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Human Remains chapter 14 eocs (not 16, 17) objectives You will understand: how anthropologists can use bones to determine: whether remains are human gender age sometimes race estimated height when or how death occurred You will be able to: distinguish between a male and a female skeleton. give an age range after examining unknown remains. describe differences in skull features among the three major racial categories. estimate height by measuring long bones. sometimes no body, just bones forensic anthropologists are needed now forensic anthropology a type of applied anthropology that specializes in the changes and variations in the human skeleton for the purpose of legal inquiry A forensic anthropologist may provide basic identification information on skeletonized or badly decomposed remains. From a whole bone or part of a bone, the scientist may be able to determine: an age range, sex, race, approximate height, cause of death, disease, or anomaly first, a quick look at bones... osteology is the study of bones we are born with 350 bones many fuse, and we end up with 206 bones in an adult human they are living, breathing parts of our body function of bones: provide structure and rigidity protect soft tissue and organs serve as an attachment for muscles produce blood cells serve as a storage area for minerals can detoxify the body by removing heavy metals and other foreign elements from the blood Activity 14.1 Identifying Bones on the handout we will fill in the major bones - those you will know. skull & mandible clavicle & sternum & ribs vertebrae (no need to know colored regions) all three! big picture of them all creepy real ones! free trivia: the elbow is the ulna low priority know ‘em all! (including bluish area, the pubic symphysis) know ‘em! low priority THE HUMAN SKELETON Skull Maxilla Zygomatic process Mandible Scapula Rib Sternum Clavicle Humerus Xyphoid process Vertebra Pelvis Sacrum Coccyx Trochanter Ulna Radius The ones you should know. Carpals Metacarpals Femoral Head Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals 12 IT Phalanges back to forensic anthropology... questions that need answering from the remains: are the bones human? what are the victim's biological characteristics? how long has the person been dead? what was the cause or manner of death? started in 1939 with Dr W. M. Krogman's classic article on examination of human remains in FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin now we have American Board of Forensic Anthropology skeletal remains might be an intact skeleton, a partial skeleton, a handful of bones, a single bone may be scattered, buried, or found within a structure humans vs animals complete skeleton? easy to see! but b/c of all kinds of factors that spread the bones out, don't often get a complete set many of our bones are at least somewhat similar to animal bones bones of infants or young children are even tougher; why? because their bones are small and like animals, and skull and other bones are not fused and comes apart all over the place but a real expert can tell human have rounded cells in cross section, animals oval or squared off (most of the time, not always) animals more brick like and stronger, human more “round" biological characteristics now… how to identify age, stature, sex, and race are all crucial e.g. determine sex and you've eliminated half the possibilities what if you could narrow it to thirtysomething, six-foot Caucasian male? and spotting disease in the bones can narrow it even further a complete skeleton can give correct sex ID 100% of the time, age to within 5-10 years, height to within 1.5 inches, and race much of the time age look at teeth, skull, maturity of bone growth centers as well as normal agerelated changes in bones and joints young victims can be narrowed a lot better because there is so much change going on teeth we start off with 20 "baby" teeth (deciduous) and 32 permanent teeth the loss pattern of baby teeth and the appearance of permanent teeth are well established all permanent are there by age 12; wisdom teeth “erupt” by age 18 skull adult? not too useful for pinpointing age infants? slightly easier since the "suture lines" aren't fused suture lines of adult are fused long bones are next three parts to these... diaphysis (shaft) and two epiphyses the growth plates are between the diaphysis and the epiphysis when it is open = growth when sealed shut = no growth bone growth is complete by mid-twenties here growth plate of a 12-year-old skeleton small with no fusion of epiphyses? child skeleton bigger and plates partially fused? teens to early twenties skeleton bigger and completely fused? over 25-ish complete closure happens at different times for different bones bones at elbow fuse about 12-14 hips and ankle around 15 shoulder? 