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Download Horticulture I- Unit B 4.00 Growth and Development
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LANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 4.00: Examine Factors relating to plant growth and development. 4.01: Explain the growth process of plants. Processes of plant growth •___________________________ •___________________________ •___________________________ •___________________________ •___________________________ •___________________________ Photosynthesis •The food and manufacturing process in ____________________________ that combines _________________________ and _____________ in the presence of ____________ to make ___________________ and ___________________. –Formula: __________+__________+672Kcal ____________+__________ Respiration •The process through which plant leaves, stems and roots consume _____________ and give off _______________________________. •Plants produce much more ________________ through __________________ than they use through respiration. Absorption •The process by which plant _________________ take in ___________ and _____________ Transpiration •The process by which plants ___________________ from leaves and stems through _________________________ Translocation •The process by which _________________________________ are moved within a plant from one plant part to another Reproduction •The plant process that increases plant numbers –_________________________________ Stages of Plant Growth •Juvenile-________________________________________________________ •Reproductive-____________________________________________________ •Dormant-________________________________________________________ Plant Cells •__________________________________________________________ •A ___________________ and a mass of ____________________ contained within a ____________________________________________ Parts of a Plant Cell •Nucleus –location of plant’s __________________ and ________________ make-up •Protoplasm –the __________________________ of the cell •Plasma Membrane –surrounds _______________________ and allows for exchange of __________________________________________________ into and out of cell •Cell Wall –____________________________________________ for the cell and thus the whole plant •Other Structures –______________________________ –______________________________ –______________________________ –______________________________ Plant tissue •A group of _________________________________________________ •Classified according to _______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ •Structure of permanent tissue –simple-_____________________________________ –complex-____________________________________ Tissue origin and function •___________________________________-near tip of stems and roots where cell division and enlargement occur •___________________________________-increase growth in diameter of stems Types of Tissues •__________________________-one-cell thick, outer layer, protects and prevents water loss •___________________________-have thickened cell walls and contain fibers to give strength and support to plant structures •___________________________-have thick cell walls that strengthen and support plant structures •___________________________-fleshy part of plant that stores water and nutrients Phases of the asexual cycle •Vegetative-________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ –________________________________-stage when cells enlarge –________________________________-stage when cells specialize •Reproductive or flowering-_____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Effects of Light, Moisture, Temperature and Nutrients on Plants Light •____________________________________-response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles •Necessary because of __________________________________ •Not enough light causes _________________________________ _____________________________________________________ •Too much light will cause ________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Moisture •Needed in large amounts because plant tissues are ___________ _____________________________________________________ •Not enough water causes ________________________________ _____________________________________________________ •Too much water causes small ____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________ Temperature •Needs vary depending on type of plants •______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ Nutrients •Essential for __________________________________________ •Has little effect on ______________________________________ Combining growth factors •Ideal quantities and quality will give _____________________________ __________________________________________________________ •Each has an effect on the other factors •Unfavorable environmental conditions for plant growth __________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Hardiness Zones Plants are categorized by zones based on the average ___________________ temperature. North Carolina is zones ___________ to __________ Charlotte is zone ____________________ PLANT PROPAGATION 4.02: Use sexual and asexual methods of propagation Propagation •______________________________________________________________________ •______________________________________________________________________ Sexual Propagation •Propagation from ____________________________ •_______________ is transferred from the _________________ to the ______________ •___________________ occurs and ________________ are produced. Germination Rates •______________________________________________________________________ –_______________________________ •Rate is affected by ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________. •Rates vary depending on plant and _________________________________________ Seeds •Plant depth depends on the ________________________________________ –larger seeds are planted ________________________ –water small seeds from ____________________________________________ Seedlings (small plants) •Transplant when ________________________________________________________ •Reduce _________________________ and _____________________ and make environment more like outside to ___________________________________plants Advantages of Sexual Reproduction •____________________________________________________________________ •____________________________________________________________________ •____________________________________________________________________ Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction •____________________________________________________________________ •____________________________________________________________________ Asexual Reproduction •Uses growing plant parts other than seeds •Types of asexual reproduction: –________________________________________________ –________________________________________________ –________________________________________________ –________________________________________________ –________________________________________________ –________________________________________________ Rooting from Cuttings •Rooting media should be about ____________________________________________ •Best time of day is _______________________________________ because plants have more _________________________________ •Types of cuttings: –________________________________________________ –________________________________________________ –________________________________________________ Stem Cuttings •Using a small piece of ____________________________________________________ •______________________________________________________________________ Stem Cuttings-Step 1 _____________________________________________________________________________ Stem Cuttings-Step 2 _____________________________________________________________________________ Stem Cuttings-Step 3 _____________________________________________________________________________ Stem Cuttings-Step 4 _____________________________________________________________________________ Stem Cuttings-Step 5 _____________________________________________________________________________ Stem Cuttings-Step 6 _____________________________________________________________________________ Stem Cuttings-Step 7 _____________________________________________________________________________ Stem Cuttings-Step 8 _____________________________________________________________________________ Leaf cuttings •Using small pieces of leaves to reproduce new plants Root Cuttings •Using small pieces of roots to reproduce plants •should be _________________________________________________ in rooting area Layering •______________________________________________________________________ –___________________________________________ –___________________________________________ Division or Separation •______________________________________________________________________ –_______________________________________ –_______________________________________ –_______________________________________ –_______________________________________ –_______________________________________ –_______________________________________ –_______________________________________ Grafting •Joining separate plant parts together so that they form a _________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Grafting Terms •___________________-the piece of plant at the top of the graft •___________________________-the piece of the plant at the root or bottom of the graft Methods of Grafting •If the scion and rootstock are the same size –__________________________ –__________________________ –__________________________ –__________________________ •If the scion is smaller than the rootstock –__________________________ –__________________________ –__________________________ –__________________________ Budding •A form of grafting when a bud is used –______________________________________ –______________________________________ –______________________________________ Tissue Culture •Using a small amount of ________________________________________ to grow in a __________________________________________________________ •The most plants in a short time •_________________________________________________________ Notes on Asexual Production •______________________________________________________________________ •______________________________________________________________________ •In trench layering, a plant forms at __________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ •Some plants do not _____________________________________________________ •___________________________ are the same as the __________________________ _______________________________________________________ Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction •Some require __________________________________________________________ •Cuttings detach plant parts from ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ •Some plants are ______________________ making propagation _________________ What is Biotechnology? •The use of _____________________________________________________________ to produce products or processes Methods •Tissue culture or ____________________________________ •__________________________________________________ •__________________________________________________ Tissue Culture •Uses ______________________________________________ in a _______________ ______________________________________________ on ______________________ or other nutrient-growing media to produce ____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Cloning •Genetically generating offspring from ________________________________________ Genetic Engineering •Movement of genetic information in the form of______________________________ from one cell to another cell to modify or change the genetic make-up Benefits of Biotechnology •Produce ______________________________________________________________ •Increase ______________________________________________________________ •Increase ______________________________________________________________ •Increase ______________________________________________________________ •Increase ______________________________________________________________ •Improve ______________________________________________________________ •Increase ______________________________________________________________ •Other genetic changes
