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EARTH SCIENCE
14.04 – Discuss earth science and its relation to the environment
EARTH SCIENCE
• A science that deals with the earth and the area surrounding it
• Areas of Earth Science
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Geology
Hydrology
Oceanography
Meteorology
Astronomy
Seismology
Geophysics
GEOLOGY
• Study of the structure of the solid part of the Earth and how the Earth was
formed.
HYDROLOGY
• Study of water found
in the land areas of
the earth
OCEANOGRAPHY
• Study of water found in the oceans.
METEOROLOGY
• Study of all aspects of the Earth’s atmosphere.
ASTRONOMY
• Study of the universe beyond the Earth
SEISMOLOGY
• Study of seismic waves or movements produced by earthquakes or
explosions
GEOPHYSICS
• Deals with the physics of the Earth.
EARTH SCIENCE
• Importance
• Includes major areas of natural environment
• Includes both materials and natural events
• Natural materials make life, as we know it, possible
EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT
• Evolution
• Process of growth, development,
and change
• Earth in Outer Space
• Outer Space – the boundless
area beyond the Earth
• Universe – Everything that exists.
EARTH SCIENCE
• Standard Cosmological Model
• A theory used by scientists to explain the formation of the universe
• Universe began about 15 billion years ago from a hot dense sea of energy
and matter.
• Living organisms are more recent.
EARTH SCIENCE
• Earth’s Formation
• Formed from cooling of the molten material
• Theory is that all land was once one mass
• Mass split and formed continents.
• Continental Drift Theory
EARTH AS A PLANET
• Solar System
• Made up of the sun and the planets that revolve around it
EARTH AS A PLANET
• Planet Movement
• Rotation
• The spinning of the earth on its
axis; takes 24 hours = one day
• Revolution
• The movement of Earth in space
around the sun; one complete
rotation = one year
• Equinox
• Sun is directly over the
equator
• Solstice
• Earth’s axis tilts at the
greatest angle toward or
away from the sun
• Oval orbit
• Earth’s orbit is oval shaped
EARTH AS A PLANET
• Shape and Size
• Earth is round, but not a perfect sphere
• Larger at the equator than at the poles
EARTH MATERIALS & THE
ENVIRONMENT
• Tectonics
• Study of the earth’s crust and forces that change it
• Lithosphere
• Three layers
• Surface – outer layer is called the crust
• Oceanic crust – crust beneath ocean
• Continental crust – part on land
• Sea level – the point at which the
surface of the water and land
naturally meet
• Mantle
• Located between the crust and the
core
• Core
• Center of the Earth
EARTH MATERIALS
• Hydrosphere
• All the water on the Earth, which includes
liquid, frozen, and gaseous forms
• Hydrologic Cycle
• Circulation of water from one part of the
hydrosphere to another
• Process cleans and restores water for future
use
• Oceans
• All oceans connect to form one global
concern
• Big influence on our environment
• Major roles in climate
• Homes for fish, seaweed, and other aquatic
life
• Action of water changes land areas
EARTH MATERIALS
EARTH MATERIALS
• Hydrosphere
• Rivers and lakes usually contain freshwater
• Ground water
• Water beneath the Earth’s surface
• Formed by rain, melted snow, and other water sources
• Water may form an aquifer
• Underground stream or pool in sand or gravel layers
EARTH MATERIALS
• Atmosphere
• Air that surrounds the Earth
• Contents
• Air
• Mixture of gasses: nitrogen, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, and others
• Other materials
• Water (humidity) and particulate
(particles)
• Four layers
ATMOSPHERE
• Troposphere
• First layer next to the Earth
• Gasses and Weather
• Stratosphere
• Above the troposphere, about 30 miles above the earth
• Contains ozone layer
• Filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun
• Mesosphere
• Third layer extending about 50 miles above the Earth
• Cold layer of atmosphere
• Winds blow west to east in the winter and east to west in the summer
• Thermosphere
• Uppermost layer of the Earth’s atmosphere
• Surface Movement
• Water changes the Earth’s surface
• Weathering
EARTH MOVEMENT
• Chemical and physical process that changes solid rock into small particles
• Glacial action
• Masses of snow and ice that move slowly over the land
• Wind
• Natural horizontal air movement
EARTH MOVEMENT
• Internal Movements
• Plate tectonics
• Plates on the Earth’s surface that
move
• Earthquakes
• Shaking of the round caused by
movement in large sections of the
Earth’s crust
• Volcanoes
• Opening in the Earth through which
ashes, steam, and lava are expelled
• Tsunamis
• A large wave of water caused by an
earthquake or volcanic eruption
near the water.
EARTH MOVEMENT
• Atmospheric Movement
• Planetary Winds
• Air movements that affect the entire planet
• Local winds
• Winds that are confined to a local area; sea and land breezes.
USING CARTOGRAPHY
• Act of map making
• Map
• An image of some type that
represents an attribute of the Earth
• Types of Maps
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Globe
Projection
Bathymetry
Topography
Thematic
Inventory
Navigation
CARTOGRAPHY MAPS
• Globe
• A round map
• Projection
• Represents round earth’s features on a
flat map
• Bathymetry
• Shows measurements of water depth
in large bodies of water
CARTOGRAPHY MAPS
• Topography
• Shows elevations of the land areas of the Earth
• Thematic
• Shows specific features of the Earth, such as areas of forest or human population
• Inventory
• Deals with a specific feature and its exact location
• Navigation
• Shows the routes to take from one location to another.
CARTOGRAPHY
• Remote Sensing and Other Systems
• Gathering and recording information from a distance
• Satellites are used to gather information
• GPS
• Global Positioning System
• Uses satellites to accurately locate positions on the Earth
• Aerial photos are also used to record information
• Onboard mapping systems in motor vehicles utilize GPS and satellites to
establish locations.