Download Blood Vessels lab

Blood Vessels
VEIN
Tunica externa
ARTERY
Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica media
Tunica interna
Tunica interna
3
Pulmonary Circulation
Two lobar arteries to
left lung
Left Pulmonary
Veins
Pulmonary Trunk
• Pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to each lung
– lobar branches for each lobe (3 right, 2 left)
• Pulmonary veins return to left atrium
– increased O2 and reduced CO2 levels
HUMAN
The vertebral
veins drain
into the
subclavian
veins just
posterior and
lateral to the
internal jugular
veins (see
lateral view)
Right Subclavian
Vein
Right Brachiocephalic Vein
Left Subclavian
Vein
Left Brachiocephalic Vein
Arteries of the head
Veins of the head
Abdominal Arteries
right & left
right & left
Arteries of the Upper Limb
Superficial & Deep Veins of Upper Limb
Common site for
drawing blood
Internal iliac a.
Arteries of
the leg
Superficial and Deep Veins of Lower Limb
Superficial Veins
Fetal Circulation
• During pregnancy, the fetal circulatory system
works differently than after birth: – The fetus is connected by the umbilical cord to the
placenta, the organ that develops and implants in
the mother's uterus during pregnancy.
– Through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord, the
fetus receives all the necessary nutrition, oxygen,
and life support from the mother through the
placenta.
– Waste products and carbon dioxide from the fetus
are sent back through the umbilical cord and
placenta to the mother's circulation to be eliminated.
Fetal Circulation
• Blood from the mother enters the fetus
through the umbilical vein in the umbilical
cord (this vein carries oxygenated blood &
nutrients).
• The umbilical vein enters the inferior vena
cava in the liver
via the ductus
venosus
Fetal Circulation
• Inside the fetal heart:
– Blood enters the right atrium. Most of the blood flows to the
left side through a special fetal opening between the left and
right atria, called the foramen ovale.
– Blood then passes into the left ventricle and then to the aorta.
– From the aorta, blood is sent to the systemic circulation of the
fetus. The blood then returns to the right atrium of the heart
through the superior & inferior vena cava.
– About one-third of the blood entering the right atrium does
not flow through the foramen ovale; but, instead, it stays in
the right side of the heart, eventually flowing into the
pulmonary trunk.
• Blood will once again bypass the pulmonary circulation by
passing from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta via the ductus
arteriosus
Fetal Circulation
• Blood circulation after birth:
– With the first breaths of air the baby takes at birth, the fetal
circulation changes.
– A larger amount of blood is sent to the lungs to pick up
oxygen. • Because the ductus arteriosus (the normal connection
between the aorta and the pulmonary valve) is no
longer needed, it begins to wither and close off.
• The circulation in the lungs increases and more blood
flows into the left atrium of the heart.
• This increased pressure causes the foramen ovale to
close and blood circulates normally.
What is Blood Pressure?
• Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing
against the walls of the arteries from the heart
• Each time the heart beats (about 75 times a
minute at rest), it pumps out blood into the
arteries
• Your blood pressure is at its highest when the
heart contracts.
– This is called systolic pressure
• When the heart is at rest, between beats, your
blood pressure falls.
– This is the diastolic pressure
What is Blood Pressure?
• Blood pressure is always given as two numbers:
the systolic and diastolic pressures
• they are written one above the other, such as
120/80 mmHg.
– The top number is the systolic and the bottom the
diastolic.
• Blood pressure changes during the day. It is
lowest as you sleep and rises when you get up.
It also can rise when you are excited, nervous,
or active. High Blood Pressure
• When the level stays high, 140/90 or
higher, you have high blood pressure
(hypertension)
• With high blood pressure, the heart works
harder, your arteries take a beating, and
your chances of a stroke, heart attack, and
kidney problems are greater.
Measuring Blood Pressure
• sphygmomanometer
– consists of a soft rubber cuff connected to a
rubber bulb that is used to inflate the cuff and
a meter that registers the pressure of the cuff
– blood pressure is
measured in millimeters
of mercury (mm Hg)
because the first
instrument used to
measure it was a
mercury column.
Measuring Blood Pressure
When a
sphygmomanometer is
used, a person sits with
arm (sleeves rolled up),
bent and resting on a
table, so that the arm
is about the same
level as the heart
brachial
This gives a reading that is
similar to the pressure in the
heart
Procedure for Measuring Blood Pressure
• Place a stethoscope over the
brachial artery below the cuff.
• Begin by inflating the cuff
• Once the pressure in the cuff is
above a normal systolic pressure
(~ 140), blood cannot flow below
the cuff.
• You will hear no sound in the
brachial artery when you listen
with the stethoscope.
Procedure for Measuring Blood
Pressure , cont’d
• As you release the pressure valve and slowly
deflate the cuff, blood begins to flow through the
artery.
• When the pressure in the cuff is between the
systolic and diastolic pressure, you can hear a
tapping sound with each pulse.
– The first tapping sound you hear indicates that blood
has entered the artery.
– Record this reading as the systolic pressure.
• The last tapping sound you hear indicates the
diastolic pressure. Record this.
Assessment of pulse
• The pulse is a wave-like
sensation that can be
palpated in a peripheral
artery. It is stretched by
the wave of blood that is
pumped through with
each heartbeat
• an adult's heart
contracts 60 to 100 (avg.
75) times a minute
• In children and newborn
babies, this can be much
faster.
How do you count someone's pulse
rate?
• Rest or support the patient's forearm with the
wrist extended
• Locate the radial artery at the wrist region
• Use your 1st, 2nd, and 3rd fingertips to press
on the radius until you feel a recurrent
pulsation.
• Count the number of pulsations for 60
seconds (you will need a watch or clock with
a second hand)
• Record this value on lab sheet