Download Classification Systems

Classification Systems
Classification is just a fancy word for
organization.
So this chapter is equivalent to Biology
cleaning its room!
A Vast Science
• Biology, the study of life, is no simple
science.
• Scientists have currently identified more
than 2.5 million DIFFERENT kinds of
organisms
• Another 20 million are estimated to
actually exist, despite not being identified
as of yet
• So how do we organize such a vast
number of organisms?
Logical Order
• To work with the diversity of life, we need
a system of biological classification that
names and orders organisms in a logical
manner.
– To do so first we must have a system of
naming each individual organism
– Second we have to order the organisms into
groups that have real biological meaning
Carolus Linnaeus
• Swedish Botanist named Carolus Linnaeus
• Linnaeus used a similar system to categorize
plants that he worked with
• This system uses 2 names to identify each
organism so it is called Binomial Nomenclature
– Ie: Homo sapien
•
It also uses Latin as its base language.
– Latin is a dead language, limiting it’s slang and multimeanings
Carolus Linnaeus
Binomial Nomenclature
• This nomenclature uses descriptive words
to identify each organism
• However, since these words are all in
Latin, often times they appear unfamiliar
– Spilogate putorius is the name for the spotted
skunk and means smelly, spotted weasel.
Binomial Nomenclature
• **Also note: The Genus (first word) is
always capitalized and the species
(second word) is always lower case
• The genus and species also must be
either underlined or written in italics
• (For class, always underline it)
• IE: Ursus arctos
Taxonomy
• There are 7 taxonomic levels of Linnaean
taxonomy:
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species
Taxonomy
• We currently group organisms according
to how closely they are related.
• Originally this was based on how closely
related they looked
• With current technology we can use DNA
relationships to group organisms
– As technology advances so advances our
accuracy considering taxonomic relationships
Taxonomy
6 Kingdoms
• Because they are the largest and broadest
level of classification, there exist only 6
Kingdoms.
• They are:
– Eubacteria
– Archaebacteria
– Protista
– Fungi
– Plantae
– Animalia
Eubacteria
• This Kingdom is made up of all
prokaryotes (NO NUCLEUS)
• The Eubacteria are the more common
bacteria that we know today.
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
• The Kingdom Archaebacteria is also an
entirely prokaryotic kingdom (NO
NUCLEUS)
• It is composed of ancient forms of bacteria
(some that still exist) and extremeophiles
• Extremeophiles are organisms that can
live in extreme environments
• IE:
– Halophiles live in the dead sea and salt flats
– Thermophiles can live in boiling water
Archaebacteria
Protista
• The Kingdom Protista is composed of the
unicellular Eukaryotes.
• The Protists have amazing diversity and
are divided into three subcategories:
– Plant-like Protists
– Animal-like Protists
– Fungus-like Protists
• **These subcategories are not taxonomic because
they are grouped by organism characteristics, not
evolutionary relationship
Protista
Fungi
• This Eukaryotic Kingdom build cell walls
that are not made of cellulose like plants
• Also, these cell walls often do not
completely encircle the fungal cell
– This causes the fungal cells to often times be
multinucleated
• Members of this kingdom are
Heterotrophic (they need to eat to survive)
• Range in size from microscopic to larger
than a basketball
Fungi
Plantae
• Members of this Kingdom are multicellular
Eukaryotes that contain cell walls
• They are all autotrophic (make their own
food)
• Some can also be heterotrophic
Plantae
Animalia
• All members of this kingdom are
heterotrophic Eukaryotes with cell
membranes
• Contains incredible diversity
• All “animals” are classified here
• All are multicellular
Animalia