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Unit 8 The Four Gospels Big Idea The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John are narratives of Jesus’ life and teachings. Introduce the Unit ■ ■ ■ Have the students look ahead through the unit, noting chapter heads and artwork. Discuss the Big Idea of the unit. Invite them to locate the four gospels in their Bibles. Use the Unit Background (below) to enrich your discussion. Read and discuss the “Discover” statements with the class. Explain to the students that the gospel is a literary genre unto itself. Discuss the graphic organizers, stressing that students’ understanding of the unit will grow as they complete each chapter organizer. ■ Introduce the Unit Activities, discussing the projects and writing for the unit. 209 UNIT 8 The Four Gospels Unit eight In this unit you will discover The Four Gospels • How the four gospels took the message of Jesus to different audiences • The basic literary forms found in the four gospels You are the light of the world. A city Ask a student to read from the text the passage from Matthew. Who do you think is speaking in this quotation? (Jesus) To whom might he be speaking? (His followers) Explain that this is a “typical” saying of Jesus. ■ Unit 8 208 • How each gospel reflects a distinct approach to the life of Jesus built on a hill cannot be hid. No one after lighting a lamp puts it under the bushel basket, but on the lampstand, and it gives light to all in the house. In the same way, let your light shine before others, so that they may see your good works. Matthew 5:14–16 [NRSV] 208-217_CH21.indd 208 3/30/10 2:09:12 PM 208-217_CH21.indd 209 3/30/10 2:09:15 PM Unit Background Historical, Social, and Cultural Background Church leaders who lived and died in the 100s and 200s recognized the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John as the full collection of Jesus’ life. Tertullian (died 220), Irenaeus (died 202), and Clement (died about 220) often quoted from them in their writings. Justin, writing in 145, referred to the four gospels as a well-known and valid set of sacred records of the life of Jesus. In his Memoir of the Apostles, Justin relied only upon the four canonical gospels. Irenaeus argued explicitly, “it is not possible that the Gospels be either more or fewer than they are. He called the four gospels “the four pillars” of the church. Many scholars believe that the Gospel of Mark was written between the years 66 and 70, after the persecution of Christians by the Emperor Nero. Many scholars believe the Gospel of Matthew was written around the years 70–90, perhaps in Antioch of Syria, and was based on the Gospel of Mark. However, a number of scholars still hold with the ancient tradition that Matthew was, literally, “the first gospel,” and thus was written earlier. The name of Matthew, after the apostle Matthew, was given to this gospel as early as the 2nd century. Most scholars believe Matthew was written mainly for Jewish Christians. The Gospel of Luke has been attributed to Luke since at least the 2nd century. Many early church fathers (such as Iranaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Tertullian) mention Luke as its author. The Christian community has traditionally credited the apostle John with the authorship of the Gospel of John, as well as the Book of Revelation and three letters. Unit Bibliography 8 208 Unit 8 The Four Gospels 208-209_UnitEight.indd 208 8/24/10 2:11:07 PM Unit Introduction GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS In Unit 8, students read the narratives of Jesus from four of his followers—Mark, Matthew, Luke, and John. Readers of the four gospels often feel the content of each book is quite similar. While this is somewhat true, a closer examination of the gospels reveals the four books are written to different audiences for different purposes. Even the themes and genre vary. As students explore the gospel authors’ intent and purpose, they gain greater knowledge of the writer and of the people and events in the narrative of Jesus of Nazareth. The Gospel of Mark Themes Audience Literary Devices Key Events Key Characters FPO Earlier in their textbook, students were introduced to the gospel writers, their audiences, purposes, and themes. In the chapters of this unit, students will examine the individual gospels. Unlike the graphic organizers in other units, student will use the same type of graphic organizer to analyze each gospel. In Graphic Organizers 21–24, Content Analysis Charts, students will record the gospels’ audience, themes, key events, and characters. They will also explore and identify literary devices or elements, including various genres, found in the four gospels. Graphic Organizers 21–24 This unit offers a unique opportunity to use the graphic organizers in a culminating activity. Due to the unique genre of the gospels and due to the structure of Graphic Organizers 21–24, you may ask students to write a unit summary statement or to compare and contrast the four gospels. UNIT ACTIVITIES Unit Project Activities Unit Writing Activity The Golden Rule Ad Campaign Construct an ad campaign for the Golden Rule, attempting to convince others to live by that rule. Select a format, such as signs, posters, webpage or other use of technology, to convey your message. Choose a format for your finished product that will best illustrate the message of your campaign. Blogging the Book of Mark Take the Gospel of Mark into the 21st century by retelling the Book of Mark through a blog. Create a cast of at least five bloggers based on the people within the gospel. Have them report sightings of the events in Mark from their perspective, writing in the first person. Unit Writing Activity 8 Songs with Mood and Tone Review the songs of Zechariah and Mary in the first chapter of Luke. Select a character from the Book of Luke. Identify the mood and tone of the character. Write lyrics for a song that would be appropriate for that character to proclaim. Use a format similar to Zechariah and Mary’s, which conveys the character’s mood and tone. Seven Signs See the table on page 235 to help you select one of the seven signs in the Gospel of John. Read the passage. Make an artistic image based on an idea or thought you had while reading that connects to one of the seven signs. You can create a drawing, three-dimensional piece, photo, or poem. Share your work and explain in an oral presentation the sign’s connection to your art. Unit Project Activities 8 209 208-209_UnitEight.indd 209 8/24/10 2:11:23 PM Unit 8 The Four Gospels Big Idea Chapter Chapter 21 Mark The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John are narratives of Jesus’ life and teachings. Learning Objectives ■ ■ ■ Chapter 22 Matthew ■ ■ ■ Chapter 23 Unit 8 Luke ■ ■ ■ Chapter 24 John ■ ■ ■ Pacing Guides Vocabulary People & Places Resources Identify the main themes, first audience, and key events and people of the Gospel of Mark Learn about the unique characteristics of Mark’s gospel Discover some examples of the influence of the Gospel of Mark on Western culture pericopes exorcism blasphemy disciples nature miracle intercalation Mark (John Mark) Jesus John the Baptist Jairus King Herod Peter James John Judas Pontius Pilate Barabbas Simon Cyrene Joseph of Arimathea Jordan River Jerusalem Mount of Olives Garden of Gethsemane CD Graphic Organizer 21 People of INFLUENCE 21 Places of INFLUENCE 21 Chapter 21 Test Unit Project Activities 8 Unit Writing Activity 8 Assessment BLM Assessment Online Identify the main themes, first audience, and key events and people of the Gospel of Matthew Learn how the Gospel of Matthew draws on the Hebrew Scriptures Discover some ways in which the Gospel of Matthew has influenced Western culture typology infancy narrative fulfillment citation virgin birth Jesus Mary Joseph magi (wise men) King Herod Simon Peter Nazareth Galilee Caesarea Philippi CD Graphic Organizer 22 People of INFLUENCE 22 Places of INFLUENCE 22 Chapter 22 Test Unit Project Activities 8 Unit Writing Activity 8 Assessment BLM Assessment Online Jesus Luke