Download Chapter 17 Naming and Organizing Plants and Microbes Botanical

Chapter 17 Naming and Organizing Plants and Microbes
Botanical Nomenclature
Nomenclature- the giving and using of names
Historically, there have been two independent kinds of nomenclature.
Through the ages, humans have given organisms common names of local
relevance, which often reflect appearance and usefulness.
“The first step to wisdom is getting things by
their right names.” Chinese proverb
Disadvantages
Scientific names
Scientific names developed during the period from the 13th-18th century.
The process of naming plants varied from botanist to botanist.
Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Luisovalles
The name of a species consisted of a generic name (noun) followed by 1 or more Latin modifiers.
Ex: buttercup (Polynomial system)
Ranunculus calycibus retroflexis, pedunculis falcatis,
caule Erecto, foliis compositis
“the buttercup with bent-back sepals, curved flower stalks,
erect stems and compound leaves.”
Scientific names- (Binomial system)
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1779)
(originally Carl von Linné)
Botanists gradually adopted a set of standardized
procedures for naming plants
Linnaeus published a book called Philosophia Botanica
Carl von Linné, Alexander Roslin, 1775. Currently
owned by and displayed at the Royal Swedish
Academy of Sciences.
Scientific names (Binomial system)
Generic name: Amorphophallus
Species name: titanum
(specific epithet)
Scientific names are generally basedin classical languages such as
Greek or Latin.
Names of Taxa above the Genus Level
Today, we have a set of formalized rules for naming plants.
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
The taxonomic rank can automatically be determined from the name.
Species names
Two-word name consisting of:
1) Generic name
2) Specific epithet
Ex: Zea mays
Generic names
- Generic name (genus name) is treated as a Latin noun
red pine, (Pinus resinosa)
white pine, (Pinus strobus)
Genera may include as few as one species
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
jack pine, (Pinus banksiana)
Specific epithet
Scientific names are often written with their author or authors.
The author(s) are the individual or individuals that have
named the plants.
10 μm
10 μm
CS 416 (Type)
Specific epithet
Nannochloropsis australis
M.W. Fawley, I. Jameson, and K.P. Fawley
Lotus corniculatus L.
Lotus heermannii (Dur. & Hilg.) Greene
Generic name : Lotus
The specific epithet means “bearing a horn-like projection”
The second species was named after A.L. Heerman (Heerman’s lotus)
Lotus corniculatus L.
The author for the specific epithet corniculatus:
Lotus heermannii (Dur. & Hilg.) Greene
The specific epithet was originally named by E.M. Durand and T.C. Hilgard.
Parenthetical authors:
Greene transferred the specific epithet heermannii from the genus Hosackia to the genus Lotus.
Combining author:
CS-759
Plant names also may signify subspecies, varieties or cultivars
The two-part (binomial) scientific name may be followed by a subspecies name.
Subspecies
Zea mays subspecies mays
Zea mays subspecies parviglumis
Scientific names of commercial ornamental or garden plants are often followed by a variety or cultivar name.
Variety
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach#/media/File:
White_nectarine_and_cross_section02_edit.jpg
https://www.facebook.com/peachpickinparadise /
Prunus persica
Prunus persica var. nucipersica (or var. nectarina)
Cultivar
Solanum lycopersicum
Pink Berkley tie-dye
http://www.rareseeds.com/pink-berkeley-tie-dye-tomato/
Hybrid result from crossbreeding between two species or two genera.
Hybrids that maintain characteristics different from their parent and do not
crossbreed with parents are given their own species names.
Ex: orchid hybrid
Laeliocatteya
Named for parent genera - Laelio and Catteya
Solanum lycopersicum
Cherokee purple
http://www.rareseeds.com/cherokee-purple-tomato/
Around the world there are many important plant collections known as
herbaria (sing. herbarium).
Herbaria
Herbarium specimens
-commonly consist of dried plants
-pressed, mounted, and labeled
Resources for identifying plants include identification keys
Professional biologists use dichotomous keys
A dichotomous key uses a series of paired
mutually exclusive statements that divides a
set of objects into progressively smaller
subsets.
Plants and other organisms are classified according to relationships.
-bryophytes
-lycophytes
-ferns
-gymnosperms
-angiosperms
Plants and other organisms are classified according to
relationships.
Fungi, algae, and bacteria
How do we classify all of this diversity?
Theophrastus (371 – 287 BC)
He organized the 500 plants known by the ancient Greeks
into three main categories:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrast
us#/media/File:Teofrasto_Orto_botanic
o_detail.jpg
Plants were then classified into smaller groups based on
the basis of vegetative characteristics (Ex: leaves).
The structure of plant stems, leaves, and roots are often more
strongly influenced by the environment in which it evolved.
Linnaeus advanced the science of classification by using floral
characteristics to organize flowering plants.
Using reproductive characteristics (flowers;
fruits) and molecular evidence
Ex: Difference species of Begonia
Study outline for Chapter 17-Naming and Organizing Plants and Microbes
-Know terms-nomenclature, common name, scientific name
-Understand the disadvantages of common names
-Understand the importance of scientific names (polynomial system) and the Linnaean system (binomial system)
-Understand International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and the concept of taxonomic rank
-Understand the different parts of a species name-generic name, specific epithet, author, parenthetical author,
combining author
-Understand intraspecific taxa; Know terms-subspecies, varieties, cultivar, hybrid
-Know the importance of a herbarium and use of dichotomous keys
-What are some of the characteristics upon which modern plant classification is based?
-Why are reproductive characteristics, such as the structure of the flowers, used more heavily than root, stem, and
leaf anatomy?