18-20 bottom line here: an anthropologist can estimate age by seeing which bones have fused pubic symphysis right and left pelvic bones join behind at the sacroiliac joints but in front at the pubic symphysis the cartilage there is slightly scalloped when young, straightens as ages sternal end of ribs another indicator early on end of ribs are smooth and rounded as one ages they become pitted and sharper age also leads to loss of bone density and things like arthritis hip or knee replacements can help narrow it down, too stature can't just measure tip-to-toe if only a couple bones; then what to do? moreover! stature is more than just height a 6-foot skinny guy has different bones than a 6-foot big guy allometry (the study of growth) allows us to estimate height with just a long bone or two most accurate bones to use? the femur or tibia, but can use humerus Activity 14.2 This isn’t a regular lab. It’s an “activity.” But use graph paper and give it a Title and Purpose and Procedure. Write down each numbered statement & question, underline it, and leave plenty of room for an answer. No conclusions or anything else. Ready? • Work in your groups of two or three. • No 3 - Find you height in cm, work backwards • No 4 - SKIP • No 5 - Use humerus and femur • No 7 - The skeleton in 5’ 2” yes, there are even tables to estimate height with just parts of bones guessing the body type is more of a guessing game if bones are thick especially where muscles join, probably a muscular person and if the thicker, stronger bones are in the left arm or leg, then probably favored left side sex calling the sex of the young is tough, since gender-specific changes don't occur till puberty and can't always say that males have the bigger bones... a woman who does manual labor has thicker bones than a man who is some weasel English professor at some snobby university who has never done a day of manual labor in his sad pathetic life most reliable bone? pelvis male pelvis is designed only for support or movement female pelvis is designed also for childbirth female pelvis is wider and the pelvic outlet has a greater diameter for childbirth male female moreover the backside of pubic bone in a woman who has delivered may be scarred or irregular due to tearing and regrowth of ligaments skull tend to be thicker in males (no comments! ;) but wait! there’s more! male female race really tough here, especially with all the racial admixture Caucasoid—European, Middle Eastern, and Indian descent Negroid—African, Aborigine, and Melanesian descent Mongoloid—Asian, Native American, and Polynesian descent Caucasoids—have a long, narrow nasal aperture, a triangular palate, oval orbits, narrow zygomatic arches, and narrow mandibles. Mongoloids—have a more rounded nasal aperture, a parabolic palate, rounded orbits, wide zygomatic arches, and more pointed mandibles. Negroids—have a wide nasal aperture, a rectangular palate, square orbits, and more pronounced zygomatic arches. The long bones are longer, and have less curvature and greater density. facial reconstruction sometimes putting a face on it can help - a lot know gender, age, and race? then artists can reconstruct decades of data can be used to estimate flesh thicknesses at different points... erasers are used to make tissue depths at various points on the skull. clay is used to build around these markers facial features are molded extra features like hair and skin color are added, sometimes digitally and ... which can then be used by law enforcement (odontology) the identity of an individual can be determined by comparing a person’s teeth to his or her dental records. unusual features include: the number and types of teeth and fillings the spacing of the teeth special dental work (bridges, false teeth, root canals) teeth are often used for body identification because: they are the hardest substances in the body (they do not readily decompose). they are unique to the individual. X-rays are a good record of a person’s teeth, giving them a unique identity. cause of death and anomalies pathologists often ask forensic anthropologists for help can ID bullet wounds, knife wounds, predator marks, tool marks, etc. and can obviously recognize bone replacements, false teeth, etc. About the only thing left of Hitler’s body what’s this? gunshot wound through the leg remember this from last chapter? what do the ribs show? eocs (not 16, 17) Activity 14.2 This isn’t a regular lab. It’s an “activity.” But use graph paper and give it a Title and Purpose and Procedure. Write down each numbered statement & question, underline it, and leave plenty of room for an answer. No conclusions or anything else. Ready? • Work in your groups of two or three. • No 3 - Find you height in cm, work backwards • No 4 - SKIP • No 5 - Use humerus and femur • No 7 - The skeleton in 5’ 2”