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INTERDEPENDENCE OF SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS
Pre-AP Biology - 2013
OBJECTIVE 1: DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE CHARACTERISTICS
INCLUDING METHOD OF FEEDING, RESPIRATION, CIRCULATION, EXCRETION,
RESPONSE, MOVEMENT, REPRODUCTION AND ROLE IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF
MEMBERS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
A.
1. If you were given organisms to identify, how would you know that you had animals in the group?
2. What do scientists currently think the first animal was like? What evidences support these ideas?
3. As we begin our study, we will consider the evolution of animals. Draw a cladogram
representing the evolution of the Kingdom Animalia phylums. (See page 747)
4. Which group of animals is more closely related to annelids: flatworms or arthropods?
5. What does this cladogram show you about chordates with respect to mollusks and
echinoderms?
6. Clearly some of the animals are considerably more complex than others. Read pages
660-61 and 748-49. Discuss the trends listed below that led to this increase in
complexity.
 Tissue specialization
 Germ layer formation and early
embryological development
o Ectoderm
o Mesoderm
o Endoderm
o Protostome
o Deuterostome
7. What phyla of organisms are considered invertebrates?
 Body plans – symmetry
o Asymmetry
o Radial symmetry
o Bilateral symmetry
 Cephalization
 Body cavity formation
o Acoelomate
o Pseudocoelomate
o Coelomate
8. Why do we classify them as invertebrates?
9. What classes of organisms are considered part of the phylum chordata?
10. Why do we classify them as chordates?
OBJECTIVE 2: EXPLAIN HOW THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM KEEP THE BODY IN HOMEOSTASIS IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
B.
1. The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. Sketch a neuron. Label the axon,
axon terminals, cell body, dendrite, nucleus, myelin sheath, and node.
2. What is a nerve impulse?
3. How does one neuron communicate with other neurons? Define synapse and describe the
events that occur in the transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next.
4. Describe the importance of the myelin sheath.
5. What is the difference between a neuron (nerve cell) and a nerve?
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Describe the function of the endocrine system.
What is the relationship between a hormone and a target cell?
Distinguish between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland.
How is the endocrine system controlled?
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
Why is the pituitary gland often referred to as the “master gland”?
Create a graphic to show the negative feedback loops for the thyroid gland hormones and
the pancreatic hormones, insulin and glucagon. (Two different loops)
INTERDEPENDENCE OF SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS
Pre-AP Biology - 2013
D. Describe and compare the structure of the Mammalian Nervous and Endocrine systems to
the invertebrate groups, vs. the vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds
OBJECTIVE 3: DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
E.
1.
2.
3.
4.
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7.
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11.
Explain the “germ theory of disease” p.1031
Name the two primary agents of disease.
Name three ways in which disease is spread. p.1034
Explain the first and second line of defense found in living things. p.1036-1037
What is the role of the immune system? p. 1036
Why is it appropriate to call the first and second line of defense the non-specific defenses of the
immune system? p.1036
What is the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity? 1039-1040
Describe antigens and antibodies. Where are they produced? fig 40-8
What is meant by immunity?
What is passive immunity and how do you get it? p.1042
What is active immunity? Give examples and describe how it is obtained. 1041
F. Describe and compare the structure of the Immune System to the invertebrate groups, vs.
the vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds
OBJECTIVE 4: DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM INCLUDING THE BLOOD, HEART
AND BLOOD VESSELS IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
G.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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12.
Describe the functions of the circulatory system
Describe the structure of the human heart. How is it different from fish and reptiles?
What causes a heart attack? Distinguish between Hypertension and Atherosclerosis? (p.950)
Describe the difference between arteries, veins and capillaries in regard to function and structure.
(p.946-947)
How is each vessel adapted to its function? (ex: wall thickness or presence of valves)
Describe how to prevent cardiovascular disease. (p.950)
List the levels of organization for the cardiovascular system (see research A).
How does the heart know to contract or beat?
List the 4 major components of blood. What are the functions of each part? (Chapter 37-2)
Describe why and how blood clotting occurs. (p953)
What is the function of the lymphatic system? (p. 954-955)
What is a lymph node? Why might it become swollen? (p.955)
H. Describe and compare the structure of the Mammalian Circulatory system to the
invertebrate groups, vs. the vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds
OBJECTIVE 5: DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
I.
1. How is the respiration system related to cellular respiration? p.956
2. List the structures of the pathway in which air travels, beginning in the mouth and ending in the
alveoli. p.957 - 958
1. What is the function of the epiglottis?
2. Why are mucous and cilia present in the cells that line the respiratory system? p.957
INTERDEPENDENCE OF SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS
Pre-AP Biology - 2013
3. Describe gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the alveoli. p.958
4. How is breathing controlled? Explain how the term negative feedback is involved in this process.
5. What are the effects of tobacco on the body? p.961-963
J. Describe and compare the structure of the Mammalian Respiratory system to the
invertebrate groups, vs. the vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds
OBJECTIVE 6: DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
K.
1. Why must living things eat (in terms of cellular respiration)? p.971
2. Make a chart of the 6 major nutrients. Describe each nutrient, what it is used for in the body,
and what foods provide each nutrient. p.972 – 975
3. Complete “Analyzing data” on p. 977
L.
1. What is the role of enzymes in a chemical reaction? p.981 fig 38-12
2. Construct a table of the different organs, beginning with the mouth, and ending with the anus. Be
sure to include the liver, gall bladder and pancreas. For each organ, describe its structure, location
and function in digestion. Be detailed.
3. What is the role of bacteria in the large intestine? p.984
4. What is the cause of stomach (peptic) ulcers? p.984
M. Describe and compare the structure of the Mammalian Digestive system to the
invertebrate groups, vs. the vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds
OBJECTIVE 7: DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
N.
1.
2.
3.
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6.
What are the 3 metabolic wastes? p.985
What three main organs make up the excretory system? p.986
Describe the structure of the kidney.
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
How does this unit work to cleanse the blood?
Describe how the kidney function is controlled. p.988
O. Describe and compare the structure of the Mammalian Excretory system to the
invertebrate groups, vs. the vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds
OBJECTIVE 8: DESCRIBE THE HUMAN MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
STRUCTURES AND EXPLAIN THE REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS, FERTILIZATION, AND
IMPLANTATION OF THE EMBRYO.
P.
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7.
Explain how the sperm and egg are formed.
Using words and arrows trace the path of the sperm and egg
Where does fertilization occur?
Where implantation occur?
What is the correct sequence of the divisions of the zygote?
When during the menstrual cycle can pregnancy occur?
What is the relationship of menstruation to ovulation
Q. Describe and compare the structure of the Mammalian Reproductive system to the
invertebrate groups, vs. the vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds