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Biomes: biome includes large regions that have similar biotic components, such as similar plants and animals, and similar abiotic components, such as similar temperature and amount of rainfall. living ( biotic ) and nonliving ( abiotic ) Elevation is the height of a land mass above sea level Latitude is the distance measured in degrees north or south from the equator abiotic affects precipitation and temp. Ocean currents affect biomes Climate is the average pattern of weather conditions that occur in a region Climograph : graph of climate used to measure precipitation/ temp usually within 30 years Adaption types: Behaviour ,structural,physiological ecosystem has abiotic components such as oxygen, water, nutrients, light, and soil that interact with biotic components such as plants, animals, and micro organisms. A habitat is the place in which an organism lives species is a group of closely related organisms that can reproduce with one another. population refers to all the members of a particular species within an ecosystem. community is all the populations of the different species that interact in a specific area or ecosystem. These biotic interactions are sometimes ordered in an ecological hierarchy of organism, population, community, and ecosystem. Symbiosis refers to the interaction between members of two different species that live together in a close association. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and another is harmed Niches roles per organisms CHAPTER 2 Biomass refers to the total mass of living plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria in a given area Trees plants etc The flow of energy from an ecosystem to an organism and from one organism to another is called energy flow. Decomposition is the breaking down of organic wastes and dead organisms living organisms such as bacteria to break down dead organic matter is called biodegradation Decomposers change wastes and dead organisms into usable nutrients. tertiary consumers feed on secondary consumers to obtain energy. Detrivores are consumers that obtain their energy and nutrients by eating the bodies of small dead animals, dead plant matter, and animal wastes. There are five chemical elements (also known as chemical nutrients) that limit the amount and types of life possible in an ecosystem: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus Carbonate is a combination of carbon and oxygen (CO 32 ) that is dissolved in ocean water Cellular respiration is the process in which both plants and animals release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere by converting carbohydrates and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water Nitrogen: not works does this to work nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and uptake. Nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere in a process called denitrification. Denitrification in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems involves certain bacteria known as denitrifying bacteria. Forms rocks when in the ocean Eutrophication is the process by which excess nutrients result in increased plant production and decay Geologic uplift refers to the process of mountain building in which Earth’s crust folds, and deeply buried rock layers rise and are exposed Pesticides are chemicals used to eliminate pests, such as insecticides that kill insects and herbicides that kill weeds. Heavy metals are metallic elements with a high density that are toxic to organisms at low concentrations The three most polluting heavy metals are lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg). CH 3 Ecological succession is the term scientists use to refer to changes that take place over time in the types of organisms that live in an area. There are two types of ecological succession: primary succession and secondary succession. Ps no soil bare rocks Ss soil left from debris etc Contamination is the introduction of chemicals, toxins, wastes, or microorganisms into the environment in concentrations that are harmful to living things Invasive species are organisms that can take over the habitat of native species or invade their bodies, thus weakening their immune systems.