Mary Theophilus John the Baptist Zechariah Elizabeth Emperor Augustus Quirinius Simeon Anna Mary Magdalene Joanna Martha Mary Bethlehem Jerusalem Emmaus CD Graphic Organizer 23 People of INFLUENCE 23 Places of INFLUENCE 23 Chapter 23 Test Unit Project Activities 8 Unit Writing Activity 8 Assessment BLM Assessment Online John, son of Zebedee Jesus James Mary Lazarus Nicodemus Samaritan woman Peter Holy Spirit God the Father Mary Magdalene Thomas Galilee Jerusalem Nicea Cana CD Graphic Organizer 24 People of INFLUENCE 24 Places of INFLUENCE 24 Chapter 24 Test Unit Project Activities 8 Unit Writing Activity 8 Assessment BLM Assessment Online Identify the main themes, first audience, and key events and people of the Gospel of Luke Describe the ways in which the Gospel of Luke extends Jesus’ message beyond the Christian community Discuss some ways the Gospel of Luke has influenced Western culture Identify the main themes, first audience, and key events and people of the Gospel of John Describe ways in which the Gospel of John is a unique gospel Name some examples of how the Gospel of John has influenced Western culture signs creed glory Suggested Daily Lesson Plans 209A Unit 8 The Four Gospels 208-209_UnitEight.indd 210 8/24/10 2:11:59 PM Unit Planner Literary Terms audience, characters, compare and contrast, events, writer’s purpose, theme CROSS-CURRICULAR CONNECTIONS Literature / Language Social Studies The Arts Literature p. 211 The Iliad and The Odyssey p. 216 Countee Cullen, “Simon the Cyrenian Speaks” p. 217 Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea Literary Expressions p. 212 a house divided will not stand p. 214 widow’s mite World History p. 216 Crucifixion in the ancient world Fine Art p. 210 Eadfrith of Lindisfarne, Lindisfarne Gospels, image of Mark p. 211 Joachim Patenier, Baptism of Christ p. 213 James Jacques Joseph Tissot, “The Swine Driven Into the Sea” in The Life of Christ p. 214 Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper p. 215 Paul Gauguin, The Yellow Christ Drama p. 215 Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice, Jesus Christ Superstar Literature p. 219 T. S. Eliot, “The Journey of the Magi” p. 222 Shakespeare, Twelfth Night Literary Elements p. 223 structure of the Lord’s Prayer Literary Expressions p. 224 turn the other cheek p. 224 salt of the earth p. 224 give the shirt off your back p. 224 go the extra mile p. 224 cast your pearls before swine World History p. 225 David Livingstone American History p. 221 John Winthrop p. 221 Ronald Reagan Fine Art p. 218 Tree of Jesse window in Chartres Cathedral p. 220 Bartolo di Fredi, Adoration of the Magi p. 220 Fra Angelico, The Sermon on the Mount p. 222 Rembrandt, St. Matthew and the Angel p. 225 Portrait of Dr. David Livingstone Literary Elements p. 230 literary features of the Gospel of Luke p. 233 parables Literary Expressions p. 230 good Samaritan p. 230 prodigal son World History p. 229 Emperor Augustus p. 231 Women in the Roman Empire Fine Art p. 226 Rogier van der Weyden, St. Luke Painting the Virgin p. 228 Fra Angelico, The Annunciation p. 229 Georges de La Tour, Adoration of the Shepherds p. 231 Jan Vermeer, Christ in the House of Martha and Mary p. 232 Titian, The Resurrection of Christ p. 232 Rembrandt, The Supper at Emmaus Music p. 229 Johann Sebastian Bach, Magnificat Drama p. 227 Shepherds’ plays (Las Pastorelas) Literary Expressions p. 241 a doubting Thomas World History p. 235 Council of Nicea p. 238 Mother Teresa of Calcutta Fine Art p. 234 The Gospels of Mac Regol p. 235 Paolo Veronese, The Marriage Feast at Cana p. 236 Horace Pippin, Women of Samaria p. 240 Titian, Noli Me Tangere p. 243 Rembrandt, The Return of the Prodigal Son Music p. 240 Joseph Haydn, Seven Last Words of the Redeemer on the Cross Film p. 239 The Matrix Social Studies The Arts UNIT PROJECTS Literature / Language The Golden Rule Ad Campaign, variety of formats Blogging the Book of Mark, blog entries Songs with Mood and Tone, song lyrics Seven Signs, art 209B 208-209_UnitEight.indd 211 8/24/10 2:12:59 PM