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smog . • Loss of biodiversity: The loss of biodiversity is the diminishing of different species within an ecosystem. The rate of extinction has increased dramatically in recent years due to our impact as humans. It is estimated that if current environmental practices are not changed, we may lose 50% of all species globally. • Problems : There is also the loss of the genetic diversity within species, as well as the loss of diversity of different types of ecosystems ,which can contribute to or speed up whole species extinction. It produces environmental changes and the reduction of the natural resources. • Main Causes : Invasive Species, Habitat loss, Pollution Climate Change , overexploitation of resources . • Solutions: • • • • • Establish more protected areas free of humans. Preventing Species Introductions . Slowing Climate Change . Stop deforestation. Reduce environmental pollution. • Deforestation :It is the permanent destruction of indigenous forests and woodlands, three million hectares disappear every year. Indigenous forests now only cover 21% of the earth's land surface. • Problems : Alteration of local and global climates through disruption of : the carbon cycle and the water cycle /Soil erosion , because of the loss of a protective cover of vegetation. /Silting of water courses./Extinction of species which depend on the forest for survival. /Desertification . • Main Causes : conversion of forests and woodlands to agricultural land./development of cash crops and cattle ranching./ commercial logging./felling of trees for firewood and building material. • Almost all of this deforestation occurs in the moist forests and open woodlands of the tropics. At this rate all moist tropical forest could be lost by the year 2050, - Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. Desertification now affects 30% of the Earth’s land surface and all continents. Causes: • The immediate cause is the removal of vegetation. Unprotected, dry soil surfaces then blow away with the wind or are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers that bake in the sun and become an unproductive hardpan. • Consequencies: -Soil becomes less usable -Vegetation is Lacked or Damaged -Causes Famine -Food Loss The soil is not suited for growing food -People near Affected Areas Desertification can cause flooding, poor water quality, dust storms, and pollution. • • • • • • • Solutions To solve the problems caused by desertification means increase the amount of food that can be grown in areas where people live and farm the land. The following problems can be tackled by 1. Deforestation - Aforestation, that is re-planting trees, especially in shelter belts. Planting grasses can help stabilise the soil and cut down on erosion by wind and rain. 2. Overcultivation - Using good farming practices such as proper crop rotation and the use of manure as a fertiliser 3. Overgrazing - It is important that the young trees are fenced off to prevent grazing by animals 4. Poor irrigation - Make sure the water is not evaporated on the surface which wastes water and increases its salinity 5. Drought - This can be triggered by deforestation, so aforestation should help reduce this. Also terracing the land to slow down the water running off will make better use of the rain that does fall