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CHAPTER 6 - LEARNING - PRACTICE EXAM Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 1. A schedule of reinforcement is a. a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time b. a description of whether positive or negative reinforcement is in use c. a pattern of resistance to extinction d. the reinforcement of closer and closer approximation of a desired response 2. In Watson's famous "Little Albert" experiment, Albert was classically conditioned to a. press a button to receive a cookie b. show a fear response to a white rat c. show a positive response to a white rat d. show a fear response to a loud noise 3. Extinction of a conditioned response in classical conditioning occurs when the a. CS is occasionally presented without the UCS b. UCS is repeatedly presented without the UCR c. CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS d. UCS is occasionally presented without the UCR 4. Angela came home after her curfew last night; as a result, her parents have taken away her driving privileges for 1 week. What discipline technique are Angela's parents using? a. negative reinforcement b. extinction c. positive reinforcement d. punishment 5. Secondary reinforcers a. satisfy biological needs b. acquire reinforcing qualities through association with primary reinforcers c. are reinforced on intermittent schedules of reinforcement d. are less important than primary reinforcers 6. The correct order that auditory information travels as sounds enter the ear is from the auditory canal to a. cochlea - ossicles - oval window - eardrum b. cochlea - oval window - ossicles - eardrum c. eardrum - oval window - ossicles - cochlea d. eardrum - ossicles - oval window - cochlea 7. Operant responses are typically established through a gradual process in which closer and closer approximations of the desired response are reinforced. This process is called a. learning b. modeling c. discrimination d. shaping 8. Watson's famous "Little Albert" experiment demonstrated both classical conditioning and a. spontaneous recovery b. stimulus discrimination c. stimulus generalization d. extinction 9. When an event following a response weakens an organism's tendency to make that response it is termed ____ 10. ____ 11. ____ 12. ____ 13. ____ 14. ____ 15. ____ 16. ____ 17. a. punishment b. extinction c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a. a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus b. voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences c. an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models d. an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response As a teenager it seemed that your mom was always nagging you to clean your room. Eventually you learned that if you cleaned your room every Saturday morning you would not have to listen to her nagging. Your mother was successful in getting you to clean your room through the use of ____ to establish ____. a. punishment; avoidance learning b. punishment; escape learning c. negative reinforcement; avoidance learning d. negative reinforcement; escape learning Psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by a. studying observable behavior b. focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior c. analyzing conscious experience into its basic elements d. studying the function or purpose of consciousness When describing schedules of reinforcement, the key factor in interval schedules is a. number of responses given b. length of the training period c. number of reinforcements given d. elapsed time Extinction of an operantly conditioned response occurs when the response a. is followed by intermittent reinforcement b. is no longer followed by reinforcement c. is followed by continuous reinforcement d. is no longer associated with the CS Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate to the sound of a tone. He then paired a light with the tone until the dog salivated to the light alone. This is an example of a. stimulus generalization b. spontaneous recovery c. stimulus discrimination d. higher-order conditioning The cognitive perspective contends that to fully understand human behavior, psychologists need to focus attention on a. the adaptive value of a behavior b. the interrelations among the mind, body and behavior c. internal mental events d. the role of the unconscious When an object is placed unseen in the left hand of a person who has had split-brain surgery, the person will a. drop it b. be able to describe it c. be able to identify the object with his right hand ____ 18. ____ 19. ____ 20. ____ 21. ____ 22. ____ 23. ____ 24. ____ 25. ____ 26. d. not be able to describe it A reinforcement is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed in a ____ schedule. a. VI b. VR c. FI d. FR Hallucinogens are drugs that a. tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity b. cause distortions in sensory and perceptual experience c. are derived from opium and are capable of relieving pain d. are derived from the hemp plant When a researcher only reinforces a designated response some of the time, it is referred to as a. secondary reinforcement b. intermittent reinforcement c. primary reinforcement d. continuous reinforcement Spontaneous recovery describes a. the initial stages of learning a conditioned response b. the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response