Download Fungi are part ofаа nature`s recycling system.ааThey break down

Fungi
Fungi are part of nature’s recycling system. They break down organic compounds. Fungi are used in wine, beer, cheese, bread, penicillin, antibiotics, softdrinks etc.
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Fungi are quite different than plants:
­Fungi are not anchored to the ground. ­They do not perform photosynthesis. ­They reproduce by spores and not seeds. ­Their cell walls are made up of Chitin, not cellulose. ­They can reproduce both sexually and asexually. 2
They thrive in dark, warm and rich (lots of organic matter) areas. They break down food before absorbing the nutrients in the mycelium (a mesh of threads called a hypha)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_rprVa­RY4
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Mycelia live for many years and may produce many mushrooms. They may grow as a "fairy ring" as the mycelia spreads out.
The fruiting body consists of a stalk and a cap. The structure is made of tightly packed hyphae. Beneath the cap are vertical tissues called gills. Basidiospores are formed on the gills.
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Asexual Reproduction
Spores are produced in specialized structures called the sporagia. Spores have a haploid chromosome number (half of the complete set). Spores will germinate into new hyphae (singular of hypha). Fragmentation is another example in which a piece is broken off and grows. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuKjBIBBAL8&feature=channel
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There a quite a few phyla under the kingdom Fungi, but we will only breifly look at 4:
­Zygomycetes (Common Molds)
­Ascomycota (Sac Fungi
­Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)
­Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi)
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Common Molds (Phyla Zygomycetes)
ØSpores are all around you.
ØLand on food such as bread and give rise to new hyphae.
ØThe speed of growth depends on temperature,
humidity, and whether preservatives are present.
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The hypha produces three structures.
v The hypha spreads horizontally over the
surface.
v At regular intervals, the rhizoids go further
into the ground/food.
v The vertical sporangium releases the spores.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXwLddA4Ctw&feature=related
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Sac Fungi (Ascomycetes)
­ Sexual spores called Ascospores are formed within a sac­like structure, the ascus.
­ Examples of this phylum are yeasts, truffles and mildews.
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Club Fungi (Basidiomycetes)
­The spores are called basiodiospores.
­Examples of this phylum are the puffballs, mushrooms and bracket/shelf fungi.
Mushrooms are short­lived fruiting bodies whose sole purpose is the production and spread of spores. Most of life is spent as the mycelium.
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Imperfect Fungi (Deuteromycetes)
Includes all the fungi, which lack sexual reproduction, thus not placed in the other groups. Classed on the basis of the asexual spores they produce.
Most significant is Penicillium notatum can be green or blue molds and are very good at killing bacteria.
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Human Skin diseases
Dead skin cells are continuously being sloughed off our bodies. They are rich in keratin. These fungi can out compete harmless bacteria that feed on the keratin. Their hypha aggressively grows into the dead cells.
­Athlete's foot invades outer layer and flourishes in warm, moist conditions. Easily passed between people.
­Ringworm is a ring­like shape caused by a fungus.
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Mutualistic Relationships
Two or more organism that benefit from each other.
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Lichens
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Lichens are made up of algae inside of a fungal host
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mycorrhizae
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Mycorrhiza are fungi that develop a mutualistic relationship with plants, the fungi help get nutrients from the soil and the plants give the fungi food or energy
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Kingdom Plantae
What is a plant?
What does it need to survive?
How does it get energy?
Where does it get its nutrients?
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A plant is a multicellular organism that has cell walls made out of cellulose. It is an autotrophic organism that uses chlorophyll a and b to absorb the energy in sunlight
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Of the kingdom plantae there are 4 main phyla that we are going to look at
­Bryophyta (mosses)
­Pterophyta (ferns)
­Coniferophyta (gymnosperms)
­Anthophyta (angiosperms) 21
The four groups are based on three important features: 1. water­conducting tissues
2. seeds
3. flowers
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Bryophyta The bryophytes are the mosses.
They are the simplest form of land plants.
They depend on water for reproduction.
Have no vascular tissue, so they can only move water by osmosis.
Bryophytes have 3 groups: mosses, liverworts and hornworts.
Can tolerate very low temperatures so they are very abundant in wet cold places.
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Bryophytes
Bryophytes are good at living in low temperatures/low nutrient soils
Sphagnum sp
The sporophyte is diploid whereas
the gametophyte is haploid.
Why are these plants so short?
Do they need water to reproduce?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBPLKUTtXBM&feature=fvsr
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Bryophytes
Rhizoids are long, thin cells that absorb water and minerals from the surrounding soil.
Sporophyte is the diploid part of the plant that is responsible for producing and releasing spores.
Gametophyte are the main part of the moss, produced from growing spores.
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Bryophytes
Very dependant on water, no vascular system and use spores to reproduce.
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Pterophyta Have vascular tissue, but still reproduce using spores and not seeds
What is vascular tissue?
Dominant stage of the plant is a sporophyte
Members are the horsetails, ferns, club mosses
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Vascular Tissue
Vascular tissue is specialized to conduct water and nutrients throughout a plant Pterophytes use a special type of cell called a tracheid to conduct water.
