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Chapter 13 test‐ CLASSROOM COPY TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
1. The by-products of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
2. Most marine algae are limited to depths above 100 meters; red algae have been observed
growing at depths of over 250 meters.
3. Marine algae that grow close to the limits of light penetration have accessory
photosynthetic pigments that absorb high energy, short-wavelength light in the blue region
of the electromagnetic spectrum.
4. Tropical marine waters have the highest rate of primary productivity in the world's oceans.
5. Energy flow is unidirectional in contrast to nutrients, which cycle in ecosystems.
6. If the total caloric content of the autotrophic organisms in a marine ecosystem were 250,000
KCAL, then the expected caloric value for the second-level consumers would be 25,000
KCAL.
7. Consumers, producers, and decomposers are all examples of trophic levels within a food
chain or food web.
8. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations have no impact on primary productivity rates in
marine ecosystems.
9. The amount of carbon dioxide concentrations and available nutrients affect the rate of
primary production in an ecosystem.
10. The distinction between a food chain and a food web is that a food chain describes a linear
relationship among trophic levels whereas a food web describes the interconnected
relationships among trophic structures in nature.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the
statement or answers the question.
11. The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include:
A) carbon dioxide.
B) nitrogen.
C) phosphorus.
D) A and B are correct.
E) B and C are correct.
12. In primary production:
A) there is a net gain in organic carbon.
B) oxygen is utilized by plants.
C) carbon dioxide is released into the water.
D) oxygen utilized by animals is less than the oxygen consumed by autotrophs.
E) proteins are made by animals.
Chapter 13 test‐ CLASSROOM COPY 13. Overproduction of organic matter resulting in anoxic conditions is attributed to:
A) photoperiodicity.
B) autotrophication.
C) eutrophication.
D) phototropism.
E) net primary productivity.
14. The relative productivity in the world's oceans from most productive to least productive is:
A) temperate waters, tropical waters, polar waters.
B) polar waters, temperate waters, tropical waters.
C) tropical waters, temperate waters, polar waters.
D) polar waters, tropical waters, temperate waters.
E) temperate waters, polar waters, tropical waters.
15. In temperate oceans during the winter months:
A) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and water temperatures increase.
B) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease.
C) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease.
D) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and water temperatures decrease.
E) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and water temperatures decrease.
16. Although primary productivity in tropical areas is generally low, which of the following
tropical locations have unusually high primary productivity rates?
A) mangrove swamps
B) coastal upwelling zones
C) coral reefs
D) equatorial upwelling zones
E) All of the above tropical areas have relatively high primary productivity.
17. Productivity in tropical oceans is:
A) oxygen-limited.
B) nutrient and oxygen-limited.
C) nutrient-limited.
D) light-limited.
E) light and nutrient-limited.
18. Productivity in polar oceans is:
A) light and nutrient-limited.
B) nutrient-limited.
C) nutrient and oxygen-limited.
D) light-limited.
E) oxygen-limited.
Chapter 13 test‐ CLASSROOM COPY 19. If 10,000 KCAL of energy were contained in the primary producers, on average how many
KCAL of energy would you expect to be transferred to third-order consumers?
A) 1000 KCAL
B) 10 KCAL
C) 1 KCAL
D) 10,000 KCAL
E) 100 KCAL
20. Nutrient flow in an ecosystem is:
A) bi-directional.
B) cyclic.
C) top down.
D) unidirectional.
E) semi-conservative.
21. The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around:
A) 30%.
B) 5%.
C) 50%.
D) 10%.
E) 75%.
22. The percentage of biomass regularly recycled in the euphotic zone is about:
A) 10%.
B) 1%.
C) 30%.
D) 50%.
E) 90%.
23. The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is
approximately:
A) 10%.
B) 1%.
C) 90%.
D) 50%.
E) 30%.
24. The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is best defined as:
A) annual harvest that will balance natural mortality and predation.
B) largest catch that will cover the minimum cost of fishing.
C) largest catch that can be taken without overfishing.
D) minimum catch that will still allow the population to increase.
E) maximum fishing effort allowed after overfishing occurs.
25. The term by-catch refers to:
A) krill and other shellfish.
B) species harvested for industrial purposes.
C) non-target species that are caught along with commercial species.
D) species raised in aquaculture settings.
E) species caught as part of traditional fisheries.
26. Catches above the maximum sustainable yield:
A) result in increased populations of the target species.
B) result in overfishing.
C) result in underutilization of the target species.
D) can be increased to prevent overfishing.
E) produce decreased fishing effort.
Chapter 13 test‐ CLASSROOM COPY 27. The mass present at a given time of a population of fish is called its:
A) standing stock.
B) diversity.
C) maximum sustainable yield.
D) recruitment mass.
E) fish stock.
28. What is the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume?
a. biomass
b. density
c. primary productivity
d. bycatch
29. What is the first color in the visible light spectrum to be absorbed by water
a. red
b. green
c. blue
d. yellow
30. What accessory pigment does red algae mainly use to collect energy from the sun?
a. Xanthophyll
b. Phycobilins
c. Chlorophyll
d. Carotenoids
31. What is the name for a group of organisms associated with each other by a complex set of
feeding relationships.
a.
Food Chain
b.
Food Group
c.
Food Web
d.
Circle of Life
32. What process used carbon dioxide and water as raw materials, and produces glucose and
oxygen?
a.
Carbon Cycle
b.
Photosynthesis
c.
Chemosynthesis
d.
Water Cycle
a.
b.
c.
d.
33. What is the name of the consumers of autotrophs? (2nd level of the food web)
Consumer
Heterotrophs
Primary Producer
Primary Consumer
34. What is an upwelling?
a. Flow of deep water toward the surface that brings water from depths below the euphotic zone.
b. Flow of surface water that brings the water to deeper parts of the ocean.
c. When a volcano gets too full and doesn’t blow so it blows up like a balloon.
d. When a water well overflows.
Chapter 13 test‐ CLASSROOM COPY 35. What is a spring/fall bloom?
a. When the flowers bloom really big in the spring and fall.
b. A bloom of phytoplankton which occurs because solar energy and nutrients are available, and a
seasonal thermocline develops which traps algae in the euphotic zone.
c. When the coral reefs bloom due to solar energy and nutrients being available, and a seasonal
thermocline develops which traps fish which fertilize the coral in the euphotic zone.
d. It is when there is a lot of pollen in the air because it is allergy season.
36. Which pattern for seasonal ocean productivity is depicted below?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Tropical
Polar
Temperate (Subtropical)
Equatorial
Chapter 13 test‐ CLASSROOM COPY 37. Which pattern for seasonal ocean productivity is depicted below?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Tropical
Polar
Temperate (Subtropical)
Equatorial
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement
or answers the question.
38. Why are upwelling zones more productive than coastal oceans?
39. Why is Chlorophyll less useful as a photosynthetic pigment in the lower photic zone?
40. What is Bycatch?
41. What are some ways to better reduce bycatch? (What could fisheries do to help prevent it
from happening?)
42. What 2 agents primarily determines the ocean’s color and why?
43. What is the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)?