Download Invasive Species PowerPoint

The Alien Invaders
Among Us
Maryland Invasive Species
1
What is an invasive exotic species?
• A native species is one that occurred in North
America prior to European settlement.
• Non-native or exotic species are ones that
have been introduced by people from other
continents or ecosystems—the alien
invaders.
• Invasive exotic species are alien species whose
introduction causes economic or
environmental harm.
2
Why do we care?
• After the loss of habitat, the encroachment of
invasive exotic plants causes the next most harm
to our native species.
• These invasive weeds crowd out native plants.
• Exotic insects kill native trees.
• Our native animals suffer when the native plants
they depend upon are no longer around.
• Healthy ecosystems also help provide clean air
and water for people.
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How do invasive exotic species
take over?
• Lack of natural enemies to control
populations.
• Prolific seeding—dispersed inadvertently by
animals and humans.
• Plants spread by stolons or rhizomes.
• Green out early, shading out natives.
• Some change soil chemistry.
• Deer play a role.
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Who are these aliens?
• Insects
• Plants
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Invasive exotic insects
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David Cappaert, Michigan State University
Emerald Ash Borer
Exotic pest of ash trees in the landscape, nurseries and wooded areas
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Photo by Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural
Resources - Forestry Archive
Robert A. Haack, USDA Forest Service
Asian Longhorned Beetle
Wood-boring beetle native to China, infesting trees in New York, New
Jersey, Chicago, and Toronto
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E. Bradford Walker
Ferenc Lakatos
Gypsy Moth
Caterpillars defoliate oak trees throughout much of the eastern US.
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Dennis J. Souto, USDA Forest Service
Wooly adelgid
Aphid-like insect native to east Asia, now infesting hemlocks from New
England to Georgia. Spray with horticultural oil or use systemic pesticide.
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Invasive Exotic Plants
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Paul Wray, Iowa State University
Norway Maple
Acer platanoides
Tree that escapes from cultivation and invades open fields, meadows and
woods where it forms thickets; very prolific seeder .
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Norway Maple
1. Leaf veins: (5)–7 major veins (greater than
3.5 cm long) radiating from the base of the leaf
blade
2. Leaf sap: Milky sap where leaf petiole is
detached from stem (Squeeze petiole to make
sap more evident, though sap can be difficult to
observe late in the season)
3. Leaf teeth: Teeth on leaves very sharp pointed,
hair-like at the tip.
4. Fruit (samara): Wings of samara widely
spreading to nearly 180°, width 3.5–4.5 cm
Sugar Maple
1. Leaf veins: (3)–5 major veins (greater than
3.5 cm long) radiating from base of leaf
blade
2. Leaf sap: Clear sap or no sap visible where
leaf petiole is detached from stem
3. Leaf teeth: Teeth on leaves less sharp,
slightly rounded tip
Photo by Paul Wray
4. Fruit (samara): Wings of samara bent
downwards, width 2.5–4.0 cm
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Britt Slattery, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Callery/Bradford Pear
Pyrus calleryana 'Bradford'
Tree that escapes from cultivation, freely reseeds, most visible when
flowering. Weak tree—big branches break off.
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Callery Pear
1. Young bark smooth with
horizontal lenticels
2. Older bark shows vertical
fissures
3. Large terminal buds,
0.5 inches long and
extremely hairy
4. Leaves deciduous,
alternate, simple, broadovate to ovate, 1½-3
inches long, finely toothed
margin, wavy edge
5. Leaves red/purple in fall
6. Flowers white, five petals,
about 3/4 inch wide, in
early spring before leaves
7. Fruit small, hard, brown,
almost woody, mature in
fall
Photo by Chuck Bargeron
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D. Barringer, Natural LandPhoto
Trust by Paul Wray
Tree of Heaven
Ailanthus altissima
Tree that spreads clonally over large areas; will freely seed, very difficult to control .
Do not cut down as will produce many suckers—slash bark and spray triclopyr in slashes.
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Tree of Heaven look-alikes
Ailanthus
Mostly smooth
Black walnut
Finely serrated
Staghorn sumac
Larger serrations
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White Mulberry
Morus alba L.
