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Assignment 5: Compare and Contrast Paper By Natasha Climens CSC 200 Section 90 Theories of Learning Norfolk State University September 28, 2014 1 Assignment 5: Compare and Contrast Paper Introduction Learning Theories are conceptual frameworks that described how information is observed, processed, and retained during learning. Two of the main learning theories is behaviorism and cognitivism. Behaviorism was introduced by John B. Watson in 1913. Behaviorist learning theories emphasize changes in behavior that result from stimulus-response associations made by the learner (Standridge, 2002). Behaviorist believe that all behaviors are learned through conditioning. An individual selects one response instead of another because of prior conditioning and psychological drives existing at the moment of the action (Parkay & Hass, 2000). Cognitivism began in the mid 1950’s in response to behaviorism. Cognitivism refers to the study of the mind and how it obtains, processes, and stores information (Stavredes, 2011). Social cognitive and operant conditioning theories are used in classroom management by educators in order to improve student’s behavior and to improve academic performance. Social Cognitive Theory was developed by Albert Bandura in 1974. Social Cognitive Theory is the view that people learn by watching others. Individuals learn by observation, imitation, and modeling. Operant conditioning was created by Burrhus F. Skinner. Skinners theory of operant conditioning was based on the work of Thorndike (McLeod, 2007). Skinner believed that thorough operant conditioning an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Skinner proposed that our differences in our learning experiences are the main reason our individual differences in our behavior (Sincero, 2012). The objective of this 2 paper is to compare and contrast the learning theories operant conditioning and social cognitive theory and the effects it has on classroom management and student’s behavior. Assumptions of Social Cognitive Theory The research and scholarly work conducted by Bandura and colleagues set the occasion for the social cognitive perspective of learning (Bandura, 1986). Bandura’s theory seemed to challenge the possibility that all behavior could be accounted for by respondent and operant processes alone. The social cognitive perspective concentrated more on both modeling and cognition, and their role in understanding behavior. Behavior analysts have continued to contend that observational learning can be explained through processes of generalized imitation, conditioned reinforcement, and rule-governed behavior (e.g., Catania, 2007; Pear, 2001; Pierce & Cheney, 2008). Social Cognitive Theory integrates a large number of discrete ideas, concepts, and sub-processes into an overall framework for understanding human functioning (Denler, Wolters, & Benzon, 2014). Bandura’s five central concepts are (1) observational learning/modeling, (2) outcome expectations, (3) perceived self-efficiency, (4) goal setting, and (5) self-regulation. Assumption of Operant Conditioning Theory Skinner introduced operant condition theory based on Edward Thorndike’s research of classical conditioning. Operant Conditioning is a method of learning that takes place through rewarding or punishing a certain behavior. Through this method an association is made between a behavior and the consequence. The components of operant conditioning are 3 reinforcement and punishment. Skinner identified three types of responses that can monitor behavior, (1) neutral operants, (2) Reinforcers, and (3) punishers (Pappass, 2014). Neutral operants are responses from the environment that do not increase the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforcers are responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated and can also be either positive or negative. Punishers are responses from the environment that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Comparison Operant conditioning and social cognitive theories believe that the environment of the student affects the performance of the students (Sitwe, 2010). Operant and social cognitive theories also strive to improve the teaching and learning process. Both theories provide instructional ideas with strategies and techniques for aiding learning (Ertmer & Newby, 1993). Contrast There are differences between social cognitive theory and operant conditioning. Social cognitive theory proved that behavior is learned through observing other’s behaviors and modeling the appropriate behavior. While operant conditioning focuses on learning methods that rewards and punishes an individual for a behavior. Skinner believed the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences (McLeod, 2014). Whereas, Bandura believed that people are “computer processors” and think about the relationship between their behavior and its consequences (McLeod, 2011). Skinner’s theory indicated that a behavior can be changed by the use of positive and negative reinforcement. 4 Bandura’s theory is based on modeling in which a person learns through observation rather than through directly responding and being reinforced for that response. The Effects of Behavior and Classroom Management Social cognitive theory provides a foundation for classroom interventions designed to improve students learning (Denler, Wolters, & Benzon, 2014). Bandura’s theory provides students with models of knowledge, skills, and behaviors they are expected to learn (Denler, Wolters, & Benzon, 2014). This theory encourages educators to provide students with multiple types of models, a period to perform the observed behavior, reflection period to assist in retention, and motivation. Using behaviorist techniques in the classroom have improved classroom management and the student’s behaviors. Behaviorist techniques have long been employed in education to promote behavior that is desirable and discourage behavior that is not. Operant conditioning theory introduced methods for practical classroom application such as contracts, consequences, reinforcement, extinction, and behavior modification (Standridge, 2002). Behaviorist promote positive behavior by providing compliments, encouragement, and praising student’s abilities. Conclusion Learning theories are essential for effective teaching in that they shed light on different aspects of the learning process (Yilmaz, 2011). Operant conditioning and social cognitive theories improve the teaching and learning process. Individually each theory provides education systems 5 with different teaching methods to improve the quality of education that appeals to the way children learn. Skinner and Bandura assisted teachers with managing classrooms and improving children’s behavior. 6 References Denler, H., Wolters, C., & Benzon, M (2014). Social Cognitive Theory. Retrieved September 25, 2014, from http://www.education.com/reference/article/social-cognitive-theory/ Ertmer, P. & Newby, T. (1993). Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism: Comparing Critical Features From an Instructional Design Perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 6(4): 50-72. McLeod, S. A. (2011). Bandura - Social Learning Theory. Retrieved September 25, 2014, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html McLeod, S. A. (2007). Skinner - Operant Conditioning. Retrieved September 25, 2014, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html Pappass, C. (2014). Instructional Design Models and Theories: Operant Conditioning Theory. Retrieved September 25, 2014, from http://elearningindustry.com/operant-conditioning-theory Parkay, F.W. & Hass, G. (2000). Curriculum Planning (7th Ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Standridge, M. (2002). Behaviorism. In M. Orey (Ed.), Emerging perspectives on learning, teaching, and technology. Retrieved September 25, 2014, from http://epltt.coe.uga.edu/ Stavredes, T. (2011). Effective online teaching: Foundations and strategies for student success. University of Illinois, College of Education Online Web Site. Retrieved September 25, 2014, from http://learn.education.illinois.edu/file.php/1647/LearningTheory-Jossey-Bass.pdf Sincero, S.M (2012). Behaviourist Theories of Personality. Explorable Psychology Experiments. Retrieved September 26, 2014, from http://explorable.com/social-cognitive-theories-of-personality Swite (2010). Compare and Contrast Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory with Piaget’s Cognitive Theory. Sitwe. Retrieved September 26, 2014, from http://sitewe.wordpress.com Yilmaz, K. (2011). The Cognitive Perspective on Learning: Its Theoretical Underpinnings and Implications for Classroom Practices. Clearing House, 84(5), 204-212. doi:10.1080/00098655.2011.568989