Download Chapter 15- Secession and the Civil War (upload)

Chapter 15: Secession
and the Civil War
AP United States History
Week of February 3, 2016
The Storm Gathers — Secession of Deep South
While the election of Abraham Lincoln (pictured) prompted secession of seven states, it
did not immediately lead to conflict
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December 20, 1860 — South Carolina secedes
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Why? Constitution was a compact between states, from which states could
withdraw
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Moderate cooperationists believed states should act as a unit
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By Feb 1: SC, AL, MS, FL, GA, LA had left union
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Why not upper south?
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Foothold of old Whig party and unionist sentiment
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Economic diversification, importance of free labour, ties to northern
economy
Secession of Deep South, Part II
Compromises to save the Union failed, and war broke out between the North and South in
the spring of 1861
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February 4: delegates from the Deep South established the Confederate States of America
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Constitution featured moderate, pro-Southern interpretations of US constitution
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Example: no interference with slavery
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President was Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi
Moderation from the delegates: goal was to win support of upper South
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Also: South was opposed to dissolving Union as long as they didn’t interfere with
slavery
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Problem: Lincoln was elected
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South really just wanted a pre-Republican Party union; they even allowed free
states to join
Secession of Deep South, Part III: Compromise
Fails
Compromises to save the Union failed, and war broke out between the
North and South in the spring of 1861
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Moderates in North and border states were working towards a
compromise
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Crittenden compromise would have extended 36º30’ line to Pacific
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Also: constitutional amendment prohibiting regulation of slavery,
federal compensation for escaped slaves
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Lincoln adamantly opposed compromise; compromise failed
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Could this have prevented war? Would it have satisfied
Lincoln’s objectives?
Arrival of the War
Once the possibility of compromise failed, the options were peaceful separation
or war
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Lincoln called for cautious and limited use of force
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Wanted Confederacy to begin hostilities
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Ft. Sumter in South Carolina needed reinforcements
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Lincoln sent reinforcements, but Confederates attacked the fort
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Lincoln proclaimed insurrection and called forth militia
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Border states did not want to send troops to maintain the Union
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More states seceded
Effects of Ft. Sumter: North felt patriotism and dedication to Union
Adjusting to Total War
The Civil War was a “total war” that involved every aspect of society. Victory for the
North would mean complete overthrow of the Southern government.
Was this a war to restore the Union, or a war to end the Southern practice of
slavery?
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The North was better prepared at the onset of war
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Population, industrial capacity, railroad mileage
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The South had advantages: military leadership, familiar terrain, sympathetic
civilian population
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Also: South could fight a defensive war
Northern strategy — anaconda plan — blockade ports, control Mississippi, cut off
supplies
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Key Mississippi River cities: Vicksburg, MS, and New Orleans, LA
Adjusting to Total War, Part II: Mobilizing
Two challenges were producing materials for the war and financing the war itself
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North and South both relied on private industry
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North initially struggled, but by 1863 its strong economy was producing
enough
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South had a weaker industrial base and imported many goods
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Later in war, due blockade, government produced and provided war
materials
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Farmers were reluctant to shift to growing food, and rail network was
limited
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Result: undernourished Confederate troops, food shortages, food riots
Both governments printed more money, leading to inflation
Adjusting to Total War, Part III: Political Leadership
How much democracy and individual freedom would be allowed in a war in which the
military needed loyalty and the government needed full allegiance?