c. a situation in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus d. the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus A massive stroke that damages which of the following brain structures is most likely to be fatal since the structure regulates breathing and circulation? a. pons b. cerebellum c. reticular formation d. medulla Becky has an intense fear of dogs. Her fear dates back to when as a young child she was attacked and bitten by a stray dog. Her dog phobia developed as a result of a. observational learning b. negative reinforcement c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning A previously neutral stimulus, that through conditioning acquires the capacity to evoke a response, is a. a conditioned response b. a conditioned stimulus c. an unconditioned response d. an unconditioned stimulus While ____ is most closely associated with classical conditioning, ____ is most closely associated with operant conditioning. a. Skinner; Pavlov b. Pavlov; Bandura c. Pavlov; Skinner d. Bandura; Skinner If your roommate slowly and carefully turns up the volume on the stereo until you can determine “now it’s louder than it was before,” it would be most accurate to say the volume increased by a a. proportional difference ____ 27. ____ 28. ____ 29. ____ 30. ____ 31. ____ 32. ____ 33. ____ 34. b. fractional difference c. just noticeable difference d. perceivable difference In Pavlov's principle experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the a. light b. meat powder c. salivation d. tone If a dog that has been classically conditioned to salivate when shown a square also salivates when shown a rectangle, the dog's behavior illustrates a. stimulus generalization b. stimulus discrimination c. response generalization d. response discrimination The insulation that covers some axons and increases the speed of transmission of the neural impulse is the a. glia wrap b. myelin sheath c. terminal cover d. neurotransmitter sheath The purpose of the control group is to a. make the experiment more complex b. isolate the effect of the dependent variable on the independent variable c. isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable d. make statistical significance more likely In classical conditioning, a UCS is a. a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a learned response b. an unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning c. a stimulus that evokes a response without previous conditioning d. a learned reaction to a stimulus that occurs as a result of previous conditioning Reinforcers that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs are called a. operant reinforcers b. secondary reinforcers c. primary reinforcers d. classical reinforcers Research examining the long-term effects of media violence has demonstrated that a. no consistent relationship exists between how much violence children watch on TV and aggressive behavior b. the more violence children watch on TV the more aggressive they tend to be at home and school c. the more violence children watch on TV the less aggressive they tend to act at home and school d. watching violence on TV causes relatively nonaggressive children to become more aggressive but does not increase the level of aggression of relatively aggressive children Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of a. operant conditioning b. punishment c. observational learning d. classical conditioning ____ 35. Pat takes a prescription medication in order to reduce pain and Kelly takes the same medication in order to experience a "drug high." Pat's behavior is reinforced by ____ reinforcement and Kelly's behavior by ____ reinforcement. a. negative; positive b. negative; negative c. positive; negative d. positive; positive ____ 36. Neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli are a. selective detectors b. perception detectors c. appearance detectors d. feature detectors ____ 37. The fact that behaviors can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of a. psychoanalysis b. functionalism c. behaviorism d. structuralism ____ 38. The structure of the eye that focuses light rays on the retina is the a. optic disk b. pupil c. cornea d. lens ____ 39. An operantly conditioned response that is very durable and relatively hard to extinguish is said to show a. low resistance to extinction b. low association with reinforcement c. high resistance to extinction d. high association with reinforcement ____ 40. When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, it is called a. negative reinforcement b. punishment c. primary reinforcement d. positive reinforcement ____ 41. Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before, imagine eating a large, juicy sour pickle. If just thinking about the pickles causes your mouth to water, your salivation would be a. an unconditioned response b. an unconditioned stimulus c. a conditioned stimulus d. a conditioned response ____ 42. Which procedure results in a high-quality three-dimensional picture of the brain? a. ESB scan b. PET scan c. TMS scan d. MRI scan ____ 43. If you wanted a rat in a Skinner Box to respond with both a high and steady rate of responding, you should use which type of schedule of reinforcement? a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable interval ____ 44. ____ 45. ____ 46. ____ 47. ____ 48. ____ 49. ____ 50. ____ 51. d. variable ratio Nightmares usually occur during ____ sleep and night terrors usually occur during ____ sleep. a. REM; NREM b. REM; REM c. NREM; NREM d. NREM; REM If an employee of a company that conducts telephone surveys receives $1.00 for every three completed surveys he conducts, he is being paid on a ____ schedule. a. fixed interval b. variable interval c. variable ratio d. fixed ratio Car manufacturers try to encourage drivers to buckle their seat belts through the use of reinforcement. As you know, if you start your car without buckling-up you will hear a somewhat annoying sound. If you learn to buckle-up after hearing the sound, you show ____. If you acquire the response of buckling-up before you turn on the ignition, you show ____. a. punishment; escape learning b. punishment; avoidance learning c. avoidance learning; escape learning d. escape learning; avoidance learning When an organism responds to a specific stimulus or conditioned stimulus and doesn't respond to another stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus, it is referred to as a. stimulus generalization b. stimulus discrimination c. spontaneous recovery d. extinction Which of the following is not included in the definition of learning? a. learning involves a change in behavior or knowledge b. learning is due to experience c. learning is relatively durable d. learning is an automatic process The law of effect was developed by a. Bandura b. Pavlov c. Thorndike d. Skinner Immediately after being reinforced, a rat on which schedule of reinforcement would show the longest pause before its next response? a. variable interval b. variable ratio c. fixed ratio d. fixed interval The raccoons used by the Brelands could learn to deposit single coins into a slot for food but they could not learn to deposit two coins into the slot. This behavior of the raccoons suggests that a. instinctive patterns of behavior, at times, interfere with the ability to control behavior through conditioning b. it is impossible to operantly condition raccoons c. some behaviors are easily learned by animals d. it is impossible to classically condition raccoons ____ 52. Every Sunday morning when Benjamin was a young child, his family would have a special breakfast complete with freshly baked cinnamon rolls. To this day he finds himself smiling whenever he smells cinnamon rolls baking. The smell of the cinnamon rolls is ____ for his positive feelings. a. a conditioned stimulus b. a discriminative stimulus c. a cue d. an unconditioned stimulus ____ 53. Martin wakes up hundreds of times each night gasping for air. He suffers from a. insomnia b. sleep apnea c. narcolepsy d. respiratory deficiency ____ 54. Manipulating a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing the changes in a second variable defines a. the survey approach b. the experimental approach c. the testing approach d. naturalistic observation ____ 55. By definition, an extraneous variable is a. a variable, other than the independent variable, that may influence the dependent variable b. the same thing as a dependent variable c. a variable that affects the control group but not the experimental group d. a variable that is completely irrelevant to both the independent and dependent variables ____ 56. As a young psychologist, your major goal is to help people reach their potential. Most likely you follow the principles of a. humanism b. behaviorism c. structuralism d. psychoanalysis ____ 57. As the result of a breakdown in communication, morale is low among employees in a local factory. A(n) ____ would be most likely to be helpful in restoring communication and improving morale. a. clinical psychologist b. social psychologist c. educational psychologist d. industrial/organizational psychologist ____ 58. Place theory suggests that receptor cells a. at different locations on the basilar membrane respond to sounds of different frequencies b. at different locations on the basilar membrane respond to sounds of different loudness c. along the entire basilar membrane vary their rate of responding to correspond to the frequency of a sound d. along the entire basilar membrane vary their rate of responding to correspond to the loudness of a sound ____ 59. The main function of the axon is to a. release neurotransmitters b. receive information c. support and insulate the neuron d. transmit information ____ 60. Which theory of dreaming suggests that the cortex constructs dreams in order to make sense out of neural impulses from subcortical areas of the brain? ____ 61. ____ 62. ____ 63. ____ 64. ____ 65. ____ 66. ____ 67. ____ 68. a. activation-synthesis b. conservation of energy c. construction d. problem solving When Beth goes with her Dad to the grocery store, she always asks him to buy chocolate ice cream. Approximately once a month he will purchase the ice cream. Beth's asking for chocolate ice cream is being reinforced on a ____ schedule. a. variable interval b. fixed ratio c. fixed interval d. variable ratio When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus it is called a. secondary reinforcement b. punishment c. negative reinforcement d. positive reinforcement In Pavlov's principle experiment, when the dog salivated after receiving meat powder, the salivation was the a. conditioned response b. unconditioned response c. unconditioned stimulus d. conditioned stimulus