Download AP Biology Chp 11, 40-42, 44, 45 Homework Chp 40: Basic

AP Biology
Chp 11, 40-42, 44, 45 Homework
Chp 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
1. Describe at least two obstacles and solutions that animals have experienced/developed in their
move onto land and the world of multicellularity in a dry environment.
2. Create a table that categorizes the four main types of tissues, provides examples of each and
describe for each at least one example of how the tissue’s structure relates directly to its function in
an animal.
3. Relate Figures 40.7 & 40.10 to the concepts of ectotherm vs. endotherm & to basal metabolic rate
(BMR) vs. standard metabolic rate (SMR).
4. Describe the difference between positive and negative feedback and their relationship to
homeostasis using examples from animal systems throughout the chapter.
Chp 11: Cell Communication
This chapter is often considered difficult as you have not covered it in your introductory biology course.
Plan on reading this chapter slowly. I would suggest that you read the key concepts in bold first and then
for each concept, look at the headings, then the figures and then read.
1. What is a signal transduction pathway?
2. Explain the difference between intercellular and intracellular communication, making sure to
mention to provide examples of how each is achieved.
3. Define the stages of cell communication: Reception, Transduction, Response
4. Briefly describe the following terms as they relate to cellular communication: paracrine,
synaptic, Ligand gated ion channels, voltage gated ion channels, tyrosine kinase, G-protein,
second messagener
5. Equally important to starting a signal is stopping a signal.
a. Describe at least one mechanism for how a signal is halted.
b. Describe one consequence, using a specific example, of what can occur if either a signal
is not halted or if a starting signal is blocked.
Chp 45: Hormones & the Endocrine System
1. The nervous and endocrine systems work in conjunction to maintain homeostasis with the body.
a. compare and contrast their actions/functions
b. describe their interrelationship – figure 45.2, 45.7, 45.8 & 45.9, 45.13 provide insight
into this.
2. Develop a system to remember all the glands, hormones, functions and targets in table 45.1
(figure 45.6 will provide a visual of the glands as well that you should know!) the reading
provides greater explanation and should be understood!
3. Discuss tropic vs. non-tropic hormones and provide examples of each in y our discussion.
4. Feedback is a major concept of biology and especially prevalent within the endocrine system.
Describe positive vs. negative feedback – which is the most common and why? Explain feedback
using figure 45.11 as a basis of this concept.
Chp 41: Animal Nutrition
1. Compare the 4 types of feeders and 3 main diet types.
2. How does figure 41.3 demonstrate feedback? Is it positive or negative?
3. How do hormones regulate appetite (fig 41. 5)? How may this relate to obesity?
4. a. What are the 6 main nutrient needs of the body (3 are described – what are the other 3) & what
are they used for?
b. What are essential amino acids?
c. Know the importance of vitamins: B1, folic acid, C, A, D
d. Know the importance of minerals: Ca, P, S, K, Fe, I
5. Complete the chart below – use it as a study guide for the process of enzymatic digestion and the
respective enzymes.
6. What are the accessory glands of the digestive system and why are they considered “accessory”
organs? Describe their functions (check out fig. 41.19)
7. Explain the roles of the hormones listed below on digestive activity – note whether each are a case
of stimulation or inhibition. Why is this level of control an advantage to the organism? (see fig.
41.22)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Enterogastrone
Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin
8. Compare the digestive tracts of herbivores and carnivores – what adaptations, symbiotic
relationships, etc. account for their
specific types of digestion?
9. Describe two structure function relationships (How the structure facilitates function) of the digestive
systems of animals – ie.
The brush border of small intestine, stomach folds/secretions/smooth
muscle, teeth, etc.
Chp 42: Circulatory & Gas Exchange
1. a. Compare and contrast open and closed circulatory systems. Be certain to focus on advantages of
each.
b. In looking at the various designs of closed circulatory systems shown in Figure 42.4, describe one
advantage and one disadvantage of each.
2. Create a visual to show the path a red blood cell would take through the mammalian circulatory
system starting at the capillaries in the body tissue. (include structures and describe what the RBC is
experiencing at each point that you feel is important to note).
3. Explain the role of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes in maintaining heart rate. (see Figure
42.8)
4. How does the law of continuity relate to the velocity of blood flow and what is the relationship
between blood pressure, velocity and total cross-sectional area? This is a key concept – why would
blood flow slow in a capillary just when you think it will speed up because the capillary is narrow?
Look at Figure 42.11 for help.
5. How are capillaries able to perform their function of fluid/nutrient exchange (see Fig. 42.14)? How
about O2/CO2 exchange (see figure 42.27)?
6. a. What are the major components of plasma and what are their functions?
b. What are the three cell types in blood and what are their relative amounts and functions?
c. Describe the process of blood clotting.
d. What are pluripotent stem cells and where do they come from? What role does erythropoietin
play?
7.
What is the difference between the LDL’s and HDL’s? How do these relate to cardiovascular
diseases?
8. Compare the methods of breathing – gills, tracheal systems and lungs – what advantages and
limitations do each posses?
9. Using Figures 42.29 - What is the relationship between oxygen releasing from hemoglobin and the
pH of the blood – why does this make it critical that humans maintain pH within a very strict range?
10. How is carbon dioxide transported? Write the equation of respiration that should be ingrained in
your head and relate figure 42.30 to this.
11. How would the concepts of oxygen release and CO2 transport relate to the control of breathing
described in figure 42.26?
Chapter 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion
1. a. Define osmolarity.
b. How does the term hyperosmotic compare to hypertonic?
c. Describe how marine (salt water) fishes’ kidneys and gills work differently from the fresh
water fishes’ kidneys and gills.
2. Why does it work for aquatic animals to excrete ammonia and not for terrestrial animals?
3. Using figures 44.9, 44.13 - 44.14 to fill in the following table
Excretory system
functions
Definition
Where is the location of this
process within the body
(Figs 44.13 & 44.14 may help)
1. filtration
2. reabsorption
3. secretion
4. excretion
You are not responsible for the survey of excretory systems on pages 929-930.
4. (Know the anatomy of fig. 44.13 at all levels. Nothing to answer on paper for this ‘question’ #4)
5. Carefully read pages 933-934 and then sketch (largely) the nephron figure, fig.44.14. At stages 1-5 of
the figure 44.14 write in a few sentences of what is really happening at each of these 5 stages.
6. Now looking at figure 44.15, using what you have just learned in question #5 above: explain, as the
filtrate descends the loop of Henle,
(a.) Why the filtrate becomes more and more concentrated, up to 1200 mosm/L and then
(b.) As the filtrate ascends the loop of Henle why does the filtrate become less and less
concentrated, eventually reaching 100 mosm/L?
(c.) What happens to the filtrate as it descends the collecting duct?
(d.) How does this movement of water and salt from the nephron’s filtrate contribute to
the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis?
7. How does ADH enhance fluid retention in the kidneys?
8. How do the JGA, Renin, Angiotensinogen, Angiotensin II and Aldosterone work to maintain blood
pressure and blood volume? (Mention each of the 5 terms above in your answer.)