat belts through the use of reinforcement. As you
know, if you start your car without buckling-up you will hear a somewhat annoying sound. If you learn to
buckle-up after hearing the sound, you show ____. If you acquire the response of buckling-up before you turn
on the ignition, you show ____.
a. punishment; escape learning
b. punishment; avoidance learning
c. avoidance learning; escape learning
d. escape learning; avoidance learning
When an organism responds to a specific stimulus or conditioned stimulus and doesn't respond to another
stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus, it is referred to as
a. stimulus generalization
b. stimulus discrimination
c. spontaneous recovery
d. extinction
Which of the following is not included in the definition of learning?
a. learning involves a change in behavior or knowledge
b. learning is due to experience
c. learning is relatively durable
d. learning is an automatic process
The law of effect was developed by
a. Bandura
b. Pavlov
c. Thorndike
d. Skinner
Immediately after being reinforced, a rat on which schedule of reinforcement would show the longest pause
before its next response?
a. variable interval
b. variable ratio
c. fixed ratio
d. fixed interval
The raccoons used by the Brelands could learn to deposit single coins into a slot for food but they could not
learn to deposit two coins into the slot. This behavior of the raccoons suggests that
a. instinctive patterns of behavior, at times, interfere with the ability to control behavior
through conditioning
b. it is impossible to operantly condition raccoons
c. some behaviors are easily learned by animals
d. it is impossible to classically condition raccoons
____ 52. Every Sunday morning when Benjamin was a young child, his family would have a special breakfast
complete with freshly baked cinnamon rolls. To this day he finds himself smiling whenever he smells
cinnamon rolls baking. The smell of the cinnamon rolls is ____ for his positive feelings.
a. a conditioned stimulus
b. a discriminative stimulus
c. a cue
d. an unconditioned stimulus
____ 53. Martin wakes up hundreds of times each night gasping for air. He suffers from
a. insomnia
b. sleep apnea
c. narcolepsy
d. respiratory deficiency
____ 54. Manipulating a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing the changes in a second variable
defines
a. the survey approach
b. the experimental approach
c. the testing approach
d. naturalistic observation
____ 55. By definition, an extraneous variable is
a. a variable, other than the independent variable, that may influence the dependent variable
b. the same thing as a dependent variable
c. a variable that affects the control group but not the experimental group
d. a variable that is completely irrelevant to both the independent and dependent variables
____ 56. As a young psychologist, your major goal is to help people reach their potential. Most likely you follow the
principles of
a. humanism
b. behaviorism
c. structuralism
d. psychoanalysis
____ 57. As the result of a breakdown in communication, morale is low among employees in a local factory. A(n) ____
would be most likely to be helpful in restoring communication and improving morale.
a. clinical psychologist
b. social psychologist
c. educational psychologist
d. industrial/organizational psychologist
____ 58. Place theory suggests that receptor cells
a. at different locations on the basilar membrane respond to sounds of different frequencies
b. at different locations on the basilar membrane respond to sounds of different loudness
c. along the entire basilar membrane vary their rate of responding to correspond to the
frequency of a sound
d. along the entire basilar membrane vary their rate of responding to correspond to the
loudness of a sound
____ 59. The main function of the axon is to
a. release neurotransmitters
b. receive information
c. support and insulate the neuron
d. transmit information
____ 60. Which theory of dreaming suggests that the cortex constructs dreams in order to make sense out of neural
impulses from subcortical areas of the brain?
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a. activation-synthesis
b. conservation of energy
c. construction
d. problem solving
When Beth goes with her Dad to the grocery store, she always asks him to buy chocolate ice cream.
Approximately once a month he will purchase the ice cream. Beth's asking for chocolate ice cream is being
reinforced on a ____ schedule.
a. variable interval
b. fixed ratio
c. fixed interval
d. variable ratio
When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus it is called
a. secondary reinforcement
b. punishment
c. negative reinforcement
d. positive reinforcement
In Pavlov's principle experiment, when the dog salivated after receiving meat powder, the salivation was the
a. conditioned response
b. unconditioned response
c. unconditioned stimulus
d. conditioned stimulus
A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug as a result of continued use is called
a. psychological dependence
b. physical dependence
c. tolerance
d. resistance
A researcher tries to make sure that subjects in the experimental and control groups are very similar to each
other in order to reduce the effects of
a. independent variables
b. random variables
c. dependent variables
d. extraneous variables
Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which
a. an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called
models
b. voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
c. an organism's tendency to give a response reappears after a period of time
d. a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another
stimulus
Latent learning is a type of learning that
a. occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others
b. occurs without any experience
c. is not apparent from the organism’s behavior when the learning first occurs
d. occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that
response
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
a. making a child sit in the corner until they say "I'm sorry"
b. allowing a student to take a make-up exam
c. giving a student extra credit for class participation
d. grounding a teenager for missing curfew
____ 69. While out trick-or-treating for Halloween, at first Billy's neighbors had to remind him to say "trick or treat"
before they dropped their treats into his bag. As he continued to visit houses in the neighborhood, soon Billy
would say "trick or treat" as soon as the neighbors answered the door. The treats he received were the ____
for his saying "trick or treat".
a. reward
b. reinforcement
c. conditioned stimulus
d. discriminative stimulus
____ 70. If there is a relationship between amount of coffee consumed daily and number of hours slept, such that
people who drink a lot of coffee tend to sleep very little (and people who drink little coffee tend to sleep a
lot), coffee consumption and hours slept would show a(n)
a. decreasing correlation
b. increasing correlation
c. positive correlation
d. negative correlation
CHAPTER 6 - LEARNING - PRACTICE EXAM
Answer Section
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Correct = 99%
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