Invades old fields, urban lots, roadsides, forest edges, and other disturbed
areas. Displaces native species, possibly hybridizing with and transmitting a
root disease to the native red mulberry. White mulberry is native to Asia and
was introduced in colonial times as a food source for silkworms.
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White mulberry
1.
2.
3.
4.
Leaf blade’s upper surface
usually shiny
Leaf blade underside not
hairy, except on the veins
Fruit size 1-2 cm long
Winter buds 3-4 mm long
Photo by David J. Moorhead
Red Mulberry
1.
2.
3.
4.
Photo by David J. Moorhead
Leaf blade’s upper surface
usually dull
Leaf blade underside is
hairy
Fruit size 2-3 cm long
Winter buds 5-8 mm long
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:IvanTortuga
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Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff
Burning Bush
Euonymous alatus
Widely planted as an ornamental shrub. The fruits have a nutritious, fleshy, red covering
that is attractive to birds, which eat them and spread seeds to new locations. Seeds
dispersed this way germinate easily and spread the infestation rapidly.
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Photo by James H. Miller
Burning Bush
1. Multiple stemmed, angular
branching shrub
2. Conspicuously winged stems
3. Leaves deciduous, dark
green, finely toothed, in pairs
along stem
4. Leaves turn red-purple in
autumn
5. Fruits and seed
inconspicuous
Photo by Chris Evans
Strawberry bush or
“Hearts-a-bustin”
1. Green, non-winged stems
2. Leaf pairs further apart along
stem
3. Showy fruit with hot-pink
shell and orange berries
Photo by Karan A. Rawlins
Photo by James H. Miller
21 &
Ted Bodner
Warner Park Nature Center Archives, Warner Park Nature Center
Bush Honeysuckle
Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii);
Morrow's Honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii);
Tartarian Honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica)
Shrub that invades a variety of habitats, introduced as a cultivated plant,
fruit is dispersed by birds and other wildlife
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D. Barringer, Natural
Land Trust
D. Barringer,
Natural Land Trust
Autumn Olive
Elaeagnus umbellata
Shrub that invades a variety of native habitats from grassland to forest,
introduced as a cultivated plant, berries distributed by wildlife.
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James H. Miller
Autumn olive
1. Deciduous shrub up to 20’
2. Stems, buds, and leaves
densely covered with silvery
to rusty scales
3. Leaves: Alternate, egg to
lance shaped, entire
4. Dull green above, often with
rusty scales below
5. Fruit small, fleshy, red to
brown, August to October
The Nature Conservancy
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Jil M. Swearingen, USDI National Park
Japanese Barberry
Berberis thunbergii
Shrub, well established in woodlands and forests, introduced as a
cultivated plant; seeds spread by birds and other wildlife.
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Photo by James H. Miller
Japanese barberry
1. Spiny deciduous shrub 3-6’
tall that can form dense
thickets
2. Stems are brown, deeply
grooved, and have simple
spines
3. Small (up to 1”), spoonshaped leaves with “entire”
or smooth margins. Color
bluish green to dark
purplish red
4. Pale yellow flowers in small
clusters occur all along
stem in spring
5. Fruits egg-shaped, brightred berries (1/3”) that
persist over winter
6. Associated with high tick
population
Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff
Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff
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Nava Tabak,
University of Connecticut
Ligustrum obtusifolium: Border privet
L. ovalifolium: California privet
L. sinense: Chinese privet
L. vulgare: European privet
Both European and Asian privets are invasive.
There is no native privet.
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Privet species
1. Shrub 8 to 20 feet
tall
2. Trunks with multiple
stems
3. Long, leafy branches
4. Leaves opposite,
simple, entire, shortstalked, varying in
shape from oval,
elliptic, to oblong
5. Flowers small white
and tubular with four
petals that occur in
clusters at branch
tips
6. Flowers May to July
James H. Miller &
Ted Bodner
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Multiflora Rose
Rosa multiflora
Shrub that overtakes a variety of open and semi-open habitats, fruits
dispersed by birds and other wildlife.
Pull up entire plant, including all the roots.