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North and South both made president commander-in-chief of Army and Navy
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Lincoln assumed broad wartime powers
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April 27, 1861: declared martial law, suspended writ of habeas corpus between
Philadelphia and Washington
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Administration still allowed political dissent
Lincoln was a strong party leader — he defined party issues and principles in a way
that kept nation together
Jefferson Davis did not adequately address problems on home front
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Economy (and morale) deteriorated, did not declare martial law
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Admit absence of two-party system, by 1863, Davis had lost much support
Adjusting to Total War, Part IV: Early Battles
The first major battles of the war — starting with the Battle of Bull Run — were disasters for the
North
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Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson stopped Union advance towards Manassas, VA
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Battle of Bull Run was big Confederate victory
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General Ulysses Grant captured Forts Henry and Donelson
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Confederates withdrew, but launchd a surprise attack at Battle of Shiloh
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General George McClellan took over as Washington-area commander
Union USS Monitor fought Confederate Virginia (originally USS Merrimac) to a stalemate
McClellan marched and fought to outskirts of Richmond, but Confederate General Robert E. Lee
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Lee drove Union forces out of Richmond, back into Maryland
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Lee and McClellan met in Maryland at Battle of Antietam — bloodiest day of the war
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McClellan did not pursue Lee, who escaped
Adjusting to Total War, Part V: Diplomatic Struggles
The South fought to gain recognition from foreign powers to help break the Union
blockade. The North had to be careful not to end up in two-front war, against both a
European power and the Confederacy
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England and France depended on the South for cotton
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May, 1861: England and France recognized southern “belligerency”
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South could purchase, outfit privateers at international ports
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Union intercepted Confederate envoys to Britain and France
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Eventually Lincoln freed envoys
Confederacy did not gain official European recognition — Britain and France
both hesitated
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As a result of Antietam and England importing cotton from Egypt and India
sealed fate for South
Fight to the Finish: Emancipation
As the war dragged on, the tide shifted in favor of emancipating slaves and bringing
blacks into the war on the Union side
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Slavery was key to the Confederacy’s war effort, and the South’s economic and social
system
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Initially, Lincoln opposed freeing slaves in Union-occupied areas
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Prejudice still very present in North
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Following Antietam “victory,” Lincoln delivered preliminary proclamation
Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863
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Ordered all slaves freed in areas of rebellion against government
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Didn’t actually have a great impact on slavery itself
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However, it did commit North to abolishing slavery as a war aim
African Americans, Economies, and the War
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Emancipation Proclamation inspired Southern slaves to free themselves
and African Americans to join the union
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Union troops “captured” slaves and freed them
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Many, however, fought for Confederacy
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Congress authorized Lincoln to accept African Americans in the
army
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Confederacy faced food shortages, inflation, profiteering
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Northern industries boomed
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Medical care: Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix helped Union troops in
camps
Tide of the War Turns: Gettysburg and Vicksburg
By 1863, the Confederacy was in shambles: economy and social order were collapsing. The North,
however, was also beset by problems of morale
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There was a prominent peace movement in the North — Copperheads
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Battle of Fredericksburg: General Lee defeated General Burnside’s troops in Virginia
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Battle of Gettysburg occurred at a low point for Union morale
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Monumental Union victory; Confederates retreated back to Virginia
Ulysses Grant attacked Vicksburg, Mississippi
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Confederates earned another victory at Battle of Chancellorsville
Siege of Vicksburg lasted one month — Union now controlled Mississippi River
Lincoln delivered Gettysburg Address on July 4, 1863
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Spoke about reason for fighting: freedom, equality, self-government
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Also: extending the Declaration of Independence
Last Stages of Conflict: Sherman and the Invasion
of Georgia
Victories by Ulysses Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman primed the North for an invasion
of Georgia
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Lincoln named Ulysses Grant commander of all Union forces
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Union forces suffered heavy losses in Virginia: Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor
General William Tecumseh Sherman moved Union troops from Tennessee to Atlanta
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Sherman’s forces laid siege to and bombarded Atlanta
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Marched from Atlanta to Savannah and destroyed everything in sight
Sherman’s capture of Atlanta helped Lincoln in 1864 election
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Sherman also captured Savannah and proceeded north
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Lee surrendered April 9, at Appomattox Courthouse
Lincoln was shot on April 14 by John Wilkes Booth, a pro-Confederate actor
Effects of the War
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The Civil War began to change gender roles in society, emancipated slaves,
underscored the supremacy and activism of the federal government,
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Women in the North worked as nurses and in administrative jobs
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Sanitary Commission nurses provided health care services in army camps
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War did not completely remove barriers to sexual equality
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Southern women had to take on a larger economic role
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Government took on larger economic-development role
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High tariff, homestead act for settlers, land grants to railroad companies, national
banking system
Civil War transformed United States into a more organized and “incorporated” nation
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The North won through large-scale industrialization and organization