Download Tooty Fruity – Fruit Types

Tooty Frooty
Fruit Types
What is a Fruit?
• A fruit is a propagative unit developing
from one or more fertilized egg cells
enclosed by integuments and attached
to megasporophylls, or a
megasporophyll-scale complex, in a
strobilus, cone, gynoecium, concrescent
gynoecia, or gynoecia that disseminate
together at the time it or its seed(s) are
dispersed from the plant, or just prior
to germination on the plant, and it may
also include any other attached scales,
bracts, modified branches, perianth, or
inflorescence parts
What is a Fruit?
• A fruit is a ripened or
mature ovary
• Fruits contain seeds
Review of Basic Floral Morphology
• A typical flower has 4
parts
–
–
–
–
Sepals
Petals
Stamens
Pistils
Review of Basic Floral Morphology
• Sepals are the outer
green, leaf-like
structures
– Function to protect the
developing flower bud
• Collectively called the
calyx
Review of Basic Floral Morphology
• Petals are the “pretty”
parts
– They function to attract
pollinators to the flower
• Collectively called the
corolla
Review of Basic Floral Morphology
• Stamens are the “male
reproductive” parts
– They produce pollen,
which contain sperm
• Stamens consist of
– Anthers, where pollen is
produced
– Filaments which support
the anthers
• Collectively called the
androecium
Review of Basic Floral Morphology
• Pistils are the “female”
reproductive parts
• They consist of three
parts
– Stigma
– Style
– Ovary
• Ovaries contain ovules
• Ovules produce eggs
• Collectively called the
gynoecium
Review of Basic Floral Morphology
• All the floral parts sit on
a base called the
receptacle
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• Reproduction in
flowering plants is a 2step process consisting
of
– Pollination
– Fertilization
Pollination
• Pollination is the
transfer of pollen from
the anthers of a flower
to the stigma(s) of
another, compatible
flower
Fertilization
• Fertilization is the
fusion of two gametes
– Eggs produce by ovules
in the ovary
– Sperm produced by the
anthers
• Results in a zygote
Seed & Fruit Development
• The process of
fertilization initiates
both seed and fruit
development
• While seeds are
developing in the
ovules, the ovary tissue
undergoes a series of
changes resulting in the
development of the
fruit
Seed & Fruit Development
• As the ovary develops
into a fruit, its wall
thicken and become
differentiated into 3,
more or less distinct
layers
• These 3 layers, together,
are called the pericarp
• The pericarp surrounds
the developing seed or
seeds
Pericarp Layers
• The 3 fruit layers are
– Exocarp: outermost
layer; consists mostly of
epidermis
– Mesocarp: the middle
layer; varies in thickness
– Endocarp: inner layer;
shows lots of variation
from species to species
Classifying Fruits
• Fruits can be classified
into 3 major groups
– Based on the number of
ovaries and number of
flowers involved in their
formation
• Simple fruits
• Aggregate fruits
• Multiple fruits
Classifying Fruits
• Fourth “kind”
– Accessory fruits
• Fruits that develop from
tissues surrounding the
ovary are called
accessory fruits
Simple Fruits
• Simple fruits develop
from a single matured
ovary in a single flower
Types of Simple Fruits
• Fleshy fruits have
pericarps that are fleshy
at maturity
– Berry: one or more
carpels with one or more
seeds; ovary wall fleshy
– Pepo (accessory fruit): a
berry with a hard rind;
the receptacle partially
or completely encloses
the ovary
Types of Simple Fruits
• Hesperidium: a
specialized berry with a
leathery rind
• Drupe: a stone fruit
derived from a single
carpel and containing
(usually) a single seed;
the exocarp is a thin
skin
Types of Simple Fruits
• Pome (accessory fruit):
derived from several
fused carpels,
receptacle, and outer
part of pericarp; fleshy
inner part of the
pericarp is papery or
cartilaginous and forms
a core
Simple Fruits
• Hip (accessory fruit):
several separate carpels
enclosed within the
fleshy or semi-fleshy
receptacle
Simple Fruits
• Dry fruits have a
pericarp that is dry at
maturity
– Dehiscent fruits: dehisce
or split open at maturity
Simple Fruits
Dry Dehiscent Fruits
• Follicle: composed of
one carpel and
dehiscing along a single
suture
Simple Fruits
Dry Dehiscent Fruits
• Legume: composed of a
single carpel and
dehiscing along 2
sutures
Simple Fruits
Dry Dehiscent Fruits
• Capsule: composed of
several carpels and
dehiscing at maturity in
one of four ways
Simple Fruits
• Types of capsules
– Septicidal: dehiscing along the line of carpel union
– Loculicidal: dehiscing along the middle of each
carpel
– Poricidal: deshiscing by pores at the top of each
carpel
– Circumscissile: dehiscing along a circular,
horizontal line
Septicidal Capsule
• Dehisces along the line
of carpel union
Loculicidal Capsule
• Dehisces along the
middle of each carpel
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leader!
Poricidal Capsule
• Deshisces by pores at the
top of each carpel
Circumscissile Capsule
• Dehisces along a circular,
horizontal line
Simple Fruits
• Silique: composed of 2
carpels which separate
at maturity, leaving a
persistent partition
between them
Simple Fruits
• Indehiscent fruits: do not open at maturity
– Achene or akene: one-seeded fruit with the seed
attached to the fruit at one point only
– Caryopsis or grain: one-seeded fruit in which the
seed is firmly attached to the fruit at all possible
points
– Samara: one- or two-seeded fruit with the
pericarp bearing a wing-like outgrowth; a
modified achene
Achene (Akene)
• A one-seeded fruit with the
seed attached to the fruit at
one point only
Caryopsis (Grain)
• A one-seeded fruit in which
the seed is firmly attached
to the fruit at all possible
points
Samara
• A one- or two-seeded fruit
with the pericarp bearing a
wing-like outgrowth; a
modified achene
Simple Fruits
• Schizocarp: two carpels which separate along
the midline at maturity into 2 one-seeded
halves, each of which are indehiscent
• Loment: has several seeds which break into
one-seeded segments at maturity
• Nut: a hard, one-seeded fruit, generally
formed from a compound ovary, with the
pericarp hard throughout
Schizocarp
• Two carpels which
separate along the
midline at maturity into
2 one-seeded halves,
each of which are
indehiscent
Loment
• Fruit with several seeds
which break into oneseeded segments at
maturity
Nut
• A hard, one-seeded
fruit, generally formed
from a compound
ovary, with the pericarp
hard throughout
Aggregate Fruits
• Aggregate fruits consist
of a number of matured
ovaries formed in a
single flower and
arranged over the
surface of a single
receptacle
• Individual ovaries are
called fruitlets
Multiple Fruits
• Multiple fruits
consist of mature
ovaries of several to
many flowers more
or less united into a
mass
• Multiple fruits are
almost always
accessory fruits
Accessory Fruits
• Fruits that develop from tissues surrounding
the ovary are called accessory fruits
• Accessory fruits generally develop from
flowers that have inferior ovaries and the
receptacle or hypanthium becomes part of the
fruit
• Accessory fruits can be simple, aggregate, or
multiple fruits
Accessory Fruits
Fruit Sort