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Multiflora rose
1. Finely-toothed, alternate,
compound leaves with 7-9
leaflets
2. Bristled “eyelash” stipules
at leaf base--not found on
native roses
3. Stems (canes) covered
with thorns that curve
downwards
4. Small white flowers ½ to
¾” in summer
5. Flower clusters only at end
of branches
6. Fruits are red berries called
rose hips
Photo by Rob Routledge
Photo by James H. Miller
Photo by James H. Miller
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Leslie J. Merhhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org
Wineberry
Rubus phoenicolasius
Introduced into the United States from Asia in 1890 as breeding stock for Rubus cultivars.
Resembles blackberries and raspberries but can be identified by reddish hairs on the stem.
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John M. Randall
Wineberry
1. Multi-stemmed shrub
2. Stems densely covered
with reddish, glandular
hairs
3. Leaves alternate,
divided into three
leaflets with toothed
margins
4. Terminal leaflet largest
with more rounded
shape
5. Leaf underside white
6. Flowers with five white
petals in spring
7. Bright red edible berries
in early summer
Les Mehrhoff, 2008-2010
Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff
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S. Kaufman
Arthur Miller
Max Williamson
Oriental Bittersweet
Celastrus orbiculatus
Woody vine established in woodlands and forests; introduced as a cultivated
plant; berries dispersed by birds and other wildlife.
To remove, cut a window out of vine. Paint stump with triclopyr.
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Oriental
bittersweet
1. Vigorous deciduous
woody climbing vine
2. Leaves alternate,
glossy, and rounded
with finely toothed
margins
3. Flowers are abundant
clusters of small
greenish flowers at
most leaf axils
4. Fruit fleshy red-orange
berry-like in fall
Photo by Nancy Loewenstein
Leslie J. Mehrhoff
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Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff
Porcelain Berry
Ampelopsis brevipedunculata
Woody vine, well established in a variety of habitats. Introduced as a cultivated plant.
Berries spread by birds and other wildlife.
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Porcelain-berry vine
1. Leaf underside: Hairs only
on the veins
2. Fruit: White, turning blue or
purple, with white flesh
3. Bark: Not peeling in narrow,
papery strips
4. Pith: White
Leslie J. Mehrhoff
Native grape vine
1. Leaf underside: If hairy,
then hairs usually present on
the leaf surface and
sometimes also on the veins
2. Fruit: Green, black, or
purple, flesh watery, not
white
3. Bark: Mature vines peeling
or shredding in narrow,
papery strips
4. Pith: Brown
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James R. Allison
Japanese Honeysuckle
Lonicera japonica
Very common invasive vine introduced as an ornamental.
Only became invasive 80 years after introduced.
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Japanese honeysuckle
1. Perennial, semi-evergreen
twining vine
2. Stems reddish brown to
light brown
3. Leaves opposite, ovate to
oblong-ovate
4. Margins entire, except for
young leaves which are
often lobed
5. Flowers bi-lobed, white
turning yellow, in June
6. Fruits black, about ¼ inch,
in the fall.
Wendy VanDyk Evans
Native honeysuckle vine
1. Leaves often fused across
stem
2. Have not seen in the wild
William M. Ciesla
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Jil M. Swearingen, USDI National Park
Service
James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service
English Ivy
Hedera helix
Woody vine that invades forests and woodlands, introduced as a
cultivated plant; berries distributed by birds and other wildlife.
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D. Barringer, Natural Land Trust
Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff
Mile-a-Minute Vine
Polygonum perfoliatum
Annual thorny vine that rapidly overtakes shrubs and trees; seeds
dispersed by water. Easy to pull. If berries exist, bag it.
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Mile-a-minute vine
1. Annual trailing vine
2. Stems armed with barbs
3. Cup-shaped ocrea at
stem nodes
4. Leaves alternate, pale
green, and shaped like an
equilateral triangle
5. Flowers small, white,
inconspicuous, emerging
from ocrea
6. Fruits blue, berry-like at
cluster in terminals
Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff
Todd L. Mervosh, CAES
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Japanese Knotweed
Fallopia japonica
Perennial that can tolerate a wide variety of challenging conditions, including
deep shade, high salinity, high heat, and drought. Commonly found near water
sources, such as along streams and rivers, and in a variety of low-lying areas
like ditches, waste places, utility rights-of-way and around old home sites.