These cells are key to 2 important systems;
the xylem­ carries water upward from
the roots, through a series of narrow pores
the phloem­transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates from photosynthesis.
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Rhizome is a creeping underground
stem that can produce more fronds
Root is responsible for
gathering nutrients and water
Frond is photosynthetic
Veins are xylem and phloem
Stem supports the leaves and
shuttles nutrients.
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Ferns hold their spores on the underside of their fronds grouped into clusters called Sori
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Seeds vs spores
Spores require water to fertilize, seeds do not
The evolution of the seed allowed plants to move into dry environments.
Seed plants are divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Both developed adaptations that allowed them to reproduce without water.
Adaptations include pollination, seed cones or flowers as well as protection of embryo in seed.
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Seeds In seed plants the gametophyte is reduced to the pollen grain. The seed itself is an embryo of a plant encased in food an a protective covering called the seed coat which keeps the embryo moist and isolated.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iv5JjH4kD1k
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Gymnosperms
The first phyla of plants to have both vascular tissue and seeds
Comprised of 4 main phyla
Gnetophyta­ desert plants
Cycadophyta­tropical plant with huge cones
Ginkophya­ 1 species left, one of oldest
Coniferophyta­ Most common
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Gnetophyta
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Cycadophyta
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Ginkophyta
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Gymnosperms & Coniferophyta
The conifers thrive in a wide variety of habitats and can be the the longest living organisms on the planet
They developed fine thin needles for leaves to preserve water, this works well with the waxy cuticle layer that covers these leaves.
Gymnosperms reproduce by using pollination inside cones, which grows into an embryo when fertilized. At this point a seed forms.
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Before class think about how comfortable you are with the following:
­Gametophyte
­Sporophyte
­Rhizoid vs Rhizome
­The 4 Main phyla we're looking at
­Bryophytes
­Pterophytes
­The 4 phyla of gymnosperms
­Vascular system
­Reproductive system
­Sori
­Seeds vs spores
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Gymnosperms
Pollen cone (male cone)
­ produces male gametophytes which are called pollen grains
­ one of the haploid nuclei in the pollen grain will divide to produce two sperm nuclei
Seed cone (female cone) ­ produces female gametophytes and are
generally larger than the pollen cones.
­ near the base of each scale are two ovules
in which the female gametophytes develop
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If a pollen grain lands near an ovule, it splits open and begins to grow a structure called a pollen tube which contains two haploid sperm cells. Once the pollen tube reaches the female gametophyte, one sperm nucleus disintegrates and the other fertilizes the egg contained within the female gametophyte.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9byVQxvMXs
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Angiosperms
These are the flowering plants
By far the most successful group of plants
on earth.
Instead of using cones, they use flowers
Ovary can develop in many different ways.
Typically form fruit, some are wind dispersed seeds.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ph7Ex8rQ­IA&feature=related
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Angiosperms
Page 555
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Anthophyta
Angiosperms developed unique reproductive organs known as flowers, which are designed to attract animals to transport their pollen.
Once fertilized the ovaries inside the flower develops into fruit,
not only does this protect the seed it can serve as a way to help
spread it to other areas (animal dispersal).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGAeS8JuyBM
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Angiosperms­Flowers
Stamen­ filament holds anther which produced pollen.
Carpel­ female part, receives pollen and funnels it into the ovary.
Sepals ­ outermost circle of flower, looks green and resemble ordinary leaves
Petals ­ attract insects and other pollinators to the flower, usually brightly coloured.
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Monocots and Dicots
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uq5ybc4vts&feature=related
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Types of Angiosperms
Woody plants­ Trees, shrubs and vines are all woody types. They are made mainly of cells with very thick walls.
Herbaceous plants­ Plants with very thin and smooth stems. They do not produce wood as they grow.
Annuals­ Complete a full lifecycle in one growing season.
Perennials­ Live many years.
Biennials­ Complete lifecycle in two years. In the first year they germinate, develop roots, leaves and produce flowers and seeds in the following year.
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Plant Growth Hormones
There are 3 plant growth hormones: cytokinins, auxins and gibberellins. Cytokinins­ Promote cell division laterally, make the plant wider and regulate auxillary bud growth.
Auxins­Promote cell elongation, get stems to grow up and roots to grow down
Gibberellins.­ Make stems, flowers and fruits much larger
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcyKnNMXdCU&feature=fvw
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Transport in plants Transpiration is when water leaves through the stomata. As the leaf loses water, it is replaced by osmosis, which continually draws water into the root. This creates a pressure that pushes water into the stem. Osmosis occurs until water reaches the xylem. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=At1BJJDcXhk&feature=related
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Translocation is the movement of foods produced by photosynthesis through phloem tissue.
Tropism is the growth or movement of plants toward or away from stimuli. If the response is towards the stimuli, it is positive tropism. Away would be negative. Examples include light, gravity, touch etc. 51
Homework
Questions 1­5 Page 555
Questions 1­5 Page 559
Questions 1­5 Page 563
Questions 1­4 Page 568
Questions 1­5 Page 572
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Roots anchor the plants and play a role in food storage, absorbing water and minerals. Taproots are found in dandelions, carrots and pine trees. They grow downward. Fibrous roots spread out horizontally, and do not go down as far as taproots.
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