A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug as a result of continued use is called a. psychological dependence b. physical dependence c. tolerance d. resistance A researcher tries to make sure that subjects in the experimental and control groups are very similar to each other in order to reduce the effects of a. independent variables b. random variables c. dependent variables d. extraneous variables Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which a. an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models b. voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences c. an organism's tendency to give a response reappears after a period of time d. a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus Latent learning is a type of learning that a. occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others b. occurs without any experience c. is not apparent from the organism’s behavior when the learning first occurs d. occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? a. making a child sit in the corner until they say "I'm sorry" b. allowing a student to take a make-up exam c. giving a student extra credit for class participation d. grounding a teenager for missing curfew ____ 69. While out trick-or-treating for Halloween, at first Billy's neighbors had to remind him to say "trick or treat" before they dropped their treats into his bag. As he continued to visit houses in the neighborhood, soon Billy would say "trick or treat" as soon as the neighbors answered the door. The treats he received were the ____ for his saying "trick or treat". a. reward b. reinforcement c. conditioned stimulus d. discriminative stimulus ____ 70. If there is a relationship between amount of coffee consumed daily and number of hours slept, such that people who drink a lot of coffee tend to sleep very little (and people who drink little coffee tend to sleep a lot), coffee consumption and hours slept would show a(n) a. decreasing correlation b. increasing correlation c. positive correlation d. negative correlation CHAPTER 6 - LEARNING - PRACTICE EXAM Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: KEY: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: REF: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: A PTS: B PTS: C PTS: D PTS: Concept/Applied B PTS: D PTS: D PTS: C PTS: A PTS: A PTS: C PTS: B PTS: D PTS: B PTS: D PTS: C PTS: D PTS: A PTS: B PTS: B PTS: D PTS: D PTS: C PTS: B PTS: C PTS: C PTS: B PTS: A PTS: B PTS: C PTS: p. 43 OBJ: C PTS: C PTS: B PTS: D PTS: A PTS: D PTS: C PTS: D PTS: C PTS: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2-5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 REF: REF: REF: REF: MSC: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: DIF: KEY: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: 231 OBJ: 222 OBJ: 220 OBJ: p. 236 OBJ: ** (new or revised) 230 OBJ: 151 OBJ: 227 OBJ: 222 OBJ: 235 OBJ: 216 OBJ: 234 OBJ: 6 OBJ: 232 OBJ: 228 OBJ: 223 OBJ: 12 OBJ: 98 OBJ: 232 OBJ: 200 OBJ: 231 OBJ: 221-222 OBJ: 89 OBJ: 218 OBJ: 217 OBJ: 224 OBJ: 121 OBJ: 217 OBJ: 222 OBJ: 74 OBJ: Correct = 75% Critical Thinking 217 OBJ: 230 OBJ: 246 OBJ: 238 OBJ: 233 OBJ: 131 OBJ: 7 OBJ: 125 OBJ: 228 OBJ: 06-12 TYPE: Factual 06-4 TYPE: Factual 06-3 TYPE: Factual 6-16 06-11 TYPE: Factual 04-18 TYPE: Factual 06-9 TYPE: Factual 06-4 TYPE: Factual 06-15 TYPE: Factual 06-1 TYPE: Factual 06-14 TYPE: Concept/Applied 01-5 TYPE: Factual 06-12 TYPE: Factual 06-9 TYPE: Factual 06-5 TYPE: Concept/Applied 01-10 TYPE: Factual 03-17 TYPE: Critical Thinking 06-12 TYPE: Factual 05-22 TYPE: Factual 06-12 TYPE: Factual 06-3 TYPE: Factual 03-12 TYPE: Concept/Applied 06-2 TYPE: Concept/Applied 06-1 TYPE: Factual 06-6 TYPE: Factual 04-2 TYPE: Concept/Applied 06-1 TYPE: Factual 06-4 TYPE: Concept/Applied 03-1 TYPE: Factual 06-1 TYPE: Factual 06-11 TYPE: Factual 06-22 TYPE: Factual 06-17 TYPE: Factual 06-13 TYPE: Critical thinking 04-9 TYPE: Factual 01-6 TYPE: Factual 04-7 TYPE: Factual 06-9 TYPE: Factual 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: REF: ANS: REF: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: D D D D A D D B D C D A A B B p. 42 A p. 44 A D A D A A C B C D B C A B D PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: OBJ: PTS: OBJ: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2-5 1 2-5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: DIF: KEY: DIF: KEY: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: 233 OBJ: 217 OBJ: 87 OBJ: 232 OBJ: 189 OBJ: 232 OBJ: 234 OBJ: 223 OBJ: 215 OBJ: 225 OBJ: 232 OBJ: 238 OBJ: 219 OBJ: 188 OBJ: Correct = 99% Factual Correct = 83% Factual 10 OBJ: 20 OBJ: 152 OBJ: 74 OBJ: 193 OBJ: 232 OBJ: 233 OBJ: 217 OBJ: 201 OBJ: 44 OBJ: 224 OBJ: 241 OBJ: 234 OBJ: 225 OBJ: 53 OBJ: 06-13 TYPE: Factual 06-1 TYPE: Concept/Applied 03-11 TYPE: Factual 06-12 TYPE: Concept/Applied 05-14 TYPE: Factual 06-12 TYPE: Concept/Applied 06-14 TYPE: Critical Thinking 06-4 TYPE: Factual 06-1 TYPE: Factual 06-7 TYPE: Factual 06-12 TYPE: Factual 06-17 TYPE: Factual 06-2 TYPE: Concept/Applied 05-14 TYPE: Factual 01-8 TYPE: Critical Thinking 01-15 TYPE: Critical Thinking 04-19 TYPE: Factual 03-1 TYPE: Factual 05-18 TYPE: Factual 06-12 TYPE: Concept/Applied 06-13 TYPE: Factual 06-1 TYPE: Factual 05-23 TYPE: Factual 02-5 TYPE: Factual 06-6 TYPE: Factual 06-19 TYPE: Factual 06-13 TYPE: Concept/Applied 06-8 TYPE: Concept/Applied 02-11 TYPE: Critical Thinking