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Jil R. Swearingen
Jil M. Swearingen, USDI National Park Service
Garlic Mustard
Alliaria petiolata
Herbaceous biennial that overtakes floodplain flora and mesic uplands;
very adaptable to shady forests . Produces huge quantities of seed.
Pull plant and bag it if in flower (in May) or has seeds.
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Garlic mustard
1. Biennial herb
2. First year plant is
low rosette of
toothed, wavylooking kidneyshaped leaves
3. Second year plant
grows 1-4 feet high,
flowers, then forms
seed heads before
dying
4. Crushed leaves
smell like garlic
5. Changes soil
chemistry
Jil Swearingen
Rob Routledge
Photo by Rob Routledge
Photo by Jil Swearingen
Dan Tenaglia
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Photo by Chris Evans
Japanese Stiltgrass
Microstegium vimineum
Herbaceous annual rapidly expanding into numerous native habitats;
shade-tolerant.
Pull before it goes to seed in September.
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Stilt Grass
1. Annual grass, 2-3 feet
in height, with shallow
roots
2. Resembles small,
delicate bamboo
3. Leaves: 3 inches long,
pale green, lanceshaped, asymmetric,
with a shiny midrib
4. 1,000 awned seeds per
plant, viable 3-5 yrs
5. Vegetative spread also
(rooting at joints along
stem)
Photo by James H. Miller & Ted Bodner
Photo by Leslie J. Mehrhoff
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W
Wavyleaf Basketgrass
Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius
This forest grass from southeast Asia was first found in the U.S. in 1996 in Patapsco Valley State Park.
It colonizes quickly as its sticky seeds are spread by animals and hikers.
It is now in Carroll County.
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Wavyleaf basketgrass
1. Low-growing, shallowrooted perennial grass
2. Leaves flat, about ½ inch
wide, deep green, with
undulating ripples across
the surface
3. Leaves clasp stem
4. Leaf sheath and stem
noticeably hairy
5. Spikelets have very
long awns that are
sticky
Photo by Garrett Waugaman
Photo by Forest and Kim Starr
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Jill Swearingen
Douglas Ladd
Beefsteak Plant
Perilla frutescens
Annual. Sold as an ornamental plant, this member of the mint family is extremely invasive by
wind-borne seeds.
Recognize it by the odd odor, supposedly like raw beef, when you rub it.
Browsing by animals is low due to toxic characteristics.
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What should I do?
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Remove invasives from your property
• Girdle invasive trees (slash and spray tree of
heaven) or cut and paint stump with triclopyr
in the fall
• Pull invasive shrubs and perennials
• Use herbicides where needed—read the
labels and follow instructions
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Don’t buy or plant:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Burning bush
Japanese barberry
English ivy
Bush or Japanese honeysuckle
Porcelain berry
Bradford pear
Norway maple
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Plant natives instead!
• Trees—red oak, black gum, serviceberry, red
maple, fringetree, black haw viburnum
• Shrubs—spicebush, sweet pepperbush,
Virginia sweetspire, chokeberry, winterberry,
blueberries
• Perennials—Joe Pye weed, asters,
New York ironweed, black-eyed susans
• Vines—American wisteria, virgin’s bower,
native honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens)
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Other things to do
• Notify your agriculture extension office or
DNR forester if you find an invasive exotic
insect
• Join the Weed Warriors of Carroll County
• Don’t transport firewood out of the area
• Educate others
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References
• Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas. National Park Service,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEn/pubs/midatlantic/index.htm
• Mistaken Identity? Invasive Plants and their Native Look-Alikes; an
identification Guide for the Mid-Atlantic:
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_0
24329.pdf
• Maryland Invasive Species Council website:
http://www.mdinvasivesp.org/
• Maryland Department of Natural Resources invasives website:
http://www.dnr.state.md.us/invasives/
• Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
http://www.bugwood.org
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